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Zhao Y, Sheng Q, Ke S, Wu R, He L, Ren X, Peng B, Li H. Direct Solution Deposition of Large-Area Non-Solvated Fullerene Single-Crystal Films for High-Performance n-Type Field-Effect Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404770. [PMID: 39105335 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Fullerene (C60) crystals have attracted considerable attention in the field of optoelectronic devices owing to their excellent performance as n-type semiconductor material. However, a challenge still remains unbeaten as to the continuous crystallization of non-solvated C60 single-crystal films with high coverage and uniform alignment using low-cost solution techniques. Here, a facile bar coating method is used to prepare ribbon-shaped non-solvated C60 crystals with a large area (up to centimeters) and high coverage (>95%) by precisely controlling the crystallization process from specific solvents. Benefiting from the non-solvated crystalline structure, well-distributed thickness, uniform morphological alignment, and crystallographic orientation, organic field-effect transistors fabricated from the C60 single-crystal films exhibit a high average electron mobility of 2.28 cm2 V-1s-1, along with the coefficient of variance (CV) as small as 13.6%. This efficient manufacturing method will lay a strong foundation for C60 single-crystal films to fit into the future high-performance integrated optoelectronic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyue Sheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shifeng Ke
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ruihan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Lihua He
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Boyu Peng
- State Key Laboratory (SKL) of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hanying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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2
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Choi C, Choi J, Jo JS, Jeon GW, Lee KW, Park DH, Jang JW. Photoluminescence variations in organic fluorescent crystals by changing the surface energy of the substrate. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 663:379-386. [PMID: 38412723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Organic fluorescent crystals were obtained using single-benzene-based diethyl 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate (DDT) molecules through crystallization from a droplet of the DDT solution on an Au substrate. To control the size of the DDT crystals, the surface energy of the Au substrate was modified with air plasma treatment, producing a hydrophilic surface and a hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer (SAM) coating. The size of DDT crystals increased as the surface energy of the substrate decreased. The averaged cross-section area of the DDT crystals on the Au substrates increased in the order of the air-plasma-treated substrate (∼23.43 μm2) < pristine substrate (∼225.6 μm2) < hydrophobic SAM-coated substrate (∼2240 μm2). On the other hand, the main emission of the DDT crystals redshifted from blue to green as the crystal size increased, which is related to the aggregation of the DDT crystals. Moreover, the coffee-ring effect during the DDT crystallization was hindered by controlling the solvent evaporation conditions. As examples of the application of the proposed technique, patterned DDT crystals were obtained using selectively patterned hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiwon Choi
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sik Jo
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Wan Jeon
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Won Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyuk Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Bao L, Xu T, Guo K, Huang W, Lu X. Supramolecular Engineering of Crystalline Fullerene Micro-/Nano-Architectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200189. [PMID: 35213750 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fullerenes are a molecular form of carbon allotrope and bear certain solubility, which allow the supramolecular assembly of fullerene molecules-also together with other complementary compound classes-via solution-based wet processes. By well-programmed organizing these building blocks and precisely modulating over the assembly process, supramolecularly assembled fullerene micro-/nano-architectures (FMNAs) are obtained. These FMNAs exhibit remarkably enhanced functions as well as tunable morphologies and dimensions at different size scales, leading to their applications in diverse fields. In this review, both traditional and newly developed assembly strategies are reviewed, with an emphasis on the morphological evolution mechanism of FMNAs. The discussion is then focused on how to precisely regulate the dimensions and morphologies to generate functional FMNAs through solvent engineering, co-crystallization, surfactant incorporation, or post-fabrication treatment. In addition to C60 -based FMNAs, this review particularly focuses on recently fabricated FMNAs comprising higher fullerenes (e.g., C70 ) and metallofullerenes. Meanwhile, an overview of the property modulation is presented and multidisciplinary applications of FMNAs in various fields are summarized, including sensors, optoelectronics, biomedicines, and energy. At the end, the prospects for future research, application opportunities, and challenges associated with FMNAs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipiao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Kun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Wenhuan Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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4
