1
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St-Germain JB, Zhao Y. Synthesis of body temperature-triggerable dynamic liquid crystal elastomers using Diels-Alder crosslinkers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39323253 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Novel liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) with solely Diels-Alder dynamic covalent bonds (DADCBs) as crosslinks and body temperature sensitivity have been developed. The appealing attributes of the material, such as recyclability, reprogrammability and reconfigurability, have led to soft actuators capable of reversible deformation stimulated by shifting between ambient and body temperature, highlighting the potential for innovative applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Zhao
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Bd de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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2
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Lei Z, Chen H, Huang S, Wayment LJ, Xu Q, Zhang W. New Advances in Covalent Network Polymers via Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7829-7906. [PMID: 38829268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Covalent network polymers, as materials composed of atoms interconnected by covalent bonds in a continuous network, are known for their thermal and chemical stability. Over the past two decades, these materials have undergone significant transformations, gaining properties such as malleability, environmental responsiveness, recyclability, crystallinity, and customizable porosity, enabled by the development and integration of dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC). In this review, we explore the innovative realm of covalent network polymers by focusing on the recent advances achieved through the application of DCvC. We start by examining the history and fundamental principles of DCvC, detailing its inception and core concepts and noting its key role in reversible covalent bond formation. Then the reprocessability of covalent network polymers enabled by DCvC is thoroughly discussed, starting from the significant milestones that marked the evolution of these polymers and progressing to their current trends and applications. The influence of DCvC on the crystallinity of covalent network polymers is then reviewed, covering their bond diversity, synthesis techniques, and functionalities. In the concluding section, we address the current challenges faced in the field of covalent network polymers and speculates on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Lacey J Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Qiucheng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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3
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Choi SH, Kim JH, Ahn J, Kim T, Jung Y, Won D, Bang J, Pyun KR, Jeong S, Kim H, Kim YG, Ko SH. Phase patterning of liquid crystal elastomers by laser-induced dynamic crosslinking. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:834-843. [PMID: 38532072 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers hold promise in various fields due to their reversible transition of mechanical and optical properties across distinct phases. However, the lack of local phase patterning techniques and irreversible phase programming has hindered their broad implementation. Here we introduce laser-induced dynamic crosslinking, which leverages the precision and control offered by laser technology to achieve high-resolution multilevel patterning and transmittance modulation. Incorporation of allyl sulfide groups enables adaptive liquid crystal elastomers that can be reconfigured into desired phases or complex patterns. Laser-induced dynamic crosslinking is compatible with existing processing methods and allows the generation of thermo- and strain-responsive patterns that include isotropic, polydomain and monodomain phases within a single liquid crystal elastomer film. We show temporary information encryption at body temperature, expanding the functionality of liquid crystal elastomer devices in wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hwan Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyong Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegyeom Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongju Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyeon Won
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyuk Bang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Pyun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gyu Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Engineering Research / Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design (SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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4
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Yang W, Yan H, Zhang X, Han D, He Y, Li C, Sun L. Programmable Complex Shape Changing of Polysiloxane Main-Chain Liquid Crystalline Elastomers. Molecules 2023; 28:4858. [PMID: 37375413 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are shape-morphing materials whose large and reversible shape transformations are caused by the coupling between the mobile anisotropic properties of liquid crystal (LC) units and the rubber elastic of polymer networks. Their shape-changing behaviors under certain stimuli are largely directed by the LC orientation; therefore, various strategies have been developed to spatially modulate the LC alignments. However, most of these methods are limited as they require complex fabrication technologies or have intrinsic limitations in applicability. To address this issue, programmable complex shape changes in some LCE types, such as polysiloxane side-chain LCEs, thiol-acrylate main-chain LCEs, etc., were achieved by using a mechanical alignment programming process coupled with two-step crosslinking. Here, we report a polysiloxane main-chain LCE with programmable 2- and 3D shape-changing abilities that were created by mechanically programming the polydomain LCE with two crosslinking steps. The resulting LCEs exhibited a reversible thermal-induced shape transformation between the initial and programmed shapes due to the two-way memory between the first and second network structures. Our findings expand on the applications of LCE materials in actuators, soft robotics, and smart structures where arbitrary and easily programmed shape morphing is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiuxiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Wenlong Yang
- Department of Applied Science, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Huixuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Dongxu Han
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yifan He
- Institute of Regulatory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chensha Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Liguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
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5
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Chen M, Gao M, Bai L, Zheng H, Qi HJ, Zhou K. Recent Advances in 4D Printing of Liquid Crystal Elastomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209566. [PMID: 36461147 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are renowned for their large, reversible, and anisotropic shape change in response to various external stimuli due to their lightly cross-linked polymer networks with an oriented mesogen direction, thus showing great potential for applications in robotics, bio-medics, electronics, optics, and energy. To fully take advantage of the anisotropic stimuli-responsive behaviors of LCEs, it is preferable to achieve a locally controlled mesogen alignment into monodomain orientations. In recent years, the application of 4D printing to LCEs opens new doors for simultaneously programming the mesogen alignment and the 3D geometry, offering more opportunities and higher feasibility for the fabrication of 4D-printed LCE objects with desirable stimuli-responsive properties. Here, the state-of-the-art advances in 4D printing of LCEs are reviewed, with emphasis on both the mechanisms and potential applications. First, the fundamental properties of LCEs and the working principles of the representative 4D printing techniques are briefly introduced. Then, the fabrication of LCEs by 4D printing techniques and the advantages over conventional manufacturing methods are demonstrated. Finally, perspectives on the current challenges and potential development trends toward the 4D printing of LCEs are discussed, which may shed light on future research directions in this new field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Gao
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lichun Bai
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - H Jerry Qi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Kun Zhou
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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6
