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Koc N, Belarouci A, Oktem E, Aksu S. Objective-Free Ultrasensitive Biosensing on Large-Area Metamaterial Surfaces in the Near-IR. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38867603 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Plasmonic metamaterials have opened new avenues in medical diagnostics. However, the transfer of the technology to the markets has been delayed due to multiple challenges. The need of bulky optics for signal reading from nanostructures patterned on submillimeter area limits the miniaturization of the devices. The use of objective-free optics can solve this problem, which necessitates large area patterning of the nanostructures. In this work, we utilize laser interference lithography (LIL) to pattern nanodisc-shaped metamaterial absorber nanoantennas over a large area (4 cm2) within minutes. The introduction of a sacrificial layer during the fabrication process enables an inverted hole profile and a well-controlled liftoff, which ensures perfectly defined uniform nanopatterning almost with no defects. Furthermore, we use a macroscopic reflection probe for optical characterization in the near-IR, including the detection of the binding kinematics of immunologically relevant proteins. We show that the photonic quality of the plasmonic nanoantennas commensurates with electron-beam-lithography-fabricated ones over the whole area. The refractive index sensitivity of the LIL-fabricated metasurface is determined as 685 nm per refractive index unit, which demonstrates ultrasensitive detection. Moreover, the fabricated surfaces can be used multiple times for biosensing without losing their optical quality. The combination of rapid and large area nanofabrication with a simple optical reading not only simplifies the detection process but also makes the biosensors more environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Therefore, the improvements provided in this work will empower researchers and industries for accurate and real-time analysis of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurten Koc
- Materials Science and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ali Belarouci
- Univ Lyon, ECL, INSA Lyon, CNRS, UCBL, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270, Ecully 69130, France
| | - Evren Oktem
- Biomedical Science and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Serap Aksu
- Materials Science and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Biomedical Science and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Department of Physics, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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2
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Mostufa S, Rezaei B, Ciannella S, Yari P, Gómez-Pastora J, He R, Wu K. Advancements and Perspectives in Optical Biosensors. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24181-24202. [PMID: 38882113 PMCID: PMC11170745 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Optical biosensors exhibit immense potential, offering extraordinary possibilities for biosensing due to their high sensitivity, reusability, and ultrafast sensing capabilities. This review provides a concise overview of optical biosensors, encompassing various platforms, operational mechanisms, and underlying physics, and it summarizes recent advancements in the field. Special attention is given to plasmonic biosensors and metasurface-based biosensors, emphasizing their significant performance in bioassays and, thus, their increasing attraction in biosensing research, positioning them as excellent candidates for lab-on-chip and point-of-care devices. For plasmonic biosensors, we emphasize surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and its subcategories, along with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) devices and surface enhance Raman spectroscopy (SERS), highlighting their ability to perform diverse bioassays. Additionally, we discuss recently emerged metasurface-based biosensors. Toward the conclusion of this review, we address current challenges, opportunities, and prospects in optical biosensing. Considering the advancements and advantages presented by optical biosensors, it is foreseeable that they will become a robust and widespread platform for early disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Mostufa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Bahareh Rezaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Stefano Ciannella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Parsa Yari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Jenifer Gómez-Pastora
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Rui He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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Zhou Y, Wang S, Yin J, Wang J, Manshaii F, Xiao X, Zhang T, Bao H, Jiang S, Chen J. Flexible Metasurfaces for Multifunctional Interfaces. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2685-2707. [PMID: 38241491 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces, capable of manipulating the properties of light with a thickness at the subwavelength scale, have been the subject of extensive investigation in recent decades. This research has been mainly driven by their potential to overcome the limitations of traditional, bulky optical devices. However, most existing optical metasurfaces are confined to planar and rigid designs, functions, and technologies, which greatly impede their evolution toward practical applications that often involve complex surfaces. The disconnect between two-dimensional (2D) planar structures and three-dimensional (3D) curved surfaces is becoming increasingly pronounced. In the past two decades, the emergence of flexible electronics has ushered in an emerging era for metasurfaces. This review delves into this cutting-edge field, with a focus on both flexible and conformal design and fabrication techniques. Initially, we reflect on the milestones and trajectories in modern research of optical metasurfaces, complemented by a brief overview of their theoretical underpinnings and primary classifications. We then showcase four advanced applications of optical metasurfaces, emphasizing their promising prospects and relevance in areas such as imaging, biosensing, cloaking, and multifunctionality. Subsequently, we explore three key trends in optical metasurfaces, including mechanically reconfigurable metasurfaces, digitally controlled metasurfaces, and conformal metasurfaces. Finally, we summarize our insights on the ongoing challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Zhou
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shaolei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Farid Manshaii
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Hong Bao
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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4
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Li C, Qiu T, Li C, Cheng B, Jin M, Zhou G, Giersig M, Wang X, Gao J, Akinoglu EM. Highly Flexible and Acid-Alkali Resistant TiN Nanomesh Transparent Electrodes for Next-Generation Optoelectronic Devices. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24763-24772. [PMID: 37901960 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Transparent electrodes are vital for optoelectronic devices, but their development has been constrained by the limitations of existing materials such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and newer alternatives. All face issues of robustness, flexibility, conductivity, and stability in harsh environments. Addressing this challenge, we developed a flexible, low-cost titanium nitride (TiN) nanomesh transparent electrode showcasing exceptional acid-alkali resistance. The TiN nanomesh electrode, created by depositing a TiN coating on a naturally cracked gel film substrate via a sputtering method, maintains a stable electrical performance through thousands of bending cycles. It exhibits outstanding chemical stability, resisting strong acid and alkali corrosion, which is a key hurdle for current electrodes when in contact with acidic/alkaline materials and solvents during device fabrication. This, coupled with superior light transmission and conductivity (88% at 550 nm with a sheet resistance of ∼200 Ω/sq), challenges the reliance on conventional materials. Our TiN nanomesh electrode, successfully applied in electric heaters and electrically controlled thermochromic devices, offers broad potential beyond harsh environment applications. It enables alternative possibilities for the design and fabrication of future optoelectronics for advancements in this pivotal field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Zhaoqing 526238, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Qiu
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Cong Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyuan Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Zhaoqing 526238, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Zhaoqing 526238, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Zhaoqing 526238, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Giersig
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Zhaoqing 526238, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Xin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Zhaoqing 526238, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwei Gao
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Eser Metin Akinoglu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- International Academy of Optoelectronics at Zhaoqing, South China Normal University, Zhaoqing 526238, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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5
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Wang J, Wang M, Zhao F. Laser shock forming of metal nanostructures with ultrafine gaps. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:5809-5814. [PMID: 37707200 DOI: 10.1364/ao.493282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The nanogaps between metal nanostructures are of great importance in nanotechnology. However, low cost and high precision fabrication of such nanogaps is still a difficult problem. In this paper, a method combining nanosecond laser shock and flexible metal film is proposed to form ultrafine gaps between metal nanostructures. The forming mechanism of ultrafine gaps between metal nanostructures was revealed by studying the superplastic deformation, spatiotemporal evolution of stress and strain, and cooperative deformation of the flexible metal thin film and metal nanostructures under laser shock. On the basis of the mechanism study, the effects of laser parameters and gold nanoparticle size on the forming of ultrafine gaps were further studied, so as to achieve high precision forming of ultrafine gaps (<10n m) between metal nanostructures.
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Zhang R, Lin T, Peng S, Bi J, Zhang S, Su G, Sun J, Gao J, Cao H, Zhang Q, Gu L, Cao Y. Flexible but Refractory Single-Crystalline Hyperbolic Metamaterials. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3879-3886. [PMID: 37115190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of flexible single-crystalline plasmonic or photonic components in a scalable way is fundamentally important to flexible electronic and photonic devices with high speed, high energy efficiency, and high reliability. However, it remains a challenge. Here, we have successfully synthesized flexible single-crystalline optical hyperbolic metamaterials by directly depositing refractory nitride superlattices on flexible fluorophlogopite-mica substrates with magnetron sputtering. Interestingly, these flexible hyperbolic metamaterials show dual-band hyperbolic dispersion of dielectric constants with small dielectric losses and high figures of merit in the visible to near-infrared ranges. More importantly, the optical properties of these nitride-based flexible hyperbolic metamaterials show remarkable stability during 1000 °C heating or after being bent 1000 times. Therefore, the strategy developed in this work offers an easy and scalable route for fabricating flexible, high-performance, and refractory plasmonic or photonic components, which can significantly expand the applications of current electronic and photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shaoqin Peng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiachang Bi
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shunda Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guanhua Su
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Junhua Gao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hongtao Cao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanwei Cao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Hu XL, Li F, Chen GH, Tang LY, Liu WJ. High-performance plasmonic polymer modulators through mode hybridization and electro-thermomechanical effects. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:964-967. [PMID: 36790986 DOI: 10.1364/ol.482028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an electro-optical polymer modulator with double-layered gold nanostrips, a polymer nanograting, and a metal substrate is proposed and designed. Interestingly, mode hybridization between the Fabry-Pérot (F-P) and anti-bonding modes is formed, and strongly depends on the nanograting size, which can be controllably modulated by an injection current. The simulation and calculation results show that the temperature sensitivity and large structural sensitivity for the polymer modulator could remain constant during the current-tuning process, and a near-zero reflectance and a low linewidth of 13.8 nm in the red region corresponding to a high quality (Q) factor of 51 is achieved. In addition, a large redshift of 60.7 nm and a super-high modulation depth of 424 are obtained at only 8 µA.
