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Hassaan M, Saleem U, Singh A, Haque AJ, Wang K. Recent Advances in Positive Photoresists: Mechanisms and Fabrication. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2552. [PMID: 38893815 PMCID: PMC11173546 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Photoresists are fundamental materials in photolithography and are crucial for precise patterning in microelectronic devices, MEMS, and nanostructures. This paper provides an in-depth review of recent advancements in positive photoresist research and development, focusing on discussion regarding the underlying mechanisms governing their behavior, exploring innovative fabrication techniques, and highlighting the advantages of the photoresist classes discussed. The paper begins by discussing the need for the development of new photoresist technologies, highlighting issues associated with adopting extreme ultraviolet photolithography and addressing these challenges through the development of advanced positive-tone resist materials with improved patterning features, resolution, and sensitivity. Subsequently, it discusses the working mechanisms and synthesis methods of different types and subtypes of photoresists, starting from non-chemically amplified, organic, and inorganic-organic hybrid photoresists and progressing to dry film resists, with an emphasis on the upsides of each. The paper concludes by discussing how future research in the field of lithography-prioritizing concerns related to environmental impacts, improved photoresist material and properties, and utilization of advanced quantum technology-can assist with revolutionizing lithography techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kaiying Wang
- Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway; (M.H.); (U.S.); (A.S.); (A.J.H.)
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Bharti A, Turchet A, Marmiroli B. X-Ray Lithography for Nanofabrication: Is There a Future? FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.835701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray lithography has been first proposed almost 50 years ago, and the related LIGA process around 25 years ago. It is therefore a good time to make an analysis of the technique, with its pros and cons. In this perspective article, we describe X-ray lithography’s latest advancements. First, we report the improvement in the fabrication of the high aspect ratio and high-resolution micro/nanostructures. Then, we present the radiation-assisted synthesis and processing of novel materials for the next generation of functional devices. We finally draw our conclusion on the future prospects of the technique.
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Luo C, Xu C, Lv L, Li H, Huang X, Liu W. Review of recent advances in inorganic photoresists. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8385-8395. [PMID: 35497823 PMCID: PMC9049984 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08977b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The semiconductor industry has witnessed a continuous decrease in the size of logic, memory and other computer chip components since its birth over half a century ago. The shrinking of features has to a large extent been enabled by the development of advanced photolithographic techniques. This review focuses on one important component of lithography, the resist, which is essentially a thin film that can generate a specific feature after an exposure and development process. Smaller features require an even more precisely focused photon, electron or ion beam with which to expose the resist. The promising light source for next generation lithography that will enable downscaling patterns to be written is extreme ultraviolet radiation (EUV), 92 eV (13.5 nm). The review mainly focuses on inorganic resists, as they have several advantages compared with traditional organic resists. In order to satisfy the throughput requirement in high volume semiconductor manufacturing, metal oxide resists with high resolution and sensitivity have been proposed and developed for EUV lithography. The progress of various inorganic resists is introduced and their properties have been summarized. The current review aims to focus on recent progress and opportunities in inorganic photoresist materials, including their fabrication process, performance and working mechanism.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyun Luo
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Chanchan Xu
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Le Lv
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Shenzhen
- China
- Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base
| | - Hai Li
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Shenzhen
- China
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Choi J, Kang HS, Jo W, Kim HT. Light-induced surface patterning of alumina. RSC Adv 2020; 10:20197-20201. [PMID: 35520447 PMCID: PMC9054122 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro/nano-patterned alumina surfaces are important in a variety fields such as chemical/biotechnology, surface science, and microelectro-mechanical systems. However, for patterning alumina surfaces, it still remains a challenge to have a lithographic tool that has large flexibility in design layouts, structural reconfigurability, and a simple fabrication process. In this work, a new alumina-patterning platform that uses a photo-reconfigurable azobenzene–alumina composite as an imprinting material is presented. Under far-field irradiation, the azobenzene–alumina anisotropically flows in the direction parallel to the light polarization. Accordingly, an arbitrarily designed azobenzene–alumina composite by imprinting can be deterministically reconfigured by light polarization and irradiation time. The photo-reconfigured azobenzene–alumina is then converted to pure alumina through calcination in an air atmosphere, which provides thin crack-free alumina patterns with a high structural fidelity. The novel combination of photo-reconfigurable azobenzene moieties and an alumina precursor for imprinting the material provides large flexibility in designing and controlling geometric parameters of the alumina pattern, which potentially offers significant value in various micro/nanotechnology fields. This work presents a new alumina-patterning platform that uses a photo-reconfigurable azobenzene–alumina composite as an imprinting material.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Suk Kang
- Interface Materials and Chemical Engineering Research Center
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhee Jo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Tak Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
- Advanced Battery Center
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Shin SW, Kim JS, Kim SJ, Kim DW, Jung HT. Polybenzoxazole/graphene nanocomposite for etching hardmask. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fallica R, Watts B, Rösner B, Della Giustina G, Brigo L, Brusatin G, Ekinci Y. Changes in the near edge x-ray absorption fine structure of hybrid organic-inorganic resists upon exposure. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:36LT03. [PMID: 29901453 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaccd4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy of hybrid organic-inorganic resists. These materials are nonchemically amplified systems based on Si, Zr, and Ti oxides, synthesized from organically modified precursors and transition metal alkoxides by a sol-gel route and designed for ultraviolet, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and electron beam lithography. The experiments were conducted using a scanning transmission x-ray microscope (STXM) which combines high spatial-resolution microscopy and NEXAFS spectroscopy. The absorption spectra were collected in the proximity of the carbon edge (∼290 eV) before and after in situ exposure, enabling the measurement of a significant photo-induced degradation of the organic group (phenyl or methyl methacrylate, respectively), the degree of which depends on the configuration of the ligand. Photo-induced degradation was more efficient in the resist synthesized with pendant phenyl substituents than it was in the case of systems based on bridging phenyl groups. The degradation of the methyl methacrylate group was relatively efficient, with about half of the initial ligands dissociated upon exposure. Our data reveal that such dissociation can produce different outcomes, depending on the structural configuration. While all the organic groups were expected to detach and desorb from the resist in their entirety, a sizeable amount of them remained and formed undesired byproducts such as alkene chains. In the framework of the materials synthesis and engineering through specific building blocks, these results provide a deeper insight into the photochemistry of resists, in particular for EUV lithography.