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Chen SJ, Cheng HF, Du B, Liu JS, Shen WB, Zhuo HT. Programming Shape-Morphing Behavior of Zwitterionic Polymer/Liquid Crystal Composite with Humidity-responsive Self-healing Performance. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Gao J, He Y, Cong X, Yi H, Guo J. Reconfigurable Fluorescent Liquid Crystal Elastomers for Integrated Visual and Haptic Information Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:53348-53358. [PMID: 36395006 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid advancements in information technology require new information storage and display materials. However, the development of on-demand information storage systems with multiple modes remains a significant challenge. As a pioneering approach, this study designed an integrated visual and haptic information storage and display using a reconfigurable fluorescent liquid crystal elastomer (FLCE) with dynamic covalent bonds. The FLCEs were fabricated in two steps of amine-acrylate aza-Michael addition and photopolymerization, and they simultaneously exhibited phototunable fluorescence caused by the reversible Z/E photoisomerization of the chromophores and a reprogrammable shape owing to the catalyst-free transesterification. In addition, we established various information storage and display modes featuring the characteristics of reversibly photoswitchable fluorescence, shape memory, and thermally reconfigurable shape with a reconfigurable FLCE system. Moreover, a strategy to display the information by incorporating both visual and haptic feedback is implemented for fulfilling the needs of the visually impaired and related users. Such reconfigurable FLCE systems will aid in the development of on-demand information storage, display, and protection devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Yanrong He
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Xiaoyang Cong
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Huijie Yi
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Jinbao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
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8
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Dugas LD, Walker WD, Shankar R, Hoppmeyer KS, Thornell TL, Morgan SE, Storey RF, Patton DL, Simon YC. Diketoenamine-based Vitrimers via Thiol-ene photopolymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200249. [PMID: 35856189 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Likened to both thermosets and thermoplastics, vitrimers are a unique class of materials that combine remarkable stability, healability, and reprocessability. Herein, we describe a photopolymerized thiol-ene-based vitrimer that undergoes dynamic covalent exchanges through uncatalyzed transamination of enamines derived from cyclic β-triketones, whereby the low energy barrier for exchange facilitates reprocessing and enables rapid depolymerization. Accordingly, we devised an alkene-functionalized β-triketone, 5,5-dimethyl-2-(pent-4-enoyl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione, which was reacted with 1,6-diaminohexane in a stoichiometrically imbalanced fashion (∼1:0.85 primary amine:triketone). The resulting networks exhibited subambient glass transition temperature (Tg = 5.66°C) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Using a Maxwell stress-relaxation fit, the topology freezing temperature (Tv ) was calculated to be -32°C. Small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) rheological analysis enabled us to identify a practical critical temperature above which the vitrimer could be successfully reprocessed (Tv,eff ). Via the introduction of excess primary amines, we could readily degrade the networks into monomeric precursors, which were in turn reacted with diamines to regenerate reprocessable networks. Photopolymerization provides unique spatiotemporal control over the network topology, thereby opening the path for further investigation of vitrimer properties. As such, this work expands the toolbox of chemical upcycling of networks and enables their wider implementation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan D Dugas
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - William D Walker
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Rahul Shankar
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Keely S Hoppmeyer
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Travis L Thornell
- US Army, Engineering Research & Development Center, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Sarah E Morgan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Robson F Storey
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Derek L Patton
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Yoan C Simon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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9
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Guan Z, Wang L, Bae J. Advances in 4D printing of liquid crystalline elastomers: materials, techniques, and applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:1825-1849. [PMID: 35504034 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are polymer networks exhibiting anisotropic liquid crystallinity while maintaining elastomeric properties. Owing to diverse polymeric forms and self-alignment molecular behaviors, LCEs have fascinated state-of-the-art efforts in various disciplines other than the traditional low-molar-mass display market. By patterning order to structures, LCEs demonstrate reversible high-speed and large-scale actuations in response to external stimuli, allowing for close integration with 4D printing and architectures of digital devices, which is scarcely observed in homogeneous soft polymer networks. In this review, we collect recent advances in 4D printing of LCEs, with emphases on synthesis and processing methods that enable microscopic changes in the molecular orientation and hence macroscopic changes in the properties of end-use objects. Promising potentials of printed complexes include fields of soft robotics, optics, and biomedical devices. Within this scope, we elucidate the relationships among external stimuli, tailorable morphologies in mesophases of liquid crystals, and programmable topological configurations of printed parts. Lastly, perspectives and potential challenges facing 4D printing of LCEs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhecun Guan
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Jinhye Bae
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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10
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Orrillo AG, Furlan RLE. Sulfur in Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201168. [PMID: 35447003 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur has been important in dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) since the beginning of the field. Mainly as part of disulfides and thioesters, dynamic sulfur-based bonds (DSBs) have a leading role in several remarkable reactions. Part of this success is due to the almost ideal properties of DSBs for the preparation of dynamic covalent systems, including high reactivity and good reversibility under mild aqueous conditions, the possibility of exploiting supramolecular interactions, access to isolable structures, and easy experimental control to turn the reaction on/off. DCC is currently witnessing an increase in the importance of DSBs. The chemical flexibility offered by DSBs opens the door to multiple applications. This Review presents an overview of all the DSBs used in DCC, their applications, and remarks on the interesting properties that they confer on dynamic chemical systems, especially those containing several DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gastón Orrillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Ricardo L E Furlan
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET, Suipacha 531, Rosario, S2002LRK, Argentina
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11
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Shi X, He X, Luo C, Chung C, Ding Y, Yu K. Influences of material and processing conditions on the depolymerization speed of anhydride-cured epoxy during the solvent-assisted recycling. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Chen G, Jin B, Shi Y, Zhao Q, Shen Y, Xie T. Rapidly and Repeatedly Reprogrammable Liquid Crystalline Elastomer via a Shape Memory Mechanism. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201679. [PMID: 35357046 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Realization of muscle-like actuation for a liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) requires mesogen alignment, which is typically achieved/fixed chemically during the synthesis. Post-synthesis regulation of the alignment in a convenient and repeatable manner is highly desirable yet challenging. Here, a dual-phase LCE network is designed and synthesized with a crystalline melting transition above a liquid crystalline transition. The crystalline phase can serve as an "alignment frame" to fix any mechanical deformation via a shape memory mechanism, leading to corresponding mesogen alignment in the liquid crystalline phase. The alignment can be erased by melting, which can be the starting point for reprogramming. This strategy that relies on a physical shape memory transition for mesogen alignment permits repeated reprogramming in a timescale of seconds, in stark contrast to typical methods. It further leads to unusual versatility in designing 3D printed LCE with unlimited programmable actuation modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guancong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Binjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yunpeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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13