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Wu Z, Yan Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Recent Advances in Realizing Highly Aligned Organic Semiconductors by Solution-Processing Approaches. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200752. [PMID: 35793415 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processing approaches are widely used for controlling the aggregation structure of organic semiconductors because they are fast, efficient, and have strong practicability. Effective regulation of the aggregation structure of molecules to achieve highly ordered molecular stacking is key to realizing effective carrier transport and high-performance devices. Numerous studies have achieved highly aligned organic semiconductors using different solution-processing approaches. This article provides a detailed review of the prevalent solution-processing technologies and emerging methods developed over the past few years for the alignment of organic semiconducting materials. These technologies and methods are classified according to the processing principle. This review focuses on the principles of different experimental techniques, improvements upon the conventional methods, and state-of-the-art performance of resulting devices. In addition, a brief discussion of the characteristics and development prospects of various methods is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yongkun Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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5
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Chen Y, Chang HY, Lee MT, Yang ZR, Wang CH, Wu KY, Chuang WT, Wang CL. Dual-Axis Alignment of Bulk Artificial Water Channels by Directional Water-Induced Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7768-7777. [PMID: 35417167 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Approaching single-crystal-like morphology has always been important in driving materials toward their optimal properties. With only orientational order, liquid crystal (LC) materials require dual-axis orientational control to optimize their structural order in the bulk phase. However, current external guiding fields such as electrical, magnetic, and mechanical guiding fields are less effective in aligning amphiphilic LCs. In this study, water is developed as an excellent structural stabilizer and orientation-directing agent of an amphiphilic discotic molecule (AD) in the water-induced self-assembly (WISA) process. Thermal analysis and structural characterization results show that water increases the stability and domain sizes of the hexagonal columnar (Colh) phase of the AD by co-assembling with the ADs to form bulk artificial water channels (AWCs). Moreover, through control over the nucleation conditions (degree of supercooling and location of nucleation), dual-axis alignment in both the planar and vertical growth of the AWCs is achieved by applying water as the guiding field in the directional WISA. With precise control over the hierarchical structures, the bulk AWC array of the AD delivers excellent salt rejection properties and water permeability. Considering that all the amphiphilic LCs have hydrophilic segments, these new roles of water in the WISA process could launch the further development of functional amphiphilic LCs by providing a dynamic interaction and a readily available guiding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Yen Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Tzu Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Ren Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yi Wu
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chinese Culture University, 55 Hwa-Kang Road, Yang-Ming-Shan, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tsung Chuang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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6
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Tan X, Zheng J. A Novel Porous PDMS-AgNWs-PDMS (PAP)-Sponge-Based Capacitive Pressure Sensor. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081495. [PMID: 35458245 PMCID: PMC9031670 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of capacitive pressure sensors with low cost, high sensitivity and facile fabrication techniques is desirable for flexible electronics and wearable devices. In this project, a highly sensitive and flexible capacitive pressure sensor was fabricated by sandwiching a porous PAP sponge dielectric layer between two copper electrodes. The porous PAP sponge dielectric layer was fabricated by introducing highly conductive silver nanowires (AgNWs) into the PDMS sponge with 100% sucrose as a template and with a layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film coating the surface. The sensitivity of the PAP sponge capacitive pressure sensor was optimized by increasing the load amount of AgNWs. Experimental results demonstrated that when the load amount of AgNWs increased to 150 mg in the PAP sponge, the sensitivity of the sensor was the highest in the low-pressure range of 0–1 kPa, reaching 0.62 kPa−1. At this point, the tensile strength and elongation of sponge were 1.425 MPa and 156.38%, respectively. In addition, the specific surface area of PAP sponge reached 2.0 cm2/g in the range of 0–10 nm pore size, and showed excellent waterproof performance with high elasticity, low hysteresis, light weight, and low density. Furthermore, as an application demonstration, ~110 LED lights were shown to light up when pressed onto the optimized sensor. Hence, this novel porous PAP-sponge-based capacitive pressure sensor has a wide range of potential applications in the field of wearable electronics.
