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Priyadarshini B, Stango AX, Balasubramanian M, Vijayalakshmi U. In situ fabrication of cerium-incorporated hydroxyapatite/magnetite nanocomposite coatings with bone regeneration and osteosarcoma potential. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:5054-5076. [PMID: 37705779 PMCID: PMC10496897 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00235g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
With the ultimate goal of providing a novel platform able to inhibit bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and anticancer properties, cerium-doped hydroxyapatite films enhanced with magnetite were developed via spin-coating. The unique aspect of the current study is the potential for creating cerium-doped hydroxyapatite/Fe3O4 coatings on a titanium support to enhance the functionality of bone implants. To assure an increase in the bioactivity of the titanium surface, alkali pretreatment was done before deposition of the apatite layer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to evaluate coatings. Coatings demonstrated good efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with the latter showing the highest efficacy. In vitro bioactivity in simulated body fluid solution showed this material to be proficient for bone-like apatite formation on the implant surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was undertaken on intact coatings to examine the barrier properties of composites. We found that spin-coating at 4000 rpm could greatly increase the total resistance. After seeding with osteoblastic populations, Ce-HAP/Fe3O4 materials the adhesion and proliferation of cells. The heating capacity of the Ce-HAP/Fe3O4 film was optimal at 45 °C at 15 s at a frequency of 318 kHz. Osseointegration depends on many more parameters than hydroxyapatite production, so these coatings have significant potential for use in bone healing and bone-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Priyadarshini
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT Vellore 632 014 Tamil Nadu India +91-416-224 3092 +91-416-2202464
- Dept of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT Madras) Chennai 600 036 India
| | - Arul Xavier Stango
- Department of Chemistry, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education Krishnankoil Srivilliputhur Tamil Nadu 626126 India
| | - M Balasubramanian
- Dept of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT Madras) Chennai 600 036 India
| | - U Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT Vellore 632 014 Tamil Nadu India +91-416-224 3092 +91-416-2202464
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Xu X, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Wearable Electronics Based on Stretchable Organic Semiconductors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206309. [PMID: 36794301 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics are attracting increasing interest due to the emerging Internet of Things (IoT). Compared to their inorganic counterparts, stretchable organic semiconductors (SOSs) are promising candidates for wearable electronics due to their excellent properties, including light weight, stretchability, dissolubility, compatibility with flexible substrates, easy tuning of electrical properties, low cost, and low temperature solution processability for large-area printing. Considerable efforts have been dedicated to the fabrication of SOS-based wearable electronics and their potential applications in various areas, including chemical sensors, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photodiodes (OPDs), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs), have been demonstrated. In this review, some recent advances of SOS-based wearable electronics based on the classification by device functionality and potential applications are presented. In addition, a conclusion and potential challenges for further development of SOS-based wearable electronics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhao Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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Liu H, Liu D, Yang J, Gao H, Wu Y. Flexible Electronics Based on Organic Semiconductors: from Patterned Assembly to Integrated Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206938. [PMID: 36642796 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic flexible electronic devices are at the forefront of the electronics as they possess the potential to bring about a major lifestyle revolution owing to outstanding properties of organic semiconductors, including solution processability, lightweight and flexibility. For the integration of organic flexible electronics, the precise patterning and ordered assembly of organic semiconductors have attracted wide attention and gained rapid developments, which not only reduces the charge crosstalk between adjacent devices, but also enhances device uniformity and reproducibility. This review focuses on recent advances in the design, patterned assembly of organic semiconductors, and flexible electronic devices, especially for flexible organic field-effect transistors (FOFETs) and their multifunctional applications. First, typical organic semiconductor materials and material design methods are introduced. Based on these organic materials with not only superior mechanical properties but also high carrier mobility, patterned assembly strategies on flexible substrates, including one-step and two-step approaches are discussed. Advanced applications of flexible electronic devices based on organic semiconductor patterns are then highlighted. Finally, future challenges and possible directions in the field to motivate the development of the next generation of flexible electronics are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Liu
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Junchuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hanfei Gao
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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Kim S, Jo SB, Cho JH. Graphene barristors for de novo optoelectronics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:974-988. [PMID: 36607612 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05886c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based vertical Schottky-barrier transistors (SBTs), renowned as graphene barristors, have emerged as a feasible candidate to fundamentally expand the horizon of conventional transistor technology. The remote tunability of graphene's electronic properties could endorse multi-stimuli responsive functionalities for a broad range of electronic and optoelectronic applications of transistors, with the capability of incorporating nanochannel architecture with dramatically reduced footprints from the vertical integrations. In this Feature Article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the progress made in the field of SBTs over the last 10 years, starting from the operating principles, materials evolution, and processing developments. Depending on the types of stimuli such as electrical, optical, and mechanical stresses, various fields of applications from conventional digital logic circuits to sensory technologies are highlighted. Finally, more advanced applications toward beyond-Moore electronics are discussed, featuring recent advancements in neuromorphic devices based on SBTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongchan Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.,Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sae Byeok Jo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. .,SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Nketia-Yawson V, Nketia-Yawson B, Jo JW. Interfacial Interaction Enables Enhanced Mobility in Hybrid Perovskite-Conjugated Polymer Transistors with High-k Fluorinated Polymer Dielectrics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200954. [PMID: 36661127 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The charge carrier mobility of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) has been remarkably improved through several engineering approaches and techniques by targeting pivotal parts. Herein, an ultrathin perovskite channel layer that boosts the field-effect mobility of conjugated polymer OFETs by forming perovskite-conjugated polymer hybrid semiconducting channel is introduced. The optimized lead-iodide-based perovskite-conjugated polymer hybrid channel transistors show enhanced hole mobility of over 4 cm2 V-1 s-1 (average = 2.10 cm2 V-1 s-1 ) with high reproducibility using a benchmark poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) polymer and employing high-k fluorinated polymer dielectrics. A significant hole carrier mobility enhancement of ≈200-400% in benzo[1,2-b:4,5:b']dithiophene (BDT)-based conjugated polymers is also demonstrated by exploring certain interactive groups with perovskite. This significant enhancement in the transistor performance is attributed to the increased charge carrier density in the hybrid semiconducting channel and the perovskite-polymer interactions. The findings of this paper demonstrate an exceptional engineering approach for carrier mobility enhancement in hybrid perovskite-conjugated-polymer-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Nketia-Yawson
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering and Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct), Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin Nketia-Yawson
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering and Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct), Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jea Woong Jo
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering and Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct), Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
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Wang J, Wu L, Wang Q. Synthesis and Characterization of New Indeno[1,2- b]fluorene-6,12-dione Derivatives. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202206038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Hajduk B, Jarka P, Tański T, Bednarski H, Janeczek H, Gnida P, Fijalkowski M. An Investigation of the Thermal Transitions and Physical Properties of Semiconducting PDPP4T:PDBPyBT Blend Films. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8392. [PMID: 36499890 PMCID: PMC9741459 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the study of thermal and physical properties of thin polymer films based on mixtures of semiconductor polymers. The materials selected for research were poly [2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-3,6-diyl)-alt-(2,2';5',2″;5″,2'''-quater-thiophen-5,5'''-diyl)]-PDPP4T, a p-type semiconducting polymer, and poly(2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-di(pyridin-2-yl)-pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-alt-2,2'-bithiophene)-PDBPyBT, a high-mobility n-type polymer. The article describes the influence of the mutual participation of materials on the structure, physical properties and thermal transitions of PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blends. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the phase diagram for PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blend films, constructed on the basis of variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Both techniques are complementary to each other, and the obtained results overlap to a large extent. Our research shows that these polymers can be mixed in various proportions to form single-phase mixtures with several thermal transitions, three of which with the lowest characteristic temperatures can be identified as glass transitions. In addition, the RMS roughness value of the PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blended films was lower than that of the pure materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hajduk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Paweł Jarka
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, 18a Konarskiego Str., 41-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Tański
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, 18a Konarskiego Str., 41-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Henryk Bednarski
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Henryk Janeczek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Paweł Gnida
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Mateusz Fijalkowski
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
