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Lei Y, Wang Y, Hill SK, Cheng Z, Song Q, Perrier S. Supra-Fluorophores: Ultrabright Fluorescent Supramolecular Assemblies Derived from Conventional Fluorophores in Water. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401346. [PMID: 38416605 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent organic nanoparticles (NPs) with exceptional brightness hold significant promise for demanding fluorescence bioimaging applications. Although considerable efforts are invested in developing novel organic dyes with enhanced performance, augmenting the brightness of conventional fluorophores is still one of the biggest challenges to overcome. This study presents a supramolecular strategy for constructing ultrabright fluorescent nanoparticles in aqueous media (referred to as "Supra-fluorophores") derived from conventional fluorophores. To achieve this, this course has employed a cylindrical nanoparticle with a hydrophobic microdomain, assembled by a cyclic peptide-diblock copolymer conjugate in water, as a supramolecular scaffold. The noncovalent dispersion of fluorophore moieties within the hydrophobic microdomain of the scaffold effectively mitigates the undesired aggregation-caused quenching and fluorescence quenching by water, resulting in fluorescent NPs with high brightness. This strategy is applicable to a broad spectrum of fluorophore families, covering polyaromatic hydrocarbons, coumarins, boron-dipyrromethenes, cyanines, xanthenes, and squaraines. The resulting fluorescent NPs demonstrate high fluorescence quantum yield (>30%) and brightness per volume (as high as 12 060 m-1 cm-1 nm-3). Moreover, high-performance NPs with emission in the NIR region are constructed, showcasing up to 20-fold increase in both brightness and photostability. This Supra-fluorophore strategy offers a versatile and effective method for transforming existing fluorophores into ultrabright fluorescent NPs in aqueous environments, for applications such as bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lei
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sophie K Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Zihe Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Qiao Song
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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2
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Zhang Z, Yu C, Wu Y, Wang Z, Xu H, Yan Y, Zhan Z, Yin S. Semiconducting polymer dots for multifunctional integrated nanomedicine carriers. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101028. [PMID: 38590985 PMCID: PMC11000120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The expansion applications of semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) among optical nanomaterial field have long posed a challenge for researchers, promoting their intelligent application in multifunctional nano-imaging systems and integrated nanomedicine carriers for diagnosis and treatment. Despite notable progress, several inadequacies still persist in the field of Pdots, including the development of simplified near-infrared (NIR) optical nanoprobes, elucidation of their inherent biological behavior, and integration of information processing and nanotechnology into biomedical applications. This review aims to comprehensively elucidate the current status of Pdots as a classical nanophotonic material by discussing its advantages and limitations in terms of biocompatibility, adaptability to microenvironments in vivo, etc. Multifunctional integration and surface chemistry play crucial roles in realizing the intelligent application of Pdots. Information visualization based on their optical and physicochemical properties is pivotal for achieving detection, sensing, and labeling probes. Therefore, we have refined the underlying mechanisms and constructed multiple comprehensive original mechanism summaries to establish a benchmark. Additionally, we have explored the cross-linking interactions between Pdots and nanomedicine, potential yet complete biological metabolic pathways, future research directions, and innovative solutions for integrating diagnosis and treatment strategies. This review presents the possible expectations and valuable insights for advancing Pdots, specifically from chemical, medical, and photophysical practitioners' standpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery II, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, PR China
| | - Chenhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronic, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No.2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, PR China
| | - Yuyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronic, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No.2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, PR China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronic, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No.2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, PR China
| | - Haotian Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, PR China
| | - Yining Yan
- Department of Radiology, The Third Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, PR China
| | - Zhixin Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, PR China
| | - Shengyan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronic, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No.2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, PR China
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Bhusanur DI, More KS, Al Kobaisi M, Singh PK, Bhosale SV, Bhosale SV. Synthesis, Photophysical Properties and Self-Assembly of a Tetraphenylethylene-Naphthalene Diimide Donor-Acceptor Molecule. Chem Asian J 2024:e202301046. [PMID: 38180124 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The development of new π-conjugated molecular structures with controlled self-assembly and distinct photophysical properties is crucial for advancing applications in optoelectronics and biomaterials. This study introduces the synthesis and detailed self-assembly analysis of tetraphenylethylene (TPE) functionalized naphthalene diimide (NDI), a novel donor-acceptor molecular structure referred to as TPE-NDI. The investigation specifically focuses on elucidating the self-assembly behavior of TPE-NDI in mixed solvents of varying polarities, namely chloroform: methylcyclohexane (CHCl3 : MCH) and chloroform: methanol (CHCl3 : MeOH). Employing a several analytical methodologies, including UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS), these self-assembled systems have been comprehensively examined. The results reveal that TPE-NDI manifests as distinct particles in CHCl3 : MCH (fMCH =90 %), while transitioning to flower-like assemblies in CHCl3 : MeOH (fMeOH =90 %). This finding underscores the critical role of solvent polarity in dictating the morphological characteristics of TPE-NDI self-assembled aggregates. Furthermore, the study proposes a molecular packing mechanism, based on SEM data, offering significant insights into the design and development of functional supramolecular systems. Such advancements in understanding the molecular self-assembly new π-conjugated molecular structures are anticipated to pave the way for novel applications in material science and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dnyaneshwar I Bhusanur
- Polymers and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, 500 007, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201 002, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kerba S More
- Department School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, 403 206, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, India
| | - Mohammad Al Kobaisi
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, 3001, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Prabhat K Singh
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 400 085, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, 400 094, Mumbai, India
| | - Sidhanath V Bhosale
- Polymers and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, 500 007, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201 002, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sheshanath V Bhosale
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kadaganchi, 585 367, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
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Ghosh S, Lai JY. Recent advances in the design of intracellular pH sensing nanoprobes based on organic and inorganic materials. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117089. [PMID: 37683789 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In the biological system, the intracellular pH (pHi) plays an important role in regulating diverse physiological activities, including enzymatic action, ion transport, cell proliferation, metabolism, and programmed cell death. The monitoring of pH inside living cells is also crucial for studying cellular events such as phagocytosis, endocytosis, and receptor-ligand internalization. Furthermore, some organelles, viz., endosomes and lysosomes, have intracompartmental pH, which is critical for maintaining the stability of protein structure and function. The dysfunction and abnormal pH regulation can result in terminal diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer, and so forth. Therefore, the accuracy of intracellular pH measurement is always the top priority and demands cutting-edge research and analysis. Such techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence imaging, preferably use nanotechnology due to their remarkable advantages, such as a non-invasive approach and providing accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility. In the past decades, there have been numerous attempts to design and construct non-invasive organic and inorganic materials-based nanoprobes for pHi sensing. For Raman-based techniques, metal nanostructures such as Au/Ag/Cu nanoparticles are utilized to enhance the signal intensity. As for the fluorescence-based studies, the organic-based small molecules, such as dyes, show higher sensitivity toward pH. However, they possess several drawbacks, including high photobleaching rate, and autofluorescence background signals. To this end, there are alternative nanomaterials proposed, including semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), carbon QDs, upconversion nanoparticles, and so forth. Moreover, the fluorescence technique allows for ratiometric measurement of pHi, which as a result, offers a reliable calibration curve. This timely review will critically examine the current progression in the existing nanoprobes. In addition, based on our knowledge and available research findings, we provide a brief future outlook that may advance the state-of-the-art methodologies for pHi sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yang Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan; Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan.