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Probst C, Meichner C, Kreger K, Kador L, Neuber C, Schmidt HW. Athermal Azobenzene-Based Nanoimprint Lithography. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2624-8. [PMID: 26822954 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel nanoimprint lithography technique based on the photofluidization effect of azobenzene materials is presented. The tunable process allows for imprinting under ambient conditions without crosslinking reactions, so that shrinkage of the resist is avoided. Patterning of surfaces in the regime from micrometers down to 100 nm is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Probst
- Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bayreuth, Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christoph Meichner
- Institute of Physics and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Kreger
- Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bayreuth, Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Lothar Kador
- Institute of Physics and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Neuber
- Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bayreuth, Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bayreuth, Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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Zanchetta E, Cattaldo M, Franchin G, Schwentenwein M, Homa J, Brusatin G, Colombo P. Stereolithography of SiOC Ceramic Microcomponents. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:370-376. [PMID: 26545292 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The first example of the fabrication of complex 3D polymer-derived-ceramic structures is presented with micrometer-scale features by a 3D additive manufacturing (AM) technology, starting with a photosensitive preceramic precursor. Dense and crack-free silicon-oxycarbide-based microparts with features down to 200 μm are obtained after pyrolysis at 1000 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zanchetta
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Cattaldo
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgia Franchin
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Johannes Homa
- Lithoz GmbH, Mollardgasse 85a/2/64-69, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanna Brusatin
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Liang K, Carbonell C, Styles MJ, Ricco R, Cui J, Richardson JJ, Maspoch D, Caruso F, Falcaro P. Biomimetic Replication of Microscopic Metal-Organic Framework Patterns Using Printed Protein Patterns. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7293-8. [PMID: 26478451 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be replicated in a biomimetic fashion from protein patterns. Bendable, fluorescent MOF patterns are formed with micrometer resolution under ambient conditions. Furthermore, this technique is used to grow MOF patterns from fingerprint residue in 30 s with high fidelity. This technique is not only relevant for crime-scene investigation, but also for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liang
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Carlos Carbonell
- ICN2 (ICN-CSIC), Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia, Esfera UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mark J Styles
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Raffaele Ricco
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Jiwei Cui
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Maspoch
- ICN2 (ICN-CSIC), Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia, Esfera UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08100, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
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Zanchetta E, Guidi E, Della Giustina G, Sorgato M, Krampera M, Bassi G, Di Liddo R, Lucchetta G, Conconi MT, Brusatin G. Injection molded polymeric micropatterns for bone regeneration study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:7273-7281. [PMID: 25756304 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An industrially feasible process for the fast mass-production of molded polymeric micro-patterned substrates is here presented. Microstructured polystyrene (PS) surfaces were obtained through micro injection molding (μIM) technique on directly patterned stamps realized with a new zirconia-based hybrid spin-on system able to withstand 300 cycles at 90 °C. The use of directly patterned stamps entails a great advantage on the overall manufacturing process as it allows a fast, flexible, and simple one-step process with respect to the use of milling, laser machining, electroforming techniques, or conventional lithographic processes for stamp fabrication. Among the different obtainable geometries, we focused our attention on PS replicas reporting 2, 3, and 4 μm diameter pillars with 8, 9, 10 μm center-to-center distance, respectively. This enabled us to study the effect of the substrate topography on human mesenchymal stem cells behavior without any osteogenic growth factors. Our data show that microtopography affected cell behavior. In particular, calcium deposition and osteocalcin expression enhanced as diameter and interpillar distance size increases, and the 4-10 surface was the most effective to induce osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zanchetta
- †Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Enrica Guidi
- ‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
| | | | - Marco Sorgato
- †Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Mauro Krampera
- §Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37129, Italy
| | - Giulio Bassi
- §Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37129, Italy
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- ‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lucchetta
- †Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Conconi
- ‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Giovanna Brusatin
- †Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
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Toyao T, Liang K, Okada K, Ricco R, Styles MJ, Tokudome Y, Horiuchi Y, Hill AJ, Takahashi M, Matsuoka M, Falcaro P. Positioning of the HKUST-1 metal–organic framework (Cu3(BTC)2) through conversion from insoluble Cu-based precursors. Inorg Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qi00215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Cu-based metal–organic framework (HKUST-1) was synthesized from insoluble precursors and positioned using sol–gel based coatings.
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12
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Falcaro P, Ricco R, Doherty CM, Liang K, Hill AJ, Styles MJ. MOF positioning technology and device fabrication. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:5513-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00089g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methods for permanent localisation, dynamic localisation and spatial control of functional materials within MOF crystals are critical for the development of miniaturised MOF-based devices for a number of technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Falcaro
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton, Australia
| | - Raffaele Ricco
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Kang Liang
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering
- Clayton, Australia
| | - Anita J. Hill
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering
- Clayton, Australia
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