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Zong C, Yang S, Sun Y, Zhang L, Hu J, Hu W, Li R, Sun Z. Isomeric dibenzooctazethrene diradicals for high-performance air-stable organic field-effect transistors. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11442-11447. [PMID: 36320574 PMCID: PMC9533412 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03667c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Realizing both high-performance and air-stability is key to advancing singlet-diradical-based semiconductors to practical applications and realizing their material potential associated with their open-shell nature. Here a concise synthetic route toward two stable dibenzooctazethrene isomers, DBOZ1 and DBOZ2, was demonstrated. In the crystalline phase, DBOZ2 exhibits two-dimensional brick wall packing with a high degree of intermolecular electronic coupling, leading to a record-breaking hole mobility of 3.5 cm2 V-1 s-1 for singlet diradical transistors, while retaining good device stability in the ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Zong
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Shuyuan Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yajing Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Rongjin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
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Fradin C, Guittard F, Perepichka IF, Darmanin T. Soft-template electropolymerization of 3,4-(2,3-naphtylenedioxy)thiophene-2-acetic acid esters favoring dimers: Controlling the surface nanostructure by side ester groups. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Luczak A, Mitra KY, Baumann RR, Zichner R, Luszczynska B, Jung J. Fully inkjet-printed flexible organic voltage inverters as a basic component in digital NOT gates. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10887. [PMID: 35764794 PMCID: PMC9240068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In relation to conventional vacuum-based processing techniques inkjet printing enables upscaling fabrication of basic electronic elements, such as transistors and diodes. We present the fully inkjet printed flexible electronic circuits, including organic voltage inverter which can work as a NOT logic gate. For this purpose the special ink compositions were formulated to preparation of gate dielectric layer containing poly (4-vinylphenol) and of the semiconductor layer poly[2,5-(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-5,5-(2,5-di(thien-2-yl)thieno [3,2-b]thiophene)]. A printed photoxidized poly (3-hexyltiophene) semiconductor was used as the active layer of the resistors. The operation of the printed inverters and NOT logic gates was analyzed based on the DC current-voltage characteristics of the devices. The resistance of the devices to atmospheric air was also tested. Not encapsulated samples stored for three years under ambient conditions. Followed by annealing to remove moisture showed unchanged electrical parameters in comparison to freshly printed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Luczak
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kalyan Y Mitra
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Print and Media Technology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Strasse 70, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.,Department Printed Functionalities, Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems ENAS, Technologie-Campus 3, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Reinhard R Baumann
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Print and Media Technology, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Strasse 70, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.,Department Printed Functionalities, Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems ENAS, Technologie-Campus 3, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Ralf Zichner
- Department Printed Functionalities, Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems ENAS, Technologie-Campus 3, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Beata Luszczynska
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Jung
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
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Kang SH, Lee D, Choi W, Oh JH, Yang C. Usefulness of Polar and Bulky Phosphonate Chain-End Solubilizing Groups in Polymeric Semiconductors. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- So-Huei Kang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Doyoung Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbin Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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Jiang H, Zhu S, Cui Z, Li Z, Liang Y, Zhu J, Hu P, Zhang HL, Hu W. High-performance five-ring-fused organic semiconductors for field-effect transistors. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:3071-3122. [PMID: 35319036 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01136g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecular semiconductors have been paid great attention due to their advantages of low-temperature processability, low fabrication cost, good flexibility, and excellent electronic properties. As a typical example of five-ring-fused organic semiconductors, a single crystal of pentacene shows a high mobility of up to 40 cm2 V-1 s-1, indicating its potential application in organic electronics. However, the photo- and optical instabilities of pentacene make it unsuitable for commercial applications. But, molecular engineering, for both the five-ring-fused building block and side chains, has been performed to improve the stability of materials as well as maintain high mobility. Here, several groups (thiophenes, pyrroles, furans, etc.) are introduced to design and replace one or more benzene rings of pentacene and construct novel five-ring-fused organic semiconductors. In this review article, ∼500 five-ring-fused organic prototype molecules and their derivatives are summarized to provide a general understanding of this catalogue material for application in organic field-effect transistors. The results indicate that many five-ring-fused organic semiconductors can achieve high mobilities of more than 1 cm2 V-1 s-1, and a hole mobility of up to 18.9 cm2 V-1 s-1 can be obtained, while an electron mobility of 27.8 cm2 V-1 s-1 can be achieved in five-ring-fused organic semiconductors. The HOMO-LUMO levels, the synthesis process, the molecular packing, and the side-chain engineering of five-ring-fused organic semiconductors are analyzed. The current problems, conclusions, and perspectives are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Shengli Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, China.
| | - Zhenduo Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, China.
| | - Yanqin Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, China.
| | - Jiamin Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, China.
| | - Peng Hu
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. .,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
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Kim DE, Park JW, Seo S, Baeg KJ. Versatile Solution-Processed Reductive Interface Layer for Contact Engineering of Staggered Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13560-13571. [PMID: 35258275 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient charge injection/extraction from/to contact electrodes is essential to realize organic electronic and optoelectronic devices with optimum characteristics for many applications. Herein, we studied a versatile reductive interlayer based on sodium borohydride (NaBH4) to control the contact properties of the staggered organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) either by doping and/or by regulating the contribution of charge carriers. The versatile functionalities of the NaBH4 layer are mainly determined by the alignment of frontier molecular orbitals of donor-acceptor (D-A) type copolymer semiconductors and the work function of the contact electrode. After incorporating the NaBH4 layer, the work function of the bottom-contact gold electrode can be decreased significantly by 1.0 eV, which makes it favorable to efficient electron injection. An Ohmic contact is achieved by the spontaneous injection of electrons to the n-type organic semiconductors with high electron affinity while converting the OFET operation mode to n-type characteristics by blocking the counter-charge carriers for the other types of ambipolar and p-type semiconductors. The solution-processed reducing agent can be a valuable approach to develop high-performance printed and flexible electronic devices through careful engineering to obtain proper contributions of charge carriers either as electrons or holes in various D-A copolymer semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Eun Kim
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Woo Park
- Next-Generation Battery Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), 12 Jeongiui-gil, Seongsan-gu,Changwon-si 51543, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - SungYong Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Jun Baeg
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Zhang WN, Wu XQ, Wang G, Duan YA, Geng H, Liao Y. Toward High Performance Ambipolar Transport from Super-exchange Perspective: Theoretical Insights for IID-based Copolymers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Wang Z, Gao M, He C, Shi W, Deng Y, Han Y, Ye L, Geng Y. Unraveling the Molar Mass Dependence of Shearing-Induced Aggregation Structure of a High-Mobility Polymer Semiconductor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108255. [PMID: 34850998 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation-structure formation of conjugated polymers is a fundamental problem in the field of organic electronics and remains poorly understood. Herein, the molar mass dependence of the aggregation structure of a high-mobility conjugated copolymer (TDPP-Se) comprising thiophene-flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole and selenophene is thoroughly shown. Five batches of TDPP-Se are prepared with the number-average molecular weights (Mn ) varied greatly from 21 to 135 kg mol-1 . Small-angle neutron scattering and transmission electron microscopy are combined to probe the solution structure of these polymers, consistently using a deuterated solvent. All the polymers adopt 1D rod-like aggregation structures and the radius of the 1D rods is not sensitive to the Mn , while the length increases monotonically with Mn . By utilizing the ordered packing of the aggregated structure in solution, a highly aligned and ordered film is prepared and, thereafter, a reliable hole mobility of 13.8 cm2 V-1 s-1 is realized in organic thin-film transistors with the moderate Mn batch via bar coating. The hole mobility is among the highest values reported for diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymers. This work paves the way to visualize the real aggregated structure of polymer semiconductors in solution and sheds light on the microstructure control of high-performance electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Mengyuan Gao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chunyong He
- China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), Spallation Neutron Source Science Centre, Dongguan, 523803, China
| | - Weichao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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16
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Yang J, Kang F, Wang X, Zhang Q. Design strategies for improving the crystallinity of covalent organic frameworks and conjugated polymers: a review. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:121-146. [PMID: 34842260 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Highly crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs) or conjugated polymers (CPs) are very important and highly desirable because these materials would display better performance in diverse devices and provide more structure-property related information. However, how to achieve highly crystalline or single-crystal COFs and CPs is very challenging. Recently, many research studies have demonstrated the possibility of enhancing the crystallinity of COFs and CPs. Thus, it is timely to offer an overview of the important progress in improving the crystallinity of COFs and CPs from the viewpoint of design strategies. These strategies include polycondensation reaction optimization, improving the planarity, fluorine substitution, side chain engineering, and so on. Furthermore, the challenges and perspectives are also discussed to promote the realization of highly crystalline or single-crystal COFs and CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Fangyuan Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Qichun Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P. R. China.