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Orrillo AG, Furlan RLE. Sulfur in Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Gastón Orrillo
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas Organic Chemistry Suipacha 530 2000 Rosario ARGENTINA
| | - Ricardo L. E. Furlan
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario Facultad de Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas Organic Chemistry Suipacha 530 2000 Rosario ARGENTINA
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14
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Li Y, Liu T, Ambrogi V, Rios O, Xia M, He W, Yang Z. Liquid Crystalline Elastomers Based on Click Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14842-14858. [PMID: 35319184 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) have emerged as an important class of functional materials that are suitable for a wide range of applications, such as sensors, actuators, and soft robotics. The unique properties of LCEs originate from the combination between liquid crystal and elastomeric network. The control of macroscopic liquid crystalline orientation and network structure is crucial to realizing the useful functionalities of LCEs. A variety of chemistries have been developed to fabricate LCEs, including hydrosilylation, free radical polymerization of acrylate, and polyaddition of epoxy and carboxylic acid. Over the past few years, the use of click chemistry has become a more robust and energy-efficient way to construct LCEs with desired structures. This article provides an overview of emerging LCEs based on click chemistries, including aza-Michael addition between amine and acrylate, radical-mediated thiol-ene and thiol-yne reactions, base-catalyzed thiol-acrylate and thiol-epoxy reactions, copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, and Diels-Alder cycloaddition. The similarities and differences of these reactions are discussed, with particular attention focused on the strengths and limitations of each reaction for the preparation of LCEs with controlled structures and orientations. The compatibility of these reactions with the traditional and emerging processing techniques, such as surface alignment and additive manufacturing, are surveyed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using click chemistry for the design of LCEs with advanced functionalities and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tuan Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli 80125, Italy
| | - Orlando Rios
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Min Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanli He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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15
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Saed M, Gablier A, Terentjev EM. Exchangeable Liquid Crystalline Elastomers and Their Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4927-4945. [PMID: 33596647 PMCID: PMC8915166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This Review presents and discusses the current state of the art in "exchangeable liquid crystalline elastomers", that is, LCE materials utilizing dynamically cross-linked networks capable of reprocessing, reprogramming, and recycling. The focus here is on the chemistry and the specific reaction mechanisms that enable the dynamic bond exchange, of which there is a variety. We compare and contrast these different chemical mechanisms and the key properties of their resulting elastomers. In the conclusion, we discuss the most promising applications that are enabled by dynamic cross-linking and present a summary table: a library of currently available materials and their main characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohand
O. Saed
- Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Alexandra Gablier
- Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Eugene M. Terentjev
- Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
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16
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Hong HJ, Park SY. Effects of network structure of main-chain liquid crystal elastomer on its thermal actuation performance. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Chen S, Lu W, Zhang J, He H, Cang Y, Pan X, Zhu J. Thermally Driven Diselenide Metathesis: Polarization Process vs Radical Process. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:264-269. [PMID: 35574779 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diselenide, as a dynamic covalent bond, has been widely applied in functional materials due to its response to light, heat, sonication, pH, and other stimuli. Herein, a polarization-induced metathesis mechanism for diselenides under heating conditions in the dark is proposed. First, a radical trap experiment is used to prove that the exchange reaction of diselenides in the dark does not involve any radicals. Second, the dynamic exchange reaction of diselenides is found to be affected not only by the polarity of the solvent but also by the introduction of polar groups into the molecular skeleton. Furthermore, DFT calculations also support the notion that polarity has a large effect on the heterolytic rather than homolytic bond dissociation energies. The experimental results for allyl selenide small molecules, polymers, and polymer materials catalyzed by diselenide all support the polarization-induced metathesis mechanism. In short, we successfully enhanced the understanding of the mechanism for diselenide metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Weihong Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Hanliang He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Yujie Cang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
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18
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Jin B, Liu J, Shi Y, Chen G, Zhao Q, Yang S. Solvent-Assisted 4D Programming and Reprogramming of Liquid Crystalline Organogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107855. [PMID: 34808005 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Encoding molecular ordering during liquid crystalline network (LCN) formation endows preprogrammed but fixed shape morphing in response to external stimuli. The incorporation of dynamic covalent bonds enables shape reprogramming but also permanently alters the network structures. Here, an entropic approach that can program complex shapes via directed solvent evaporation from an isotropic LCN organogel is discoursed. Different shapes can be erased and reprogrammed from the same LCN on demand depending on the modes of deformation of the organogel during solvent evaporation. The ability to decouple network synthesis and molecular alignment relaxes the requirements to LCN chemistry and alignment methods, allowing for the realization of a variety of origami/kirigami structures and 4D shape morphing of LCNs printed from the digital light processing technique with unattainable spatial and temporal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjie Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38th Zheda Road, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yunpeng Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38th Zheda Road, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Guancong Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38th Zheda Road, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38th Zheda Road, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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19
