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Bjurström A, Edin H, Hillborg H, Nilsson F, Olsson RT, Pierre M, Unge M, Hedenqvist MS. A Review of Polyolefin-Insulation Materials in High Voltage Transmission; From Electronic Structures to Final Products. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2401464. [PMID: 38870339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of polyolefins in high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) cables and capacitors. A short description of the latest evolution and current use of HVDC cables and capacitors is first provided, followed by the basics of electric insulation and capacitor functions. Methods to determine dielectric properties are described, including charge transport, space charges, resistivity, dielectric loss, and breakdown strength. The semicrystalline structure of polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene is described, and the way it relates to the dielectric properties is discussed. A significant part of the review is devoted to describing the state of art of the modeling and prediction of electric or dielectric properties of polyolefins with consideration of both atomistic and continuum approaches. Furthermore, the effects of the purity of the materials and the presence of nanoparticles are presented, and the review ends with the sustainability aspects of these materials. In summary, the effective use of modeling in combination with experimental work is described as an important route toward understanding and designing the next generations of materials for electrical insulation in high-voltage transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Bjurström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- NKT HV Cables, Technology Consulting, Västerås, SE-721 78, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Hans Edin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Division of Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hillborg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- Hitachi Energy Research, Västerås, SE-721 78, Sweden
| | - Fritjof Nilsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, SE-851 70, Sweden
| | - Richard T Olsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Max Pierre
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Mikael Unge
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- NKT HV Cables, Technology Consulting, Västerås, SE-721 78, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Mikael S Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
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2
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Manurung R, Troisi A. Screening semiconducting polymers to discover design principles for tuning charge carrier mobility. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:14319-14333. [PMID: 36325475 PMCID: PMC9536249 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc02527b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We employ a rapid method for computing the electronic structure and orbital localization characteristics for a sample of 36 different polymer backbone structures. This relatively large sample derived from recent literature is used to identify the features of the monomer sequence that lead to greater charge delocalization and, potentially, greater charge mobility. Two characteristics contributing in equal measure to large localization length are the reduced variation of the coupling between adjacent monomers due to conformational fluctuations and the presence of just two monomers in the structural repeating units. For such polymers a greater mismatch between the HOMO orbitals of the fragments and, surprisingly, a smaller coupling between them is shown to favour greater delocalization of the orbitals. The underlying physical reasons for such observations are discussed and explicit and constructive design rules are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Manurung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown St Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown St Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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3
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Lin H, Wang J, Zhao J, Zhuang Y, Liu B, Zhu Y, Jia H, Wu K, Shen J, Fu X, Zhang X, Long J. Molecular Dipole-Induced Photoredox Catalysis for Hydrogen Evolution over Self-Assembled Naphthalimide Nanoribbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117645. [PMID: 35040544 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
D-π-A type 4-((9-phenylcarbazol-3-yl)ethynyl)-N-dodecyl-1,8-naphthalimide (CZNI) with a large dipole moment of 8.49 D and A-π-A type bis[(4,4'-1,8-naphthalimide)-N-dodecyl]ethyne (NINI) with a negligible dipole moment of 0.28 D, were smartly designed and synthesized to demonstrate the evidence of a molecular dipole as the dominant mechanism for controlling charge separation of organic semiconductors. In aqueous solution, these two novel naphthalimides can self-assemble to form nanoribbons (NRs) that present significantly different traces of exciton dissociation dynamics. Upon photoexcitation of NINI-NRs, no charge-separated excitons (CSEs) are formed due to the large exciton binding energy, accordingly there is no hydrogen evolution. On the contrary, in the photoexcited CZNI-NRs, the initial bound Frenkel excitons are dissociated to long-lived CSEs after undergoing ultrafast charge transfer within ca. 1.25 ps and charge separation within less than 5.0 ps. Finally, these free electrons were injected into Pt co-catalysts for reducing protons to H2 at a rate of ca. 417 μmol h-1 g-1 , correspondingly an apparent quantum efficiency of ca. 1.3 % can be achieved at 400 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China.,Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jiwu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Bingqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Huaping Jia
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jinni Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xianzhi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jinlin Long
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
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4