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5
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Sun W, Wang C, Tian C, Li X, Hu X, Liu S. Nanotechnology for brain tumor imaging and therapy based on π-conjugated materials: state-of-the-art advances and prospects. Front Chem 2023; 11:1301496. [PMID: 38025074 PMCID: PMC10663370 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1301496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In contemporary biomedical research, the development of nanotechnology has brought forth numerous possibilities for brain tumor imaging and therapy. Among these, π-conjugated materials have garnered significant attention as a special class of nanomaterials in brain tumor-related studies. With their excellent optical and electronic properties, π-conjugated materials can be tailored in structure and nature to facilitate applications in multimodal imaging, nano-drug delivery, photothermal therapy, and other related fields. This review focuses on presenting the cutting-edge advances and application prospects of π-conjugated materials in brain tumor imaging and therapeutic nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshe Sun
- Department of Interventional Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Congxiao Wang
- Department of Interventional Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chuan Tian
- Department of Interventional Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xueda Li
- Department of Interventional Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaokun Hu
- Department of Interventional Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shifeng Liu
- Department of Interventional Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Das G, Anand A, Vedhanarayanan B, Padmakumar A, Praveen VK, Ajayaghosh A. Controlling the Morphological Features, Aspect Ratio and Emission Patterns of Supramolecular Copolymers by Restricted Dimensional Growth. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301819. [PMID: 37498316 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the bottlenecks associated with supramolecular polymerization of functional π-systems is the spontaneous assembly of monomers leading to one- or two-dimensional (1D or 2D) polymers without control over chain length and optical properties. In the case of supramolecular copolymerization of monomers that are structurally too diverse, preferential self-sorting occurs unless they are closely interacting donor-acceptor pairs. Herein, it is established that the spontaneous 1D polymerization of a phenyleneethynylene (PE) derivative and the 2D polymerization of a Bodipy derivative (BODIPY) can be controlled by copolymerizing them in different ratios, leading to unusual spindle-shaped structures with controlled aspect ratio, as evident by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) studies. For example, when the content of BODIPY is 50 % in the BODIPY-PE mixture, the 1D polymerization of PE is significantly restricted to form elongated spindle-like structures having an aspect ratio of 4-6. The addition of 75 % of BODIPY to PE resulted in circular spindles having an aspect ratio of 1-2.5, thereby completely restricting the 1D polymerization of PE monomers. Moreover, the resultant supramolecular copolymers exhibited morphology and aspect ratio dependent emission features as observed by the time-resolved emission studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Das
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anjali Anand
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Balaraman Vedhanarayanan
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
| | - Akhil Padmakumar
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vakayil K Praveen
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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7
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Ghosh AK, Khan AH, Das PK. Naphthalimide-Based AIEgens for Sensing Protein Disulfide Isomerase through Thiol-Disulfide Redox Exchange. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13638-13648. [PMID: 37651212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-based fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONPs) with distinctive characteristics are emerging as superior sensors due to their facile fabrication, high signal-to-noise ratio, and good biocompatibility. The present article delineates the detection and analysis of the redox behavior of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) enzyme by exploitation of the AIE of novel naphthalimide (NI) derivatives having thiol (-SH) and disulfide (-S-S-) moieties. Self-aggregated spherical-shaped organic nanoparticles were prepared by synthesized NI-based amphiphiles (NISH, NISS, NINSS, and TNINSH) through J-type aggregation in DMSO-water (fw = 99 vol %). Naphthyl residue containing NI-derived amphiphiles (NINSS and TNINSH) exhibited AIE (blue and yellow) at 470 and 550 nm, respectively, in DMSO-water (fw = 99 vol %). NINSS and TNINSH FONPs were suitably utilized in sensing PDI through their redox nature of thiol-disulfide exchange. Fluorescence quenching of NINSS FONPs was observed due to reduction of disulfide to thiol by PDI, whereas emission intensity was progressively red-shifted and enhanced ("Dual-AIE") for TNINSH (containing ER-targeting N-tosylethylenediamine), owing to oxidation of thiol to disulfide by PDI. NINSS and TNINSH FONPs were found to be highly efficient in sensing PDI through the AIE-based "fluorescence off/on" mechanism having limits of detection of ∼12.6-17.7 and ∼11.7-16.5 ng/mL, respectively. In vitro cell imaging for NIH3T3 (noncancer) and B16F10 (melanoma) cells with NINSS and TNINSH FONPs displayed excellent diagnosis of eukaryotic cells upon interaction with indigenous PDI. Notably, detection of cancer cells was more sensitive over the noncancerous cells by these FONPs due to overexpression of PDI within cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Aftab Hossain Khan
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Das
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Zika A, Agarwal M, Schweins R, Gröhn F. Joining Two Switches in One Nano-Object: Photoacidity and Photoisomerization in Electrostatic Self-Assembly. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203373. [PMID: 36336659 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multi-switchable supramolecular nano-objects that respond to irradiation of different wavelengths with changes in size and shape have been built from two different water-soluble molecular switches, joined by attachment to the same polyelectrolyte. Accordingly, two wavelength-specific reactions, namely the excited-state proton dissociation of a photoacid and the cis-trans isomerization of an azo dye, are combined in one supramolecular nano-object that is stable in aqueous solution. The concept has potential in the fields of sensors, molecular motors, and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zika