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Tang D, Zhang L, Zhang X, Xu L, Li K, Zhang A. Bio-Mimetic Actuators of a Photothermal-Responsive Vitrimer Liquid Crystal Elastomer with Robust, Self-Healing, Shape Memory, and Reconfigurable Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1929-1939. [PMID: 34964343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soft actuators with apparent uniqueness in exhibiting complex shape morphing are highly desirable for artificial intelligence applications. However, for the majority of soft actuators, in general, it is challenging to achieve versatility, durability, and configurability simultaneously. Enormous works are devoted to meet the multifunctional smart actuators, to little effect. Herein, self-healing and bio-mimetic smart actuators are proposed based on azobenzene chromophores and dynamic disulfide bonds. Benefiting from the dynamic and drivable vitrimer liquid crystal elastomer (V-LCE) materials, a series of actuators with single or compound dynamic three-dimensional structures were fabricated, which were capable of double-stimuli response and complex "bionic" motions, such as the blooming of a flower, grasping and loosening an object, and so forth. Moreover, these flexible actuators showed fascinating properties, such as high robustness, excellent elasticity-plasticity shape-memory properties (Rf and Rr are close to 100%), easily reconfigurable property, and self-healing. This smart V-LCE provides a guideline to design and fabricate soft versatility actuators, which has prospects for developing smart bionic and artificial intelligence devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Liqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Aimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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20
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Zhang C, Lu X, Wang Z, Xia H. Progress in Utilizing Dynamic Bonds to Fabricate Structurally Adaptive Self-Healing, Shape Memory, and Liquid Crystal Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100768. [PMID: 34964192 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive structurally dynamic polymers are capable of mimicking the biological systems to adapt themselves to the surrounding environmental changes and subsequently exhibiting a wide range of responses ranging from self-healing to complex shape-morphing. Dynamic self-healing polymers (SHPs), shape-memory polymers (SMPs) and liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), which are three representative examples of stimuli-responsive structurally dynamic polymers, have been attracting broad and growing interest in recent years because of their potential applications in the fields of electronic skin, sensors, soft robots, artificial muscles, and so on. We review recent advances and challenges in the developments towards dynamic SHPs, SMPs and LCEs, focusing on the chemistry strategies and the dynamic reaction mechanisms that enhance the performances of the materials including self-healing, reprocessing and reprogramming. We compare and discuss the different dynamic chemistries and their mechanisms on the enhanced functions of the materials, where three summary tables are presented: a library of dynamic bonds and the resulting characteristics of the materials. Finally, we provide a critical outline of the unresolved issues and future perspectives on the emerging developments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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21
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Zhou X, Ren L, Liu Q, Song Z, Wu Q, He Y, Li B, Ren L. Advances in Field-Assisted 3D Printing of Bio-Inspired Composites: From Bioprototyping to Manufacturing. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100332. [PMID: 34784100 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biocomposite systems evolve to superior structural strategies in adapting to their living environments, using limited materials to form functionality superior to their inherent properties. The synergy of physical-field and Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies creates unprecedented opportunities that overcome the limitations of traditional manufacturing methods and enable the precise replication of bio-enhanced structures. Here, an overview of typical structural designs in biocomposite systems, their functions and properties, are provided and the recent advances in bio-inspired composites using mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and ultrasound-field-assisted 3D printing techniques are highlighted. Finally, in order to realize the preparation of bionic functional devices and equipment with more superior functions, here an outlook on the development of field-assisted 3D printing technology from three aspects are provided: Materials, technology, and post-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Qingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyi Song
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yulin He
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Bingqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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22
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Liu C, Tan Y, He C, Ji S, Xu H. Unconstrained 3D Shape Programming with Light-Induced Stress Gradient. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2105194. [PMID: 34476852 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Programming 2D sheets to form 3D shapes is significant for flexible electronics, soft robots, and biomedical devices. Stress regulation is one of the most used methods, during which external force is usually needed to keep the stress, leading to complex processing setups. Here, by introducing dynamic diselenide bonds into shape-memory materials, unconstrained shape programming with light is achieved. The material could hold and release internal stress by themselves through the shape-memory effect, simplifying programming setups. The fixed stress could be relaxed by light to form stress gradients, leading to out-of-plane deformations through asymmetric contractions. Benefiting from the variability of light irradiation, complex 3D configurations can be obtained conveniently from 2D polymer sheets. Besides, remotely controlled "4D assembly" and actuation, including object transportation and self-lifting, can be achieved by sequential deformation. Taking advantage of the high spatial resolution of light, this material can also produce 3D microscopic patterns. The light-induced stress gradients significantly simplify 3D shape programming procedures with improved resolution and complexity and have great potential in soft robots, smart actuators, and anti-counterfeiting techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yizheng Tan
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chaowei He
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shaobo Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Huaping Xu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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23
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Luo P, Xiang S, Li C, Zhu M. Photomechanical polymer hydrogels based on molecular photoswitches. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng‐Fei Luo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), School of Optics and Electronic Information Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Shi‐Li Xiang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), School of Optics and Electronic Information Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Chong Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), School of Optics and Electronic Information Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ming‐Qiang Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), School of Optics and Electronic Information Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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24
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Han J, Xie C, Huang YS, Wagner M, Liu W, Zeng X, Liu J, Sun S, Koynov K, Butt HJ, Wu S. Ru-Se Coordination: A New Dynamic Bond for Visible-Light-Responsive Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12736-12744. [PMID: 34346213 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic bonds are stable in the dark and can reversibly dissociate/form under light irradiation. Photodynamic bonds are promising building blocks for responsive or healable materials, photoactivated drugs, nanocarriers, extracellular matrices, etc. However, reactive intermediates from photodynamic bonds usually lead to side reactions, which limit the use of photodynamic bonds. Here, we report that the Ru-Se coordination bond is a new photodynamic bond that reversibly dissociates under mild visible-light-irradiation conditions. We observed that Ru-Se bonds form via the coordination of a selenoether ligand with [Ru(tpy)(biq)(H2O)]Cl2 (tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, biq = 2,2'-biquinoline) in the dark, while the Ru-Se bond reversibly dissociates under visible-light irradiation. No side reaction is detected in the formation and dissociation of Ru-Se bonds. To demonstrate that the Ru-Se bond is applicable to different operating environments, we prepared photoresponsive amphiphiles, surfaces, and polymer gels using Ru-Se bonds. The amphiphiles with Ru-Se bonds showed reversible morphological transitions between spherical micelles and bowl-shaped assemblies for dark/light irradiation cycles. The surfaces modified with Ru-Se-bond-containing compounds showed photoswitchable wettability. Polymer gels with Ru-Se cross-links underwent photoinduced reversible sol-gel transitions, which can be used for reshaping and healing. Our work demonstrates that the Ru-Se bond is a new type of dynamic bond, which can be used for constructing responsive, reprocessable, switchable, and healable materials that work in a variety of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chaoming Xie