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Jiang S, Liu X, Liu J, Ye D, Duan Y, Li K, Yin Z, Huang Y. Flexible Metamaterial Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200070. [PMID: 35325478 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, extensive efforts have been made on utilizing advanced materials and structures to improve the properties and functionalities of flexible electronics. While the conventional ways are approaching their natural limits, a revolutionary strategy, namely metamaterials, is emerging toward engineering structural materials to break the existing fetters. Metamaterials exhibit supernatural physical behaviors, in aspects of mechanical, optical, thermal, acoustic, and electronic properties that are inaccessible in natural materials, such as tunable stiffness or Poisson's ratio, manipulating electromagnetic or elastic waves, and topological and programmable morphability. These salient merits motivate metamaterials as a brand-new research direction and have inspired extensive innovative applications in flexible electronics. Here, such a groundbreaking interdisciplinary field is first coined as "flexible metamaterial electronics," focusing on enhancing and innovating functionalities of flexible electronics via the design of metamaterials. Herein, the latest progress and trends in this infant field are reviewed while highlighting their potential value. First, a brief overview starts with introducing the combination of metamaterials and flexible electronics. Then, the developed applications are discussed, such as self-adaptive deformability, ultrahigh sensitivity, and multidisciplinary functionality, followed by the discussion of potential prospects. Finally, the challenges and opportunities facing flexible metamaterial electronics to advance this cutting-edge field are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yongqing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhouping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - YongAn Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Lin HT, Hsu YY, Cheng PJ, Wang WT, Chang SW, Shih MH. In situ tunable circular dichroism of flexible chiral metasurfaces composed of plasmonic nanorod trimers. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2428-2434. [PMID: 36134130 PMCID: PMC9418018 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00144f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The circularly polarized light source is one of the keys to chiral photonic circuits and systems. However, it is difficult to integrate conventional light-emitting devices with circular polarization converters directly into compact chip-scale photonic systems partly because of their bulky structures. In this study, in situ optical chirality tunable nanorod trimer metasurfaces consisting of two types of nanorod dimers are demonstrated and integrated with a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. The optical chirality variations originating from the tunable asymmetricity of nanorod trimers under different stretching scenarios are evaluated. Through the processes, the gap distances between nanorods are varied, and the degree of circular polarization of the transmitted wave is controlled through the manipulation of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) coupling. The results reveal the circular dichroism tunability and durability of fabricated chiral metasurfaces which can be important elements for chip-scale flexible optoelectronic integrated circuits for sensing, display and communication applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Ting Lin
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Yao-Yu Hsu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan
| | - Pi-Ju Cheng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Wang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Chang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsiung Shih
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
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Quynh LT, Cheng CW, Huang CT, Raja SS, Mishra R, Yu MJ, Lu YJ, Gwo S. Flexible Plasmonics Using Aluminum and Copper Epitaxial Films on Mica. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5975-5983. [PMID: 35333048 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate here the growth of aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), gold (Au), and silver (Ag) epitaxial films on two-dimensional, layered muscovite mica (Mica) substrates via van der Waals (vdW) heteroepitaxy with controllable film thicknesses from a few to hundreds of nanometers. In this approach, the mica thin sheet acts as a flexible and transparent substrate for vdW heteroepitaxy, which allows for large-area formation of atomically smooth, single-crystalline, and ultrathin plasmonic metals without the issue of film dewetting. The high-quality plasmonic metal films grown on mica enable us to design and fabricate well-controlled Al and Cu plasmonic nanostructures with tunable surface plasmon resonances ranging from visible to the near-infrared spectral region. Using these films, two kinds of plasmonic device applications are reported, including (1) plasmonic sensors with high effective index sensitivities based on surface plasmon interferometers fabricated on the Al/Mica film and (2) Cu/Mica nanoslit arrays for plasmonic color filters in the visible and near-infrared regions. Furthermore, we show that the responses of plasmonic nanostructures fabricated on the Mica substrates remain unaltered under large substrate bending conditions. Therefore, the metal-on-mica vdW heteroepitaxy platform is suitable for flexible plasmonics based on their bendable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Thi Quynh
- Department of Physics, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Cheng
- Department of Physics, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Tzu Huang
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang-Ming Chaio-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Soniya Suganthi Raja
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ragini Mishra
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ju Yu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Lu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shangjr Gwo
- Department of Physics, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang-Ming Chaio-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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11
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Wafer-Scale Fabrication and Transfer of Porous Silicon Films as Flexible Nanomaterials for Sensing Application. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071191. [PMID: 35407309 PMCID: PMC9000722 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Flexible sensors are highly advantageous for integration in portable and wearable devices. In this work, we propose and validate a simple strategy to achieve whole wafer-size flexible SERS substrate via a one-step metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE). A pre-patterning Si wafer allows for PSi structures to form in tens of microns areas, and thus enables easy detachment of PSi film pieces from bulk Si substrates. The morphology, porosity, and pore size of PS films can be precisely controlled by varying the etchant concentration, which shows obvious effects on film integrity and wettability. The cracks and self-peeling of Psi films can be achieved by the drying conditions after MACE, enabling transfer of Psi films from Si wafer to any substrates, while maintaining their original properties and vertical alignment. After coating with a thin layer of silver (Ag), the rigid and flexible PSi films before and after transfer both show obvious surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect. Moreover, flexible PSi films SERS substrates have been demonstrated with high sensitivity (down to 2.6 × 10−9 g/cm2) for detection of methyl parathion (MPT) residues on a curved apple surface. Such a method provides us with quick and high throughput fabrication of nanostructured materials for sensing, catalysis, and electro-optical applications.
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12
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Metamaterials and Metasurfaces: A Review from the Perspectives of Materials, Mechanisms and Advanced Metadevices. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12061027. [PMID: 35335837 PMCID: PMC8953484 DOI: 10.3390/nano12061027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Throughout human history, the control of light, electricity and heat has evolved to become the cornerstone of various innovations and developments in electrical and electromagnetic technologies. Wireless communications, laser and computer technologies have all been achieved by altering the way light and other energy forms act naturally and how to manage them in a controlled manner. At the nanoscale, to control light and heat, matured nanostructure fabrication techniques have been developed in the last two decades, and a wide range of groundbreaking processes have been achieved. Photonic crystals, nanolithography, plasmonics phenomena and nanoparticle manipulation are the main areas where these techniques have been applied successfully and led to an emergent material sciences branch known as metamaterials. Metamaterials and functional material development strategies are focused on the structures of the matter itself, which has led to unconventional and unique electromagnetic properties through the manipulation of light-and in a more general picture the electromagnetic waves-in widespread manner. Metamaterial's nanostructures have precise shape, geometry, size, direction and arrangement. Such configurations are impacting the electromagnetic light waves to generate novel properties that are difficult or even impossible to obtain with natural materials. This review discusses these metamaterials and metasurfaces from the perspectives of materials, mechanisms and advanced metadevices in depth, with the aim to serve as a solid reference for future works in this exciting and rapidly emerging topic.