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,DS / LSS, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- DS / LSS, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Zhang X, Li C, Chen W, Wang G, Zou H, Liu H. Chemiluminescent polymeric nanoprobes for tumor diagnosis: A mini review. Front Chem 2023; 10:1106791. [PMID: 36700072 PMCID: PMC9870064 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1106791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemiluminescence (CL), a distinct luminescent process by taking advantage of chemical reactions rather than external light source, has recently attracted considerable research interests due to its high sensitivity and low background signal. The sensitivity and specificity of chemiluminescent signals in complex tumor microenvironment provide a sound basis for accurate detection of tumors. Various chemiluminescent nanoprobes with superior performance have been obtained by structural modification of chemiluminescent units or introduction of fluorescent dyes. In this review, we focused on the recent progress of chemiluminescent polymeric systems based on various chromophore substrates, including luminol, peroxyoxalates, 1, 2-dioxetanes and their derivatives for tumor detecting. And we also emphasized the design strategies, mechanisms and diagnostic applications of representative chemiluminescent polymeric nanoprobes. Finally, the critical challenges and perspectives of chemiluminescent systems usage in tumor diagnosis were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoyan Zhang, ; Hao Liu,
| | - Cong Li
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanhua Wang
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiru Zou
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoyan Zhang, ; Hao Liu,
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10
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Li Y, Chen Q, Pan X, Lu W, Zhang J. New insight into the application of fluorescence platforms in tumor diagnosis: From chemical basis to clinical application. Med Res Rev 2022; 43:570-613. [PMID: 36420715 DOI: 10.1002/med.21932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Early and rapid diagnosis of tumors is essential for clinical treatment or management. In contrast to conventional means, bioimaging has the potential to accurately locate and diagnose tumors at an early stage. Fluorescent probe has been developed as an ideal tool to visualize tumor sites and to detect biological molecules which provides a requirement for noninvasive, real-time, precise, and specific visualization of structures and complex biochemical processes in vivo. Rencently, the development of synthetic organic chemistry and new materials have facilitated the development of near-infrared small molecular sensing platforms and nanoimaging platforms. This provides a competitive tool for various fields of bioimaging such as biological structure and function imaging, disease diagnosis, in situ at the in vivo level, and real-time dynamic imaging. This review systematically focused on the recent progress of small molecular near-infrared fluorescent probes and nano-fluorescent probes as new biomedical imaging tools in the past 3-5 years, and it covers the application of tumor biomarker sensing, tumor microenvironment imaging, and tumor vascular imaging, intraoperative guidance and as an integrated platform for diagnosis, aiming to provide guidance for researchers to design and develop future biomedical diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchen Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Qinhua Chen
- Department of Pharmacy Shenzhen Baoan Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital Shenzhen China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
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11
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Seo YH, Kim S. Aggregation-induced emission nanoparticles with improved optical absorption for boosting fluorescence signal of tumors in vivo. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 280:121534. [PMID: 35752040 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterial development has been extensively investigated for several decades to realize sensitive and accurate imaging of tumors in vivo. The manufacturing of nanoparticles with highly efficient tumor targeting and excellent optical properties is still an important research topic. The structure and composition ratio of materials that decisively contribute to the brightness and size of nanoparticles have a great influence on image sensitivity and tumor targeting efficiency. In this study, we developed aggregation-induced emission (AIE) nanoparticles with a widened light absorption window (nanoPMeOCN/BDP) to enable sensitive in vivo tumor imaging. The signal of nanoparticles is enhanced by integrating a high-density AIE polymer (PMeOCN) and light-absorbing fluorescent dye (BDP) in a nanoscopic space. BDP not only improves the light absorption of particles but also enhances the fluorescence signal of particles by effectively transferring absorbed energy to PMeOCN. The physically blended nanoPMeOCN/BDP show strong light absorption and improved sensitivity for the imaging of biological tissues because of their excellent optical performance compared to nanoPMeOCN of similar nanosizes (∼19 nm in size). In vivo imaging results further confirm that nanoPMeOCN/BDP can provide amplified signals with the successful accumulation of tumor tissue through the enhanced permeability and retention effect. We expect that the design strategy of nanoparticles with improved light absorption will provide a simple and general method for improving the accuracy of disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Seo
- Biosensor Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe, Campus E7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Sehoon Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro, 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Rosendale M, Daniel J, Castet F, Pagano P, Verlhac JB, Blanchard-Desce M. Stealth Luminescent Organic Nanoparticles Made from Quadrupolar Dyes for Two-Photon Bioimaging: Effect of End-Groups and Core. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072230. [PMID: 35408628 PMCID: PMC9000497 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular-based Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles (FONs) are versatile light-emitting nano-tools whose properties can be rationally addressed by bottom-up molecular engineering. A challenging property to gain control over is the interaction of the FONs’ surface with biological systems. Indeed, most types of nanoparticles tend to interact with biological membranes. To address this limitation, we recently reported on two-photon (2P) absorbing, red to near infrared (NIR) emitting quadrupolar extended dyes built from a benzothiadiazole core and diphenylamino endgroups that yield spontaneously stealth FONs. In this paper, we expand our understanding of the structure-property relationship between the dye structure and the FONs 2P absorption response, fluorescence and stealthiness by characterizing a dye-related series of FONs. We observe that increasing the strength of the donor end-groups or of the core acceptor in the quadrupolar (D-π-A-π-D) dye structure allows for the tuning of optical properties, notably red-shifting both the emission (from red to NIR) and 2P absorption spectra while inducing a decrease in their fluorescence quantum yield. Thanks to their strong 1P and 2P absorption, all FONs whose median size varies between 11 and 28 nm exhibit giant 1P (106 M−1.cm−1) and 2P (104 GM) brightness values. Interestingly, all FONs were found to be non-toxic, exhibit stealth behaviour, and show vanishing non-specific interactions with cell membranes. We postulate that the strong hydrophobic character and the rigidity of the FONs building blocks are crucial to controlling the stealth nano-bio interface.