- Key Lab of Advanced Technologies of Materials Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Shuai Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wendong Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jiahui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shijie Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Butt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Si Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
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25
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Sun D, Zhang J, Li H, Shi Z, Meng Q, Liu S, Chen J, Liu X. Toward Application of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer for Smart Robotics: State of the Art and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1889. [PMID: 34204168 PMCID: PMC8201031 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are lightly crosslinked polymers that combine liquid crystalline order and rubber elasticity. Owing to their unique anisotropic behavior and reversible shape responses to external stimulation (temperature, light, etc.), LCEs have emerged as preferred candidates for actuators, artificial muscles, sensors, smart robots, or other intelligent devices. Herein, we discuss the basic action, control mechanisms, phase transitions, and the structure-property correlation of LCEs; this review provides a comprehensive overview of LCEs for applications in actuators and other smart devices. Furthermore, the synthesis and processing of liquid crystal elastomer are briefly discussed, and the current challenges and future opportunities are prospected. With all recent progress pertaining to material design, sophisticated manipulation, and advanced applications presented, a vision for the application of LCEs in the next generation smart robots or automatic action systems is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (Q.M.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Juzhong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (Q.M.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Hongpeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China;
| | - Zhengya Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (Q.M.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Qi Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (Q.M.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Shuiren Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (Q.M.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Jinzhou Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (Q.M.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Xuying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (Q.M.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
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26
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Sun D, Lu T, Wang T. Nonlinear photoelasticity of rubber-like soft materials: comparison between theory and experiment. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4998-5005. [PMID: 33903872 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00267h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoelasticity often refers to the birefringence effect of materials induced by elastic deformation. Recently, many experiments on the photoelasticity of soft materials have been reported. However, the experimental results are mainly qualitative observations and lack any theoretical analysis. In this paper, we revisit Treloar's and Arruda's models of nonlinear photoelasticity for rubber-like materials. Both models establish the intrinsic relationship between stretch and birefringence, based on the statistics of chain polarizability and a network theory. We discuss the difference of the two models and build an experimental setup to measure the birefringence of PDMS samples as a function of stress/stretch. We vary the curing ratio of PDMS to study the effect of chain density on birefringence and compare with Treloar's theory. We further use experimental data of double-network hydrogels in the literature to compare with theory and find that when the deformation is large compared with the limiting stretch of the material, Arruda's model fits the experimental data much better than Treloar's model. This work presents a basis of using the theory of nonlinear photoelasticity to guide the analysis of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Sun
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Soft Machines Lab, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Tongqing Lu
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Soft Machines Lab, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Tiejun Wang
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Soft Machines Lab, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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27
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Wang Z, Cai S. Recent progress in dynamic covalent chemistries for liquid crystal elastomers. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:6610-6623. [PMID: 32555841 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00754d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) have recently shown great potential in the applications of soft robotics, biomedical devices, active morphing structures, self-regulating systems and biomimetic demonstrations. Physical properties of LCEs highly depend on their crosslinking and the alignment of mesogens in the polymer network. Different strategies have been adopted to control and program the alignment of mesogens in LCEs over the recent decades, including stretching a loosely crosslinked LCE during its second-step crosslinking reaction, application of a strong magnetic or electrical field onto an LCE during its crosslinking process, and crosslinking a LCE thin film on the top of a surface with predesigned molecular texture. In the most recent decade, dynamic covalent bonds, which can undergo exchange reactions with or without external stimuli, have been introduced into LCEs to enable facile programing of mesogen orientation in the elastomer. In addition to the programmability, the LCEs with dynamic covalent bonds have also shown great recyclability, self-healing abilities and reprogrammability. In this article, we will review the recent progress in the synthesis, programming and application of LCEs with dynamic covalent bonds. We will also discuss the challenges and research opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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28
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Shi X, Ge Q, Lu H, Yu K. The nonequilibrium behaviors of covalent adaptable network polymers during the topology transition. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2104-2119. [PMID: 33439193 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01471k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vitrimers with bond exchange reactions (BERs) are a class of covalent adaptable network (CAN) polymers at the forefront of recent polymer research. They exhibit malleable and self-healable behaviors and combine the advantages of easy processability of thermoplastics and excellent mechanical properties of thermosets. For thermally sensitive vitrimers, a molecular topology melting/frozen transition is triggered when the BERs are activated to rearrange the network architecture. Notable volume expansion and stress relaxation are accompanied, which can be used to identify the BER activation temperature and rate as well as to determine the malleability and interfacial welding kinetics of vitrimers. Existing works on vitrimers reveal the rate-dependent behaviors of the nonequilibrium network during the topology transition. However, it remains unclear what the quantitative relationship with heating rate is, and how it will affect the macroscopic stress relaxation. In this paper, we study the responses of an epoxy-based vitrimer subjected to a change in temperature and mechanical loading during the topology transition. Using thermal expansion tests, the thermal strain evolution is shown to depend on the temperature-changing rate, which reveals the nonequilibrium states with rate-dependent structural relaxation. The influences of structural relaxation on the stress relaxation behaviors are examined in both uniaxial tension and compression modes. Assisted by a theoretical model, the study reveals how to tune the material and thermal-temporal conditions to promote the contribution of BERs during the reprocessing of vitrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA. and National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Ge
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haibao Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA.