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P. R. China
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17
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Guo L, Liu K, Tan X, Wang X, Huang J, Wei Z, Chen G. B ← N Coordination Enables Efficient p-Doping in a Pyrazine-Based Polymer Donor Toward Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Institute of Luminescent Materials and Information Displays, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Tan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Zhanhua Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Institute of Luminescent Materials and Information Displays, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Guohua Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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18
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Deng BW, Yang Y, Liu YX, Yin B, Yang MB. Dipping fabrication of rHGO@NiO@NF flexible supercapacitor electrode and its potential in bendable electronic devices. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Kang SH, Lee D, Kim H, Choi W, Oh J, Oh JH, Yang C. Effects of the Polarity and Bulkiness of End-Functionalized Side Chains on the Charge Transport of Dicyanovinyl-End-Capped Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based n-Type Small Molecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52840-52849. [PMID: 34704746 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
When designing organic semiconductors, side-chain engineering is as important as modifying the conjugated backbone, which has a significant impact on molecular ordering, morphology, and thus electronic device performance. We have developed three dicyanovinyl-end-capped donor-acceptor diketopyrrolopyrrole-based n-type small molecules (C2C9CN, SiC4CN, and EH4PCN) bearing an identical length of alkyl spacer yet different end-functionalized side chains (i.e., alkyl-, siloxane-, and phosphonate-end pendants). The effects of the end-functionalized side chains on the intrinsic molecular properties, microstructure, and charge transport of the small-molecule series were investigated. In comparison with the alkyl-end side chains, incorporating siloxane-end side chains into the backbone facilitates 2D edge-on oriented high intergrain connectivity/crystallinity and compatibility with the substrate surface, whereas the phosphonate-end analogues have an adverse effect on the film-forming quality due to high polarity. Thereby, an organic field-effect transistor fabricated by SiC4CN shows the best electron mobility up to 1.59 × 10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1 along with a high current on/off ratio >105. This study contributes to our understanding of the role of the end-functionalized side chains (e.g., the effects of polarity and bulkiness of the end groups) for the development of high-performance semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Huei Kang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyoung Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwook Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbin Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Oh
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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20
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Transition metal-catalysed molecular n-doping of organic semiconductors. Nature 2021; 599:67-73. [PMID: 34732866 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chemical doping is a key process for investigating charge transport in organic semiconductors and improving certain (opto)electronic devices1-9. N(electron)-doping is fundamentally more challenging than p(hole)-doping and typically achieves a very low doping efficiency (η) of less than 10%1,10. An efficient molecular n-dopant should simultaneously exhibit a high reducing power and air stability for broad applicability1,5,6,9,11, which is very challenging. Here we show a general concept of catalysed n-doping of organic semiconductors using air-stable precursor-type molecular dopants. Incorporation of a transition metal (for example, Pt, Au, Pd) as vapour-deposited nanoparticles or solution-processable organometallic complexes (for example, Pd2(dba)3) catalyses the reaction, as assessed by experimental and theoretical evidence, enabling greatly increased η in a much shorter doping time and high electrical conductivities (above 100 S cm-1; ref. 12). This methodology has technological implications for realizing improved semiconductor devices and offers a broad exploration space of ternary systems comprising catalysts, molecular dopants and semiconductors, thus opening new opportunities in n-doping research and applications12, 13.
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21
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Liu LN, Khlil M, Li J, Xu ZW, Xie G, Li J, Gao X, Li H, Yao J, Li WS. Zwitterionic side chain-modified conjugated polymers with greatly enhanced ambipolar charge-transport mobilities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11181-11184. [PMID: 34618880 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04617a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A small amount of the 3-(hexyldimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate zwitterionic side chain was integrated into a diketopyrrolopyrrole ambipolar polymer to modulate its field-effect carrier-transport characteristics. It was found that such a modification can strengthen the interchain interaction, promote crystallization, and thus improve the hole and electron mobilities by 3.9- and 8.2-fold, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China. .,Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials, Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450044, P. R. China.
| | - Maria Khlil
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Jia Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zi-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Guanghui Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials, Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450044, P. R. China.
| | - Jingjing Li
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials, Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450044, P. R. China.
| | - Xike Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Jianhua Yao
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials, Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450044, P. R. China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei-Shi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China. .,Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials, Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, 6 Yingcai Street, Huiji District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450044, P. R. China.
