1
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Ma Z, Udamulle Gedara CM, Wang H, Biewer MC, Stefan MC. Chalcogenopheno[3,2- b]pyrrole-Containing Donor-Acceptor-Donor Organic Semiconducting Small Molecules for Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46119-46129. [PMID: 37738113 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
A group of chalcogenopheno[3,2-b]pyrroles, including thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole (TP), furo[3,2-b]pyrrole (FP), and selenopheno[3,2-b]pyrrole (SeP), and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (TT) electron-donating units were coupled with a thiophene-flanked diketopyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (ThDPP) acceptor to generate four donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) semiconducting small molecules (ThDPP-TT, ThDPP-FP, ThDPP-TP, and ThDPP-SeP). This study systematically investigated the differences between chalcogenopheno[3,2-b]pyrroles and TT. From the characterizations, chalcogenopheno[3,2-b]pyrrole-containing molecules showed lower band gaps and binding-energy cold crystallization behavior. The enthalpies of cold crystallization were correlated with the weight of the chalcogen in ThDPP-FP, ThDPP-TP, and ThDPP-SeP, which were evaluated as intermolecular chalcogen-bond interactions between chalcogen and pyrrole nitrogen in chalcogenopheno[3,2-b]pyrroles. A stronger chalcogen bond interaction resulted in stronger self-aggregation in thin films with thermal treatment, which resulted in a polycrystalline structure in chalcogenopheno[3,2-b]pyrrole-containing molecules. For the application in an organic field-effect transistor, all four molecules showed good performance with the highest hole mobilities as 6.33 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 for ThDPP-TT, 2.08 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 for ThDPP-FP, 1.87 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 for ThDPP-TP, and 6.32 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 for ThDPP-SeP, and the change of mobility is well correlated to the root-mean-square roughness of the thin films. Overall, all the chalcogenopheno[3,2-b]pyrrole-containing molecules showed lower band gaps, polymorphism, and better charge transport properties compared to TT-containing molecules, which motivates replacing TT with chalcogenopheno[3,2-b]pyrroles in conjugated polymers, non-fullerene small molecular acceptors, and narrow-band-gap donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Chinthaka M Udamulle Gedara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Hanghang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Michael C Biewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Mihaela C Stefan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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2
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Wan J, Wang T, Sun R, Wu X, Wang S, Zhang M, Min J. Enabling Highly Efficient and Thermal-Stable Polymer Solar Cells through Semi-Alloy Acceptors Composed of a Hinge-Like Dimer: A Versatile Doping Protocol. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302592. [PMID: 37211895 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous improvement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and thermal stability is a critical scientific challenge in advancing the commercial applications of polymer solar cells. To address this challenge, a dumbbell-shaped dimeric acceptor, DT19, is successfully designed and synthesized. It is incorporated as a third component into the PM1:BTP-eC9 system. This ternary strategy demonstrates a synergistic enhancement of the PCE and thermal stability of the host binary system. In particular, the PM1:BTP-eC9:DT19 system maintains a PCE of over 90% even after heating at 120 °C for 200 h. Additionally, the dimer-doping ternary strategy exhibits excellent generality for the other four Y-series systems and outperforms ternary systems containing alloy-like acceptors in terms of thermal stability. It is because DT19, with its hinge-like structure, can form a semi-alloy acceptor with the host acceptor, leading to strong interchain entanglement with the polymer donor, thus overcoming phase separation and excessive aggregation under thermal stress. This new type of dimeric material, which can synergistically enhance the device efficiency and thermal stability of active layers, presents promising application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tao Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaohei Wu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Meimei Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Min
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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3
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Liu B, Sun H, Lee JW, Jiang Z, Qiao J, Wang J, Yang J, Feng K, Liao Q, An M, Li B, Han D, Xu B, Lian H, Niu L, Kim BJ, Guo X. Efficient and stable organic solar cells enabled by multicomponent photoactive layer based on one-pot polymerization. Nat Commun 2023; 14:967. [PMID: 36810743 PMCID: PMC9944902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of the kinetically trapped bulk heterojunction film morphology in organic solar cells (OSCs) remains a grand challenge for their practical application. Herein, we demonstrate highly thermally stable OSCs using multicomponent photoactive layer synthesized via a facile one-pot polymerization, which show the advantages of low synthetic cost and simplified device fabrication. The OSCs based on multicomponent photoactive layer deliver a high power conversion efficiency of 11.8% and exhibit excellent device stability for over 1000 h (>80% of their initial efficiency retention), realizing a balance between device efficiency and operational lifetime for OSCs. In-depth opto-electrical and morphological properties characterizations revealed that the dominant PM6-b-L15 block polymers with backbone entanglement and the small fraction of PM6 and L15 polymers synergistically contribute to the frozen fine-tuned film morphology and maintain well-balanced charge transport under long-time operation. These findings pave the way towards the development of low-cost and long-term stable OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- grid.411863.90000 0001 0067 3588Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 P.R. China ,grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Huiliang Sun
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China.