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29
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Zheng N, Xu Y, Zhao Q, Xie T. Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks: A Molecular Platform for Designing Functions beyond Chemical Recycling and Self-Healing. Chem Rev 2021; 121:1716-1745. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, People’s Republic of China
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30
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Chen S, Liu M, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Pan X, Zhu X. Photoresponsive dynamic covalent bond based on addition–fragmentation chain transfer of allyl selenides. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01730b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new dynamic covalent bond allyl selenide that can undergo a reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer reaction under ultraviolet irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Ming Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Jian Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
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31
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Lahikainen M, Kuntze K, Zeng H, Helantera S, Hecht S, Priimagi A. Tunable Photomechanics in Diarylethene-Driven Liquid Crystal Network Actuators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:47939-47947. [PMID: 32975926 PMCID: PMC7586294 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The response of soft actuators made of stimuli-responsive materials can be phenomenologically described by a stimulus-deformation curve, depicting the controllability and sensitivity of the actuator system. Manipulating such stimulus-deformation curve allows fabricating soft microrobots with reconfigurable actuation behavior, which is not easily achievable using conventional materials. Here, we report a light-driven actuator based on a liquid crystal polymer network containing diarylethene (DAE) photoswitches as cross-links, in which the stimulus-deformation curve under visible-light illumination is tuned with UV light. The tuning is brought about by the reversible electrocyclization of the DAE units. Because of the excellent thermal stability of the visible-absorbing closed-form DAEs, the absorbance of the actuator can be optically fixed to a desired value, which in turn dictates the efficiency of photothermally induced deformation. We employ the controllability in devising a logical AND gate with macroscopic output, i.e., an actuator that bends negligibly under UV or visible light irradiation, but with profound shape change when addressed to both simultaneously. The results provide design tools for reconfigurable microrobotics and polymer-based logic gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lahikainen
- Smart
Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kim Kuntze
- Smart
Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hao Zeng
- Smart
Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Seidi Helantera
- Smart
Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department
of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz
Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute
of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart
Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
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32
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Corrigan N, Ciftci M, Jung K, Boyer C. Gesteuerte Reaktionsorthogonalität in der Polymer‐ und Materialwissenschaft. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Mustafa Ciftci
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science Bursa Technical University Bursa 16310 Turkey
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
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33
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Corrigan N, Ciftci M, Jung K, Boyer C. Mediating Reaction Orthogonality in Polymer and Materials Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1748-1781. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Mustafa Ciftci
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science Bursa Technical University Bursa 16310 Turkey
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
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34
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Chen M, Liang S, Liu C, Liu Y, Wu S. Reconfigurable and Recyclable Photoactuators Based on Azobenzene-Containing Polymers. Front Chem 2020; 8:706. [PMID: 32974276 PMCID: PMC7471039 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactuators are promising smart materials that can adapt their shapes upon light illumination. Smart materials with recycling, reusable, and reconfigurable properties are crucial for a sustainable society, and it is important to expand their function. Recently, much effort was made to address the issue of reprocessability and recyclability of photoactuators. Based on the development of polymer chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, and dynamic covalent chemistry, it is now possible to prepare reconfigurable and recyclable photoactuators using azobenzene-containing polymers (azopolymers). Herein, the recent advances on reconfigurable and reprocessable photoactuators, including dynamic crosslinked networks systems and non-covalently crosslinked azobenzene-containing polymers, were reviewed. We discuss the challenges in the field as well as the directions for the development of such photoactuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsen Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuofeng Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chengwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanli Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Si Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
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35
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He Q, Wang Z, Wang Y, Song Z, Cai S. Recyclable and Self-Repairable Fluid-Driven Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35464-35474. [PMID: 32658448 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) is a newly emerging soft actuating material that has been extensively explored for building novel soft robots and diverse active devices, thanks to its large actuation stress and strain, high work density, and versatile actuation modes. However, there have also been several widely recognized limitations of LCE-based actuators for practical applications, including slow response and narrow range of operation temperature. Herein, we develop fluid-driven disulfide LCE actuators through facile laminate manufacturing enabled by a dynamic bond exchange reaction. Because of the merits of the active heating/cooling mechanism of the fluidic structure, this newly developed disulfide LCE actuator can generate large cyclic actuation at a frequency around 1 Hz and can operate in a wide range of temperatures. The unique combination of the fluidic structure design and the dynamic covalent bonds in the elastomer has also enabled the full recyclability and self-repairability of the actuator. Using the newly developed actuator as building block, we further constructed soft robotic systems that can realize manipulating and programmable movement. The design principle demonstrated in the current work opens a promising avenue for exploring more novel applications of LCE-based soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguang He
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhaoqiang Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shengqiang Cai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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36
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Lyu X, Xiao A, Shi D, Li Y, Shen Z, Chen EQ, Zheng S, Fan XH, Zhou QF. Liquid crystalline polymers: Discovery, development, and the future. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Wang Z, Lu X, Sun S, Yu C, Xia H. Preparation, characterization and properties of intrinsic self-healing elastomers. J Mater Chem B 2020; 7:4876-4926. [PMID: 31411621 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00831d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the development of self-healing synthetic polymer materials in recent years. This review article discusses the recent progress in preparation, characterization and properties of different kinds of intrinsic self-healing elastomers based on reversible covalent bonds and dynamic supramolecular chemistry. Healing conditions, mechanical property recovery and healing efficiency are the main discussion topics. Potential applications, challenges and future prospects in self-healing elastomer fields are also discussed in the last part of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhua Wang