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13
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Yang J, Gurung S, Bej S, Ni P, Howard Lee HW. Active optical metasurfaces: comprehensive review on physics, mechanisms, and prospective applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:036101. [PMID: 35244609 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac2aaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces with subwavelength thickness hold considerable promise for future advances in fundamental optics and novel optical applications due to their unprecedented ability to control the phase, amplitude, and polarization of transmitted, reflected, and diffracted light. Introducing active functionalities to optical metasurfaces is an essential step to the development of next-generation flat optical components and devices. During the last few years, many attempts have been made to develop tunable optical metasurfaces with dynamic control of optical properties (e.g., amplitude, phase, polarization, spatial/spectral/temporal responses) and early-stage device functions (e.g., beam steering, tunable focusing, tunable color filters/absorber, dynamic hologram, etc) based on a variety of novel active materials and tunable mechanisms. These recently-developed active metasurfaces show significant promise for practical applications, but significant challenges still remain. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recently-reported tunable metasurfaces is provided which focuses on the ten major tunable metasurface mechanisms. For each type of mechanism, the performance metrics on the reported tunable metasurface are outlined, and the capabilities/limitations of each mechanism and its potential for various photonic applications are compared and summarized. This review concludes with discussion of several prospective applications, emerging technologies, and research directions based on the use of tunable optical metasurfaces. We anticipate significant new advances when the tunable mechanisms are further developed in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Sudip Gurung
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Subhajit Bej
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Peinan Ni
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Ho Wai Howard Lee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
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14
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Benkocká M, Herma R, Lupínková S, Slepička P, Švorčík V, Kolská Z. Antibacterial nanocomposite supporting cell growth and spheroid formation by chemical surface treatment of polymer foil. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Benkocká
- Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University in Usti nad Labem Usti nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - R. Herma
- Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University in Usti nad Labem Usti nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - S. Lupínková
- Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University in Usti nad Labem Usti nad Labem Czech Republic
| | - P. Slepička
- Institute of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - V. Švorčík
- Institute of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Z. Kolská
- Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University in Usti nad Labem Usti nad Labem Czech Republic
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15
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Sun YC, Boero G, Brugger J. Stretchable Conductors Fabricated by Stencil Lithography and Centrifugal Force-Assisted Patterning of Liquid Metal. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2021; 3:5423-5432. [PMID: 34977587 PMCID: PMC8717634 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.1c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Embedding liquid metals (LMs) into an elastomer is emerging as a promising strategy for stretchable conductors. Existing manufacturing techniques are struggling between spatial resolution and process complexity and are limited to chemically resistant substrates. Here, we report on a hybrid process combining stencil lithography and centrifugal force-assisted patterning of liquid metal for the development of LM-based stretchable conductors. The selective wetting behavior of oxide-removed eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) on metal patterns defined by stencil lithography enables micrometer scale LM patterns on an elastomeric substrate. Stencil lithography allows for defining metal regions without harsh chemical treatments, making it suitable for a wide range of substrates. Microscale LM patterns are achieved by efficiently removing the excess material by the centrifugal forces experienced from spinning the substrate. The proposed approach allows for the creation of LM patterns with a line width as small as 2 μm on a stretchable poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate. The electrical measurement results show that the fabricated EGaIn devices can endure 40% mechanical strain over several thousands of cycles. Furthermore, a stencil design using microbridges is proposed to address the mechanical stability issue in stencil lithography. An EGaIn conductor with a serpentine structure and an interdigitated capacitor are fabricated and characterized. The results demonstrate that the patterned serpentine conductors retain their functionality with applied mechanical strain up to 80%. The performance of the interdigitated capacitors upon applied strain is in good agreement with the theoretical estimation. Finally, we demonstrate our approach also on poly(octamethylene maleate (anhydride) citrate) (POMaC) substrates to broaden the use of the proposed method to not only flexible and stretchable but also biodegradable substrates, opening a way for in vivo transient microsystem engineering. The work presented here provides a versatile and reliable approach for manufacturing stretchable conductors.
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16
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Liu Y, Ran M, Sun Y, Fan Y, Wang J, Cao X, Lu D. A sandwich SERS immunoassay platform based on a single-layer Au-Ag nanobox array substrate for simultaneous detection of SCCA and survivin in serum of patients with cervical lesions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36734-36747. [PMID: 35494344 PMCID: PMC9043334 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03082e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of tumor biomarkers in blood specimens is vital for patients with cervical lesions. Herein, an ultrasensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform was proposed for simultaneous detection of cervical-lesion-related serum biomarkers. Raman reporter labeled Au-Ag nanoshells (Au-AgNSs) acted as SERS tags and an Au-Ag nanobox (Au-AgNB) array substrate prepared by the oil-water interface self-assembly method was used as a capture substrate. This single-layer Au-AgNB array substrate was proved to have exceptional uniformity by atomic force microscopy and SERS mapping. Numerous "hot spots" and specific adsorption surfaces offered by the Au-AgNB array substrate were confirmed by the finite difference time domain method, which could generate a SERS signal in electromagnetic enhancement. Binding of antigens between antibodies on Au-AgNSs and the Au-AgNB array substrate led to the formation of a sandwich-structure by the two metal nanostructures. Consequently, an ultralow detection limit of 6 pg mL-1 for squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) and 5 pg mL-1 for survivin in a wide linear logarithmic range of 10 pg mL-1 to 10 μg mL-1 was acquired. High selectivity and reproducibility with relative standard deviations of 7.701% and 6.943% were detected. Furthermore, the simultaneous detection of the two biomarkers in practical specimens was conducted, and the results were consistent with those of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This platform exhibited good robustness in the rapid and sensitive detection of SCCA and survivin, which could be a promising tool in early clinical diagnosis for different grades of cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China.,The Yangzhou School of Clinial Medicine of Dalian Medical University Yangzhou P. R. China
| | - Menglin Ran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China.,The Yangzhou School of Clinial Medicine of Dalian Medical University Yangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Noncoding RNA Research, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225001 China
| | - Yongxin Fan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Noncoding RNA Research, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225001 China
| | - Jinghan Wang
- The Yangzhou School of Clinial Medicine of Dalian Medical University Yangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Cao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Noncoding RNA Research, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225001 China
| | - Dan Lu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China.,The Yangzhou School of Clinial Medicine of Dalian Medical University Yangzhou P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China
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17
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Chen F, Liu X, Tian Y, Zheng Y. Mechanically stretchable metamaterial with tunable mid-infrared optical properties. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:37368-37375. [PMID: 34808810 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the design of metamaterials with ultrahigh absorption. These perfect absorbers can realize the annihilation of incident electromagnetic waves by eliminating reflection and transmission of microwaves, infrared, visible, and ultraviolet. However, the optical properties are usually unchanged due to a rigid structure. In this work, we propose a mechanically stretchable metamaterial composed of polydimethylsiloxane and gold with tunable optical properties in the mid-infrared region. A large variation of absorptances with different gold filling ratios is demonstrated as well as the corresponding electric field distributions. Under moderate uniaxial and biaxial tensions, the proposed two-dimensional grating structure has achieved a dynamic tuning of infrared thermal properties, including a sharp reflectance-absorptance switch. This mechanically stretchable metamaterial can serve different optical and sensing functions due to its facile tunability.
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18
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Charconnet M, Kuttner C, Plou J, García-Pomar JL, Mihi A, Liz-Marzán LM, Seifert A. Mechanically Tunable Lattice-Plasmon Resonances by Templated Self-Assembled Superlattices for Multi-Wavelength Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100453. [PMID: 34927949 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lattice plasmons, i.e., diffractively coupled localized surface plasmon resonances, occur in long-range ordered plasmonic nanostructures such as 1D and 2D periodic lattices. Such far-field coupled resonances can be employed for ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), provided they are spectrally matched to the excitation wavelength. The spectral positions of lattice plasmon modes critically depend on the lattice period and uniformity, owing to their pronounced sensitivity to structural disorder. We report the fabrication of superlattices by templated self-assembly of gold nanoparticles on a flexible support, with tunable lattice-plasmon resonances by means of macroscopic strain. We demonstrate that the highest SERS performance is achieved by matching the lattice plasmon mode to the excitation wavelength, by post-assembly fine-tuning of long-range structural parameters. Both asymmetric and symmetric lattice deformations can be used to adapt a single lattice structure to both red-shifted and blue-shifted excitation lines, as exemplified by lattice expansion and contraction, respectively. This proof-of-principle study represents a basis for alternative designs of adaptive functional nanostructures with mechanically tunable lattice resonances using strain as a macroscopic control parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Charconnet
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Christian Kuttner
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Javier Plou
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | | | - Agustín Mihi
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (EHU-UPV), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Andreas Seifert
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
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19
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Kang K, Lee H, Kim D. Effectiveness of high curvature segmentation on the curved flexible surface plasmon resonance. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:26955-26970. [PMID: 34615119 DOI: 10.1364/oe.434343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we explore a segmentation-based approach for the calculation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) on the curved surface with high curvature by modeling it as a contiguous array of finite segments. The approach would significantly facilitate the calculation with good accuracy because of the inherent nature that transfer matrix analysis can be used. Using the segmentation model, resonance characteristics at SPR were obtained as the curvature radius was varied. For validation of the segmentation, resonance wavelength (λSPR), reflectance at resonance (RSPR), and resonance width (δλSPR) were compared with the finite element method in the parallel and perpendicular light incidence. It was found that the results from the segmentation were in excellent agreement, λSPR in particular, while RSPR and δλSPR under parallel incidence showed disparity between the two models due to the short segmentation. Resonance of curved surface on the rigid and flexible substrate was compared and the overall trend was found to be almost identical. The segmentation is expected to provide a simple, fast, and efficient way for studying plasmonic devices with high curvature in flexible and wearable applications.