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Reisjalali M, Manurung R, Carbone P, Troisi A. Development of hybrid coarse-grained atomistic models for rapid assessment of local structuring of polymeric semiconductors. MOLECULAR SYSTEMS DESIGN & ENGINEERING 2022; 7:294-305. [PMID: 35646391 PMCID: PMC9074845 DOI: 10.1039/d1me00165e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Decades of work in the field of computational study of semiconducting polymers using atomistic models illustrate the challenges of generating equilibrated models for this class of materials. While adopting a coarse-grained model can be helpful, the process of developing a suitable model is particularly non-trivial and time-consuming for semiconducting polymers due to a large number of different interactions with some having an anisotropic nature. This work introduces a procedure for the rapid generation of a hybrid model for semiconducting polymers where atoms of secondary importance (those in the alkyl side chains) are transformed into coarse-grained beads to reduce the computational cost of generating an equilibrated structure. The parameters are determined from easy-to-equilibrate simulations of very short oligomers and the model is constructed to enable a very simple back-mapping procedure to reconstruct geometries with atomistic resolution. The model is illustrated for three related polymers containing DPP (diketopyrrolopyrrole) to evaluate the transferability of the potential across different families of polymers. The accuracy of the model, determined by comparison with the results of fully equilibrated simulations of the same material before and after back-mapping, is fully satisfactory for two out of the three cases considered. We noticed that accuracy can be determined very early in the workflow so that it is easy to assess when the deployment of this method is advantageous. The hybrid representation can be used to evaluate directly the electronic properties of structures sampled by the simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Reisjalali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown St L69 7ZD Liverpool UK
| | - Rex Manurung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown St L69 7ZD Liverpool UK
| | - Paola Carbone
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science Oxford Road M13 9PL Manchester UK
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown St L69 7ZD Liverpool UK
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5
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Dilmurat R, Prodhan S, Wang L, Beljonne D. Thermally activated intra-chain charge transport in high charge-carrier mobility copolymers. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:084115. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disordered or even seemingly amorphous, donor–acceptor type, conjugated copolymers with high charge-carrier mobility have emerged as a new class of functional materials, where transport along the conjugated backbone is key. Here, we report on non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulations of charge-carrier transport along chains of poly (indacenodithiophene-co-benzothiadiazole), within a model Hamiltonian parameterized against first-principles calculations. We predict thermally activated charge transport associated with a slightly twisted ground-state conformation, on par with experimental results. Our results also demonstrate that the energy mismatch between the hole on the donor vs the acceptor units of the copolymer drives localization of the charge carriers and limits the intra-chain charge-carrier mobility. We predict that room-temperature mobility values in excess of 10 cm2 V−1 s−1 can be achieved through proper chemical tuning of the component monomer units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishat Dilmurat
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Suryoday Prodhan
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Linjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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6
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Long J, Lin H, Wang J, Zhao J, Zhuang Y, Liu B, Zhu Y, Jia H, Wu K, Shen J, Fu X, Zhang X. Molecular Dipole‐Induced Photoredox Catalysis for Hydrogen Evolution over Self‐assembled Naphthalimide Nanoribbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Long
- State Key Lab of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environmental College of Chemistry Xueyuan Road 2# 350108 Fuzhou CHINA
| | - Huan Lin
- Beijing University of Technology Department of Environmental Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Junhui Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials CHINA
| | - Jiwu Zhao
- Fuzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Fuzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Yujiao Zhu
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Applied Physics CHINA
| | - Huaping Jia
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Applied Physics CHINA
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials CHINA
| | - Jinni Shen
- Fuzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xianzhi Fu
- Fuzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xuming Zhang
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Applied Physics CHINA
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7
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Wang SP, Wang Y, Chen FY, Wang HT, Sheong FK, Bai FQ, Zhang HX. Accurate Analysis of Anisotropic Carrier Mobility and Structure-property Relationships in Organic BOXD Crystalline Materials. Front Chem 2021; 9:775747. [PMID: 34858948 PMCID: PMC8631907 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.775747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Charge mobility is an essential factor of organic crystalline materials. Although many investigators have made important progress, the exact relationship between the crystal structure and carrier mobility remains to be clarified. Fortunately, a series of bis-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives have been successfully prepared and reported. They have similar main molecular fragments but different crystal packing modes, which provide an ideal research objective for studying the effect of molecular packing on charge mobility in organic photoelectric conversion systems. In this work, the charge mobilities of these molecules are systematically evaluated from the perspective of first-principles calculation, and the effect of a molecular overlap on orbital overlap integral and final charge carrier mobility is fully discussed. It can be seen that the small intermolecular distance (less than 6 Å) is the decisive factor to achieve high electron mobility in π stacking, and better mobility can be obtained by increasing the hole migration distance appropriately. A larger dihedral angle of anisotropy is an important point limiting the charge mobility in the herringbone arrangement. It is hoped that the correlation results between the crystal structure and mobility can assist the experimental study and provide an effective way to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the organic semiconductor devices and multiple basis for multiscale material system characterization and material information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ping Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fang-Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (MOE), Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (MOE), Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fu-Kit Sheong