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Liu J, Yu Y, Liu J, Li T, Li C, Zhang J, Hu W, Liu Y, Jiang L. Capillary-Confinement Crystallization for Monolayer Molecular Crystal Arrays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107574. [PMID: 34837661 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic single-crystalline semiconductors are highly desired for the fabrication of integrated electronic circuits, yet their uniform growth and efficient patterning is a huge challenge. Here, a general solution procedure named the "soft-template-assisted-assembly method" is developed to prepare centimeter-scale monolayer molecular crystal (MMC) arrays with precise regulation over their size and location via a capillary-confinement crystallization process. It is remarkable that the field-effect mobility of the array is highly uniform, with variation less than 4.4%, which demonstrates the most uniform organic single-crystal arrays ever reported so far. Simulations based on fluid dynamics are carried out to understand the function mechanism of this method. Thanks to the ultrasmooth crystalline orientation surface of MMCs, high-quality p-n heterojunction arrays can be prepared by weak epitaxy growth of n-type material atop the MMC. The p-n heterojunction field-effect transistors show ambipolar characteristics and the corresponding inverters constructed by these heterojunctions exhibit a competitive gain of 155. This work provides a general strategy to realize the preparation and application of logic complementary circuits based on patterned organic single crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yamin Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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8
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Chang HY, Wu KY, Chen WC, Weng JT, Chen CY, Raj A, Hamaguchi HO, Chuang WT, Wang X, Wang CL. Water-Induced Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Discotic Molecules for Adaptive Artificial Water Channels. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14885-14890. [PMID: 34410689 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the induced-fit mechanism in nature, we developed the process of water-induced self-assembly (WISA) to make water an active substrate that regulates the self-assembly and function of amphiphilic discotic molecules (ADMs). The ADM is an isotropic liquid that self-assembles only when in contact with water. Characterization results indicate that water fits into the hydrophilic core of the ADMs and induces the formation of a hexagonal columnar phase (Colh), where each column contains a hydrated artificial water channel (AWC). The hydrated AWCs are adaptive rather than static; the dynamic incorporation/removal of water results in the reversible assembly/disassembly of the adaptive AWCs (aAWCs). Furthermore, its dynamic characteristics can enable water to act as an orientation-directional guest molecule that controls the growth direction of the aAWCs. Well-aligned aAWC arrays that showed the ability of water transport were obtained via a "directional WISA" method. In WISA, water thus governs the supramolecular chemistry and function of synthetic molecules as it does with natural materials. By making water an active component in adaptive chemistry and enabling host molecules to dynamically interact with water, this adaptive aquatic material may motivate the development of synthetic molecules further toward biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Yen Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yi Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ting Weng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yi Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ankit Raj
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hiro-O Hamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tsung Chuang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Chien-Lung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
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Purba PC, Maity M, Bhattacharyya S, Mukherjee PS. A Self-Assembled Palladium(II) Barrel for Binding of Fullerenes and Photosensitization Ability of the Fullerene-Encapsulated Barrel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14109-14116. [PMID: 33834590 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene extracts obtained from fullerene soot lack their real application due to their poor solubility in common solvents and difficulty in purification. Encapsulation of these extracts in a suitable host is an important approach to address these issues. We present a new Pd6 barrel (1), which is composed of three 1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole panels, clipped through six cis-PdII acceptors. Large open windows and cavity make it an efficient host for a large guest. Favorable interactions between the ligand and fullerene (C60 and C70 ) allows the barrel to encapsulate fullerene efficiently. Thorough investigation reveals that barrel 1 has a stronger binding affinity towards C70 over C60 , resulting in the predominant extraction of C70 from a mixture of the two. Finally, the fullerene encapsulated barrels C60 ⊂1 and C70 ⊂1 were found to be efficient for visible-light-induced singlet oxygen generation. Such preferential binding of C70 and photosensitizing ability of C60 ⊂1 and C70 ⊂1 are noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prioti Choudhury Purba
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Manoranjan Maity
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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Purba PC, Maity M, Bhattacharyya S, Mukherjee PS. A Self‐Assembled Palladium(II) Barrel for Binding of Fullerenes and Photosensitization Ability of the Fullerene‐Encapsulated Barrel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prioti Choudhury Purba
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Manoranjan Maity
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
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11