- State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Xili Lu
- State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Shaojie Sun
- State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Changjiang Yu
- State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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38
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McCracken JM, Donovan BR, White TJ. Materials as Machines. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906564. [PMID: 32133704 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Machines are systems that harness input power to extend or advance function. Fundamentally, machines are based on the integration of materials with mechanisms to accomplish tasks-such as generating motion or lifting an object. An emerging research paradigm is the design, synthesis, and integration of responsive materials within or as machines. Herein, a particular focus is the integration of responsive materials to enable robotic (machine) functions such as gripping, lifting, or motility (walking, crawling, swimming, and flying). Key functional considerations of responsive materials in machine implementations are response time, cyclability (frequency and ruggedness), sizing, payload capacity, amenability to mechanical programming, performance in extreme environments, and autonomy. This review summarizes the material transformation mechanisms, mechanical design, and robotic integration of responsive materials including shape memory alloys (SMAs), piezoelectrics, dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs), ionic electroactive polymers (IEAPs), pneumatics and hydraulics systems, shape memory polymers (SMPs), hydrogels, and liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) and networks (LCNs). Structural and geometrical fabrication of these materials as wires, coils, films, tubes, cones, unimorphs, bimorphs, and printed elements enables differentiated mechanical responses and consistently enables and extends functional use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselle M McCracken
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Brian R Donovan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Timothy J White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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39
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Yu L, Si P, Bauman L, Zhao B. Synergetic Combination of Interfacial Engineering and Shape-Changing Modulation for Biomimetic Soft Robotic Devices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3279-3291. [PMID: 32125871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Robotics is a frontal interdisciplinary subject across the fields of mechanical engineering, chemical and materials engineering, artificial intelligence, and nanotechnology. Robotic devices with a variety of frameworks, functionalities, and actuation modes have been developed and employed in the manufacture of advanced materials and devices with improved efficiency and automation. In recent years, soft robots have attracted a significant amount of interest among scientific researchers and technological engineers because they can offer the desired safety, adaptability, sensibility, and dexterity that conventional robotics cannot deliver. To date, emulating living creatures in nature has been a promising approach to design soft robots. For living creatures, both body deformation and their surface characteristic are essential for them to function in dynamic ecological environments. Body deformation offers athletic ability while surface characteristics provide extraordinary adaptable interactions with the environment. In this article, we discuss the recent progress of emulating the body deformation of living creatures such as shrinking/expanding, bending, and twisting and programmable deformations based on the manipulation of shape-changing behaviors of liquid-crystal polymeric materials (LCPs) and the interfacial technologies to build up various microstructures similar to the interface of living creatures. We further review the pioneering work that integrates interfacial engineering and the shape-changing modulation of LCPs to develop biomimetic soft robotic devices. We also provide an outlook for opportunities and challenges in the design and fabrication of advanced biomimetic soft robots based on the synergetic combination of interfacial engineering and shape-changing modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, Centre of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 200 University Avenue, West Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Pengxiang Si
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, Centre of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 200 University Avenue, West Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lukas Bauman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, Centre of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 200 University Avenue, West Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Boxin Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Polymer Research, Centre of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 200 University Avenue, West Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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40
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Kuenstler AS, Chen Y, Bui P, Kim H, DeSimone A, Jin L, Hayward RC. Blueprinting Photothermal Shape-Morphing of Liquid Crystal Elastomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000609. [PMID: 32173919 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are an attractive platform for dynamic shape-morphing due to their ability to rapidly undergo large deformations. While recent work has focused on patterning the director orientation field to achieve desired target shapes, this strategy cannot be generalized to material systems where high-resolution surface alignment is impractical. Instead of programming the local orientation of anisotropic deformation, an alternative strategy for prescribed shape-morphing by programming the magnitude of stretch ratio in a thin LCE sheet with constant director orientation is developed here. By spatially patterning the concentration of gold nanoparticles, uniform illumination leads to gradients in photothermal heat generation and therefore spatially nonuniform deformation profiles that drive out-of-plane buckling of planar films into predictable 3D shapes. Experimentally realized shapes are shown to agree closely with both finite element simulations and geometric predictions for systems with unidirectional variation in deformation magnitude. Finally, the possibility to achieve complex oscillatory motion driven by uniform illumination of a free-standing patterned sheet is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa S Kuenstler
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yuzhen Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Phuong Bui
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Antonio DeSimone
- MathLab, SISSA-International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, 34136, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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41
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A Review on Liquid Crystal Polymers in Free-Standing Reversible Shape Memory Materials. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051241. [PMID: 32164147 PMCID: PMC7179413 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystal polymers have attracted massive attention as stimuli-responsive shape memory materials due to their unique reversible large-scale and high-speed actuations. These materials can be utilized to fabricate artificial muscles, sensors, and actuators driven by thermal order–disorder phase transition or trans–cis photoisomerization. This review collects most commonly used liquid crystal monomers and techniques to macroscopically order and align liquid crystal materials (monodomain), highlighting the unique materials on the thermal and photo responsive reversible shape memory effects. Challenges and potential future applications are also discussed.