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20
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Paulillo B, Bareza NJ, Pruneri V. Controlling mid-infrared plasmons in graphene nanostructures through post-fabrication chemical doping. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/abf943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Engineering the doping level in graphene nanostructures to yield controlled and intense localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is fundamental for their practical use in applications such as molecular sensing for point of care or environmental monitoring. In this work, we experimentally study how chemical doping of graphene nanostructures using ethylene amines affects their mid-infrared plasmonic response following the induced change in electrical transport properties. Combining post-fabrication silanization and amine doping allows to prepare the surface to support a strong LSPR response at zero bias. These findings pave the way to design highly doped graphene LSPR surfaces for infrared sensors operating in real environments.
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21
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Kim D, Yun HS, Das B, Rhie J, Vasa P, Kim YI, Choa SH, Park N, Lee D, Bahk YM, Kim DS. Topology-Changing Broadband Metamaterials Enabled by Closable Nanotrenches. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4202-4208. [PMID: 33710897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the most straightforward methods to actively control optical functionalities of metamaterials is to apply mechanical strain deforming the geometries. These deformations, however, leave symmetries and topologies largely intact, limiting the multifunctional horizon. Here, we present topology manipulation of metamaterials fabricated on flexible substrates by mechanically closing/opening embedded nanotrenches of various geometries. When an inner bending is applied on the substrate, the nanotrench closes and the accompanying topological change results in abrupt switching of metamaterial functionalities such as resonance, chirality, and polarization selectivity. Closable nanotrenches can be embedded in metamaterials of broadband spectrum, ranging from visible to microwave. The 99.9% extinction performance is robust, enduring more than a thousand bending cycles. Our work provides a wafer-scale platform for active quantum plasmonics and photonic application of subnanometer phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Kim
- Department of Physics and Center for Atom Scale Electromagnetism, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Seok Yun
- Department of Physics and Center for Atom Scale Electromagnetism, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bamadev Das
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeah Rhie
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Parinda Vasa
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Graduate School of NID Fusion Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Choa
- Graduate School of NID Fusion Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Namkyoo Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dukhyung Lee
- Department of Physics and Center for Atom Scale Electromagnetism, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Bahk
- Department of Physics, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Sik Kim
- Department of Physics and Center for Atom Scale Electromagnetism, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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22
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Chen Y, Ai B, Wong ZJ. Soft optical metamaterials. NANO CONVERGENCE 2020; 7:18. [PMID: 32451734 PMCID: PMC7248166 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-020-00226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Optical metamaterials consist of artificially engineered structures exhibiting unprecedented optical properties beyond natural materials. Optical metamaterials offer many novel functionalities, such as super-resolution imaging, negative refraction and invisibility cloaking. However, most optical metamaterials are comprised of rigid materials that lack tunability and flexibility, which hinder their practical applications. This limitation can be overcome by integrating soft matters within the metamaterials or designing responsive metamaterial structures. In addition, soft metamaterials can be reconfigured via optical, electrical, thermal and mechanical stimuli, thus enabling new optical properties and functionalities. This paper reviews different types of soft and reconfigurable optical metamaterials and their fabrication methods, highlighting their exotic properties. Future directions to employ soft optical metamaterials in next-generation metamaterial devices are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Bin Ai
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Zi Jing Wong
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
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23
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Lin H, Song L, Huang Y, Cheng Q, Yang Y, Guo Z, Su F, Chen T. Macroscopic Au@PANI Core/Shell Nanoparticle Superlattice Monolayer Film with Dual-Responsive Plasmonic Switches. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11296-11304. [PMID: 32043861 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembled gold nanoparticle (NP) superlattice displays unusual but distinctive features such as high mechanical and free-standing performance, electrical conductivity, and plasmonic properties, which are widely employed in various applications especially in biological diagnostics and optoelectronic devices. For a two-dimensional (2D) superlattice monolayer film composed of a given metal nanostructure, it is rather challenging to tune either its plasmonic properties or its optical properties in a reversible way, and it has not been reported. It is therefore of significant value to construct a free-standing 2D superlattice monolayer film of gold nanoparticles with an intelligent response and desired functions. Herein, we developed an easy and efficient approach to construct a gold nanoparticle superlattice film with a dual-responsive plasmonic switch. In this system, gold nanoparticles were coated by polyaniline (PANI) and then interracially self-assembled into a monolayer film at the air-liquid interface. The PANI shell plays two important roles in the superlattice monolayer film. First, the PANI shell acts as a physical spacer to provide a steric hindrance to counteract the van der Waals (vdW) attraction between densely packed nanoparticles (NPs), resulting in the formation of a superlattice by adjusting the thickness of the PANI shell. Second, the PANI shells provide the superlattice film with multiple stimuli such as electrical potential and pH change, leading to reversible optical and plasmonic responsiveness. The superlattice monolayer film can show a vivid color change from olive green to pink, or from olive green to violet by the change of the corresponding stimuli. Also, the localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) of the superlattice monolayer film can be reversibly modulated by both by changing the local pH and applying an electric potential. Notably, a significant plasmonic shift of 157 nm can be achieved in the superlattice monolayer film when the PANI shell with a thickness of 35 nm and gold nanorods as a core were used. The superlattice monolayer film with dual-responsive plasmonic switches is promising for a range of potential applications in optoelectronic devices, plasmonic and colorimetric sensors, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
- China State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Liping Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Youju Huang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- China State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Fengmei Su
- National Engineering Research Centre for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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24
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Mandrile L, Giovannozzi AM, Sacco A, Martra G, Rossi AM. Flexible and Transparent Substrates Based on Gold Nanoparticles and TiO 2 for in Situ Bioanalysis by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E145. [PMID: 31861199 PMCID: PMC6955768 DOI: 10.3390/bios9040145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Flexible and transparent substrates are emerging as low cost and easy-to-operate support for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In particular, in situ SERS detection approach for surface characterization in transmission modality can be efficiently employed for non-invasive analysis of non-planar surfaces. Here we propose a new methodology to fabricate a homogenous, transparent, and flexible SERS membrane by the assistance of a thin TiO2 porous layer deposited on the PDMS surface, which supports the uniform loading of gold nanoparticles over large area. The substrate was first characterized for homogeneity, sensitivity and repeatability using a model molecule for SERS, i.e., 7-mercapto-4-methylcoumarin. Satisfactory intra-substrate uniformity and inter-substrates repeatability was achieved, showing an RSD of 10%, and an analytical sensitivity down to 10 nM was determined with an EF of 3.4 × 105 ± 0.4 × 105. Furthermore, SERS detection of pyrimethanil (PMT), a commonly employed pesticide in crops for human consumption, was performed in situ, exploiting the optical transparency of the device, using both model surfaces and non-flat bio-samples. PMT contamination at the phytochemical concentration levels corresponding to commonly used infield doses was successfully detected on the surface of the yellow Ficus benjiamina leaves, supporting the use of this substrate for food safety in-field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mandrile
- Physical Chemistry and Nanotechnologies Group, National Institute of Metrological Research, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Andrea Mario Giovannozzi
- Physical Chemistry and Nanotechnologies Group, National Institute of Metrological Research, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Alessio Sacco
- Physical Chemistry and Nanotechnologies Group, National Institute of Metrological Research, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Gianmario Martra
- Physical Chemistry and Nanotechnologies Group, National Institute of Metrological Research, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
- Department of Chemistry and Interdepartmental Centre NIS, University of Turin, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Mario Rossi
- Physical Chemistry and Nanotechnologies Group, National Institute of Metrological Research, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
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25
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Chang CC, Nogan J, Yang ZP, Kort-Kamp WJM, Ross W, Luk TS, Dalvit DAR, Azad AK, Chen HT. Highly Plasmonic Titanium Nitride by Room-Temperature Sputtering. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15287. [PMID: 31653881 PMCID: PMC6814862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium nitride (TiN) has recently emerged as an attractive alternative material for plasmonics. However, the typical high-temperature deposition of plasmonic TiN using either sputtering or atomic layer deposition has greatly limited its potential applications and prevented its integration into existing CMOS device architectures. Here, we demonstrate highly plasmonic TiN thin films and nanostructures by a room-temperature, low-power, and bias-free reactive sputtering process. We investigate the optical properties of the TiN films and their dependence on the sputtering conditions and substrate materials. We find that our TiN possesses one of the largest negative values of the real part of the dielectric function as compared to all other plasmonic TiN films reported to date. Two-dimensional periodic arrays of TiN nanodisks are then fabricated, from which we validate that strong plasmonic resonances are supported. Our room-temperature deposition process can allow for fabricating complex plasmonic TiN nanostructures and be integrated into the fabrication of existing CMOS-based photonic devices to enhance their performance and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chieh Chang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA. .,Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 11677, Taiwan.