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Huang YF, Chung CL, Prakoso SP, Ciou GT, Wang CK, Chen YS, Lai BH, Wong KT, Wang CL. Influence of Molecular Symmetry and Terminal Substituents on the Morphology and OFET Characteristics of S,N-Heteropentacenes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40572-40580. [PMID: 32791830 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many heteroacenes have been extensively studied to improve device performances; however, the morphological effects stemmed from the chemical modification on a multiscale remain less explored. In this research, five axisymmetric S,N-heteropentacenes (DTPT, DTPT-Ph, DTPT-CN, DTPT-PYCN, and DTPT-BTCN) are studied to reveal the influences of molecular symmetry and end-capping substituents on the structure-property relationship, the thermal stability, crystallization behavior, film morphology, and OFET performance. Phase behavior was probed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while the quality of the crystal array and structural details was investigated by optical microscopy (OM) and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). The analytic results reveal that (1) the parent axisymmetric S,N-heteropentacene, DTPT, is hard to crystallize, which hinders the preparation of high-quality crystal arrays for the OFET application. (2) The incorporation of π-conjugated electron-withdrawing (π-EW) endcaps that provide extended conjugation length and enhanced molecular polarity is required to form oriented crystal arrays to deliver reasonable OFET characteristics. (3) The π-EW endcaps with conformational freedom, such as -BTCN, due to the asymmetric feature of benzothiadiazole (BT), can hinder bulk phase crystallization and cause conformational disorder in the crystal array. Hence, the tradeoff of introducing the end-substituents to reinforce the poor crystalline nature of S,N-heteroacenes should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lung Chung
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Suhendro Purbo Prakoso
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ting Ciou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Lai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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12
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Chang X, Lin S, Wang G, Shang C, Wang Z, Liu K, Fang Y, Stang PJ. Self-Assembled Perylene Bisimide-Cored Trigonal Prism as an Electron-Deficient Host for C60 and C70 Driven by “Like Dissolves Like”. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15950-15960. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingmao Chang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Simin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Congdi Shang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Peter J. Stang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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13
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Chen M, Yin K, Zhang G, Liu H, Ning B, Dai Y, Wang X, Li H, Hao J. Magnetic and Biocompatible Fullerenol/Fe(III) Microcapsules with Antioxidant Activities. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:358-368. [PMID: 35019452 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene C60 (refers to C60 hereafter) has a unique three-dimensional architecture and intriguing physicochemical properties. It has great potential applications in materials chemistry and life science. However, a big obstacle for the widespread application of C60 lies in the limited strategies to make supramolecular structures with diverse morphologies and functions. Herein, we report a strategy to prepare C60-based, magnetic microcapsules which can be used as external antioxidants to effectively attenuate oxidative stress. The microcapsules are composed of fullerenol, a highly water-soluble C60 multiadduct, and iron ions (Fe3+) released from a rusty nail. They can be easily obtained through coordination between the hydrophilic functional groups in fullerenol and Fe3+ with polystyrene microspheres as templates. The fullerenol/Fe3+ microcapsules have good colloidal stability both in water and serum. Their biocompatibility has been confirmed by in vitro tests on HEK293 and Hela cells. Electron spin resonance measurements indicate that the fullerenol/Fe3+ microcapsules can effectively scavenge hydroxyl radicals (OH·-) produced by H2O2, which greatly improves the living environment of the cells. The fullerenol/Fe3+ microcapsules exhibit ferromagnetic properties and can respond to the external magnetic field, enabling magnetic manipulation, and/or separation in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China.,School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Keyang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Geping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Huizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bo Ning
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Youyong Dai
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hongguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jingcheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China
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14
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Huang YF, Wang CK, Lai BH, Chung CL, Chen CY, Ciou GT, Wong KT, Wang CL. Influences of Structural Modification of S, N-Hexacenes on the Morphology and OFET Characteristics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21756-21765. [PMID: 31120735 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although chemical modifications on conjugated molecules are widely applied for the purpose of improving processability and device performances, the effect of the modification was far less investigated. Here, five S, N-hexacenes are studied to reveal the influences of (1) the lateral alkyl chain, (2) the terminal group (thiophene vs benzene), and (3) the end-capping phenyl group of the hexacenes on the morphology and organic field-effect transistor (OFET) performances. Crystal arrays of the hexacenes were prepared via polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-assisted crystallization (PAC) prior to morphological and OFET characterizations. The lattice structures and crystal quality of the hexacenes were evaluated by microscopy and diffraction techniques including single-crystal diffractometer, electron diffraction, and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. The systematic analyses led to the following conclusions: (1) the bulkier alkyl side chain assists to form more densely packed crystals with less structural defects; (2) the terminal thiophene rings bring about higher-lying EHOMO, more ordered phase, and crystal orientation, whereas the terminal benzene rings deteriorate the structural order of the active layer and result in the liquid crystal phase; and (3) the phenyl end caps ameliorate the morphological order, intermolecular overlapping, thermal stability and elevate EHOMO. Thus, EH-DTPTt-Ph delivers the highest μh, contributing to high-lying EHOMO, well-oriented crystal array with a longer correlation length, and suitable lattice orientation. This systematic research provides the aspects about the effects of the functionalized S, N-hexacenes on the morphology and OFET characteristics, which is anticipated to be useful for the molecular design of heteroacenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Lai
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lung Chung
