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Cheng J, Wang W, Zhang J, Wan S, Cheng B, Yu J, Cao S. Molecularly Tunable Heterostructured Co-Polymers Containing Electron-Deficient and -Rich Moieties for Visible-Light and Sacrificial-Agent-Free H 2O 2 Photosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406310. [PMID: 38712550 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
As an alternative to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by complex anthraquinone oxidation process, photosynthesis of H2O2 from water and oxygen without sacrificial agents is highly demanded. Herein, a covalently connected molecular heterostructure is synthesized via sequential C-H arylation and Knoevenagel polymerization reactions for visible-light and sacrificial-agent-free H2O2 synthesis. The subsequent copolymerization of the electron-deficient benzodithiophene-4,8-dione (BTD) and the electron-rich biphenyl (B) and p-phenylenediacetonitrile (CN) not only expands the π-conjugated domain but also increases the molecular dipole moment, which largely promotes the separation and transfer of the photoinduced charge carriers. The optimal heterostructured BTDB-CN0.2 manifested an impressive photocatalytic H2O2 production rate of 1920 μmol g-1 h-1, which is 2.2 and 11.6 times that of BTDB and BTDCN. As revealed by the femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) and theoretical calculations, the linkage serves as a channel for the rapid transfer of photogenerated charge carriers, enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency. Further, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) uncovers that the oxygen reduction reaction occurs through the step one-electron pathway and the mutual conversion between C=O and C-OH with the anchoring of H+ during the catalysis favored the formation of H2O2. This work provides a novel perspective for the design of efficient organic photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Hubei Technology Innovation Center for Advanced Composites, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Hubei Technology Innovation Center for Advanced Composites, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan, 430078, P. R. China
| | - Sijie Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Hubei Technology Innovation Center for Advanced Composites, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Bei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Hubei Technology Innovation Center for Advanced Composites, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jiaguo Yu
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan, 430078, P. R. China
| | - Shaowen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Hubei Technology Innovation Center for Advanced Composites, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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2
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Zhang X, Wu X, Chen R, Xu QH. A triazine-based covalent organic framework decorated with cadmium sulfide for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:100-108. [PMID: 38518422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Construction of inorganic/organic heterostructures has been proven to be a very promising strategy to design highly efficient photocatalysts for solar driven hydrogen evolution from water. Herein, we report the preparation of a direct Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst by in situ growth of cadmium sulfide on a triazine-based covalent organic framework (COF). The triazine based-COF was synthesized by condensation reaction of precursors 1,3,5-tris-(4-formyl-phenyl) triazine (TFPT) and 2,5-bis-(3-hydroxypropoxy) terephthalohydrazide (DHTH), termed as TFPT-DHTH-COF. Widely distributed nitrogen atoms throughout TFPT-DHTH-COF skeletons serve as anchoring sites for strong interfacial interactions with CdS. The CdS/TFPT-DHTH-COF composite showed a hydrogen evolution rate of 15.75 mmol h-1 g-1, which is about 75 times higher than that of TFPT-DHTH-COF (0.21 mmol h-1 g-1) and 3.4 times higher than that of CdS (4.57 mmol h-1 g-1). With the properly staggered band alignment and strong interfacial interaction between TFPT-DHTH-COF and CdS, a Z-scheme charge transfer pathway is achieved. The mechanism has been systematically analyzed by steady state and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements as well as in situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rufan Chen
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Qing-Hua Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China.