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42
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Ma C, Su J, Li B, Herrmann A, Zhang H, Liu K. Solvent-Free Plasticity and Programmable Mechanical Behaviors of Engineered Proteins. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907697. [PMID: 31990428 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymeric networks with plasticity show great competences in diverse fields owing to the combined biocompatible and mechanical characteristics. However, to realize such plasticity external complicated treatments, e.g., UV or organic solvent have to be applied, which in turn impair the biological nature and even mechanical properties of those systems. To address this challenge, one new type of anhydrous protein liquid crystalline (LC) gels, which exhibit flexible morphological plasticity and mechanical programmability is demonstrated. Supramolecular interactions in the smectic biogels play an important role for their high plasticity. Remarkably, the samples exhibit outstanding mechanical behaviors. The tensile strength and Young's modulus at MPa levels are comparable or even higher than chemically cross-linked hydrogels and LC elastomers. More importantly, mechanical programmability of the LC gels is achieved by genetically tuning the charge density of protein backbones. Consequently, the mechanical performance is manipulated in the range of one order of magnitude. Thus, this type of anhydrous protein LC gels offers great opportunities for load-bearing high-tech applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juanjuan Su
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
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Jiang Z, Xiao Y, Yin L, Han L, Zhao Y. “Self‐Lockable” Liquid Crystalline Diels–Alder Dynamic Network Actuators with Room Temperature Programmability and Solution Reprocessability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Chao Jiang
- Département de ChimieUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Yao‐Yu Xiao
- Département de ChimieUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Lu Yin
- Département de ChimieUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Li Han
- Département de ChimieUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Yue Zhao
- Département de ChimieUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
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44
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Jiang ZC, Xiao YY, Yin L, Han L, Zhao Y. "Self-Lockable" Liquid Crystalline Diels-Alder Dynamic Network Actuators with Room Temperature Programmability and Solution Reprocessability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4925-4931. [PMID: 31961040 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Novel main-chain liquid crystalline Diels-Alder dynamic networks (LCDANs) were prepared that exhibit unprecedented ease for actuator programming and reprocessing compared to existing liquid crystalline network (LCN) systems. Following cooling from 125 °C, LCDANs are deformed with aligned mesogens self-locked at room temperature by slowly formed Diels-Alder (DA) bonds, which allows for the formation of solid 3D actuators capable of reversible shape change, and strip walker and wheel-capable light-driven locomotion upon either thermally or optically induced order-disorder phase transition. Any actuator can readily be erased at 125 °C and reprogrammed into a new one under ambient conditions. Moreover, LCDANs can be processed directly from melt (for example, fiber drawing) and from solution (for example, casting tubular actuators), which cannot be achieved with LCNs using exchangeable covalent bonds. The combined attributes of LCDANs offer significant progress toward developing easily programmable/processable LCN actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Jiang
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Yao-Yu Xiao
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Lu Yin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Li Han
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Yue Zhao
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
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45
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Davidson EC, Kotikian A, Li S, Aizenberg J, Lewis JA. 3D Printable and Reconfigurable Liquid Crystal Elastomers with Light-Induced Shape Memory via Dynamic Bond Exchange. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905682. [PMID: 31664754 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
3D printable and reconfigurable liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) that reversibly shape-morph when cycled above and below their nematic-to-isotropic transition temperature (TNI ) are created, whose actuated shape can be locked-in via high-temperature UV exposure. By synthesizing LCE-based inks with light-triggerable dynamic bonds, printing can be harnessed to locally program their director alignment and UV light can be used to enable controlled network reconfiguration without requiring an imposed mechanical field. Using this integrated approach, 3D LCEs are constructed in both monolithic and heterogenous layouts that exhibit complex shape changes, and whose transformed shapes could be locked-in on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Davidson
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Arda Kotikian
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Shucong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lewis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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46
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Li T, Su Z, Xu H, Ma X, Yin J, Jiang X. A supramolecular polymeric photoinitiator with enhanced dispersion in photo-curing systems. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01871a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and general approach to make the commercial photoinitiator water-soluble and polymeric was developed via supramolecular interactions, which is believed to find wide potential applications in the photo-curing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Zhilong Su
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Hongjie Xu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Jie Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
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47
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Abstract
Advances in polymer actuators containing covalent adaptable networks (CANs) are summarized and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahe Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yan Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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48
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Wu Z, Cheng P, Zhao W, Fang J, Xu T, Chen D. Allyl sulfide-based visible light-induced dynamically reshaped liquid crystalline elastomer/SWCNT nanocomposites capable of multimode NIR photomechanical actuations. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01314e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fully light-driven LCE/SWCNT composite films with exchangeable covalent crosslinks possess reconfigurability and recyclability, enabling shrinking, bending and curling motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Pin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Weiguang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Jianglin Fang
- Center for Materials Analysis
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Tianchi Xu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Dongzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
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Pang X, Lv JA, Zhu C, Qin L, Yu Y. Photodeformable Azobenzene-Containing Liquid Crystal Polymers and Soft Actuators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904224. [PMID: 31595576 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Photodeformable liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) that adapt their shapes in response to light have aroused a dramatic growth of interest in the past decades, since light as a stimulus enables the remote control and diverse deformations of materials. This review focuses on the growing research on photodeformable LCPs, including their basic actuation mechanisms, the various deformation modes, the newly designed molecular structures, and the improvement of processing techniques. Special attention is devoted to the novel molecular structures of LCPs, which allow for easy processing and alignment. The soft actuators with various deformation modes such as bending, twisting, and rolling in response to light are also covered with the emphasis on their photo-induced bionic functions. Potential applications in energy harvesting, self-cleaning surfaces, sensors, and photo-controlled microfluidics are further illustrated. The existing challenges and future directions are discussed at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Pang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiu-An Lv
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chongyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lang Qin
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
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50
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Zhang Z, Corrigan N, Bagheri A, Jin J, Boyer C. A Versatile 3D and 4D Printing System through Photocontrolled RAFT Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Ali Bagheri
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of Auckland, and Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Jianyong Jin
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of Auckland, and Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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