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yi Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ting Ciou
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science , Academia Sinica , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
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15
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Chen M, Zhou S, Guo L, Wang L, Yao F, Hu Y, Li H, Hao J. Aggregation Behavior and Antioxidant Properties of Amphiphilic Fullerene C 60 Derivatives Cofunctionalized with Cationic and Nonionic Hydrophilic Groups. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6939-6949. [PMID: 31050292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic derivatives of fullerene C60 are attractive from viewpoints of supramolecular chemistry and biomedicine. The establishment of relationships among the molecular structure, aggregation behavior and properties such as scavenging radicals of the amphiphilic C60 derivatives is the key to push these carbon nanomaterials to real applications. In this work, six monosubstituted C60 derivatives were synthesized by a one-step quaternization of their neutral precursors, which bear Percec monodendrons terminated with oligo(poly(ethylene oxide)) (o-PEO) chain(s). The main difference among the C60 derivatives lies in the number and substituted position of the o-PEO chain(s) within the Percec monodendron. Derivative with a 4-substitution of the o-PEO chain still showed limited solubility in water. Other derivatives possessing two or three o-PEO chains exhibited much improved solubilities and rich aggregation behavior in water. It was found that the formation of aggregates is regulated both by the number and the substituted pattern of the o-PEO chains. Typical morphologies include nanosheets, nanowires, vesicles, nanotubes, and nanorods. Although the structures of the C60 derivatives are different from those of traditional surfactants, their aggregation behavior can be also well explained by applying the theory of critical packing parameter. Interestingly, the capabilities of the C60 derivatives to scavenge the hydroxyl radicals (OH·-) followed the same order of their solubility in water, where the compound bearing three o-PEO chains with a 2,3,4-substitution got the champion quenching efficiency of ∼97.79% at a concentration of 0.15 mg·mL-1 (∼0.11 mmol·L-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials , Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Shengju Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University of Technology , Zibo 255049 , China
| | - Luxuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials , Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Lin Wang
- Analytical Center of Qilu Normal University , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Fuxin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials , Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials , Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Hongguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials , Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Jingcheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials , Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan 250100 , China
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16
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Lei Y, Wang S, Lai Z, Yao X, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Chen H. Two-dimensional C 60 nano-meshes via crystal transformation. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:8692-8698. [PMID: 30742169 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09329f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing a rational and general approach towards complex two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures represents potential promising applications in a wide variety of fields, such as electronics, catalysis, and energy conversion. However, the synthesis of 2D nanoscale superstructures remains a great challenge because of the great difficulty in arranging the growth units in a rational manner. Here, we develop a simple yet effective solution-phase strategy to achieve hexagonal mesh networks made of aligned nanorods which are obtained via crystal transformation of 2D C60 microplates. The transformation is triggered by the removal and inclusion of solvent molecules and hence, driven by a small free energy difference. The change in the local solvent environment leads to the formation of pores in the C60 plates and the subsequent growth of nanorods. The epitaxial growth of ordered nanorod arrays is due to the matching lattice between the (111) facet of the fcc plate and the (101[combining macron]0) facet of the hcp rod. This route of co-solvent induced crystal transformation provides a unique mechanistic perspective and a new direction for designing complex crystals. Furthermore, more complicated 2D C60 mesh networks, such as multi-layer hexagonal meshes, have also been rationally achieved via such a facile crystal transformation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Lei
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.
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17
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Liu K, Gao S, Zheng Z, Deng X, Mukherjee S, Wang S, Xu H, Wang J, Liu J, Zhai T, Fang Y. Spatially Confined Growth of Fullerene to Super-Long Crystalline Fibers in Supramolecular Gels for High-Performance Photodetector. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808254. [PMID: 30873680 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a superstar organic semiconductor, fullerene (C60 ) is versatile in nature for its multiple photoelectric applications. However, owing to its natural 0D structure, a challenge still remains unbeaten as to growth of 1D fullerene crystals with tunable sizes. Herein, reported is an efficient approach to grow C60 as super-long crystalline fibers with tunable lengths and diameters in supramolecular gel by synergic changes of anti-solvent, gel length, crystallization time or fullerene concentration. As a result, the crystalline C60 fibers can be modulated to as long as 70 mm and 70 000 in their length-to-width ratio. In this case, the gel 3D network provides spatial confinements for the growth of 1D crystal along the directional dispersion of anti-solvent. The fabricated fullerene device exhibits high responsivity (2595.6 mA W-1 ) and high specific detectivity (2.7 × 1012 Jones) at 10 V bias upon irradiation of 400 nm incident light. The on/off ratio and its quantum efficiency are near to 540 and about 800%, respectively, and importantly, its photoelectric property remains very stable after storage in air for six months. Therefore, spatially confined growth of fullerene in supramolecular gels will be another crucial strategy to synthesize 1D semiconductor crystals for photoelectrical device applications in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xinling Deng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Suansuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Jianfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