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Zhengyan Jiang
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Junqin Qiao
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 P.R. China
| | - Junwei Wang
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Kui Feng
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Qiaogan Liao
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Mingwei An
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Bolin Li
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- grid.411863.90000 0001 0067 3588Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 P.R. China
| | - Baomin Xu
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Hongzhen Lian
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 P.R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China.
| | - Bumjoon J. Kim
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P.R. China.
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Zha H, Fang J, Yan L, Yang Y, Ma C. Research Progress of Thermal Failure Mechanism and Ternary Blending to Improve Thermal Stability of Organic Solar Cells. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/a22110462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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5
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Microstructural Control of Soluble Acene Crystals for Field-Effect Transistor Gas Sensors. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152564. [PMID: 35893530 PMCID: PMC9331709 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Microstructural control during the solution processing of small-molecule semiconductors (namely, soluble acene) is important for enhancing the performance of field-effect transistors (FET) and sensors. This focused review introduces strategies to enhance the gas-sensing properties (sensitivity, recovery, selectivity, and stability) of soluble acene FET sensors by considering their sensing mechanism. Defects, such as grain boundaries and crystal edges, provide diffusion pathways for target gas molecules to reach the semiconductor-dielectric interface, thereby enhancing sensitivity and recovery. Representative studies on grain boundary engineering, patterning, and pore generation in the formation of soluble acene crystals are reviewed. The phase separation and microstructure of soluble acene/polymer blends for enhancing gas-sensing performance are also reviewed. Finally, flexible gas sensors using soluble acenes and soluble acene/polymer blends are introduced, and future research perspectives in this field are suggested.
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Zhang B, Li Y, Ma Y, Xia R, Li X, Wan F, Shen L, Yip HL, Yuan Y, Jiang ZQ, Pan A, Yang B. Planar Heterojunction Organic Photodetectors Based on Fullerene and Non-fullerene Acceptor Bilayers for a Tunable Spectral Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:55064-55071. [PMID: 33231418 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Planar heterojunction (PHJ) organic photodetectors are potentially more stable than traditional bulk heterojunction counterparts because of the absence of uncontrolled phase separation in the donor and acceptor binary blend system. This work reports a new class of PHJ organic photodetectors based on the medium-band gap fullerene C60 and low-band gap fused-ring non-fullerene acceptor ID-MeIC bilayer structure, which allows a wide range of spectral response tuning across the UV-visible-near-infrared (UV-vis-NIR) region by tailoring individual layer thickness. The C60 layer not only increases the external quantum efficiency at 745 nm by 57% but also reduces dark currents by two orders of magnitude. More importantly, the p-type poly[N,N'-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)-benzi] is found to be the key compound to conduct the layer-by-layer fabrication as combined with n-type ID-MeIC for higher charge extraction efficiency. In light of the above information, PHJ organic photodetectors exhibited a specific detectivity of 6.5 × 1010 Jones to detect NIR light at 745 nm under -0.1 V. The linear dynamic range was estimated to be 80 dB. This work has demonstrated a feasible approach to develop a PHJ architecture with tunable spectral response in the UV-vis-NIR range toward long-term stable organic photodetectors for potential applications in flexible and wearable biomedical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Ruoxi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Liang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Yongbo Yuan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Zuo-Quan Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Anlian Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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7
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Simultaneous enhanced efficiency and thermal stability in organic solar cells from a polymer acceptor additive. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1218. [PMID: 32139697 PMCID: PMC7057953 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal stability of organic solar cells is critical for practical applications of this emerging technology. Thus, effective approaches and strategies need to be found to alleviate their inherent thermal instability. Here, we show a polymer acceptor-doping general strategy and report a thermally stable bulk heterojunction photovoltaic system, which exhibits an improved power conversion efficiency of 15.10%. Supported by statistical analyses of device degradation data, and morphological characteristics and physical mechanisms study, this polymer-doping blend shows a longer lifetime, nearly keeping its efficiency (t = 800 h) under accelerated aging tests at 150 oC. Further analysis of the degradation behaviors indicates a bright future of this system in outer space applications. Notably, the use of polymer acceptor as a dual function additive in the other four photovoltaic systems was also confirmed, demonstrating the good generality of this polymer-doping strategy. Thermal instability is a critical bottleneck for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. Here Yang et al. use barely 1 wt% of a polymer acceptor as an additive to simultaneously improve the device efficiency and thermal stability of several state-of-the-art organic photovoltaic systems at high temperatures.
