1
|
Roh H, Kim DH, Cho Y, Jo YM, Del Alamo JA, Kulik HJ, Dincă M, Gumyusenge A. Robust Chemiresistive Behavior in Conductive Polymer/MOF Composites. Adv Mater 2024:e2312382. [PMID: 38632844 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials for gas sensing but are often limited to single-use detection. A hybridization strategy is demonstrated synergistically deploying conductive MOFs (cMOFs) and conductive polymers (cPs) as two complementary mixed ionic-electronic conductors in high-performing stand-alone chemiresistors. This work presents significant improvement in i) sensor recovery kinetics, ii) cycling stability, and iii) dynamic range at room temperature. The effect of hybridization across well-studied cMOFs is demonstrated based on 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP) and 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene (HITP) ligands with varied metal nodes (Co, Cu, Ni). A comprehensive mechanistic study is conducted to relate energy band alignments at the heterojunctions between the MOFs and the polymer with sensing thermodynamics and binding kinetics. The findings reveal that hole enrichment of the cMOF component upon hybridization leads to selective enhancement in desorption kinetics, enabling significantly improved sensor recovery at room temperature, and thus long-term response retention. This mechanism is further supported by density functional theory calculations on sorbate-analyte interactions. It is also found that alloying cPs and cMOFs enables facile thin film co-processing and device integration, potentially unlocking the use of these hybrid conductors in diverse electronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Roh
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Dong-Ha Kim
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yeongsu Cho
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Young-Moo Jo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jesús A Del Alamo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab, 75 Binney St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Aristide Gumyusenge
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang GG, Kim DH, Samal S, Choi J, Roh H, Cunin CE, Lee HM, Kim SO, Dincă M, Gumyusenge A. Polymer-Based Thermally Stable Chemiresistive Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring of NO 2 Gas Emission. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3687-3692. [PMID: 37721017 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a thermally stable, mechanically compliant, and sensitive polymer-based NO2 gas sensor design. Interconnected nanoscale morphology driven from spinodal decomposition between conjugated polymers tethered with polar side chains and thermally stable matrix polymers offers judicious design of NO2-sensitive and thermally tolerant thin films. The resulting chemiresitive sensors exhibit stable NO2 sensing even at 170 °C over 6 h. Controlling the density of polar side chains along conjugated polymer backbone enables optimal design for coupling high NO2 sensitivity, selectivity, and thermal stability of polymer sensors. Lastly, thermally stable films are used to implement chemiresistive sensors onto flexible and heat-resistant substrates and demonstrate a reliable gas sensing response even after 500 bending cycles at 170 °C. Such unprecedented sensor performance as well as environmental stability are promising for real-time monitoring of gas emission from vehicles and industrial chemical processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geon Gug Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dong-Ha Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sanket Samal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jungwoo Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Heejung Roh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Camille E Cunin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hyuck Mo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aristide Gumyusenge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Samal S, Roh H, Cunin CE, Yang GG, Gumyusenge A. Molecularly Hybridized Conduction in DPP-Based Donor-Acceptor Copolymers toward High-Performance Iono-Electronics. Small 2023; 19:e2207554. [PMID: 36734196 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Iono-electronics, that is, transducing devices able to translate ionic injection into electrical output, continue to demand a variety of mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs). Though polar sidechains are widely used in designing novel polymer MIECs, it remains unclear to chemists how much balance is needed between the two antagonistic modes of transport (ion permeability and electronic charge transport) to yield high-performance materials. Here, the impact of molecularly hybridizing ion permeability and charge mobility in semiconducting polymers on their performance in electrochemical and synaptic transistors is investigated. A series of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based copolymers are employed to demonstrate the multifunctionality attained by controlling the density of polar sidechains along the backbone. Notably, efficient electrochemical signal transduction and reliable synaptic plasticity are demonstrated via controlled ion insertion and retention. The newly designed DPP-based copolymers further demonstrate unprecedented thermal tolerance among organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors, a key property in the manufacturing of organic electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Samal
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Heejung Roh
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Camille E Cunin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Geon Gug Yang
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Aristide Gumyusenge
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cunin C, Gumyusenge A. Vertical architecture improves performance of transistor family. Nature 2023; 613:444-445. [PMID: 36653558 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-00026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
5
|
Tan STM, Gumyusenge A, Quill TJ, LeCroy GS, Bonacchini GE, Denti I, Salleo A. Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conduction, a Multifunctional Property in Organic Conductors. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2110406. [PMID: 35434865 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) have gained recent interest and rapid development due to their versatility in diverse applications ranging from sensing, actuation and computation to energy harvesting/storage, and information transfer. Their multifunctional properties arise from their ability to simultaneously participate in redox reactions as well as modulation of ionic and electronic charge density throughout the bulk of the material. Most importantly, the ability to access charge states with deep modulation through a large extent of its density of states and physical volume of the material enables OMIEC-based devices to display exciting new characteristics and opens up new degrees of freedom in device design. Leveraging the infinite possibilities of the organic synthetic toolbox, this perspective highlights several chemical and structural design approaches to modify OMIECs' properties important in device applications such as electronic and ionic conductivity, color, modulus, etc. Additionally, the ability for OMIECs to respond to external stimuli and transduce signals to myriad types of outputs has accelerated