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Xing Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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Ghosh R, Paesani F. Topology-Mediated Enhanced Polaron Coherence in Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9442-9448. [PMID: 34554754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We employ the Holstein model for polarons to investigate the relationship among defects, topology, Coulomb trapping, and polaron delocalization in covalent organic frameworks (COFs). We find that intrasheet topological connectivity and π-column density can override disorder-induced deep traps and significantly enhance polaron migration by several orders of magnitude in good agreement with recent experimental observations. The combination of percolation networks and micropores makes trigonal COFs ideally suited for charge transport followed by kagome/tetragonal and hexagonal structures. By comparing the polaron spectral signatures and coherence numbers of large three-dimensional frameworks having a maximum of 180 coupled chromophores, we show that controlling nanoscale defects and the location of the counteranion is critical for the design of new COF-based materials yielding higher mobilities. Our analysis establishes design strategies for enhanced conductivity in COFs that can be readily generalized to other classes of conductive materials such as metal-organic frameworks and perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Materials Science and Engineering, and §San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Francesco Paesani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Materials Science and Engineering, and §San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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9
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Reisjalali M, Burgos-Mármol JJ, Manurung R, Troisi A. Local structuring of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based oligomers from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19693-19707. [PMID: 34525153 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03257g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic structure of high mobility semiconducting polymers is known to be essential for their performance but it cannot be easily deduced from the available experimental data. A series of short oligomers of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based materials that display high charge mobility are studied by molecular dynamics simulations to understand their local structuring at an atomic level. Different analyses are proposed to compare the ability of different oligomers to form large aggregates and their driving force. The simulations show that the tendency for this class of materials to form aggregates is driven by the interaction between DPP fragments, but this is modulated by the other conjugated fragments of the materials which affect the rigidity of the polymer and, ultimately, the size of the aggregates that are formed. The main structural features and the electronic structure of the oligomers are fairly similar above the glass transition temperature and at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Reisjalali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Place, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | | | - Rex Manurung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Place, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Place, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Charlie Maier
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Manurung R, Li P, Troisi A. Rapid Method for Calculating the Conformationally Averaged Electronic Structure of Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:6338-6348. [PMID: 34097424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed a rapid method to calculate the average electronic structure properties of large ensembles of conjugated polymer chains sampling their conformational space. This is achieved by using the localized molecular orbital (MO) method to rapidly compute the MOs and their energies for isolated polymer chains and through using a calibration scheme to further correct the obtained energies by comparison with a few accurate calculations. The method is applied to the study of the density of states and orbital localization characteristics for five polymers. It is shown that all key properties of the individual chain related to the charge mobility can be rationalized in terms of the properties of the constituent monomers, their interaction, and the conformational flexibility of the chain. More specifically we identify the features that lead to greater charge delocalization. Finally, we discuss the prospect of using this method for a computational high-throughput screening of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Manurung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
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12
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Fratini S, Nikolka M, Salleo A, Schweicher G, Sirringhaus H. Charge transport in high-mobility conjugated polymers and molecular semiconductors. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:491-502. [PMID: 32296138 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers and molecular semiconductors are emerging as a viable semiconductor technology in industries such as displays, electronics, renewable energy, sensing and healthcare. A key enabling factor has been significant scientific progress in improving their charge transport properties and carrier mobilities, which has been made possible by a better understanding of the molecular structure-property relationships and the underpinning charge transport physics. Here we aim to present a coherent review of how we understand charge transport in these high-mobility van der Waals bonded semiconductors. Specific questions of interest include estimates for intrinsic limits to the carrier mobilities that might ultimately be achievable; a discussion of the coupling between charge and structural dynamics; the importance of molecular conformations and mesoscale structural features; how the transport physics of conjugated polymers and small molecule semiconductors are related; and how the incorporation of counterions in doped films-as used, for example, in bioelectronics and thermoelectric devices-affects the electronic structure and charge transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Khim D, Luzio A, Bonacchini GE, Pace G, Lee MJ, Noh YY, Caironi M. Uniaxial Alignment of Conjugated Polymer Films for High-Performance Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705463. [PMID: 29582485 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymer semiconductors have been experiencing a remarkable improvement in electronic and optoelectronic properties, which are largely related to the recent development of a vast library of high-performance, donor-acceptor copolymers showing alternation of chemical moieties with different electronic affinities along their backbones. Such steady improvement is making conjugated polymers even more appealing for large-area and flexible electronic applications, from distributed and portable electronics to healthcare devices, where cost-effective manufacturing, light weight, and ease of integration represent key benefits. Recently, a strong boost to charge carrier mobility in polymer-based field-effect transistors, consistently achieving the range from 1.0 to 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 for both holes and electrons, has been given by uniaxial backbone alignment of polymers in thin films, inducing strong transport anisotropy and favoring enhanced transport properties along the alignment direction. Herein, an overview on this topic is provided with a focus on the processing-structure-property relationships that enable the controlled and uniform alignment of polymer films over large areas with scalable processes. The key aspects are specific molecular structures, such as planarized backbones with a reduced degree of conformational disorder, solution formulation with controlled aggregation, and deposition techniques inducing suitable directional flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoon Khim