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8
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Wang K, Li Y, Li Y. Challenges to the Stability of Active Layer Materials in Organic Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900437. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical EngineeringZhongyuan University of Technology Zhengzhou 451191 China
| | - Yaowen Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic MaterialsCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic MaterialsCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
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9
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So HS, Matsumoto S. Three differently coloured polymorphs of 3,6-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dipropyl-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2019; 75:414-422. [PMID: 32830663 PMCID: PMC6549220 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520619004773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the conformational polymorphism of a chlorinated diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) dye having flexible substituents in a non-hydrogen-bonding system is reported. The propyl-substituted DPP derivative (PR3C) has three polymorphic forms, each showing a different colour (red, orange and yellow). All polymorphs could be obtained concomitantly under various crystallization conditions. The results of the crystal structure analysis indicate that PR3C adopts different conformations in each polymorph. The packing effect caused by the difference in the arrangement of neighbouring molecules was found to play an important role in the occurrence of the observed polymorphism. The thermodynamic stability relationship between the three polymorphs was identified by thermal analysis and indicates that the yellow polymorph is the thermally stable form. The results indicate that the yellow form and orange form are enantiotropically related, and the other polymorph is monotropically related to the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Soo So
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
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10
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Wang GJN, Molina-Lopez F, Zhang H, Xu J, Wu HC, Lopez J, Shaw L, Mun J, Zhang Q, Wang S, Ehrlich A, Bao Z. Nonhalogenated Solvent Processable and Printable High-Performance Polymer Semiconductor Enabled by Isomeric Nonconjugated Flexible Linkers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ging-Ji Nathan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Francisco Molina-Lopez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Jeffrey Lopez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Leo Shaw
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Sihong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Anatol Ehrlich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
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11
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Rahmanudin A, Yao L, Jeanbourquin XA, Liu Y, Sekar A, Ripaud E, Sivula K. Melt-processing of small molecule organic photovoltaics via bulk heterojunction compatibilization. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2018; 20:2218-2224. [PMID: 29904283 PMCID: PMC5961453 DOI: 10.1039/c8gc00335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Melt-processing of organic semiconductors (OSCs) is a promising environmentally-friendly technique that can alleviate dependence on toxic chlorinated solvents. While melt-processed single-component OSC devices (e.g. field-effect-transistors) have been demonstrated, multi-component bulk heterojunctions (BHJs) for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) remain a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate a strategy that affords tunable BHJ phase segregation and domain sizes from a single-phase homogeneous melt by employing strongly-crystalline small-molecule OSCs together with a customized molecular compatibilizing (MCP) additive. An optimized photoactive BHJ with 50 wt% MCP achieved a device power conversion efficiency of ca. 1% after melting the active layer at 240 °C (15 min, followed by slow cooling) before deposition of the top electrode. BHJ morphology characterization using atomic force and Kelvin probe microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and photo-luminescence measurements further demonstrate the trade-off between free charge generation and transport with respect to MCP loading in the BHJ. In addition, a functional OPV was also obtained from the melt-processing of dispersed micron-sized solid BHJ particles into a smooth and homogeneous thin-film by using the MCP approach. These results demonstrate that molecular compatibilization is a key prerequisite for further developments towards true solvent-free melt-processed BHJ OPV systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Rahmanudin
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6 , CH-1015 , Switzerland .
| | - Liang Yao
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6 , CH-1015 , Switzerland .
| | - Xavier A Jeanbourquin
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6 , CH-1015 , Switzerland .
| | - Yongpeng Liu
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6 , CH-1015 , Switzerland .
| | - Arvindh Sekar
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6 , CH-1015 , Switzerland .
| | - Emilie Ripaud
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6 , CH-1015 , Switzerland .
| | - Kevin Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6 , CH-1015 , Switzerland .