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3
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You S, Ding Z, Yuan R, Long J, Xu C. Confined synthesis of conjugated microporous polymers for selective photocatalytic oxidation of amines. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 664:63-73. [PMID: 38460385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidative coupling of amines is considered a mild, efficient, and sustainable strategy for the synthesis of imines. As a versatile organic semiconductor, conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are attractive in photocatalysis areas due to the diversity of their polymeric monomers. Herein, we report that in addition to the design of monomers, size-confined polymerization is also a feasible strategy to modulate the structure and photocatalysis properties of CMPs. We adopted dibromopyrazine as polymeric units to prepare pyrazine-involved hollow spherical CMPs (H-PyB) using a template method and successfully performed size-confined polymerization of hollow samples by resizing the templates. Interestingly, the small confinement space induced the formation of CMPs with better conjugate extensibility, resulting in enhanced conductivity, narrowed bandgaps, improved photoelectric performance, etc. As a result, small-sized H-PyB CMPs had superior activity for the photocatalytic oxidation of amines. Particularly, the smallest H-PyB CMPs that we designed in the present work exhibited excellent performance for the photocatalytic coupling oxidation of amines. When using benzylamine as a model substrate, the yield of the corresponding imine reached ∼ 113 mmol·g-1·h-1, accompanied by almost 100 % selectivity. Furthermore, the as-designed confined samples exhibited stable photocatalytic activity as well as good applicability for oxidative coupling of different amines. This work not merely reports a kind of CMP photocatalysts with excellent performance for the imine coupling oxidation but also proposes an alternative strategy for constructing high-performance organic photocatalysts by size-confined synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie You
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxin Ding
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Rusheng Yuan
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jinlin Long
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xu
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
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4
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Guo Y, Zhang R, Zhang S, Hong H, Li P, Zhao Y, Huang Z, Zhi C. Steering sp-Carbon Content in Graphdiynes for Enhanced Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction to Hydrogen Peroxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401501. [PMID: 38589296 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Compared to sp2-hybridized graphene, graphdiynes (GDYs) composed of sp and sp2 carbon are highly promising as efficient catalysts for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction into oxygen peroxide because of the high catalytic reactivity of the electron-rich sp-carbon atoms. The desired catalytic capacity of GDY, such as catalytic selectivity and efficiency, can theoretically be achieved by strategically steering the sp-carbon contents or the topological arrangement of the acetylenic linkages and aromatic bonds. Herein, we successfully tuned the electrocatalytic activity of GDYs by regulating the sp-to-sp2 carbon ratios with different organic monomer precursors. As the active sp-carbon atoms possess electron-sufficient π orbitals, they can donate electrons to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) orbitals of O2 molecules and initiate subsequent O2 reduction, GDY with the high sp-carbon content of 50 at % exhibits excellent capability of catalyzing O2 reduction into H2O2. It demonstrates exceptional H2O2 selectivity of over 95.0 % and impressive performance in practical H2O2 production, Faraday efficiency (FE) exceeding 99.0 %, and a yield of 83.3 nmol s-1 cm-2. Our work holds significant importance in effectively steering the inherent properties of GDYs by purposefully adjusting the sp-to-sp2 carbon ratio and highlights their immense potential for research and applications in catalysis and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Shaoce Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Hu Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zhaodong Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Chunyi Zhi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
- Centre for Functional Photonics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Zhang W, Chen L, Niu R, Ma Z, Ba K, Xie T, Chu X, Wu S, Wang D, Liu G. Transient-State Self-Bipolarized Organic Frameworks of Single Aromatic Units for Natural Sunlight-Driven Photosynthesis of H 2O 2. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308322. [PMID: 38493490 PMCID: PMC11200023 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Constructing π-conjugated polymer structures through covalent bonds dominates the design of organic framework photocatalysts, which significantly depends on the selection of multiple donor-acceptor building blocks to narrow the optical gap and increase the lifetimes of charge carriers. In this work, self-bipolarized organic frameworks of single aromatic units are demonstrated as novel broad-spectrum-responsive photocatalysts for H2O2 production. The preparation of such photocatalysts is only to fix the aromatic units (such as 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene) with alkane linkers in 3D space. Self-bipolarized aromatic units can drive the H2O2 production from H2O and O2 under natural sunlight, wide pH ranges (3.0-10.0) and natural water sources. Moreover, it can be extended to catalyze the oxidative coupling of amines. Experimental and theoretical investigation demonstrate that such a strategy obeys the mechanism of through-space π-conjugation, where the closely face-to-face overlapped aromatic rings permit the electron and energy transfer through the large-area delocalization of the electron cloud under visible light irradiation. This work introduces a novel design concept for the development of organic photocatalysts, which will break the restriction of conventional through-band π-conjugation structure and will open a new way in the synthesis of organic photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative ChemistryCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
- Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry of Jilin ProvinceCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Lizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative ChemistryCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
- Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry of Jilin ProvinceCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Ruping Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative ChemistryCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
- Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry of Jilin ProvinceCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Zhuoyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative ChemistryCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Kaikai Ba
- Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry of Jilin ProvinceCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Tengfeng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry of Jilin ProvinceCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Xuefeng Chu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Architectural Electricity & Comprehensive Energy SavingSchool of Electrical and Electronic Information EngineeringJilin Jianzhu UniversityChangchun130119China
| | - Shujie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry of Jilin ProvinceCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Dayang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative ChemistryCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative ChemistryCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
- Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry of Jilin ProvinceCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
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6
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Kim J, Jeon JP, Kim YH, Anh NTD, Chung K, Seo JM, Baek JB. Simple Functionalization of a Donor Monomer to Enhance Charge Transfer in Porous Polymer Networks for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319395. [PMID: 38353410 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Porous polymer networks (PPNs) are promising candidates as photocatalysts for hydrogen production. Constructing a donor-acceptor structure is known to be an effective approach for improving photocatalytic activity. However, the process of how a functional group of a monomer can ensure photoexcited charges transfer and improve the hydrogen evolution rate (HER) has not yet been studied on the molecular level. Herein, we design and synthesize two kinds of triazatruxene (TAT)-based PPNs: TATR-PPN with a hexyl (R) group and TAT-PPN without the hexyl group, to understand the relationship between the presence of the functional group and charge transfer. The hexyl group on the TAT unit was found to ensure the transfer of photoexcited electrons from a donor unit to an acceptor unit and endowed the TATR-PPN with stable hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering/ Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Pil Jeon
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering/ Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyun Kim
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering/ Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Thi Dieu Anh
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunook Chung
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Seo
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering/ Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Beom Baek
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering/ Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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7
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Liu X, Timur M, Peng Y, Yu J, Li L. Synthesis of carbon quantum dots/porous aromatic frameworks (CQDs/PAF-45) composites and their enhanced photocatalytic performance. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:225601. [PMID: 38387092 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad2c59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Modification and functionalization of porous aromatic framework (PAF) materials have emerged as crucial research directions in various fields. In this study, we employed a hydrothermal method to synthesize a carbon quantum dots (CQDs) solution. By loading different amounts of CQDs onto the surface of PAF-45 material through ultrasonic and hydrothermal treatments, we successfully formed CQDs/PAF-45 composite materials. The introduction of CQDs effectively transformed the hydrophobic nature of PAF-45 into a hydrophilic material, thereby overcoming the challenge of achieving efficient contact between PAF catalysts and reactants in aqueous solutions. In the photocatalytic degradation experiments of Rhodamine B (RhB), tetracycline, CQDs/PAF-45 composite materials surpassed that of the pristine PAF-45 material. Notably, the 1 wt% CQDs/PAF-45 composite material exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity, with degradation efficiencies for Rhodamine B, tetracycline, and phenol approximately 1.4 times, 1.5 times and 1.5 times higher than those of the PAF-45 material, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Timur
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyue Peng
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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Bhauriyal P, Heine T. Tailoring photocatalytic water splitting activity of boron-thiophene polymer through pore size engineering. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:094712. [PMID: 38445742 DOI: 10.1063/5.0197992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Taking into account the electron-rich and visible light response of thiophene, first-principles calculations have been carried out to explore the photocatalytic activity of donor-acceptor polymers incorporating thiophene and boron. Honeycomb-kagome boron-thiophene (BTP) polymers with varying numbers of thiophene units and fixed B center atoms are direct bandgap semiconductors with tunable bandgaps ranging from 2.41 to 1.88 eV and show high absorption coefficients under the ultraviolet and visible regions of the solar spectrum. Fine-tuning the band edges of the BTP polymer is efficiently achieved by adjusting the pore size through the manipulation of thiophene units between the B centers. This manipulation, achieved without excessive chemical functionalization, facilitates the generation of an appropriate quantity of photoexcited electrons and/or holes to straddle the redox potential of the water. Our study demonstrates that two units between B centers of thiophene in BTP polymers enable overall photocatalytic water splitting, whereas BTP polymers with larger pores solely promote photocatalytic hydrogen reduction. Moreover, the thermodynamics of hydrogen and oxygen reduction reactions either proceed spontaneously or need small additional external biases. Our findings provide the rationale for designing metal-free and single-material polymer photocatalysts based on thiophene, specifically for achieving efficient overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Bhauriyal