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22
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Feng K, Guo H, Sun H, Guo X. n-Type Organic and Polymeric Semiconductors Based on Bithiophene Imide Derivatives. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3804-3817. [PMID: 34617720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusIn the last three decades, p-type (hole-transporting) organic and polymeric semiconductors have achieved great success in terms of materials diversity and device performance, while the development of n-type (electron-transporting) analogues greatly lags behind, which is limited by the scarcity of highly electron-deficient building blocks with compact geometry and good solubility. However, such n-type semiconductors are essential due to the existence of the p-n junction and a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-like circuit in organic electronic devices. Among various electron-deficient building blocks, imide-functionalized arenes, such as naphthalene diimide (NDI) and perylene diimide (PDI), have been proven to be the most promising ones for developing n-type organic and polymeric semiconductors. Nevertheless, phenyl-based NDI and PDI lead to sizable steric hindrance with neighboring (hetero)arenes and a high degree of backbone distortion in the resultant semiconductors, which greatly limits their microstructural ordering and charge transport. To attenuate the steric hindrance associated with NDI and PDI, a novel imide-functionalized heteroarene, bithiophene imide (BTI), was designed; however, the BTI-based semiconductors suffer from high-lying frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energy levels as a result of their electron-rich thiophene framework and monoimide group, which is detrimental to n-type performance.In this Account, we review a series of BTI derivatives developed via various strategies, including ring fusion, thiazole substitution, fluorination, cyanation, and chalcogen substitution, and elaborate the synthesis routes designed to overcome the synthesis challenges due to their high electron deficiency. After structural optimization, these BTI derivatives can not only retain the advantages of good solubility, a planar backbone, and small steric hindrance inherited from BTI but also have greatly suppressed FMO levels. These novel building blocks enable the construction of a great number of n-type organic and polymeric semiconductors, particularly acceptor-acceptor (or all-acceptor)-type polymers, with remarkable performance in various devices, including electron mobility (μe) of 3.71 cm2 V-1 s-1 in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.2% in all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs), a PCE of 20.8% in inverted perovskite solar cells (PVSCs), electrical conductivity (σ) of 0.34 S cm-1 and a power factor (PF) of 1.52 μW m-1 K-2 in self-doped diradicals, and σ of 23.3 S cm-1 and a PF of ∼10 μW m-1 K-2 in molecularly n-doped polymers, all of which are among the best values in each type of device. The structure-property-device performance correlations of these n-type semiconductors are elucidated. The design strategy and synthesis of these novel BTI derivatives provide important information for developing highly electron-deficient building blocks with optimized physicochemical properties. Finally, we offer our insights into the further development of BTI derivatives and semiconductors built from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Huiliang Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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23
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Howlader D, Hossain MS, Chakma U, Kumer A, Islam MJ, Islam MT, Hossain T, Islam J. Structural geometry, electronic structure, thermo-electronic and optical properties of GaCuO2 and GaCu0.94Fe0.06O2: a first principle approach of three DFT functionals. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2021.1977295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Howlader
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, European University of Bangladesh, Gabtoli, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sayed Hossain
- Center for Research Reactor, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Unesco Chakma
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, European University of Bangladesh, Gabtoli, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ajoy Kumer
- Department of Chemistry, European University of Bangladesh, Gabtoli, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Tawhidul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, European University of Bangladesh, Gabtoli, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tomal Hossain
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, European University of Bangladesh, Gabtoli, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jahedul Islam
- Department Of Civil Engineering, Presidency University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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24
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Lu Y, Yang X, Jin H, Liu K, Zhang G, Huang L, Li J, Zhou J. Li xNa 2-xW 4O 13 nanosheet for scalable electrochromic device. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2021; 14:298-310. [PMID: 36637723 PMCID: PMC9743895 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-020-1033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The printed electronics technology can be used to efficiently construct smart devices and is dependent on functional inks containing well-dispersed active materials. Two-dimensional (2D) materials are promising functional ink candidates due to their superior properties. However, the majority 2D materials can disperse well only in organic solvents or in surfactant-assisted water solutions, which limits their applications. Herein, we report a lithium (Li)-ion exchange method to improve the dispersity of the Na2W4O13 nanosheets in pure water. The Li-ion-exchanged Na2W4O13 (LixNa2-xW4O13) nanosheets show highly stable dispersity in water with a zeta potential of -55 mV. Moreover, this aqueous ink can be sprayed on various substrates to obtain a uniform LixNa2-xW4O13 nanosheet film, exhibiting an excellent electrochromic performance. A complementary electrochromic device containing a LixNa2-xW4O13 nanosheet film as an electrochromic layer and Prussian white (PW) as an ion storage layer exhibits a large optical modulation of 75% at 700 nm, a fast switching response of less than 2 s, and outstanding cyclic stability. This Na2W4O13-based aqueous ink exhibits considerable potential for fabricating large-scale and flexible electrochromic devices, which would meet the practical application requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hongrun Jin
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kaisi Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guoqun Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jia Li
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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25
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Islam K, Narjinari H, Kumar A. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Bearing Polyethynyl Bridges: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and their Applications. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khadimul Islam
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039 Guwahati Assam India
| | - Himani Narjinari
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039 Guwahati Assam India
| | - Akshai Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039 Guwahati Assam India
- Center for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039 Guwahati Assam India
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26
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Mahmood J, Lee EK, Noh HJ, Ahmad I, Seo JM, Im YK, Jeon JP, Kim SJ, Oh JH, Baek JB. Fused Aromatic Network with Exceptionally High Carrier Mobility. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004707. [PMID: 33470474 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, studies of 2D organic layered materials with unique electronic properties have generated considerable interest in the research community. However, the development of organic materials with functional electrical transport properties is still needed. Here, a 2D fused aromatic network (FAN) structure with a C5 N basal plane stoichiometry is designed and synthesized, and thin films are cast from C5 N solution onto silicon dioxide substrates. Then field-effect transistors are fabricated using C5 N thin flakes as the active layer in a bottom-gate top-contact configuration to characterize their electrical properties. The C5 N thin flakes, isolated by polydimethylsiloxane stamping, exhibit ambipolar charge transport and extraordinarily high electron (996 cm2 V-1 s-1 ) and hole (501 cm2 V-1 s-1 ) mobilities, surpassing the performance of most pristine organic materials without doping. These results demonstrate their vast potential for applications in thin-film optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed Mahmood
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Eun Kwang Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jun Noh
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Ishfaq Ahmad
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Seo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kwang Im
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Jong-Pil Jeon
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jong-Beom Baek
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
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27
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Feng K, Guo H, Wang J, Shi Y, Wu Z, Su M, Zhang X, Son JH, Woo HY, Guo X. Cyano-Functionalized Bithiophene Imide-Based n-Type Polymer Semiconductors: Synthesis, Structure-Property Correlations, and Thermoelectric Performance. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1539-1552. [PMID: 33445867 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