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13
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Chen S, Wang XD, Zhuo MP, Lv Q, Liu JF, Liao LS. Organic white-light sources: multiscale construction of organic luminescent materials from molecular to macroscopic level. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Yan H, Liu S, Yang S, Ren W, Shangguan J, Lv J, Zhang M, Tang J, Zhao Y. In situ construction of a cobalt oxyhydroxide loaded pyrene-based fluorescent organic nanoprobe for bioimaging of endogenous ascorbic acid in living cells. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel in situ strategy to fabricate CoOOH nanoflake-loaded pyrene-based FONs (denoted as PyFONs@CoOOH) as proof-of-concept of a sensing platform for direct bioimaging of endogenous AA in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P. R. China
| | - Shuanghui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P. R. China
| | - Wu Ren
- School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Neurosense and Control Engineering Technology Research Center, Xinxiang Key Lab of Biomedical Information Research, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P. R. China
| | - Jingfang Shangguan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P. R. China
| | - Jieli Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P. R. China
| | - Mengzhen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P. R. China
| | - Juan Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P. R. China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
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15
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Abstract
Colloidal self-assembly refers to a solution-processed assembly of nanometer-/micrometer-sized, well-dispersed particles into secondary structures, whose collective properties are controlled by not only nanoparticle property but also the superstructure symmetry, orientation, phase, and dimension. This combination of characteristics makes colloidal superstructures highly susceptible to remote stimuli or local environmental changes, representing a prominent platform for developing stimuli-responsive materials and smart devices. Chemists are achieving even more delicate control over their active responses to various practical stimuli, setting the stage ready for fully exploiting the potential of this unique set of materials. This review addresses the assembly of colloids into stimuli-responsive or smart nanostructured materials. We first delineate the colloidal self-assembly driven by forces of different length scales. A set of concepts and equations are outlined for controlling the colloidal crystal growth, appreciating the importance of particle connectivity in creating responsive superstructures. We then present working mechanisms and practical strategies for engineering smart colloidal assemblies. The concepts underpinning separation and connectivity control are systematically introduced, allowing active tuning and precise prediction of the colloidal crystal properties in response to external stimuli. Various exciting applications of these unique materials are summarized with a specific focus on the structure-property correlation in smart materials and functional devices. We conclude this review with a summary of existing challenges in colloidal self-assembly of smart materials and provide a perspective on their further advances to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Qingsong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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16
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P3HT colloid stability study and its application in the degradation of methylene blue dye under UV radiation conditions. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Ghosh AK, Chowdhury M, Kumar Das P. Nipecotic-Acid-Tethered, Naphthalene-Diimide-Based, Orange-Emitting Organic Nanoparticles as Targeted Delivery Vehicle and Diagnostic Probe toward GABA A-Receptor-Enriched Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7563-7577. [PMID: 35006693 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This article demonstrates target-specific cellular imaging of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) receptor (GABAAR)-enriched cells (SH-SY5Y and A549) with therapeutic efficacy by naphthalene diimide (NDI)-derived fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONPs). Self-assembly-driven formation of spherical organic particles by nipecotic-acid-tethered l-aspartic acid appended NDI derivative (NDI-nip) took place in DMSO-water through J-type aggregation. NDI-nip having a naphthyl residue and a nipecotic acid unit at both terminals exhibited aggregation-induced emission (AIE) at and above 60% water content in DMSO because of excimer formation at λem = 579 nm. The orange-emitting NDI-nip FONPs (1:99 v/v DMSO-water) having excellent cell viability and high photostability were used for selective bioimaging and killing of GABAAR-overexpressed cancer cells through target-specific delivery of the anticancer drug curcumin. The fluorescence intensity of NDI-nip FONPs were quenched in GABAAR-enriched neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and cancerous cells (A549). Notably, in the presence of GABA, the NDI-nip FONPs exhibited their native fluorescence within the same cell lines. Importantly, no such quenching and regaining of NDI-nip FONP emission in the presence of GABA was noted in the case of the noncancerous cell NIH3T3. The killing efficiency of curcumin-loaded NDI-nip FONPs ([curcumin] = 100 μM and [NDI-nip FONPs] = 50 μM) was significantly higher in the cases of SH-SY5Y (88 ± 3%) and A549 (72 ± 2%) than in NIH3T3 (37 ± 2). The presence of a nipecotic acid moiety facilitated the selective cellular internalization of NDI-nip FONPs into GABAAR-overexpressing cells. Hence, these orange-emitting NDI-nip FONPs may be exploited as a targeted diagnostic probe as well as a drug delivery vehicle for GABAAR-enriched cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Monalisa Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Das
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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18
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Săcărescu L, Cojocaru C, Roman G, Săcărescu G, Simionescu M, Samoilă P, Chibac-Scutaru AL. Nano-assembly and optical properties of difluoroboron dibenzoylmethane-polysilane. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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19
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Choudhury P, Das PK. Progress and trends in self-assembly driven fluorescent organic nanoparticles: A brief overview. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Gwon Y, Jo S, Lee HJ, Park SY, Lee TS. Synthesis of donor-acceptor-type conjugated polymer dots as organic photocatalysts for dye degradation and hydrogen evolution. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Sickinger A, Mecking S. Origin of the Anisotropy and Structure of Ellipsoidal Poly(fluorene) Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Sickinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
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22
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Liu BW, Long JW, Chen L, Xiao XX, Lin XB, Wang YZ. Semi-aromatic polyamides containing fluorenyl pendent toward excellent thermal stability, mechanical properties and dielectric performance. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Miniewicz A, Ślemp M, Pfleger J. Organic Nanocrystal Fabrication Using the Process of Resonant Second-Harmonic Generation of Light. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10547-10556. [PMID: 34056209 PMCID: PMC8153771 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Laser ablation with the use of ultra-short laser pulses is a widely used technique for the fabrication of nanoparticles of metals, inorganic and hybrid materials. However, fabrication of fragile organic nanocrystals via laser ablation is rarely used due to easy photodegradation of molecules. The method employing laser irradiation of the target material is beneficial as no other chemicals are used in the production of nanoparticles, except for a given material and a solvent. In this work, we test the concept of formation of nonlinear optical (NLO) organic nanocrystals dispersion in water by irradiation of the microcrystals of the NLO material with nonabsorbed infrared nanosecond light pulses. These pulses, due to a nonlinear optical process active in a noncentrosymmetric organic crystal, such as those studied in this work, DCNP dye (3-(1,1-dicyanoethenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole), produce nanosecond pulses of second-harmonic (SH) light. Due to doubling of photon energy, they are reabsorbed in the volume of DCNP microcrystals and thermal shocks fracture them into nanometer size crystals. To the best of our knowledge, such process and its interpretation have not been described yet in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Miniewicz
- Advanced
Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michalina Ślemp
- Advanced
Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jiri Pfleger
- Department
of Polymers for Electronics and Photonics, Institute of Macromolecular