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, HZDR, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding, CASUS, Untermarkt 20, 02826 Görlitz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and ibs for Nanomedicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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Sohail M, Rauf S, Irfan M, Hayat A, Alghamdi MM, El-Zahhar AA, Ghernaout D, Al-Hadeethi Y, Lv W. Recent developments, advances and strategies in heterogeneous photocatalysts for water splitting. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:1286-1330. [PMID: 38419861 PMCID: PMC10898449 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00442b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting (PWS) is an up-and-coming technology for generating sustainable fuel using light energy. Significant progress has been made in the developing of PWS innovations over recent years. In addition to various water-splitting (WS) systems, the focus has primarily been on one- and two-steps-excitation WS systems. These systems utilize singular or composite photocatalysts for WS, which is a simple, feasible, and cost-effective method for efficiently converting prevalent green energy into sustainable H2 energy on a large commercial scale. The proposed principle of charge confinement and transformation should be implemented dynamically by conjugating and stimulating the photocatalytic process while ensuring no unintentional connection at the interface. This study focuses on overall water splitting (OWS) using one/two-steps excitation and various techniques. It also discusses the current advancements in the development of new light-absorbing materials and provides perspectives and approaches for isolating photoinduced charges. This article explores multiple aspects of advancement, encompassing both chemical and physical changes, environmental factors, different photocatalyst types, and distinct parameters affecting PWS. Significant factors for achieving an efficient photocatalytic process under detrimental conditions, (e.g., strong light absorption, and synthesis of structures with a nanometer scale. Future research will focus on developing novel materials, investigating potential synthesis techniques, and improving existing high-energy raw materials. The endeavors aim is to enhance the efficiency of energy conversion, the absorption of radiation, and the coherence of physiochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Smart and Clean Energy, Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Huzhou 313001 P. R. China
| | - Sana Rauf
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 PR China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University Mansehra 21300 Pakistan
| | - Asif Hayat
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University 321004 Jinhua Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Majed M Alghamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University P. O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel A El-Zahhar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University P. O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Djamel Ghernaout
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il PO Box 2440 Ha'il 81441 Saudi Arabia
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Blida PO Box 270 Blida 09000 Algeria
| | - Yas Al-Hadeethi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Lithography in Devices Fabrication and Development Research Group, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Weiqiang Lv
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Smart and Clean Energy, Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Huzhou 313001 P. R. China
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10
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Ren Y, Xu Y. Recent advances in two-dimensional polymers: synthesis, assembly and energy-related applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1823-1869. [PMID: 38192222 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00782k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) are a class of 2D crystalline polymer materials with definite structures, which have outstanding physical-chemical and electronic properties. They cleverly link organic building units through strong covalent bonds and can construct functional 2DPs through reasonable design and selection of different monomer units to meet various application requirements. As promising energy materials, 2DPs have developed rapidly in recent years. This review first introduces the basic overview of 2DPs, such as their historical development, inherent 2D characteristics and diversified topological advantages, followed by the summary of the typical 2DP synthesis methods recently (including "top-down" and "bottom-up" methods). The latest research progress in assembly and processing of 2DPs and the energy-related applications in energy storage and conversion are also discussed. Finally, we summarize and prospect the current research status, existing challenges, and future research directions of 2DPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Ren
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
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11
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Cheng J, Wu Y, Zhang W, Zhang J, Wang L, Zhou M, Fan F, Wu X, Xu H. Fully Conjugated 2D sp 2 Carbon-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305313. [PMID: 37818737 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) hold great promise for solar-driven hydrogen production. However, metal-free COFs for photocatalytic overall water splitting remain elusive, primarily due to challenges in simultaneously regulating their band structures and catalytic sites to enable concurrent half-reactions. Herein, two types of π-conjugated COFs containing the same donor-acceptor structure are constructed via Knoevenagel condensation and Schiff base reaction to afford cyanovinylene- and imine-bridged COFs, respectively. The difference in the linkage leads to a remarkable difference in their photocatalytic activity toward water splitting. The 2D sp2 carbon-linked COF exhibits notable activity for photocatalytic overall water splitting, which can reach an apparent quantum efficiency of 2.53% at 420 nm. In contrast, the 2D imine-linked COF cannot catalyze the overall water-splitting reaction. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the cyanovinylene linkage is essential in modulating the band structure and promoting charge separation in COFs, thereby enabling overall water splitting. Moreover, it is further shown that crystallinity substantially impacts the photocatalytic performance of COFs. This study represents the first successful example of developing metal-free COFs with high crystallinity for photocatalytic overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Chean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Fengtao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Chean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hangxun Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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12