n-Type polymers with deep-positioned lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels are essential for enabling n-type organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with high stability and n-type organic thermoelectrics (OTEs) with high doping efficiency and promising thermoelectric performance. Bithiophene imide (BTI) and its derivatives have been demonstrated as promising acceptor units for constructing high-performance n-type polymers. However, the electron-rich thiophene moiety in BTI leads to elevated LUMOs for the resultant polymers and hence limits their n-type performance and intrinsic stability. Herein, we addressed this issue by introducing strong electron-withdrawing cyano functionality on BTI and its derivatives. We have successfully overcome the synthetic challenges and developed a series of novel acceptor building blocks, CNI, CNTI, and CNDTI, which show substantially higher electron deficiencies than does BTI. On the basis of these novel building blocks, acceptor-acceptor type homopolymers and copolymers were successfully synthesized and featured greatly suppressed LUMOs (-3.64 to -4.11 eV) versus that (-3.48 eV) of the control polymer PBTI. Their deep-positioned LUMOs resulted in improved stability in OTFTs and more efficient n-doping in OTEs for the corresponding polymers with a highest electrical conductivity of 23.3 S cm-1 and a power factor of ∼10 μW m-1 K-2. The conductivity and power factor are among the highest values reported for solution-processed molecularly n-doped polymers. The new CNI, CNTI, and CNDTI offer a remarkable platform for constructing n-type polymers, and this study demonstrates that cyano-functionalization of BTI is a very effective strategy for developing polymers with deep-lying LUMOs for high-performance n-type organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Mengyao Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xianhe Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jae Hoon Son
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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Birajdar SS, Naqvi S, More KS, Puyad AL, Kumar R, Bhosale SV, Bhosale SV. Influences of the number of 2-ethylhexylamine chain substituents on electron transport characteristics of core-substituted naphthalene diimide analogues. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a series of naphthalenediimide (NDI) derivatives through core-substitution (coded as cNDI) with various number of 2-ethyl-hexylamine (EHA) chains at different positions and examined electron mobility properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh S. Birajdar
- Polymers and Functional Materials Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Samya Naqvi
- Advanced Materials and Devices Metrology Division
- Photovoltaic Metrology Group
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Kerba S. More
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Goa University
- Taleigao Plateau
- India
| | - Avinash L. Puyad
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University
- Nanded 431606
- India
| | - Rachana Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- Ghaziabad 201002
- India
- Advanced Materials and Devices Metrology Division
- Photovoltaic Metrology Group
| | - Sidhanath V. Bhosale
- Polymers and Functional Materials Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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29
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Tahara K, Ashihara Y, Ikeda T, Kadoya T, Fujisawa JI, Ozawa Y, Tajima H, Toyoda N, Haruyama Y, Abe M. Immobilizing a π-Conjugated Catecholato Framework on Surfaces of SiO 2 Insulator Films via a One-Atom Anchor of a Platinum Metal Center to Modulate Organic Transistor Performance. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17945-17957. [PMID: 33169615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification of insulating material surfaces is an important methodology to improve the performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). However, few redox-active self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have been constructed on gate insulator film surfaces, in contrast to the numerous SAMs formed on many types of conducting electrodes. In this study, we report a new approach to introduce a π-conjugated organic fragment in close proximity to an insulating material surface via a transition metal center acting as a one-atom anchor. On the basis of the reported coordination chemistry of a catecholato complex of Pt(II) in solution, we demonstrate that ligand exchange can occur on an insulating material surface, affording SAMs on the SiO2 surface derived from a newly synthesized Pt(II) complex containing a benzothienobenzothiophene (BTBT) framework in the catecholato ligand. The resultant SAMs were characterized in detail by water contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The SAMs served as good scaffolds of π-conjugated pillars for forming thin films of a well-known organic semiconductor C8-BTBT (2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene), accompanied by the engagements of the C8-BTBT molecules with the SAMs containing the common BTBT framework at the first layer on SiO2. OFETs containing the SAMs displayed improved performance in terms of hole mobility and onset voltage, presumably because of the unique interfacial structure between the organic semiconducting and inorganic insulating layers. These findings provide important insight into creating new elaborate interfaces through installing coordination chemistry in solution to solid surfaces, as well as OFET design by considering the compatibility between SAMs and organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishiro Tahara
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Yuya Ashihara
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Kadoya
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Fujisawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma 3768515, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ozawa
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tajima
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
| | - Noriaki Toyoda
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167, Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 6712280, Japan
| | - Yuichi Haruyama
- Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry, University of Hyogo, 3-1-2 Koto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781205, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 6781297, Japan
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30
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Heo YJ, Jeong HG, Kim J, Lim B, Kim J, Kim Y, Kang B, Yun JM, Cho K, Kim DY. Formation of Large Crystalline Domains in a Semiconducting Polymer with Semi-fluorinated Alkyl Side Chains and Application to High-Performance Thin-Film Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49886-49894. [PMID: 33091302 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The semi-fluorinated alkyl (SFA) side chain introduced thienylenevinylene (TV)-based p-type polymer, PC12TVC5F7T, was synthesized for use in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). Herein, we investigated the influence of SFA side chains on the morphology, molecular orientation, and crystalline structure using a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), two-dimensional (2D) grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Interestingly, the incorporation of SFA side chains led to the evolution of plate-like large-sized domains and also strongly intermolecular stacked high crystalline structures. Furthermore, due to the strong interactions between SFA side chains, several (00h) peaks could be observed for PC12TVC5F7T, in spite of their fairly large dihedral angle. As a result, due to the well-developed microstructure of PC12TVC5F7T, the OTFT devices based on it exhibited a high hole mobility of 1.91 cm2 V-1 s-1, which is an outstanding value among the poly(thiophene) derivative polymers. These observations indicate that large-sized domains and strongly intermolecular stacked high crystalline structures, which are beneficial for charge carrier transport, could be attained by the introduction of SFA side chains, further enhancing the performance of the OTFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Jung Heo
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Gu Jeong
- Busan Institute of S&T Evaluation and Planning (BISTEP), Busan 48058, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihong Kim
- Korea Institute of S&T Evaluation and Planning (KISTEP), Seoul 06775, Republic of Korea
| | - Bogyu Lim
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Kim
- Future Technology Research Center, Corporate R&D, LG Chem Research Park, Seoul 07796, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseul Kim
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Boseok Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Mun Yun
- Radiation Research Division for Industry and Environment, Korea Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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31
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Zhu X, Ng LWT, Hu G, Wu T, Um D, Macadam N, Hasan T. Hexagonal Boron Nitride-Enhanced Optically Transparent Polymer Dielectric Inks for Printable Electronics. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2002339. [PMID: 32774201 PMCID: PMC7405982 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202002339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processable thin-film dielectrics represent an important material family for large-area, fully-printed electronics. Yet, in recent years, it has seen only limited development, and has mostly remained confined to pure polymers. Although it is possible to achieve excellent printability, these polymers have low (≈2-5) dielectric constants (ε r ). There have been recent attempts to use solution-processed 2D hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as an alternative. However, the deposited h-BN flakes create porous thin-films, compromising their mechanical integrity, substrate adhesion, and susceptibility to moisture. These challenges are addressed by developing a "one-pot" formulation of polyurethane (PU)-based inks with h-BN nano-fillers. The approach enables coating of pinhole-free, flexible PU+h-BN dielectric thin-films. The h-BN dispersion concentration is optimized with respect to exfoliation yield, optical transparency, and thin-film uniformity. A maximum ε r ≈ 7.57 is achieved, a two-fold increase over pure PU, with only 0.7 vol% h-BN in the dielectric thin-film. A high optical transparency of ≈78.0% (≈0.65% variation) is measured across a 25 cm2 area for a 10 μm thick dielectric. The dielectric property of the composite is also consistent, with a measured areal capacitance variation of <8% across 64 printed capacitors. The formulation represents an optically transparent, flexible thin-film, with enhanced dielectric constant for printed electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zhu
- Cambridge Graphene CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Leonard W. T. Ng
- Cambridge Graphene CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Guohua Hu
- Cambridge Graphene CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
- Department of Electronic EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong KongS. A. R.