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic, Heyrovského
nám. 2, CZ-162 06 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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24
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Kei P, Howell MT, Chavez CA, Mai JC, Do C, Hong K, Nesterov EE. Kinetically Controlled Formation of Semi-crystalline Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kei
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Mitchell T. Howell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Carlos A. Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Joseph C. Mai
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Changwoo Do
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Evgueni E. Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
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25
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Cheng Y, Luo Y, Peng R, Cao Q, Wu Q, Cui Q. Organic fluorescent nanoparticles using fluorophores synthesized from low-temperature calcination process. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.126096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Lone MS, Bhat PA, Afzal S, Chat OA, Dar AA. Energy transduction through FRET in self-assembled soft nanostructures based on surfactants/polymers: current scenario and prospects. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:425-446. [PMID: 33400748 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01625j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembled systems of surfactants/polymers, which are capable of supporting energy funneling between fluorophores, have recently gained significant attraction. Surfactant and polymeric micelles form nanoscale structures spanning a radius of 2-10 nm are generally suitable for the transduction of energy among fluorophores. These systems have shown great potential in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) due to their unique characteristics of being aqueous based, tendency to remain self-assembled, spontaneous formation, tunable nature, and responsiveness to different external stimuli. This review presents current developments in the field of energy transfer, particularly the multi-step FRET processes in the self-assembled nanostructures of surfactants/polymers. The part one of this review presents a background and brief overview of soft systems and discusses certain aspects of the self-assemblies of surfactants/polymers and their co-solubilization property to bring fluorophores to close proximity to transduce energy. The second part of this review deals with single-step and multi-step FRET in the self-assemblies of surfactants/polymers and links FRET systems with advanced smart technologies including multicolor formation, data encryption, and artificial antenna systems. This review also discusses the diverse examples in the literature to present the emerging applications of FRET. Finally, the prospects regarding further improvement of FRET in self-assembled soft systems are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Sajid Lone
- Soft Matter Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, J&K, India.
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College, Pulwama-192301, J&K, India.
| | - Saima Afzal
- Soft Matter Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, J&K, India.
| | - Oyais Ahmad Chat
- Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College, Pulwama-192301, J&K, India.
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Dar
- Soft Matter Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, J&K, India.
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27
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Zika A, Gröhn F. Multiswitchable photoacid-hydroxyflavylium-polyelectrolyte nano-assemblies. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:166-185. [PMID: 33564327 PMCID: PMC7849232 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Light- and pH-responsive nano-assemblies with switchable size and structure are formed by the association of a photoacid, anthocyanidin, and a linear polyelectrolyte in aqueous solution. Specifically, anionic disulfonated naphthol derivatives, neutral hydroxyflavylium, and cationic poly(allylamine) are used as building blocks for the ternary electrostatic self-assembly, forming well-defined supramolecular assemblies with tunable sizes of 50 to 500 nm. Due to the network of possible chemical reactions for the anthocyanidin and the excited-state dissociation of the photoacid upon irradiation, different ways to alter the ternary system through external triggering are accessible. The structure and trigger effects can be controlled through the component ratios of the samples. Dynamic and static light scattering (DLS, SLS) and ζ-potential measurements were applied to study the size and the stability of the particles, and information on the molecular structure was gained by UV-vis spectroscopy. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) provided information on the thermodynamics and interaction forces in the supramolecular assembly formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zika
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Yuan Y, Hou W, Qin W, Wu C. Recent advances in semiconducting polymer dots as optical probes for biosensing. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:328-346. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01038c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review mainly summarized the recent results that used bright polymer dots (Pdots) for the detection of different analytes such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), metal ions, pH values, and a variety of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Weiying Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Weiping Qin
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
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29
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Mercuri G, Moroni M, Fermi A, Bergamini G, Galli S, Giambastiani G, Rossin A. Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks Containing a Biselenophene Linker: Synthesis, Characterization, and Luminescent Properties. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15832-15841. [PMID: 33073570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bicyclic ditopic linker 2,2'-biselenophene-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid (H2SpSp), specifically designed for metal-organic framework (MOF) construction, has been synthesized in good yield and fully characterized. The corresponding zirconium MOF (Zr-MOF) [Zr6O4(OH)4(SpSp)3.8Cl4.4] (1; where missing linkers are replaced by chloride anions as shown by X-ray fluorescence and elemental analysis) is isostructural with its bithiophene and bithiazole analogues. Starting from 1, an extension of the biselenophene-based Zr-MOF family has been successfully achieved, exploiting the structural analogy of the five-membered heterocycles selenophene, thiophene, and thiazole. Thus, three mixed-linker MOFs containing variable amounts of different bis(heterocyclic) dicarboxylic acids have been prepared and fully characterized: the two double-mixed [Zr6O4(OH)4(SpSp)2.6(TpTp)1.3Cl4.2] (2; H2TpTp = 2,2'-bithiophene-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid) and [Zr6O4(OH)4(SpSp)2(TzTz)1.8Cl4.4] (3; H2TzTz = 2,2'-bithiazole-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid) materials, as well as the triple-mixed [Zr6O4(OH)4(SpSp)1.6(TpTp)1.2(TzTz)1.4Cl3.6] (4) compound. The four MOFs are luminescent under UV irradiation, exhibiting emission wavelengths falling in the blue-green visible region, as observed for their constitutive linkers. These materials open new horizons in the preparation of porous luminescent sensors or multicolor emitters for light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Mercuri
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Marco Moroni
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Fermi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bergamini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Galli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giuliano Giambastiani
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health, UMR 7515, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 02, France.,Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Andrea Rossin
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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30