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18
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Huang YF, Chang ST, Wu KY, Wu SL, Ciou GT, Chen CY, Liu CL, Wang CL. Influences of Conjugation Length on Organic Field-Effect Transistor Performances and Thin Film Structures of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Oligomers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:8869-8876. [PMID: 29460614 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Here, two diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based oligomers, DPP-4T and DPP-6T, are studied to reveal the influences of conjugation length on thin-film morphology and organic field-effect transistor (OFET) performances. PDMS-assisted crystallization in a solvent-annealing chamber is applied to prepare crystal arrays of DPP-4T and DPP-6T to optimize the quality of charge channels for OFET characterizations. To deliver insights into microstructure and morphology of thin films, a characterization procedure for determining molecular packing in thin film and crystallinity of the crystal arrays is presented via grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, electron diffraction, and lattice simulation software package (Cerius2). With the lattice parameters derived from analyses of grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and electron diffraction (ED), the lattice modeling results indicate that the inferior organic field-effect transistor (OFET) performances of DPP-6T are attributed to longer π-stacking distance. Also, less-ordered molecular arrangement and lower continuity of crystalline domains, both of which are revealed from crystallinity results, lead to lower mobility of DPP-6T. In this case, longer conjugated backbones with more conformational degrees of freedom thus cause inherent crystal defects during the crystal growth process, despite the potential to enhance intermolecular π-orbital overlap. Therefore, to achieve better OFET performance, suitable backbone length makes conjugated oligomers give high intermolecular π-orbital overlap and low density of structural disorder, which are the priorities for constructing good charge channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yi Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - San-Lien Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ting Ciou
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yi Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , National Central University , Taoyuan 32001 , Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
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19
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Watanabe S, Ohta T, Urata R, Sato T, Takaishi K, Uchiyama M, Aoyama T, Kunitake M. Quasi-Phase Diagrams at Air/Oil Interfaces and Bulk Oil Phases for Crystallization of Small-Molecular Semiconductors by Adjusting Gibbs Adsorption. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8906-8913. [PMID: 28759233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The temperature and concentration dependencies of the crystallization of two small-molecular semiconductors were clarified by constructing quasi-phase diagrams at air/oil interfaces and in bulk oil phases. A quinoidal quaterthiophene derivative with four alkyl chains (QQT(CN)4) in 1,1,2,2-tetrachroloethane (TCE) and a thienoacene derivative with two alkyl chains (C8-BTBT) in o-dichlorobenzene were used. The apparent crystal nucleation temperature (Tn) and dissolution temperature (Td) of the molecules were determined based on optical microscopy examination in closed glass capillaries and open dishes during slow cooling and heating processes, respectively. Tn and Td were considered estimates of the critical temperatures for nuclear formation and crystal growth, respectively. The Tn values of QQT(CN)4 and C8-BTBT at the air/oil interfaces were higher than those in the bulk oil phases, whereas the Td values at the air/oil interfaces were almost the same as those in the bulk oil phases. These Gibbs adsorption phenomena were attributed to the solvophobic effect of the alkyl chain moieties. The temperature range between Tn and Td corresponds to suitable supercooling conditions for ideal crystal growth based on the suppression of nucleation. The Tn values at the water/oil and oil/glass interfaces did not shift compared with those of the bulk phases, indicating that adsorption did not occur at the hydrophilic interfaces. Promotion and inhibition of nuclear formation for crystal growth of the semiconductors were achieved at the air/oil and hydrophilic interfaces, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto, Japan 860-8555
| | - Takahisa Ohta
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto, Japan 860-8555
| | - Ryota Urata
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto, Japan 860-8555
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto, Japan 860-8555
| | - Kazuto Takaishi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Tsushimanaka 3-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan 700-8530
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama, Japan 351-0198
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo, Japan 113-0033
| | - Tetsuya Aoyama
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama, Japan 351-0198
| | - Masashi Kunitake
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto, Japan 860-8555
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20
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Bairi P, Minami K, Hill JP, Ariga K, Shrestha LK. Intentional Closing/Opening of "Hole-in-Cube" Fullerene Crystals with Microscopic Recognition Properties. ACS NANO 2017; 11:7790-7796. [PMID: 28742325 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report production of highly crystalline fullerene C70 cubes possessing an open-hole structure at the center of each of their faces using a solution-based self-assembly strategy. The holes are isolated with a solid core at the interiors of the cubes. The open-hole structure of the cubes can be intentionally closed by introducing additional C70 and reopened by applying electron beam irradiation. The open-hole cubes exhibit preferential recognition of graphitic carbon particles over polymeric resin particles of similar dimensions due to the cubes' sp2-rich carboniferous nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Bairi
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minami