| | - Tien‐Chun Wu
- Cambridge Graphene CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Doo‐Seung Um
- Cambridge Graphene CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | | | - Tawfique Hasan
- Cambridge Graphene CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
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32
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Annadhasan M, Agrawal AR, Bhunia S, Pradeep VV, Zade SS, Reddy CM, Chandrasekar R. Mechanophotonics: Flexible Single‐Crystal Organic Waveguides and Circuits. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Annadhasan
- Functional Molecular Nano/Micro Solids Laboratory School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500 046 Telangana India
| | - Abhijeet R. Agrawal
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Surojit Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur West Bengal 741246 India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Vuppu Vinay Pradeep
- Functional Molecular Nano/Micro Solids Laboratory School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500 046 Telangana India
| | - Sanjio S. Zade
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur West Bengal 741246 India
| | - C. Malla Reddy
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur West Bengal 741246 India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Rajadurai Chandrasekar
- Functional Molecular Nano/Micro Solids Laboratory School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500 046 Telangana India
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33
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Annadhasan M, Agrawal AR, Bhunia S, Pradeep VV, Zade SS, Reddy CM, Chandrasekar R. Mechanophotonics: Flexible Single-Crystal Organic Waveguides and Circuits. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13852-13858. [PMID: 32392396 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We present the one-dimensional optical-waveguiding crystal dithieno[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine with a high aspect ratio, high mechanical flexibility, and selective self-absorbance of the blue part of its fluorescence (FL). While macrocrystals exhibit elasticity, microcrystals deposited at a glass surface behave more like plastic crystals due to significant surface adherence, making them suitable for constructing photonic circuits via micromechanical operation with an atomic-force-microscopy cantilever tip. The flexible crystalline waveguides display optical-path-dependent FL signals at the output termini in both straight and bent configurations, making them appropriate for wavelength-division multiplexing technologies. A reconfigurable 2×2-directional coupler fabricated via micromanipulation by combining two arc-shaped crystals splits the optical signal via evanescent coupling and delivers the signals at two output terminals with different splitting ratios. The presented mechanical micromanipulation technique could also be effectively extended to other flexible crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Annadhasan
- Functional Molecular Nano/Micro Solids Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Abhijeet R Agrawal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Surojit Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Vuppu Vinay Pradeep
- Functional Molecular Nano/Micro Solids Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Sanjio S Zade
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - C Malla Reddy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Rajadurai Chandrasekar
- Functional Molecular Nano/Micro Solids Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana, India
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34
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Ikeda T, Tahara K, Kadoya T, Tajima H, Toyoda N, Yasuno S, Ozawa Y, Abe M. Ferrocene on Insulator: Silane Coupling to a SiO 2 Surface and Influence on Electrical Transport at a Buried Interface with an Organic Semiconductor Layer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5809-5819. [PMID: 32407106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A silane coupling-based procedure for decoration of an insulator surface containing abundant hydroxy groups by constructing redox-active self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is described. A newly synthesized ferrocene (Fc) derivative containing a triethoxysilyl group designated FcSi was immobilized on SiO2/Si by a simple operation that involved immersing the substrate in a toluene solution of the Fc silane coupling reagent and then rinsing the resulting substrate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements confirmed that the Fc group was immobilized on SiO2/Si in the Fe(II) state. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed that the Fc groups were electrically insulated from the Si electrode by the SiO2 layer. The FcSi on SiO2/Si structures were found to serve as a good scaffold for formation of organic semiconductor thin films by vacuum thermal evaporation of C8-BTBT (2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene), which is well-known as an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) material. The X-ray diffraction profile indicated that the conventional standing-up conformation of the C8-BTBT molecules perpendicular to the substrates was maintained in the thin films formed on FcSi@SiO2/Si. Further vacuum thermal evaporation of Au provided an FcSi-based OFET structure with good transfer characteristics. The FcSi-based OFET showed pronounced source-drain current hysteresis between the forward and backward scans. The degree of this hysteresis was varied reversibly via gate bias manipulation, which was presumably accompanied by trapping and detrapping of hole carriers at the Fc-decorated SiO2 surface. These findings provide new insights into application of redox-active SAMs to nonvolatile OFET memories while also creating new interfaces through junctions with functional thin films, in which the underlying redox-active SAMs play supporting roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Keishiro Tahara
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Kadoya
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tajima
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Noriaki Toyoda
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167, Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuno
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ozawa
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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35
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Lim DU, Kim S, Choi YJ, Jo SB, Cho JH. Percolation-Limited Dual Charge Transport in Vertical p -n Heterojunction Schottky Barrier Transistors. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3585-3592. [PMID: 32343583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed, high-speed, and polarity-selective organic vertical Schottky barrier (SB) transistors and logic gates are presented. The organic layer, which is a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) composed of PBDB-T and PC71BM, is employed to simultaneously realize vertical electron and hole transports through the separate p-channel and n-channel. The gate-modulated graphene work functions enable broad modulation of SB heights at both the graphene-PBDB-T and graphene-PC71BM heterointerfaces. Interestingly, the fine-tuned energy-level alignment enables an exclusive injection of holes or electrons unlike conventional BHJ-based ambipolar transistors, leading to a clear transition between p-channel and n-channel single-carrier-like transistor characteristics. Furthermore, the improved percolation-limited dual charge transport in vertical architecture results in high charge carrier density and high-speed on-off switching characteristics, providing a high on-off current ratio exceeding 105 and an operation speed of 100 kHz. Solution-based on-substrate fabrications of low-power complementary logic gates such as NOT, NOR, and NAND are also successfully performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Un Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seongchan Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Young Jin Choi
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Sae Byeok Jo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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36
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Jarosz T, Stolarczyk A, Glosz K. Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Copolymers Bearing π-Conjugated Systems and Methods for the Identification of their Structure. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824666200221112907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this review is to summarise the most recent progress in the electrochemical synthesis
of copolymers from conjugated co-monomers. The main approaches to electrochemical copolymerisation
are highlighted and various trends in the development of new copolymer materials and the intended directions
of their applications are explored. The article includes a discussion of various Authors’ approaches to investigate
the structure of the obtained products, indicating the key points of interest and the importance of comprehensive
identification of the products of electrochemical polymerisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jarosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Stolarczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Karolina Glosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
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37
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Yousefi N, Maala JJ, Louie M, Storback J, Kaake LG. Physical Supercritical Fluid Deposition: Patterning Solution Processable Materials on Curved and Flexible Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:17949-17956. [PMID: 32207971 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We provide the initial demonstration of a general thin film deposition technique that leverages the unique solubility properties of supercritical fluids. The technique is the solution-phase analogue of physical vapor deposition and allows thin films of a semiconducting polymer to be grown without the need for in situ chemical reactions. Film growth is approximately linear with time, indicating that film thickness can be controlled in a straightforward manner by varying the time of deposition. To further demonstrate the flexibility of the technique, we demonstrate precise control over the location of material deposition using a combination of photolithography and resistive heating. The potential for scalable manufacturing is demonstrated by use of a master to control deposition onto a flexible polymer film. Finally, we demonstrate a unique deposition capability of this technique by depositing patterns onto the curved interior of a hemisphere made from a silicone elastomer. This capability is not possible with any printing or line-of-sight deposition technique. More generally, the ability to control the deposition of solution processed materials with high accuracy provides the long sought after bridge between top-down and bottom-up self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Yousefi
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Janneus J Maala
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Mikayla Louie
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jacob Storback
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Loren G Kaake
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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38