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12
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Conjugation break spacers and flexible linkers as tools to engineer the properties of semiconducting polymers. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Xiao WJ, Wang J, Li HJ, Liang L, Xiang X, Chen XQ, Li J, Lu Z, Li WS. Interconnecting semiconducting molecules with non-conjugated soft linkers: a way to improve film formation quality without sacrifice in charge mobility. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23546-23554. [PMID: 35540294 PMCID: PMC9081699 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04405h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For small molecular semiconductors, interconnecting their molecules with non-conjugated soft linkers has been demonstrated to be a good way for improving their film formation quality while keeping their mobility intact for OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Hong-Jiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Long Liang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xuan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xue-Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jingjing Li
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials
- Zhengzhou Institute of Technology
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Zhengquan Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials
- Zhengzhou Institute of Technology
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Wei-Shi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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14
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Lee EK, Lee MY, Park CH, Lee HR, Oh JH. Toward Environmentally Robust Organic Electronics: Approaches and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1703638. [PMID: 28960531 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent interest in flexible electronics has led to a paradigm shift in consumer electronics, and the emergent development of stretchable and wearable electronics is opening a new spectrum of ubiquitous applications for electronics. Organic electronic materials, such as π-conjugated small molecules and polymers, are highly suitable for use in low-cost wearable electronic devices, and their charge-carrier mobilities have now exceeded that of amorphous silicon. However, their commercialization is minimal, mainly because of weaknesses in terms of operational stability, long-term stability under ambient conditions, and chemical stability related to fabrication processes. Recently, however, many attempts have been made to overcome such instabilities of organic electronic materials. Here, an overview is provided of the strategies developed for environmentally robust organic electronics to overcome the detrimental effects of various critical factors such as oxygen, water, chemicals, heat, and light. Additionally, molecular design approaches to π-conjugated small molecules and polymers that are highly stable under ambient and harsh conditions are explored; such materials will circumvent the need for encapsulation and provide a greater degree of freedom using simple solution-based device-fabrication techniques. Applications that are made possible through these strategies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kwang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Moo Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Cheol Hee Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Hae Rang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
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15
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Fong D, Adronov A. Investigation of Hybrid Conjugated/Nonconjugated Polymers for Sorting of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Fong
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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16
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Jeanbourquin XA, Rahmanudin A, Yu X, Johnson M, Guijarro N, Yao L, Sivula K. Amorphous Ternary Charge-Cascade Molecules for Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27825-27831. [PMID: 28796490 PMCID: PMC5571830 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ternary bulk heterojunctions with cascade-type energy-level configurations are of significant interest for further improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells. However, controlling the self-assembly in solution-processed ternary blends remains a key challenge. Herein, we leverage the ability to control the crystallinity of molecular semiconductors via a spiro linker to demonstrate a simple strategy suggested to drive the self-assembly of an ideal charge-cascade morphology. Spirobifluorene (SF) derivatives with optimized energy levels from diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) or perylenediimide (PDI) components, coded as SF-(DPP)4 and SF-(PDI)4, are synthesized and investigated for application as ternary components in the host blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl):[6,6]phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM). Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray/electron diffraction studies suggest that at low loadings (up to 5 wt %) the ternary component does not perturb crystallization of the donor:acceptor host blend. In photovoltaic devices, up to 36% improvement in the PCE (from 2.5% to 3.5%) is found when 1 wt % of either SF-(DPP)4 or SF-(PDI)4 is added, and this is attributed to an increase in the fill factor and open-circuit voltage, while at higher loadings, the PCE decreased because of a lower short-circuit current density. A comparison of the quantum efficiency measurements [where light absorption of SF-(DPP)4 was found to give up to 95% internal conversion] suggests that improvement due to enhanced light absorption or to better exciton harvesting via resonance energy transfer is unlikely. These data, together with the crystallinity results, support the inference that the SF compounds are excluded to the donor:acceptor interface by crystallization of the host blend. This conclusion is further supported by impedance spectroscopy and a longer measured charge-carrier lifetime in the ternary blend.
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17
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Zhao Y, Zhao X, Roders M, Gumyusenge A, Ayzner AL, Mei J. Melt-Processing of Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends for High Performance Organic Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605056. [PMID: 27918118 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Melt-processing of complementary semiconducting polymer blends provides an average charge carrier mobility of 0.4 cm2 V-1 s-1 and current on/off ratios higher than 105 , a record performance for melt-processed organic field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xikang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael Roders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | | | - Alexander L Ayzner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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18
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Gasperini A, Jeanbourquin XA, Sivula K. Effect of molecular weight in diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymers in transistor and photovoltaic applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gasperini
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials(LIMNO); Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); ISIC LIMNO CH H4 525 Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Xavier A. Jeanbourquin
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials(LIMNO); Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); ISIC LIMNO CH H4 525 Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Kevin Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials(LIMNO); Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); ISIC LIMNO CH H4 525 Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
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19
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Xiang X, Shao W, Liang L, Chen XQ, Zhao FG, Lu Z, Wang W, Li J, Li WS. Photovoltaic poly(rod-coil) polymers based on benzodithiophene-centred A–D–A type conjugated segments and dicarboxylate-linked alkyl non-conjugated segments. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01200k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different from the well-studied photovoltaic conjugated polymers and small molecular compounds, poly(rod-coil) polymers are emerging as a new class of photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xiang
- Department of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Wei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Long Liang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Xue-Qiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Fu-Gang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Zhengquan Lu
- Engineering Research Centre of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials
- Zhongzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Wenwu Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials
- Zhongzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Engineering Research Centre of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials
- Zhongzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Wei-Shi Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou
- China
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