| | - John Nogan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87123, USA
| | - Zu-Po Yang
- Institute of Photonic System, National Chiao Tung University, 301 Gaofa 3rd. Road, Tainan, 71150, Taiwan
| | - Wilton J M Kort-Kamp
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA.,Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Willard Ross
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87123, USA
| | - Ting S Luk
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87123, USA
| | - Diego A R Dalvit
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Abul K Azad
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Hou-Tong Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA.
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26
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Ko Y, Oh J, Park KT, Kim S, Huh W, Sung BJ, Lim JA, Lee SS, Kim H. Stretchable Conductive Adhesives with Superior Electrical Stability as Printable Interconnects in Washable Textile Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:37043-37050. [PMID: 31518103 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As practical interest in stretchable electronics increases for future applications in wearables, healthcare, and robotics, the demand for electrical interconnects with high electrical conductivity, durability, printability, and adhesion is growing. Despite the high electrical conductivity and stretchability of most previous interconnects, they lack stable conductivity against strain and adhesion to stretchable substrates, leading to a limitation for their practical applications. Herein, we propose a stretchable conductive adhesive consisting of silver particles with carbon nanotube as an auxiliary filler in silicone adhesives. The conductive adhesive exhibits a high initial conductivity of 6450 S cm-1. They show little change in conductivity over 3000 stretching cycles at 50% strain, currently the highest stability reported for elastic conductors. Based on strong adhesion to stretchable substrates, the gel-free, dry adhesives printed on an elastic bandage for electrocardiography monitoring exhibit an extremely stable performance upon movement of the subject, even after several cycles of detachment-reattachment and machine washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngpyo Ko
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | | | | | | | - Wansoo Huh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Soongsil University , Seoul 06978 , Korea
| | - Bong June Sung
- Department of Chemistry , Sogang University , Seoul 04107 , Korea
| | | | - Sang-Soo Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - Heesuk Kim
- Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Seoul 02792 , Korea
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27
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Habib A, Zhu X, Can UI, McLanahan ML, Zorlutuna P, Yanik AA. Electro-plasmonic nanoantenna: A nonfluorescent optical probe for ultrasensitive label-free detection of electrophysiological signals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav9786. [PMID: 31667339 PMCID: PMC6799986 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav9786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing the unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution capability of light to detect electrophysiological signals has been the goal of scientists for nearly 50 years. Yet, progress toward that goal remains elusive due to lack of electro-optic translators that can efficiently convert electrical activity to high photon count optical signals. Here, we introduce an ultrasensitive and extremely bright nanoscale electric-field probe overcoming the low photon count limitations of existing optical field reporters. Our electro-plasmonic nanoantennas with drastically enhanced cross sections (~104 nm2 compared to typical values of ~10-2 nm2 for voltage-sensitive fluorescence dyes and ~1 nm2 for quantum dots) offer reliable detection of local electric-field dynamics with remarkably high sensitivities and signal-to-shot noise ratios (~60 to 220) from diffraction-limited spots. In our electro-optics experiments, we demonstrate high-temporal resolution electric-field measurements at kilohertz frequencies and achieved label-free optical recording of network-level electrogenic activity of cardiomyocyte cells with low-intensity light (11 mW/mm2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Habib
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Xiangchao Zhu
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Uryan I. Can
- Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | - Pinar Zorlutuna
- Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46655, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46655, USA
| | - Ahmet A. Yanik
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Corresponding author.
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28
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Zhao ZJ, Hwang S, Bok M, Kang H, Jeon S, Park SH, Jeong JH. Nanopattern-Embedded Micropillar Structures for Security Identification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:30401-30410. [PMID: 31353886 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel method was developed for fabricating nanopatterns embedded on micropillar-structured surfaces using nanowelding technology for security identification. Commonly used substrates, that is, polyethylene films, glass wafers, Si wafers, and curved surfaces, were employed and their characteristics were evaluated. Cr was deposited onto the selected substrate to strengthen the adhesion force, and an adhesive layer of ultra-thin metal was deposited on top of the Cr layer. Lastly, nanopatterns were embedded on the substrates by nanowelding. The morphologies, cross sections, and three-dimensional (3D) images of the fabricated nanostructures were evaluated, and their crystalline structures and compositions were analyzed. Using the same method, nanopatterns embedded on micropillar-structured surfaces were fabricated for the first time as security patterns to improve security identification. The fabricated security patterns were characterized in three stages. First, micropillar structures and structural color were simply observed via optical microscopy to achieve a preliminary judgment. The appearance of structural color was due to the nanostructures fabricated on the micropillar surface. Next, the designed nanopatterns on the micropillar-structured surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Lastly, the changes in the spectral peaks were precisely observed using a spectrometer to achieve an enhanced security pattern. The fabricated security patterns can be suitable for valuable products, such as branded wines, watches, and bags. In addition, the proposed method offers a simple approach for transferring metal nanopatterns to common substrates. Moreover, the fabricated security patterns can have potential applications in semiconductor electrodes, transparent electrodes, and security identification codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhao
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Daejeon 305-343 , South Korea
| | - SoonHyoung Hwang
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Daejeon 305-343 , South Korea
| | - Moonjeong Bok
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Daejeon 305-343 , South Korea
| | - Hyeokjung Kang
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Daejeon 305-343 , South Korea
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Daejeon 305-343 , South Korea
| | - Sang-Hu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Pusan National University , Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil , Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Jeong
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Daejeon 305-343 , South Korea
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29
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Dong D, Fu R, Shi Q, Cheng W. Self-assembly and characterization of 2D plasmene nanosheets. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2691-2706. [PMID: 31420600 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Freestanding plasmonic nanoparticle (NP) superlattice sheets are novel 2D nanomaterials with tailorable properties that enable their use for broad applications in sensing, anticounterfeit measures, ionic gating, nanophotonics and flat lenses. We recently developed a robust, yet general, two-step drying-mediated approach to produce freestanding monolayer, plasmonic NP superlattice sheets, which are typically held together by holey grids with minimal solid support. Within these superlattices, NP building blocks are closely packed and have strong plasmonic coupling interactions; hence, we termed such freestanding materials 'plasmene nanosheets'. Using the desired NP building blocks as starting material, we describe the detailed fabrication protocol, including NP surface functionalization by thiolated polystyrene and the self-assembly of NPs at the air-water interface. We also discuss various characterization approaches for checking the quality and optical properties of the as-obtained plasmene nanosheets: optical microscopy, spectrophotometry, transmission/scanning electron microscopy (TEM/SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). With regard to different constituent building blocks, the key experimental parameters, including NP concentration and volume, are summarized to guide the successful fabrication of specific types of plasmene nanosheets. This protocol, from initial NP synthesis to the final fabrication and characterization, takes ~33.5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashen Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Runfang Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qianqian Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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30
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Zou Q, Liu W, Shen Y, Jin C. Flexible plasmonic modulators induced by the thermomechanical effect. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:11437-11444. [PMID: 31184353 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04068d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable plasmon-based flexible devices, composed of artificial plasmonic nanostructures on stretchable substrates, show great promise for dynamic functionalities such as tunability, switching and modulation of electromagnetic waves. Here, we theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated a simple and efficient flexible plasmonic modulator based on an array of gold nanostructures on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate. Arising from the current-induced local Joule heat, the local expansion of the PDMS substrate widens the gap distances between the neighboring gold wires, which results in a spectral shift of the plasmon resonance. The experimental results show that the plasmon resonance has a blue-shift of 39 nm under a total power consumption of only 10.5 mW, which results in a high modulation depth of up to 30.5% for the modulator. Such a low power consumption can be ascribed to the small active area and excellent thermal isolation of the PDMS. The optical and thermomechanical responses were confirmed and understood by the electromagnetic and thermomechanical co-simulations based on the finite-difference time-domain and finite-element methods. This novel mechanism to manipulate light provides new opportunities for active optical components and integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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31