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jonathan P Hill
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0827, Japan
| | - Lok Kumar Shrestha
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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21
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Bharti D, Raghuwanshi V, Varun I, Mahato AK, Tiwari SP. Directional Solvent Vapor Annealing for Crystal Alignment in Solution-Processed Organic Semiconductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26226-26233. [PMID: 28707466 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A unified approach of directional solvent vapor annealing for crystal alignment in solution-processed organic semiconductors is proposed. Highly crystalline molecular self-assembly of the drop-cast technique is further enhanced by postprocessing scheme of the solvent vapor annealing with additional benefit of alignment of the crystalline domains. In this technique, a mixture of carrier gas and solvent vapors are made to flow in a certain direction and in the close proximity of the surface of the substrates carrying the solution. Flow of the carrier gas imparts directionality to the semiconducting crystalline ribbons, whereas the influx of the solvent vapors improves the crystalline order in the semiconducting film. The flow rate of the carrier gas and the position of the substrate in the interaction chamber are the primary regulating factors, which have the ability to provide a semiconducting layer with a well-aligned and interconnected assembly of long ribbons. These favorable film properties further materialize in the form of electrical performance of the corresponding field-effect transistors. The versatility of this technique makes it a viable alternative for the solution processing of organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bharti
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342011, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vivek Raghuwanshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342011, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ishan Varun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342011, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Mahato
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342011, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shree Prakash Tiwari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342011, Rajasthan, India
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22
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Wu SL, Huang YF, Hsieh CT, Lai BH, Tseng PS, Ou JT, Liao ST, Chou SY, Wu KY, Wang CL. Roles of 3-Ethylrhodanine in Attaining Highly Ordered Crystal Arrays of Ambipolar Diketopyrrolopyrrole Oligomers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:14967-14973. [PMID: 28398714 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Until now, only limited DPP oligomers delivered ambipolar semiconductor characteristics. To develop a facile strategy of preparing ambipolar mono-DPP oligomers, two dithienyl diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPPT) based-conjugated molecules, DPPT-RD and DPPT-DCV, which contain 3-ethylrhodanine (RD) and dicyano-2-vinyl (DCV) end substituents were synthesized. The influences of the -RD end substituents on the molecular properties, solid-state morphology, and OFET performances of the DPPT oligomer were investigated. The UV-vis absorption and CV results showed that the RD end substituents provide the DPPT oligomer suitable EHOMO and ELUMO for hole and electron injection from the Au source-drain electrodes. Moreover, the RD end substituents also improve the crystalline nature of the DPPT oligomer. That is, DPPT-RD can form crystal arrays with good lattice orientation, larger crystalline size, and without polymorphism. With those properties, DPPT-RD thus display ambipolar characteristic with μh and μe reaching 2.16 × 10-2 and 7.27 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lien Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fan Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Lai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Po-Sen Tseng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Jou-Tsen Ou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Ting Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yi Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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23
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Chou SH, Kang HW, Chang ST, Wu KY, Bazan GC, Wang CL, Lin HL, Chang JH, Lin HW, Huang YC, Tsao CS, Wong KT. Cofacial Versus Coplanar Arrangement in Centrosymmetric Packing Dimers of Dipolar Small Molecules: Structural Effects on the Crystallization Behaviors and Optoelectronic Characteristics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:18266-18276. [PMID: 27348150 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two D-π-A-A molecules (MIDTP and TIDTP) composed of an electron-rich ditolylamino group (D) and an electron-deficient 5-dicyanovinylenylpyrimidine (A-A) fragment bridged together with indeno[1,2-b]thiophene (IDT) were synthesized. These molecules provide an opportunity to examine in-depth the impact of side-chain variations (methyl vs p-tolyl) on the crystallization behaviors, solid-state morphology, physical properties, and optoelectronic characteristics relevant for practical applications. X-ray analyses on single-crystal structures indicate that methyl-substituted MIDTP forms "coplanar antiparallel dimers" via C-H···S interactions and organizes into an ordered slip-staircase arrays. In contrast, p-tolyl-bearing TIDTP shows "cofacial centrosymmetric dimers" via π-π interactions and packs into a less-ordered layered structures. The X-ray diffraction analyses upon thermal treatment are consistent with a superior crystallinity of MIDTP, as compared to that of TIDTP. This difference indicates a greater propensity to organization by introduction of the smaller methyl group versus the bulkier p-tolyl group. The increased propensity for order by MIDTP facilitates the crystallization of MIDTP in both solution-processed and vacuum-deposited thin films. MIDTP forms solution-processed single-crystal arrays that deliver OFET hole mobility of 6.56 × 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), whereas TIDTP only forms amorhpous films that gave lower hole mobility of 1.34 × 10(-5) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). MIDTP and TIDTP were utilized to serve as donors together with C70 as acceptor in the fabrication of small-molecule organic solar cells (SMOSCs) with planar heterojunction (PHJ) or planar-mixed heterojunction (PMHJ) device architectures. OPV devices based on higher crystalline MIDTP delivered power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 2.5% and 4.3% for PHJ and PMHJ device, respectively, which are higher than those of TIDTP-based cells. The improved PCEs of MIDTP-based devices are attributed to better hole-transport character.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao-Wei Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yi Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93106-5090, United States