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Collot M, Schild J, Fam KT, Bouchaala R, Klymchenko AS. Stealth and Bright Monomolecular Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles Based on Folded Amphiphilic Polymer. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13924-13937. [PMID: 33022173 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs), owing to their superior brightness, are an attractive alternative to organic dyes. However, their cellular applications remain limited because of their large size, poor homogeneity, and nonspecific interactions in biological media. Herein, we propose a concept of monomolecular fluorescent organic nanoparticles of high brightness and very small size (10-14 nm) built of a single amphiphilic polymer bearing specially designed fluorescent dyes. We found that high PEGylation of poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene (PMAO) favors a single-chain polymer folding into monomolecular stealth NPs with highly reduced nonspecific interactions with proteins and live cells. To ensure high stability of our NPs, the fluorophores (BODIPYs) are covalently linked to the polymer through an optimized linker. Among tested linkers of different lengths and polarity, a short medium-polar linker favoring location of the dyes at NPs interface ensures good fluorescence quantum yield and small particle size. The fluorescence brightness of these NPs has been dramatically enhanced by increasing the bulkiness of the BODIPY dyes that prevents their H-aggregation, reaching 2500000 M-1 cm-1 (extinction coefficient × quantum yield). Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the single-particle brightness of these NPs is ∼5-fold higher than that of QDot-585 using the same excitation wavelength (532 nm). Finally, when microinjected inside cells, these small and stealth NPs (10 nm diameter) distribute more evenly than 20 nm QDots inside the cytosol, showing similar spreading as a fluorescent protein. Thus, the developed monomolecular NPs, owing to their small size and stealth properties, are artificial analogues of fluorescent proteins, surpassing the latter >50-fold in terms of brightness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayeul Collot
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Jérémy Schild
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Kyong T Fam
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Redouane Bouchaala
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
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31
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Charpentier C, Cifliku V, Goetz J, Nonat A, Cheignon C, Cardoso Dos Santos M, Francés‐Soriano L, Wong K, Charbonnière LJ, Hildebrandt N. Ultrabright Terbium Nanoparticles for FRET Biosensing and in Situ Imaging of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors**. Chemistry 2020; 26:14602-14611. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Charpentier
- Equipe de synthèse pour l'analyse (SynPA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178, CNRS Université de Strasbourg 67087 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Vjona Cifliku
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA 91405 Orsay Cedex France
- nanoFRET.com Laboratoire COBRA (Chimie Organique, Bioorganique, Réactivité et Analyse) Université de Rouen Normandie, CNRS, INSA 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex France
| | - Joan Goetz
- Equipe de synthèse pour l'analyse (SynPA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178, CNRS Université de Strasbourg 67087 Strasbourg Cedex France
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Aline Nonat
- Equipe de synthèse pour l'analyse (SynPA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178, CNRS Université de Strasbourg 67087 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Clémence Cheignon
- Equipe de synthèse pour l'analyse (SynPA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178, CNRS Université de Strasbourg 67087 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Marcelina Cardoso Dos Santos
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Laura Francés‐Soriano
- nanoFRET.com Laboratoire COBRA (Chimie Organique, Bioorganique, Réactivité et Analyse) Université de Rouen Normandie, CNRS, INSA 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex France
| | - Ka‐Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Loïc J. Charbonnière
- Equipe de synthèse pour l'analyse (SynPA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178, CNRS Université de Strasbourg 67087 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Niko Hildebrandt
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA 91405 Orsay Cedex France
- nanoFRET.com Laboratoire COBRA (Chimie Organique, Bioorganique, Réactivité et Analyse) Université de Rouen Normandie, CNRS, INSA 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex France
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32
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Morla-Folch J, Vargas-Nadal G, Zhao T, Sissa C, Ardizzone A, Kurhuzenkau S, Köber M, Uddin M, Painelli A, Veciana J, Belfield KD, Ventosa N. Dye-Loaded Quatsomes Exhibiting FRET as Nanoprobes for Bioimaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:20253-20262. [PMID: 32268722 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) are emerging as an attractive alternative to the well-established fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles or small organic dyes. Their proper design allows one to obtain biocompatible probes with superior brightness and high photostability, although usually affected by low colloidal stability. Herein, we present a type of FONs with outstanding photophysical and physicochemical properties in-line with the stringent requirements for biomedical applications. These FONs are based on quatsome (QS) nanovesicles containing a pair of fluorescent carbocyanine molecules that give rise to Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Structural homogeneity, high brightness, photostability, and high FRET efficiency make these FONs a promising class of optical bioprobes. Loaded QSs have been used for in vitro bioimaging, demonstrating the nanovesicle membrane integrity after cell internalization, and the possibility to monitor the intracellular vesicle fate. Taken together, the proposed QSs loaded with a FRET pair constitute a promising platform for bioimaging and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Morla-Folch
- Institut Ciencia dels Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King, Jr., Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Guillem Vargas-Nadal
- Institut Ciencia dels Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Tinghan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King, Jr., Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Cristina Sissa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Ardizzone
- Institut Ciencia dels Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Siarhei Kurhuzenkau
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Mariana Köber
- Institut Ciencia dels Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red CIBER-BBN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mehrun Uddin
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King, Jr., Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Anna Painelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Institut Ciencia dels Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red CIBER-BBN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin D Belfield
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King, Jr., Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Nora Ventosa
- Institut Ciencia dels Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red CIBER-BBN, Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Swan S, Egemole FO, Nguyen ST, Kim JH. Assembly of Short-Chain Amphiphilic Homopolymers into Well-Defined Particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4548-4555. [PMID: 32248691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Linear homopolymers of norbornene (NBE) derivatives equipped with short-chain alcohol pendant groups were prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and subsequently assembled into well-defined structures in alcohol solvents. The ratios of hydrophobic carbons and hydrophilic alcohol groups at the repeating monomeric unit in these short-chain amphiphilic polymers were found to play an important role in determining the size and distribution of the final globular structures. Unlike the assembly of other linear homo- and copolymers possessing long-chain amphiphilicity, NBE-based linear polymers were readily transformed into spherical particles with a layered conformation, whose sizes range from a few hundred nanometers to micrometers with narrow distributions, simply by controlling the concentration and molecular weights of the linear homopolymers without using any surfactants. In addition, the degree of the intermolecular forces with solvents (e.g., solvation) possessing different surface tensions and polarities highly affected the final diameter and distribution of the polymer particles, implying the importance of the selection of a proper solvent to regulate their structural features. As such, understanding the assembly of these types of short-chain homopolymers into uniform particles can allow for regulating the transformation of diverse linear amphiphilic polymers into precisely controlled structures for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Swan
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Franklin O Egemole
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - SonBinh T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and the International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jun-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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34