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Ma ZT, Geng ZX, Fan ZY, Liu J, Chen HD. Modulators for Terahertz Communication: The Current State of the Art. RESEARCH 2019; 2019:6482975. [PMID: 31549075 PMCID: PMC6750090 DOI: 10.34133/2019/6482975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With the increase of communication frequency, terahertz (THz) communication technology has been an important research field; particularly the terahertz modulator is becoming one of the core devices in THz communication system. The modulation performance of a THz communication system depends on the characterization of THz modulator. THz modulators based on different principles and materials have been studied and developed. However, they are still on the way to practical application due to low modulation speed, narrow bandwidth, and insufficient modulation depth. Therefore, we review the research progress of THz modulator in recent years and evaluate devices critically and comprehensively. We focus on the working principles such as electric, optical, optoelectrical, thermal, magnetic, programmable metamaterials and nonlinear modulation methods for THz wave with semiconductors, metamaterials, and 2D materials (such as graphene, molybdenum disulfide, and tungsten disulfide). Furthermore, we propose a guiding rule to select appropriate materials and modulation methods for specific applications in THz communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z T Ma
- College of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Z X Geng
- School of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,State Key Laboratory for Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Z Y Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - J Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - H D Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
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32
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Cheng F, Qiu L, Nikolov D, Bauer A, Rolland JP, Vamivakas AN. Mechanically tunable focusing metamirror in the visible. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:15194-15204. [PMID: 31163719 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.015194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A compact, flat lens with dynamically tunable focal length will be an essential component in advanced reconfigurable optical systems. One approach to realize a flat tunable lens is by utilizing metasurfaces, which are two-dimensional nanostructures capable of tailoring the wavefront of incident light. When a metasurface with a hyperboloidal phase profile, i.e., a metalens, is fabricated on a substrate that can be actuated, its focal length can be adjusted dynamically. Here, we design and realize the first reflection type, tunable metalens (i.e., metamirror) operating in the visible regime (670 nm). It is shown that the focal length can be continuously adjusted by up to 45% with a 0% to 20% lateral stretching of the substrate, while maintaining diffraction-limited focusing and high focusing efficiency. Our design as a flat optics element has potential in widespread applications, such as wearable mixed reality systems, biomedical instruments and integrated optics devices.
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33
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Khan AU, Guo Y, Chen X, Liu G. Spectral-Selective Plasmonic Polymer Nanocomposites Across the Visible and Near-Infrared. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4255-4266. [PMID: 30908010 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art commercial light-reflecting glass is coated with a metalized film to decrease the transmittance of electromagnetic waves. In addition to the cost of the metalized film, one major limitation of such light-reflecting glass is the lack of spectral selectivity over the entire visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. To address this challenge, we herein effectively harness the transmittance, reflectance, and filtration of any wavelength across the visible and NIR, by judiciously controlling the planar orientation of two-dimensional plasmonic silver nanoplates (AgNPs) in polymer nanocomposites. In contrast to conventional bulk polymer nanocomposites where plasmonic nanoparticles are randomly mixed within a polymer matrix, our thin-film polymer nanocomposites comprise a single layer, or any desired number of multiple layers, of planarly oriented AgNPs separated by tunable spacings. This design employs a minimal amount of metal and yet efficiently manages light across the visible and NIR. The thin-film plasmonic polymer nanocomposites are expected to have a significant impact on spectral-selective light modulation, sensing, optics, optoelectronics, and photonics.
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34
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Chen S, Li Z, Liu W, Cheng H, Tian J. From Single-Dimensional to Multidimensional Manipulation of Optical Waves with Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1802458. [PMID: 30767285 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, 2D artificial arrays of subwavelength elements, have attracted great interest from the optical scientific community in recent years because they provide versatile possibilities for the manipulation of optical waves and promise an effective way for miniaturization and integration of optical devices. In the past decade, the main efforts were focused on the realization of single-dimensional (amplitude, frequency, polarization, or phase) manipulation of optical waves. Compared to the metasurfaces with single-dimensional manipulation, metasurfaces with multidimensional manipulation of optical waves show significant advantages in many practical application areas, such as optical holograms, sub-diffraction imaging, and the design of integrated multifunctional optical devices. Nowadays, with the rapid development of nanofabrication techniques, the research of metasurfaces has been inevitably developed from single-dimensional manipulation toward multidimensional manipulation of optical waves, which greatly boosts the application of metasurfaces and further paves the way for arbitrary design of optical devices. Herein, the recent advances in metasurfaces are briefly reviewed and classified from the viewpoint of different dimensional manipulations of optical waves. Single-dimensional manipulation and 2D manipulation of optical waves with metasurfaces are discussed systematically. In conclusion, an outlook and perspectives on the challenges and future prospects in these rapidly growing research areas are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Teda Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Zhancheng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Teda Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenwei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Teda Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hua Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Teda Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Jianguo Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Teda Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
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35
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Liu W, Zou Q, Zheng C, Jin C. Metal-Assisted Transfer Strategy for Construction of 2D and 3D Nanostructures on an Elastic Substrate. ACS NANO 2019; 13:440-448. [PMID: 30586279 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Compared with conventional rigid devices, the elastic substrates integrated with functional components offer various advantages, such as flexibility, dynamic tunability, and biocompatibility. However, the reliable formations of 2D nanoparticles, nanogaps, and 3D nanostructures on elastic substrates are still challenging. The conventional transfer method plays an important role in the fabrication of microstructures on elastic substrates; however, it could not fabricate structures with feature size less than a few micrometers. In this article, we have developed a flexible technique based on the "metal-assisted transfer" strategy. The key concept is to introduce a metal film as an assistant layer between nanostructures and silicon substrates to help the fabrication of nanostructures which cannot be successfully transferred in the conventional transfer method. Various 2D nanostructures, which are difficult to achieve on elastic substrates, could be reliably defined using this approach. The desired gap distances and even sub-10 nm metal gaps between adjacent nanoparticles can be controllably achieved. Moreover, 3D nanostructures can be directly assembled from the prestrained 2D precursors based on the developed technique. Comparing with the previous reports, our fabrication method contains only a one-step transfer process without selective bonding or a second transfer process. Significantly, the 3D nanostructures presented here are 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state-of-the-art mechanically assembled 3D structures in unit cell size. The proposed method may become a mainstream technology for the nano-optics and ultracompact optoelectronic devices due to its multifunctionalities and superior advantages in achieving tunable nanoparticles as well as 3D nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Qiushun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
- School of Electronics and Information Technology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Chaoqun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
- School of Electronics and Information Technology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Chongjun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
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36
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Chen W, Liu W, Jiang Y, Zhang M, Song N, Greybush NJ, Guo J, Estep AK, Turner KT, Agarwal R, Kagan CR. Ultrasensitive, Mechanically Responsive Optical Metasurfaces via Strain Amplification. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10683-10692. [PMID: 30247874 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces promise ultrathin, lightweight, miniaturized optical components with outstanding capabilities to manipulate the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light compared to conventional, bulk optics. The emergence of reconfigurable metasurfaces further integrates dynamic tunability with optical functionalities. Here, we report a structurally reconfigurable, optical metasurface constructed by integrating a plasmonic lattice array in the gap between a pair of symmetric microrods that serve to locally amplify the strain created on an elastomeric substrate by an external mechanical stimulus. The strain on the metasurface is amplified by a factor of 1.5-15.9 relative to the external strain by tailoring the microrod geometry. For the highest strain amplification geometry, the mechano-sensitivity of the optical responses of the plasmonic lattice array is a factor of 10 greater than that of state-of-the-art stretchable plasmonic resonator arrays. The spatial arrangement and therefore the optical response of the plasmonic lattice array are reversible, showing little hysteresis.