their development in smart systems. This perspective further illustrates how various stimuli such as electrical, chemical, and optical inputs fundamentally change OMIECs' properties dynamically and how these changes can be utilized in device applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siew Ting Melissa Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aristide Gumyusenge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tyler James Quill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Garrett Swain LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Giorgio Ernesto Bonacchini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Ilaria Denti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gumyusenge A, Tran DT, Luo X, Pitch GM, Zhao Y, Jenkins KA, Dunn TJ, Ayzner AL, Savoie BM, Mei J. Semiconducting polymer blends that exhibit stable charge transport at high temperatures. Science 2019; 362:1131-1134. [PMID: 30523104 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although high-temperature operation (i.e., beyond 150°C) is of great interest for many electronics applications, achieving stable carrier mobilities for organic semiconductors at elevated temperatures is fundamentally challenging. We report a general strategy to make thermally stable high-temperature semiconducting polymer blends, composed of interpenetrating semicrystalline conjugated polymers and high glass-transition temperature insulating matrices. When properly engineered, such polymer blends display a temperature-insensitive charge transport behavior with hole mobility exceeding 2.0 cm2/V·s across a wide temperature range from room temperature up to 220°C in thin-film transistors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aristide Gumyusenge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dung T Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xuyi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gregory M Pitch
- Department of Physical & Biological Sciences-Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kaelon A Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tim J Dunn
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Alexander L Ayzner
- Department of Physical & Biological Sciences-Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gumyusenge A, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Mei J. Attaining Melt Processing of Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends at 130 °C via Side-Chain Engineering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:4904-4909. [PMID: 29338181 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Complementary semiconducting polymer blends (c-SPBs) have been proposed and tested to achieve melt-processed high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Prior to this study, melt processing requires temperatures as high as 180 °C. To implement this technique into low-cost and large-area thin-film manufacturing for flexible organic electronics, semiconducting materials meltable at temperatures tolerable by ubiquitous plastic substrates are still needed. We report here the design and melt processing of a c-SPB consisting of a matrix polymer (DPP-C5) and its fully conjugated analogue. By utilizing a siloxane-terminated alkyl chain and a branched alkyl chain as solubilizing groups, the matrix polymer DPP-C5 presents a melting temperature of 115 °C. The resulting c-SPB containing as low as 5% of the fully conjugated polymer could be melt-processed at 130 °C. The obtained OFET devices exhibit hole mobility approaching 1.0 cm2/(V s), threshold voltages below 5 V, and ION/IOFF around 105. This combination of efficient charge-carrier transport and considerably low processing temperatures bode well for melt processing of semiconducting polymer-based organic electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aristide Gumyusenge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xikang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , 1205 W State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao X, Xue G, Qu G, Singhania V, Zhao Y, Butrouna K, Gumyusenge A, Diao Y, Graham KR, Li H, Mei J. Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends: Influence of Side Chains of Matrix Polymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guobiao Xue
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, State
Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ge Qu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | | | - Kamal Butrouna
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | | | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Graham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Hanying Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, State
Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xue G, Zhao X, Qu G, Xu T, Gumyusenge A, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Diao Y, Li H, Mei J. Symmetry Breaking in Side Chains Leading to Mixed Orientations and Improved Charge Transport in Isoindigo-alt-Bithiophene Based Polymer Thin Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:25426-25433. [PMID: 28704039 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The selection of side chains is important in design of conjugated polymers. It not only affects their intrinsic physical properties, but also has an impact on thin film morphologies. Recent reports suggested that a face-on/edge-on bimodal orientation observed in polymer thin films may be responsible for a three-dimensional (3D) charge transport and leads to dramatically improved mobility in donor-acceptor based conjugated polymers. To achieve a bimodal orientation in thin films has been seldom explored from the aspect of molecular design. Here, we demonstrate a design strategy involving the use of asymmetric side chains that enables an isoindigo-based polymer to adopt a distinct bimodal orientation, confirmed by the grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. As a result, the polymer presents an average high mobility of 3.8 ± 0.7 cm2 V-1 s-1 with a maximum value of 5.1 cm2 V-1 s-1, in comparison with 0.47 and 0.51 cm2 V-1 s-1 obtained from the two reference polymers. This study exemplifies a new strategy to develop the next generation polymers through understanding the property-structure relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guobiao Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xikang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ge Qu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tianbai Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Aristide Gumyusenge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhuorui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hanying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao Y, Zhao X, Roders M, Gumyusenge A, Ayzner AL, Mei J. Melt-Processing of Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends for High Performance Organic Transistors. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1605056. [PMID: 27918118 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Melt-processing of complementary semiconducting polymer blends provides an average charge carrier mobility of 0.4 cm2 V-1 s-1 and current on/off ratios higher than 105 , a record performance for melt-processed organic field-effect transistors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xikang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael Roders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | | | - Alexander L Ayzner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|