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ernesto Bonacchini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pace
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Mi-Jung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
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14
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Fornari RP, Blom PWM, Troisi A. How Many Parameters Actually Affect the Mobility of Conjugated Polymers? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:086601. [PMID: 28282204 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.086601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We describe charge transport along a polymer chain with a generic theoretical model depending in principle on tens of parameters, reflecting the chemistry of the material. The charge carrier states are obtained from a model Hamiltonian that incorporates different types of disorder and electronic structure (e.g., the difference between homo- and copolymer). The hopping rate between these states is described with a general rate expression, which contains the rates most used in the literature as special cases. We demonstrate that the steady state charge mobility in the limit of low charge density and low field ultimately depends on only two parameters: an effective structural disorder and an effective electron-phonon coupling, weighted by the size of the monomer. The results support the experimental observation [N. I. Craciun, J. Wildeman, and P. W. M. Blom, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 056601 (2008)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.100.056601] that the mobility in a broad range of (polymeric) semiconductors follows a universal behavior, insensitive to the chemical detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco P Fornari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Troisi A, Shaw A. Very Large π-Conjugation Despite Strong Nonplanarity: A Path for Designing New Semiconducting Polymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4689-4694. [PMID: 27806576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
When two π-conjugated fragments are connected by a bond between two sp2 carbon atoms, a torsion around this bond is expected to break the overall π-conjugation. We show that for specially selected monomers, the π-conjugation is insensitive to torsions around a C-C bond up to about 60°. We provide a number of examples for this very unexpected phenomenon and a simple explanation. We propose that this feature can be incorporated into conjugated polymers to generate semiconducting materials that are extremely insensitive to structural disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Alex Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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16
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Erdmann T, Fabiano S, Milián-Medina B, Hanifi D, Chen Z, Berggren M, Gierschner J, Salleo A, Kiriy A, Voit B, Facchetti A. Naphthalenediimide Polymers with Finely Tuned In-Chain π-Conjugation: Electronic Structure, Film Microstructure, and Charge Transport Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9169-9174. [PMID: 27572671 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalenediimide-based random copolymers (PNDI-TVTx) with different π-conjugated dithienylvinylene (TVT) versus π-nonconjugated dithienylethane (TET) unit ratios (x = 100→0%) are investigated. The PNDI-TVTx-transistor electron/hole mobilities are affected differently, a result rationalized by molecular orbital topologies and energies, with hole mobility vanishing but electron mobility decreasing only by ≈2.5 times when going from x = 100% to 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Erdmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Begoña Milián-Medina
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot - València, Spain
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies IMDEA in Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Hanifi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies IMDEA in Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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17
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Experimental evidence that short-range intermolecular aggregation is sufficient for efficient charge transport in conjugated polymers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10599-604. [PMID: 26261305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501381112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficiency, current throughput, and speed of electronic devices are to a great extent dictated by charge carrier mobility. The classic approach to impart high carrier mobility to polymeric semiconductors has often relied on the assumption that extensive order and crystallinity are needed. Recently, however, this assumption has been challenged, because high mobility has been reported for semiconducting polymers that exhibit a surprisingly low degree of order. Here, we show that semiconducting polymers can be confined into weakly ordered fibers within an inert polymer matrix without affecting their charge transport properties. In these conditions, the semiconducting polymer chains are inhibited from attaining long-range order in the π-stacking or alkyl-stacking directions, as demonstrated from the absence of significant X-ray diffraction intensity corresponding to these crystallographic directions, yet still remain extended along the backbone direction and aggregate on a local length scale. As a result, the polymer films maintain high mobility even at very low concentrations. Our findings provide a simple picture that clarifies the role of local order and connectivity of domains.
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18
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Fornari RP, Aragó J, Troisi A. A very general rate expression for charge hopping in semiconducting polymers. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:184105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4920945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rocco P. Fornari
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Aragó
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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