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37
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Semmlinger M, Tseng ML, Yang J, Zhang M, Zhang C, Tsai WY, Tsai DP, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Vacuum Ultraviolet Light-Generating Metasurface. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5738-5743. [PMID: 30067376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light has important applications in many fields, ranging from device fabrication to photochemistry, from environmental remediation to microscopy and spectroscopy. Methods to produce coherent VUV light frequently utilize high harmonic generation in media such as rare gases or atomic vapors; nonlinear optical crystals that support second harmonic generation into the VUV are quite rare. Here, we demonstrate an all-dielectric metasurface designed for the nonlinear optical generation of VUV light. Consisting of an array of zinc oxide nanoresonators, the device exhibits a magnetic dipole resonance at a wavelength of 394 nm. When excited with ultrafast laser pulses at this wavelength, the second harmonic at 197 nm is readily generated. Manipulation of the metasurface design enables control over the radiation pattern. This work has the potential to open the door toward simple and compact VUV sources for new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Semmlinger
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Ming Lun Tseng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Jian Yang
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Ming Zhang
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Wei-Yi Tsai
- Research Center for Applied Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Research Center for Applied Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Naomi J Halas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
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38
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Cai J, Zhang C, Khan A, Wang L, Li WD. Selective Electroless Metallization of Micro- and Nanopatterns via Poly(dopamine) Modification and Palladium Nanoparticle Catalysis for Flexible and Stretchable Electronic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:28754-28763. [PMID: 30084253 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The authors report a new patterned electroless metallization process for creating micro- and nanoscale metallic structures on polymeric substrates, which are essential for emerging flexible and stretchable optical and electronic applications. This novel process features a selective adsorption of catalytic Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) on a lithographically masked poly(dopamine) (PDA) interlayer in situ polymerized on the substrates. The moisture-resistant PDA layer has excellent stability under a harsh electroless plating bath, which enables electroless metallization on versatile substrate materials regardless of their hydrophobicity, and significantly strengthens the attachment of electroless plated metallic structures on the polymeric substrates. Prototype devices fabricated using this PDA-assisted electroless metallization patterning exhibit superior mechanical stability under high bending and stretching stress. The lithographic patterning of the PDA spatially confines the adsorption of PdNPs and reduces defects due to random adsorption of catalytic particles on the undesired area. The high resolution of the lithographic patterning enables the demonstration of a copper micrograting pattern with a linewidth down to 2 μm and a silver plasmonic nanodisk array with a 500 nm pitch. A copper mesh is also fabricated using our new patterned electroless metallization process and functions as flexible transparent electrodes with >80% visible transmittance and <1 Ω sq-1 sheet resistance. Moreover, flexible and stretchable dynamic electroluminescent displays and functional flexible printed circuits are demonstrated to show the promising capability of our fabrication process in versatile flexible and stretchable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong , China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 311305 , China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong , China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 311305 , China
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong , China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong , China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 311305 , China
| | - Wen-Di Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong , China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 311305 , China
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39
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Laible F, Gollmer DA, Dickreuter S, Kern DP, Fleischer M. Continuous reversible tuning of the gap size and plasmonic coupling of bow tie nanoantennas on flexible substrates. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14915-14922. [PMID: 30044459 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a multifunctional device for sensing experiments and fundamental research, tailor-made plasmonic nanostructures with continuously tunable resonances are created by preparing bow tie-shaped nanostructures on a flexible substrate. The bow ties are fabricated by electron beam lithography on a chromium sacrificial layer and transferred to a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. The structures on PDMS are analyzed by reflection dark-field spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Dark-field spectra of individual nano-antennas are obtained while the substrate is relaxed, and while strain is applied and the substrate is elastically stretched. Depending on the alignment of the bow ties relative to the direction of the strain, the deformation of the substrates leads to an increase or decrease of the nanostructure gaps, and therefore to a fully reversible decrease or increase of the antenna coupling, respectively. The continuous change in coupling is visible as a blue-shift in the resonance of the coupling mode for increasing gap widths, and a red-shift for decreasing gap widths. This configuration offers interesting perspectives for molecular transport and sensing investigations under variable coupling conditions as well as for tunable SERS substrates and optical strain sensor applications. In particular, very narrow gaps are within reach in the transversal configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Laible
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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40
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Hu H, Guo X, Hu D, Sun Z, Yang X, Dai Q. Flexible and Electrically Tunable Plasmons in Graphene-Mica Heterostructures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800175. [PMID: 30128236 PMCID: PMC6096988 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flexible plasmonic devices with electrical tunability are of great interest for diverse applications, such as flexible metamaterials, waveguide transformation optics, and wearable sensors. However, the traditional flexible metal-polymer plasmonic structures suffer from a lack of electrical tunability. Here the first flexible, electrically tunable, and strain-independent plasmons based on graphene-mica heterostructures are experimentally demonstrated. The resonance frequency, strength, quality factor, electrical tunability, and lifetime of graphene plasmons exhibit no visible change at bending radius down to 1 mm and after 1000 bending cycles at a radius of 3 mm. The plasmon-enhanced infrared spectroscopy detection of chemicals is also demonstrated to be unaffected in the flexible graphene-mica heterostructures. The results provide the basis for the design of flexible active nanophotonic devices such as plasmonic waveguides, resonators, sensors, and modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- Division of NanophotonicsCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- Division of NanophotonicsCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Debo Hu
- Division of NanophotonicsCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and NanoengineeringAalto UniversityFI‐00076AaltoFinland
- QTF Centre of ExcellenceDepartment of Applied PhysicsAalto UniversityFI‐00076AaltoFinland
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Division of NanophotonicsCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Qing Dai
- Division of NanophotonicsCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
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41
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Reeves JB, Jayne RK, Stark TJ, Barrett LK, White AE, Bishop DJ. Tunable Infrared Metasurface on a Soft Polymer Scaffold. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2802-2806. [PMID: 29683680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of metallic electromagnetic meta-atoms on a soft microstructured polymer scaffold using a MEMS-based stencil lithography technique is demonstrated. Using this technique, complex metasurfaces that are generally impossible to fabricate with traditional photolithographic techniques are created. By engineering the mechanical deformation of the polymer scaffold, the metasurface reflectivity in the mid-infrared can be tuned by the application of moderate strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Reeves
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Rachael K Jayne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Thomas J Stark
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Lawrence K Barrett
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Alice E White
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
- Department of Physics , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - David J Bishop
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
- Department of Physics , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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42
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Lee JE, Park C, Chung K, Lim JW, Marques Mota F, Jeong U, Kim DH. Viable stretchable plasmonics based on unidirectional nanoprisms. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:4105-4112. [PMID: 29431795 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined ordered arrays of plasmonic nanostructures were fabricated on stretchable substrates and tunable plasmon-coupling-based sensing properties were comprehensively demonstrated upon extension and contraction. Regular nanoprism patterns consisting of Ag, Au and Ag/Au bilayers were constructed on the stretchable polydimethylsiloxane substrate. The nanoprisms had the same orientation over the entire substrate (3 × 3 cm2) via metal deposition on a single-crystal microparticle monolayer assembly. The plasmonic sensor based on the Ag/Au bilayer showed a 6-fold enhanced surface enhanced Raman scattering signal under 20% uniaxial extension, whereas a 3-fold increase was observed upon 6% contraction, compared with the Au nanoprism arrays. The sensory behaviors were corroborated by finite-difference time-domain simulation, demonstrating the tunable electromagnetic field enhancement effect via the localized surface plasmon resonance coupling. The advanced flexible plasmonic-coupling-based devices with tunable and quantifiable performance herein suggested are expected to unlock promising potential in practical bio-sensing, biotechnological applications and optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Division of Molecular Life and Chemical Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-Gil, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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43
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Liu X, Huang Z, Zhu C, Wang L, Zang J. Out-of-Plane Designed Soft Metasurface for Tunable Surface Plasmon Polariton. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1435-1441. [PMID: 29257697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reliable and repeatable tunability gives functional diversity for reconfigurable plasmonics devices, while reversible and large mechanical deformation enabled by soft materials provides a new way for the global or partial regulation of metadevices. Here, we demonstrate a soft metasurface with an out-of-plane design for tuning the energy of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) bloch wave using theory, simulation, and experiments. Our metasurface is composed of two-layered gold nanoribbon arrays (2GNRs) on a soft substrate. The out-of-plane coupling mechanism is systematically analyzed in terms of separation height effect. Moreover, by harnessing mechanical deformation, continuously tunable plasmonic resonance has been achieved in the visible and near-infrared ranges. We further studied the angle-dependent reflection spectra of our metastructure. Compared with its planar counterpart, our soft and two-layered metastructure exhibits diverse tunability and significant field enhancement by out-of-plane interactions. Our approach in designing soft metasurface with out-of-plane structures can be extended to more-complex photonic devices and finds prominent applications such as biosensing, high-density plasmonic circuits, surface-enhanced luminescence, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and ‡Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and ‡Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chengkai Zhu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and ‡Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and ‡Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianfeng Zang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and ‡Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