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Chen H, Zhang W, Li M, He G, Guo X. Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors: Principles, Applications, and Perspectives. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2879-2949. [PMID: 32078296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous interfaces that are ubiquitous in optoelectronic devices play a key role in the device performance and have led to the prosperity of today's microelectronics. Interface engineering provides an effective and promising approach to enhancing the device performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and even developing new functions. In fact, researchers from different disciplines have devoted considerable attention to this concept, which has started to evolve from simple improvement of the device performance to sophisticated construction of novel functionalities, indicating great potential for further applications in broad areas ranging from integrated circuits and energy conversion to catalysis and chemical/biological sensors. In this review article, we provide a timely and comprehensive overview of current efficient approaches developed for building various delicate functional interfaces in OFETs, including interfaces within the semiconductor layers, semiconductor/electrode interfaces, semiconductor/dielectric interfaces, and semiconductor/environment interfaces. We also highlight the major contributions and new concepts of integrating molecular functionalities into electrical circuits, which have been neglected in most previous reviews. This review will provide a fundamental understanding of the interplay between the molecular structure, assembly, and emergent functions at the molecular level and consequently offer novel insights into designing a new generation of multifunctional integrated circuits and sensors toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Weining Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Mingliang Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Gen He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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39
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Rahneshin V, Farzad M, Azizi S, Panchapakesan B. Versatile high-performance inkjet-printed paper photo-actuators based on 2D materials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:025708. [PMID: 31609687 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab4776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present high-performance and versatile inkjet-printed paper photo-actuators based on two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. As a rapid fabrication method, inkjet printing of 2D materials is used to promptly fabricate photo-actuators in a bi-layer paper/polymer structure. Water-based and biocompatible inks based on graphene and molybdenum disulfide are developed based on liquid phase exfoliation and differential centrifugation technique. It is shown that incorporation of 2D materials with inkjet printing techniques and liquid phase exfoliation can lead to rapid fabrication of photo-actuators with huge opto-mechanical energy release and versatility with a broad range of applications due to specific design and methods presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Rahneshin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, United States of America
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40
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Wei C, Tang Z, Zhang W, Huang J, Zhou Y, Wang L, Yu G. Molecular engineering of (E)-1,2-bis(3-cyanothiophene-2-yl)ethene-based polymeric semiconductors for unipolar n-channel field-effect transistors. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01399d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The unipolar n-type polymeric semiconductors based on (E)-1,2-bis(3-cyanothiophene-2-yl)ethene were developed and their structure–property relationships were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyuan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Zhonghai Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Jianyao Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Yankai Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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41
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Leydecker T, Wang ZM, Torricelli F, Orgiu E. Organic-based inverters: basic concepts, materials, novel architectures and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7627-7670. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The review article covers the materials and techniques employed to fabricate organic-based inverter circuits and highlights their novel architectures, ground-breaking performances and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Leydecker
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu 610054
- China
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)
| | - Zhiming M. Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu 610054
- China
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering
- University of Brescia
- 25123 Brescia
- Italy
| | - Emanuele Orgiu
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)
- EMT Center
- Varennes J3X 1S2
- Canada
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42
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Khatua R, Debata S, Sahu S. Computational characterization of N-type characteristics and optoelectronic properties in air-stable pyromellitic diimide derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00811g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical investigation of charge transport and optoelectronic properties of the pyromellitic diimide derivatives; BPyDI, BPyDI1, BPIT, BPPIT, and BPPyDI using DFT methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudranarayan Khatua
- High Performance Computing Lab
- Department of Physics
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)
- Dhanbad
- India
| | - Suryakanti Debata
- High Performance Computing Lab
- Department of Physics
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)
- Dhanbad
- India
| | - Sridhar Sahu
- High Performance Computing Lab
- Department of Physics
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)
- Dhanbad
- India
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43
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Bathula C, Appiagyei AB, Yadav H, K. AK, Ramesh S, Shrestha NK, Shinde S, Kim HS, Kim HS, Reddy LV, Mohammed A. Facile Synthesis of Triphenylamine Based Hyperbranched Polymer for Organic Field Effect Transistors. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121787. [PMID: 31888164 PMCID: PMC6955725 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we reported the synthesis and characterization of a novel hyperbranched polymer (HBPs) tris[(4-phenyl)amino-alt-4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b']dithiophene] (PTPABDT) composed of benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) and triphenyleamine (TPA) constituent subunits by A3 + B2 type Stille's reaction. An estimated optical band gap of 1.69 eV with HOMO and LUMO levels of -5.29 eV and -3.60 eV, respectively, as well as a high thermal stability up to 398 °C were characterized for the synthesized polymer. PTPABDT fabricated as an encapsulated top gate/bottom contact (TGBC), organic field effect transistors (OFET) exhibited a p-type behavior with maximum field-effect mobility (µmax) and an on/off ratio of 1.22 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 and 7.47 × 102, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinna Bathula
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (C.B.); (H.-S.K.)
| | - Alfred Bekoe Appiagyei
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (A.B.A.); (H.Y.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Hemraj Yadav
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (A.B.A.); (H.Y.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Ashok Kumar K.
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (A.B.A.); (H.Y.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Sivalingam Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.R.); (H.S.K.)
| | - Nabeen K. Shrestha
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea;
| | - Surendra Shinde
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University, Biomedical Campus, Ilsandong, Seoul 10326, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Seok Kim
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (C.B.); (H.-S.K.)
| | - Heung Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; (S.R.); (H.S.K.)
| | - Lebaka Veeranjaneya Reddy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa (A.P.) 516003, India
- Correspondence: (L.V.R.); (A.M.); Tel.: +60-9947-7000 (A.M.); Fax: +60-9947-7012 (A.M.)
| | - Arifullah Mohammed
- Institute of Food Security and Sustainable Science (IFSSA), Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Campus Jeli, Locked Bag 100, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (L.V.R.); (A.M.); Tel.: +60-9947-7000 (A.M.); Fax: +60-9947-7012 (A.M.)
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44
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Liu Z, Ji H, Yuan Q, Ma X, Feng H, Zhao W, Wei J, Xu C, Li M. Nano oxide intermediate layer assisted room temperature sintering of ink-jet printed silver nanoparticles pattern. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:495302. [PMID: 31480026 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab40db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sintering of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) at low temperature is highly wanted in the manufacturing of flexible electronics. And for ink-jet printing, the metallic NPs after printing usually need thermal or chemical post-treatment to remove stabilizing agents and achieve conductivity. Here, we reported a facile method to realize one-step printed sintering of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) ink at room temperature by using intermediate coated layers composed of oxide NPs and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) mixture. We found that the detachment of the stabilizer (citrate) from the AgNPs was caused by hydroxyl groups on the surface of the oxide NPs, which enabled the coalescence and sintering of the AgNPs. With the aid of SiO2 NPs based intermediate layer, the patterns showed resistivity as low as 3.45 μΩ cm after sintering. Moreover, the mixed PVA could ensure the forming quality of patterns owing to its adsorption of ink and the high adhesiveness of PVA with substrates. So, we envision that this approach could serve as an adaptive method for sintering of AgNPs based conductive patterns on various substrates at room temperature and promote the manufacture of printed electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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Usta H, Alimli D, Ozdemir R, Dabak S, Zorlu Y, Alkan F, Tekin E, Can A. Highly Efficient Deep-Blue Electroluminescence Based on a Solution-Processable A-π-D-π-A Oligo( p-phenyleneethynylene) Small Molecule. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:44474-44486. [PMID: 31609580 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of solution-processable fluorescent small molecules with highly efficient deep-blue electroluminescence is of growing interest for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) applications. However, high-performance deep-blue fluorescent emitters with external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) over 5% are still scarce in OLEDs. Herein, a novel highly soluble oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)-based small molecule, 1,4-bis((2-cyanophenyl)ethynyl)-2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)benzene (2EHO-CNPE), is designed, synthesized, and fully characterized as a wide band gap (2.98 eV) and highly fluorescent (ΦPL = 0.90 (solution) and 0.51 (solid-state)) deep-blue emitter. The new molecule is functionalized with cyano (-CN)/2-ethylhexyloxy (-OCH2CH(C2H5)C4H9) electron-withdrawing/-donating substituents, and ethynylene is used as a π-spacer to form an acceptor (A)-π-donor (D)-π-acceptor (A) molecular architecture with hybridized local and charge transfer (HLCT) excited states. Physicochemical and optoelectronic characterizations of the new emitter were performed in detail, and the single-crystal structure was determined. The new molecule adopts a nearly coplanar π-conjugated framework packed via intermolecular "C-H···π" and "C-H···N" hydrogen bonding interactions without any π-π stacking. The OLED device based on 2EHO-CNPE shows an EQEmax of 7.06% (EQE = 6.30% at 200 cd/m2) and a maximum current efficiency (CEmax) of 5.91 cd/A (CE = 5.34 cd/A at 200 cd/m2) with a deep-blue emission at CIE of (0.15, 0.09). The electroluminescence performances achieved here are among the highest reported to date for a solution-processed deep-blue fluorescent small molecule, and, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that a deep-blue OLED is reported based on the oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene) π-framework. TDDFT calculations point to facile reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) processes in 2EHO-CNPE from high-lying triplet states to the first singlet excited state (T2/T3 → S1) (hot-exciton channels) that enable a high radiative exciton yield (ηr ∼ 69%) breaking the theoretical limit of 25% in conventional fluorescent OLEDs. These results demonstrate that properly designed fluorescent oligo(p-phenyleneethynylenes) can be a key player in high-performance deep-blue OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Usta