| | - Chien-Lung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hao Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wu Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Huang
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research , Taoyuan 32546, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Si Tsao
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research , Taoyuan 32546, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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24
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Watanabe S, Fujita T, Ribierre JC, Takaishi K, Muto T, Adachi C, Uchiyama M, Aoyama T, Matsumoto M. Microcrystallization of a Solution-Processable Organic Semiconductor in Capillaries for High-Performance Ambipolar Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:17574-17582. [PMID: 27150559 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on the use of microcrystallization in capillaries to fabricate patterned crystalline microstructures of the low-bandgap ambipolar quinoidal quaterthiophene derivative (QQT(CN)4) from a chloroform solution. Aligned needle-shaped QQT(CN)4 crystals were formed in thin film microstructures using either open- or closed- capillaries made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Their charge transport properties were evaluated in a bottom-gate top-contact transistor configuration. Hole and electron mobilities were found to be as high as 0.17 and 0.083 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), respectively, approaching the values previously obtained in individual QQT(CN)4 single crystal microneedles. It was possible to control the size of the needle crystals and the microline arrays by adjusting the structure of the PDMS mold and the concentration of QQT(CN)4 solution. These results demonstrate that the microcrystallization in capillaries technique can be used to simultaneously pattern organic needle single crystals and control the microcrystallization processes. Such a simple and versatile method should be promising for the future development of high-performance organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takuma Fujita
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , Tokyo 162-0825, Japan
| | | | - Kazuto Takaishi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-0082 Japan
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN , Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Muto
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN , Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN , Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Aoyama
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN , Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mutsuyoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , Tokyo 162-0825, Japan
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25
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Zhang X, Jie J, Deng W, Shang Q, Wang J, Wang H, Chen X, Zhang X. Alignment and Patterning of Ordered Small-Molecule Organic Semiconductor Micro-/Nanocrystals for Device Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2475-503. [PMID: 26813697 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Large-area alignment and patterning of small-molecule organic semiconductor micro-/nanocrystals (SMOSNs) at desired locations is a prerequisite for their practical device applications. Recent strategies for alignment and patterning of ordered SMOSNs and their corresponding device applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiansheng Jie
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei Deng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qixun Shang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, United Kingdom, BD7 1DP
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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26
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Liang WW, Huang CF, Wu KY, Wu SL, Chang ST, Cheng YJ, Wang CL. Flat-on ambipolar triphenylamine/C 60 nano-stacks formed from the self-organization of a pyramid-sphere-shaped amphiphile. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2768-2774. [PMID: 28660054 PMCID: PMC5477027 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study identified the flat-on dual-channel nano-structure and the ambipolar characteristics of a novel giant pyramid-sphere shape amphiphile.
A giant amphiphile, which is constructed with an amorphous nano-pyramid (triphenylamine, TPA) and a crystalline nano-sphere (C60), was synthesized. Structural characterization indicates that this pyramid-sphere-shaped amphiphile (TPA–C60) forms a solvent-induced ordered phase, in which the two constituent units self-assemble into alternating stacks of two-dimensional (2D) TPA and C60 nano-sheets. Due to the complexity of the molecular structure and the amorphous nature of the nano-pyramid, phase formation was driven by intermolecular C60–C60 interactions and the ordered phase could not be reformed from the TPA–C60 melt. Oriented crystal arrays of TPA–C60, which contain flat-on TPA/C60 nano-stacks, can be obtained via a PDMS-assisted crystallization (PAC) technique. The flat-on dual-channel supramolecular structure of TPA–C60 delivered ambipolar and balanced charge-transport characteristics with an average μe of 2.11 × 10–4 cm2 V–1 s–1 and μh of 3.37 × 10–4 cm2 V–1 s–1. The anisotropic charge-transport ability of the pyramid-sphere-shaped amphiphile was further understood based on the lattice structure and the lattice orientation of TPA–C60 revealed from electron diffraction analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Liang
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsin-Chu , 30010 , Taiwan .
| | - Chi-Feng Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsin-Chu , 30010 , Taiwan .
| | - Kuan-Yi Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsin-Chu , 30010 , Taiwan .
| | - San-Lien Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsin-Chu , 30010 , Taiwan .
| | - Shu-Ting Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsin-Chu , 30010 , Taiwan .
| | - Yen-Ju Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsin-Chu , 30010 , Taiwan .
| | - Chien-Lung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta Hsueh Road , Hsin-Chu , 30010 , Taiwan .
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