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Wang J, Cheng Y, Peng R, Cui Q, Luo Y, Li L. Co-precipitation method to prepare molecularly imprinted fluorescent polymer nanoparticles for paracetamol sensing. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Liu C, Ding W, Liu Y, Zhao H, Cheng X. Self-assembled star-shaped aza-BODIPY mesogen affords white-light emission. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04755g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A star-shaped aza-BODIPY mesogen exhibits LC, gel, WLE and chemosensor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources
- Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources
- Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Yuantao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources
- Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources
- Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources
- Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
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36
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Bujosa S, Castellanos E, Frontera A, Rotger C, Costa A, Soberats B. Self-assembly of amphiphilic aryl-squaramides in water driven by dipolar π–π interactions. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:888-894. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02085c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic aryl-squaramides self-assemble via unprecedented dipolar π–π interactions forming well-defined supramolecular aggregates and self-consistent hydrogels in water
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Bujosa
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
| | | | | | - Carmen Rotger
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
| | - Antonio Costa
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
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37
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Schill J, Ferrazzano L, Tolomelli A, Schenning APHJ, Brunsveld L. Fluorene benzothiadiazole co-oligomer based aqueous self-assembled nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2020; 10:444-450. [PMID: 35492532 PMCID: PMC9047964 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09015k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembled π-conjugated nanoparticles with tunable optical characteristics are appealing for sensing and imaging applications due to their intrinsic fluorescence, supramolecular organization and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Schill
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - L. Ferrazzano
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - A. Tolomelli
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - A. P. H. J. Schenning
- Functional Organic Materials and Devices
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - L. Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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38
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Lu Z, Yi S, Shangguan M, Jiang X, Li P, Xiao L, Hou L. Preparation of fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles mediated by a multi-functional amphiphilic iridium complex under visible light irradiation in aqueous solution. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01831j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilc iridium(iii) complex has been synthesized and served as both a photoinitiator and a surfactant for the preparation of nanoparticles with high fluorescence intensity and uniform morphology by visible light irradiation of styrene in aqueous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lu
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P.R. China
| | - Sili Yi
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P.R. China
| | - Mingqin Shangguan
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P.R. China
| | - Xingzong Jiang
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P.R. China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P.R. China
| | - Longqiang Xiao
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P.R. China
| | - Linxi Hou
- Department of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350116
- P.R. China
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39
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Dutta S, Sui X, Weissman H, Kalchenko V, Wagner HD, Rybtchinski B. Composites of hydrophilic polymers and organic nanocrystals enable enhanced robustness. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Dutta
- Department of Organic ChemistryWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - XiaoMeng Sui
- Department of Materials and InterfacesWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Haim Weissman
- Department of Organic ChemistryWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Vyacheslav Kalchenko
- Department of Veterinary ResourcesWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Hanoch Daniel Wagner
- Department of Materials and InterfacesWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Boris Rybtchinski
- Department of Organic ChemistryWeizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
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40
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Schmidt D, Stolte M, Süß J, Liess A, Stepanenko V, Würthner F. Protein-like Enwrapped Perylene Bisimide Chromophore as a Bright Microcrystalline Emitter Material. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13385-13389. [PMID: 31329325 PMCID: PMC6772080 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Strongly emissive solid-state materials are mandatory components for many emerging optoelectronic technologies, but fluorescence is often quenched in the solid state owing to strong intermolecular interactions. The design of new organic pigments, which retain their optical properties despite their high tendency to crystallize, could overcome such limitations. Herein, we show a new material with monomer-like absorption and emission profiles as well as fluorescence quantum yields over 90 % in its crystalline solid state. The material was synthesized by attaching two bulky tris(4-tert-butylphenyl)phenoxy substituents at the perylene bisimide bay positions. These substituents direct a packing arrangement with full enwrapping of the chromophore and unidirectional chromophore alignment within the crystal lattice to afford optical properties that resemble those of their natural pigment counterparts, in which chromophores are rigidly embedded in protein environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Jasmin Süß
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Andreas Liess
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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41
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Akagi K. Interdisciplinary Chemistry Based on Integration of Liquid Crystals and Conjugated Polymers: Development and Progress. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Akagi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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42
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Basharat M, Liu W, Zhang S, Abbas Y, Wu Z, Wu D. Poly(cyclotriphosphazene‐co‐tris(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethane) Microspheres with Intrinsic Excitation Wavelength Tunable Multicolor Photoluminescence. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Basharat
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology) Ministry of Education Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology) Ministry of Education Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Shuangkun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology) Ministry of Education Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Yasir Abbas
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology) Ministry of Education Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Zhanpeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology) Ministry of Education Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Dezhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Institute of Science Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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43
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Choudhury P, Das PK. Carbon Dots-Stimulated Amplification of Aggregation-Induced Emission of Size-Tunable Organic Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:10582-10595. [PMID: 31329455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs)-induced microstructural modulation and amplification of emission intensity of self-aggregated fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONPs) is a challenging task since CD is a well-known fluorescence quencher. In the present study, we have designed l-tyrosine-tagged hydrophobically (C-10) tailored naphthalene diimide derivative (NDI-i), which formed FONPs in tetrahydrofuran (THF)-water binary solvent mixture. NDI-i exhibited aggregation-induced emission (AIE) at 580 nm (orange) up to fw = 70 vol % of water in THF via excimer formation in combination with intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) upon excitation at 350 nm. Beyond fw = 70 vol %, the emission intensity gradually reduced up to fw = 99 vol % due to poor water dispersibility of NDI-i FONPs. Doping of hydrophobically (C-2 to C-11 alkyl chain) surface-functionalized CDs (CD-i-iii) within self-aggregates of NDI-i FONPs at fw = 99 vol % resulted in the modulation of both morphology and emission intensity of resulting self-assembled nanoconjugate. In the presence of C-2 alkyl chain tethered CD, the emission intensity of FONP-CD nanohybrid got quenched compared to that of native NDI-i FONPs. The emission intensity of NDI-i FONPs markedly enhanced by 3.6- to 5.0-fold upon inclusion of C-6 and C-11 alkyl chain containing CDs, respectively. Increasing the alkyl chain length on CD surface facilitated the interchain hydrophobic interaction between the organic nanoparticles and surface-functionalized CDs to form larger CD-doped fused FONPs. The extent of ICT between π-donor and π-acceptor residues became more efficient to exhibit enhanced AIE due to the accumulation of more NDI-i around CD surface through interchain hydrophobic interaction. The C-11 alkyl chain containing CD-integrated FONPs showed the brightest orange emission with superior aqueous stability. These water-dispersible, orange-emitting, cytocompatible NDI-i-CD-iii FONPs were explored for long-term bioimaging of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Choudhury