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering , Abdullah Gül University , 38080 Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Dilek Alimli
- Department of Chemistry , Gebze Technical University , 41400 Gebze , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Resul Ozdemir
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering , Abdullah Gül University , 38080 Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Salih Dabak
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)-Marmara Research Center (MAM) , 41470 Gebze , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Yunus Zorlu
- Department of Chemistry , Gebze Technical University , 41400 Gebze , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Fahri Alkan
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering , Abdullah Gül University , 38080 Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Emine Tekin
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)-Marmara Research Center (MAM) , 41470 Gebze , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Ayse Can
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering , Abdullah Gül University , 38080 Kayseri , Turkey
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Li D, Wang Q, Huang J, Wei C, Zhang W, Wang L, Yu G. Influence of Backbone Regioregularity on High-Mobility Conjugated Polymers Based on Alkylated Dithienylacrylonitrile. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43416-43424. [PMID: 31645100 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized two donor-acceptor type conjugated polymers, the regioirregular polymer RI-PDPP-CNTVT-6 and its regioregular counterpart RR-PDPP-CNTVT-6, based on diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and alkylated dithienylacrylonitrile (CNTVT) units. Among them, the 2-decyltetradecyl side chain on the DPP acceptor unit and the hexyl side chain on the CNTVT donor unit were used to ensure enough solubility for them. The backbone regioregularity was used to tune electronic structures and carrier transport of the conjugated system. The two conjugated polymers were characterized for their thermal, photophysical, electrochemical, and solution-processable properties, thin-film microstructures, and morphologies. The top-gate bottom-contact configuration organic field-effect transistor (OFET) devices based on these two conjugated polymers showed excellent ambipolar performances. Remarkably, the regioirregular polymer RI-PDPP-CNTVT-6 exhibited higher charge-carrier mobilities than the regioregular counterpart polymer RR-PDPP-CNTVT-6 did, as their highest hole/electron mobilities (μhmax/μemax) were 1.48/1.27 and 0.48/0.052 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively. Moreover, the influence of backbone regioregularity on its thermal stability, electrochemical and photophysical properties, solution processability, and charge-carrier mobility was intensively studied. Our results afforded a promising pathway toward the development of excellent ambipolar OFETs with high performance, good solution processability, and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dizao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Jianyao Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Congyuan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
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47
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Intrinsically distinct hole and electron transport in conjugated polymers controlled by intra and intermolecular interactions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5226. [PMID: 31745091 PMCID: PMC6863910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It is still a matter of controversy whether the relative difference in hole and electron transport in solution-processed organic semiconductors is either due to intrinsic properties linked to chemical and solid-state structure or to extrinsic factors, as device architecture. We here isolate the intrinsic factors affecting either electron or hole transport within the same film microstructure of a model copolymer semiconductor. Relatively, holes predominantly bleach inter-chain interactions with H-type electronic coupling character, while electrons' relaxation more strongly involves intra-chain interactions with J-type character. Holes and electrons mobility correlates with the presence of a charge transfer state, while their ratio is a function of the relative content of intra- and inter-molecular interactions. Such fundamental observation, revealing the specific role of the ground-state intra- and inter-molecular coupling in selectively assisting charge transport, allows predicting a more favorable hole or electron transport already from screening the polymer film ground state optical properties.
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48
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Suh YH, Shin DW, Chun YT. Micro-to-nanometer patterning of solution-based materials for electronics and optoelectronics. RSC Adv 2019; 9:38085-38104. [PMID: 35541771 PMCID: PMC9075859 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07514c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Technologies for micro-to-nanometer patterns of solution-based materials (SBMs) contribute to a wide range of practical applications in the fields of electronics and optoelectronics. Here, state-of-the-art micro-to-nanometer scale patterning technologies of SBMs are disseminated. The utilisation of patterning for a wide-range of SBMs leads to a high level of control over conventional solution-based film fabrication processes that are not easily accessible for the control and fabrication of ordered micro-to-nanometer patterns. In this review, various patterning procedures of SBMs, including modified photolithography, direct-contact patterning, and inkjet printing, are briefly introduced with several strategies for reducing their pattern size to enhance the electronic and optoelectronic properties of SBMs explained. We then conclude with comments on future research directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Han Suh
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge 9 JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0FA UK
| | - Dong-Wook Shin
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge 9 JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0FA UK
| | - Young Tea Chun
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge 9 JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0FA UK
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49
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Andersson Ersman P, Lassnig R, Strandberg J, Tu D, Keshmiri V, Forchheimer R, Fabiano S, Gustafsson G, Berggren M. All-printed large-scale integrated circuits based on organic electrochemical transistors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5053. [PMID: 31699999 PMCID: PMC6838054 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The communication outposts of the emerging Internet of Things are embodied by ordinary items, which desirably include all-printed flexible sensors, actuators, displays and akin organic electronic interface devices in combination with silicon-based digital signal processing and communication technologies. However, hybrid integration of smart electronic labels is partly hampered due to a lack of technology that (de)multiplex signals between silicon chips and printed electronic devices. Here, we report all-printed 4-to-7 decoders and seven-bit shift registers, including over 100 organic electrochemical transistors each, thus minimizing the number of terminals required to drive monolithically integrated all-printed electrochromic displays. These relatively advanced circuits are enabled by a reduction of the transistor footprint, an effort which includes several further developments of materials and screen printing processes. Our findings demonstrate that digital circuits based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) provide a unique bridge between all-printed organic electronics (OEs) and low-cost silicon chip technology for Internet of Things applications. Though designing digital circuits using organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is promising due to their high performance, inherent large footprint limits adoption. Here, the authors report staggered top-gate OECTs for all-printed integrated circuits with fast switching and small footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andersson Ersman
- RISE Acreo, Department of printed electronics, Bredgatan 33, SE-602 21, Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Roman Lassnig
- RISE Acreo, Department of printed electronics, Bredgatan 33, SE-602 21, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Strandberg
- RISE Acreo, Department of printed electronics, Bredgatan 33, SE-602 21, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Deyu Tu
- Laboratory of organic electronics, Department of science and technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Vahid Keshmiri
- Information Coding Group, Department of electrical engineering, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Forchheimer
- Information Coding Group, Department of electrical engineering, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of organic electronics, Department of science and technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Göran Gustafsson
- RISE Acreo, Department of printed electronics, Bredgatan 33, SE-602 21, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of organic electronics, Department of science and technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden.
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50
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Liu Y, Yang Y, Shi D, Xiao M, Jiang L, Tian J, Zhang G, Liu Z, Zhang X, Zhang D. Photo-/Thermal-Responsive Field-Effect Transistor upon Blending Polymeric Semiconductor with Hexaarylbiimidazole toward Photonically Programmable and Thermally Erasable Memory Device. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902576. [PMID: 31532883 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is shown that the semiconducting performance of field-effect transistors (FETs) with PDPP4T (poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole-quaterthiophene)) can be reversibly tuned by UV light irradiation and thermal heating after blending with the photochromic hexaarylbiimidazole compound (p-NO2 -HABI). A photo-/thermal-responsive FET with a blend thin film of PDPP4T and p-NO2 -HABI is successfully fabricated. The transfer characteristics are altered significantly with current enhanced up to 106 -fold at VG = 0 V after UV light irradiation. However, further heating results in the recovery of the transfer curve. This approach can be extended to other semiconducting polymers such as P3HT (poly(3-hexyl thiophene)), PBTTT (poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b] thiophene)) and PDPPDTT (poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole-dithienothiophene)). It is hypothesized that TPIRs (2,4,5-triphenylimidazolyl radicals) formed from p-NO2 -HABI after UV light irradiation can interact with charge defects at the gate dielectric-semiconductor interface and those in the semiconducting layer to induce more hole carriers in the semiconducting channel. The application of the blend thin film of PDPP4T and p-NO2 -HABI is further demonstrated to fabricate the photonically programmable and thermally erasable FET-based nonvolatile memory devices that are advantageous in terms of i) high ON/OFF current ratio, ii) nondestructive reading at low electrical bias, and iii) reasonably highly stable ON-state and OFF-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mingchao Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianwu Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xisha Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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