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44
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Kolle M, Lee S. Progress and Opportunities in Soft Photonics and Biologically Inspired Optics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1702669. [PMID: 29057519 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical components made fully or partially from reconfigurable, stimuli-responsive, soft solids or fluids-collectively referred to as soft photonics-are poised to form the platform for tunable optical devices with unprecedented functionality and performance characteristics. Currently, however, soft solid and fluid material systems still represent an underutilized class of materials in the optical engineers' toolbox. This is in part due to challenges in fabrication, integration, and structural control on the nano- and microscale associated with the application of soft components in optics. These challenges might be addressed with the help of a resourceful ally: nature. Organisms from many different phyla have evolved an impressive arsenal of light manipulation strategies that rely on the ability to generate and dynamically reconfigure hierarchically structured, complex optical material designs, often involving soft or fluid components. A comprehensive understanding of design concepts, structure formation principles, material integration, and control mechanisms employed in biological photonic systems will allow this study to challenge current paradigms in optical technology. This review provides an overview of recent developments in the fields of soft photonics and biologically inspired optics, emphasizes the ties between the two fields, and outlines future opportunities that result from advancements in soft and bioinspired photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Kolle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Seungwoo Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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45
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Park S, Lee J, Ko H. Transparent and Flexible Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Sensors Based on Gold Nanostar Arrays Embedded in Silicon Rubber Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:44088-44095. [PMID: 29172436 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Integration of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors onto transparent and flexible substrates enables lightweight and deformable SERS sensors which can be wrapped or swabbed on various nonplanar surfaces for the efficient collection and detection of analytes on various surfaces. However, the development of transparent and flexible SERS substrates with high sensitivity is still challenging. Here, we demonstrate a transparent and flexible SERS substrate with high sensitivity based on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film embedded with gold nanostar (GNS) assemblies. The flexible SERS substrates enable conformal coverage on arbitrary surfaces, and the optical transparency allows light interaction with the underlying contact surface, thereby providing highly sensitive detection of analytes adsorbed on arbitrary metallic and dielectric surfaces which otherwise do not provide any noticeable Raman signals of analytes. In particular, when the flexible SERS substrates are covered onto metallic surfaces, the SERS enhancement is greatly improved because of the additional plasmon couplings between GNS and metal film. We achieve the detection capability of a trace amount of benzenethiol (10-8 M) and enormous SERS enhancement factor (∼1.9 × 108) for flexible SERS substrates on Ag film. In addition, because of the embedded structure of GNS monolayers within the PDMS film, SERS sensors maintain the high sensitivity even after mechanical deformations of stretching, bending, and torsion for 100 cycles. The transparent and flexible SERS substrates introduced in this study are applicable to various SERS sensing applications on nonplanar surfaces, which are not achievable for hard SERS substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyoung Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 689-798, Republic of Korea
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46
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Abstract
In the present study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) with a hexagonal structure have been synthesized via a hydrothermal method assisted by microwave radiation, using specialized cardboard materials as substrates. Cardboard-type substrates are cost-efficient and robust paper-based platforms that can be integrated into several opto-electronic applications for medical diagnostics, analysis and/or quality control devices. This class of substrates also enables highly-sensitive Raman molecular detection, amiable to several different operational environments and target surfaces. The structural characterization of the ZnO NR arrays has been carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical measurements. The effects of the synthesis time (5–30 min) and temperature (70–130 °C) of the ZnO NR arrays decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been investigated in view of their application for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) molecular detection. The size and density of the ZnO NRs, as well as those of the AgNPs, are shown to play a central role in the final SERS response. A Raman enhancement factor of 7 × 105 was obtained using rhodamine 6 G (R6G) as the test analyte; a ZnO NR array was produced for only 5 min at 70 °C. This condition presents higher ZnO NR and AgNP densities, thereby increasing the total number of plasmonic “hot-spots”, their volume coverage and the number of analyte molecules that are subject to enhanced sensing.
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47
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Tseng ML, Yang J, Semmlinger M, Zhang C, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Two-Dimensional Active Tuning of an Aluminum Plasmonic Array for Full-Spectrum Response. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:6034-6039. [PMID: 28872882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Color pixels composed of plasmonic nanostructures provide a highly promising approach for new display technologies, capable of vivid, robust coloration and incorporating the use of low-cost plasmonic materials, such as aluminum. Here we report a plasmonic device that can be tuned continuously across the entire visible spectrum, based on integrating a square array of aluminum nanostructures into an elastomeric substrate. By stretching the substrate in either of its two dimensions, the period and therefore the scattering color can be modified to the blue or the red of the at-rest structure, spanning the entire visible spectrum. The unique two-dimensional design of this structure enables active mechanical color tuning, under gentle elastic modulation with no more than 35% strain. We also demonstrate active image switching with this structure. This design strategy has the potential to open the door for next-generation flexible photonic devices for a wide variety of visible-light applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lun Tseng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Michael Semmlinger
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Naomi J Halas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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48
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Summitt C, Wang S, Namnabat S, Johnson L, Milster T, Takashima Y. Fast fabrication of polymer out-of-plane optical coupler by gray-scale lithography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:17960-17970. [PMID: 28789284 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.017960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a fabrication process of a polymer, and mirror-based out-of-plane optical coupler. In the process, a pre-formed mirror blank made of a buffer coat material is re-exposed by a laser direct writing tool with low numerical aperture of 0.1. The fabrication process is inherently fast because of the low numerical aperture (NA) process. The surface figure of the mirror is controlled under 0.04 waves in root-mean-square (RMS) at 1.55 μm wavelength, with mirror angle of 45 ± 1 degrees. Nominal insertion loss of 8.5dB of the mirror-based coupler was confirmed with polymer waveguides fabricated simultaneously.
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49
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Wu L, Xi X, Li B, Zhou J. A Mie resonant antenna with high sensitivity for force and strain measurement. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4615. [PMID: 28676724 PMCID: PMC5496900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04911-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the experimental and simulated performances of a Mie resonant antenna for force sensing with high sensitivity for compressive force and strain measurements inside soft materials. The proposed sensor is compatible with biological specimens and has small dimensions. It comprises a pair of dielectric cubes and an elastic layer of silicone rubber. The applied force is determined by measuring the redshift of the operating frequency when a mechanical load applied. Both simulated and experimental results demonstrate that the relationship between the frequency shift of the sensor and the applied compressive load could be fitted well using a quadratic equation with a maximum fitting error less than 17%, which enables highly sensitive telemetric force measurements to be performed inside structures by observing the operating frequency shift. The proposed design provides a simple and low-cost approach to realizing highly-efficient telemetric measurement inside soft materials such as biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bo Li
- Advanced Materials Institute, Shenzhen Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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50
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Low-Cost and Rapid Fabrication of Metallic Nanostructures for Sensitive Biosensors Using Hot-Embossing and Dielectric-Heating Nanoimprint Methods. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17071548. [PMID: 28671600 PMCID: PMC5539740 DOI: 10.3390/s17071548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose two approaches—hot-embossing and dielectric-heating nanoimprinting methods—for low-cost and rapid fabrication of periodic nanostructures. Each nanofabrication process for the imprinted plastic nanostructures is completed within several seconds without the use of release agents and epoxy. Low-cost, large-area, and highly sensitive aluminum nanostructures on A4 size plastic films are fabricated by evaporating aluminum film on hot-embossing nanostructures. The narrowest bandwidth of the Fano resonance is only 2.7 nm in the visible light region. The periodic aluminum nanostructure achieves a figure of merit of 150, and an intensity sensitivity of 29,345%/RIU (refractive index unit). The rapid fabrication is also achieved by using radio-frequency (RF) sensitive plastic films and a commercial RF welding machine. The dielectric-heating, using RF power, takes advantage of the rapid heating/cooling process and lower electric power consumption. The fabricated capped aluminum nanoslit array has a 5 nm Fano linewidth and 490.46 nm/RIU wavelength sensitivity. The biosensing capabilities of the metallic nanostructures are further verified by measuring antigen–antibody interactions using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and anti-BSA. These rapid and high-throughput fabrication methods can benefit low-cost, highly sensitive biosensors and other sensing applications.
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