- School of Biological Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur , Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Das
- School of Biological Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur , Kolkata 700032 , India
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44
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Schmidt D, Stolte M, Süß J, Liess A, Stepanenko V, Würthner F. Protein‐like Enwrapped Perylene Bisimide Chromophore as a Bright Microcrystalline Emitter Material. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jasmin Süß
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Andreas Liess
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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45
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Adarsh N, Klymchenko AS. Ionic aggregation-induced emission dye with bulky counterions for preparation of bright near-infrared polymeric nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13977-13987. [PMID: 31309959 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04085d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dyes exhibiting aggregation-induced emission (AIE) are attractive building blocks for the preparation of bright fluorescent nanomaterials. AIEgens are especially efficient in pure dye aggregates, whereas they are much less explored as dopants in NPs built of hydrophobic polymers. Here, we describe an approach that combines cationic AIEgens with bulky hydrophobic counterions (fluorinated tetraphenylborates) that enables preparation of small and bright AIEgen-loaded polymeric NPs. To this end, we synthesised a cationic tetraphenylethylene (TPE) derivative and studied its salts with counterions of different sizes and hydrophobicities. In organic solvent/water mixtures, all these salts exhibited typical AIE behaviour, whereas only salts with bulky hydrophobic counterions exhibited strongly red-shifted emission in the near-infrared (NIR) region. Encapsulation of these salts into poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (PMMA-MA) NPs revealed that bulky counterions ensure (i) formation of small (∼50 nm) AIEgen-loaded polymeric NPs; (ii) good fluorescence quantum yield (up to 30%); and (iii) NIR emission reaching 700 nm. By contrast, AIEgens with small inorganic anions (perchlorate and hexafluorophosphate) blended with PMMA-MA produced large aggregates with emission in the far-red region. Single-particle microscopy revealed that our 50 nm AIEgen-loaded PMMA-MA NPs were 6-fold brighter than the NIR emitting quantum dots (QD705). These NPs feature low cytotoxicity and compatibility with live cell imaging, in contrast to large aggregates of AIEgens with small inorganic counterions that failed to internalize into the cells. The present work shows that combination of cationic AIEgens with bulky counterions opens new routes for the preparation of bright polymer-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagappanpillai Adarsh
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg CS 60024, France.
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg CS 60024, France.
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46
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Hecht M, Schlossarek T, Stolte M, Lehmann M, Würthner F. Photoconductive Core–Shell Liquid‐Crystals of a Perylene Bisimide J‐Aggregate Donor–Acceptor Dyad. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Tim Schlossarek
- Institut für Organische Chemie Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthias Lehmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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Hecht M, Schlossarek T, Stolte M, Lehmann M, Würthner F. Photoconductive Core-Shell Liquid-Crystals of a Perylene Bisimide J-Aggregate Donor-Acceptor Dyad. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12979-12983. [PMID: 31246352 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel core-shell structured columnar liquid crystal composed of a donor-acceptor dyad of tetraphenoxy perylene bisimide (PBI), decorated with four bithiophene units on the periphery, was synthesized. This molecule self-assembles in solution into helical J-aggregates guided by π-π interactions and hydrogen bonds which organize into a liquid-crystalline (LC) columnar hexagonal domain in the solid state. Donor and acceptor moieties exhibit contrasting exciton coupling behavior with the PBIs' (J-type) transition dipole moment parallel and the bithiophene side arms' (H-type) perpendicular to the columnar axis. The dyad shows efficient energy and electron transfer in solution as well as in the solid state. The synergy of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and charge transport along the narcissistically self-assembled core-shell structure enables the implementation of the dye in two-contact photoconductivity devices giving rise to a 20-fold increased photoresponse compared to a reference dye without bithiophene donor moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Schlossarek
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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Newsome WJ, Ayad S, Cordova J, Reinheimer EW, Campiglia AD, Harper JK, Hanson K, Uribe-Romo FJ. Solid State Multicolor Emission in Substitutional Solid Solutions of Metal–Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11298-11303. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J. Newsome
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Room 251 PSB, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Suliman Ayad
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Jesus Cordova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Room 251 PSB, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Eric W. Reinheimer
- Rigaku Americas Corporation, 9009 New Trails Drive, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Andres D. Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Room 251 PSB, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - James K. Harper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Room 251 PSB, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Fernando J. Uribe-Romo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Room 251 PSB, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
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Li Z, Li J, Liu S, Wang H, Xie Z, Wang Y, Chen Z. Green Fluorescent Protein Nanovessel Serves as a Nucleolus Targeting Material and Molecule Carrier in Living Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1900047. [PMID: 32648676 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nucleolus is responsible for RNA transcription, processing, and ribosome assembly, the dysfunction of which is associated with a number of diseases. In this report, a new member of fluorescent protein nanovessels (FPNs), constructed using thioflavin-T (ThT) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as building blocks, is described. As a popular amyloid specific dye, ThT is nonfluorescent by itself, while its fluorescence can be lighted up upon interacting with amyloid proteins. Herein, ThT is coassembled with the BSA scaffold at high temperature to form T(hT)-FPNs. These green fluorescence emissive bio-abiotic hybrid materials can serve as a novel probe for real-time nucleolus imaging of living cells. Besides, T-FPNs show potential in delivering insoluble and/or impenetrable drugs into living cells, suggesting another role as a molecule carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, and International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, and International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Youjun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, and International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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50
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Godana AS, Yu CY. Fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles and aggregates based on rapid precipitation and self-assembled π-conjugated systems. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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