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Huang TF, Liu JJ, Lai ZY, Chang JW, Zhuang YR, Jiang ZC, Chang CL, Lin WC, Chen YH, Wu YH, Sun YE, Luo TA, Chen YK, Yen JC, Hsu HK, Chen BH, Ting LY, Lu CY, Lin YT, Hsu LY, Wu TL, Yang SD, Su AC, Jeng US, Chou HH. Performance and Solution Structures of Side-Chain-Bridged Oligo (Ethylene Glycol) Polymer Photocatalysts for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution under Natural Light Illumination. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304743. [PMID: 37803930 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Converting solar energy into hydrogen energy using conjugated polymers (CP) is a promising solution to the energy crisis. Improving water solubility plays one of the critical factors in enhancing the hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of CP photocatalysts. In this study, a novel concept of incorporating hydrophilic side chains to connect the backbones of CPs to improve their HER is proposed. This concept is realized through the polymerization of carbazole units bridged with octane, ethylene glycol, and penta-(ethylene glycol) to form three new side-chain-braided (SCB) CPs: PCz2S-OCt, PCz2S-EG, and PCz2S-PEG. Verified through transient absorption spectra, the enhanced capability of PCz2S-PEG for ultrafast electron transfer and reduced recombination effects has been demonstrated. Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) analyses reveal that these three SCB-CPs form cross-linking networks with different mass fractal dimensions (f) in aqueous solution. With the lowest f value of 2.64 and improved water/polymer interfaces, PCz2S-PEG demonstrates the best HER, reaching up to 126.9 µmol h-1 in pure water-based photocatalytic solution. Moreover, PCz2S-PEG exhibits comparable performance in seawater-based photocatalytic solution under natural sunlight. In situ SAXS analysis further reveals nucleation-dominated generation of hydrogen nanoclusters with a size of ≈1.5 nm in the HER of PCz2S-PEG under light illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Fu Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Jen Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ze-Yu Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Je-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Rang Zhuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Cheng Jiang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Li Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Heng Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yu-En Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ting-An Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Kuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chen Yen
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Kai Hsu
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Ting
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yeh Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tung Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Da Yang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies & Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - An-Chung Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Hsiu Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
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13
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Jin Z, Jin S, Tang X, Tan W, Wang D, Song S, Zhang H, Zeng T. Rational Design of Conjugated Acetylenic Polymers Enables a Two-Electron Water Oxidation Pathway for Enhanced Photosynthetic Hydrogen Peroxide Generation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305004. [PMID: 37649170 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the design of conjugated acetylenic polymers (CAPs) featuring diverse spatial arrangements and intramolecular spacers of diacetylene moieties (─C≡C─C≡C─) for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) production from water and O2 , without the need for sacrificial agents, is presented. It is shown that the linear configuration of diacetylene moieties within conjugated acetylenic polymers (CAPs) induces a pronounced polarization of electron distribution, which imparts enhanced charge-carrier mobility when compared to CAPs' networks featuring cross-linked arrangements. Moreover, optimizing the intramolecular spacer between diacetylene moieties within the linear structure leads to the exceptional modulation of the band structures, specifically resulting in a downshifted valence band (VB) and rendering the two-electron water oxidation pathway thermodynamically feasible for H2 O2 production. Consequently, the optimized CAPs with a linear configuration (LCAP-2), featuring spatially separated reduction centers (benzene rings) and oxidation centers (diacetylene moieties), exhibit a remarkable H2 O2 yield rate of 920.1 µmol g-1 h-1 , superior than that of the linear LCAP-1 (593.2 µmol g-1 h-1 ) and the cross-linked CCAP (433.4 µmol g-1 h-1 ). The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) and solar-to-chemical energy conversion (SCC) efficiency of LCAP-2 are calculated to be 9.1% (λ = 420 nm) and 0.59%, respectively, surpassing the performance of most previously reported conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, P. R. China
| | - Sijia Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, P. R. China
| | - Wenxian Tan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, P. R. China
| | - Da Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Song
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, P. R. China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, P. R. China
- Shaoxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, P. R. China
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14
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Hao F, Yang C, Lv X, Chen F, Wang S, Zheng G, Han Q. Photo-Driven Quasi-Topological Transformation Exposing Highly Active Nitrogen Cation Sites for Enhanced Photocatalytic H 2 O 2 Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315456. [PMID: 37933417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the exposure of highly-active nitrogen cation sites has been accomplished by photo-driven quasi-topological transformation of a 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione-based covalent organic framework (COF), which contributes to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) synthesis during the 2-electron O2 photoreduction. The exposed nitrogen cation sites with photo-enhanced Lewis acidity not only act as the electron-transfer motor to adjust the inherent charge distribution, powering continuous and stable charge separation, and broadening visible-light adsorption, but also providing a large number of active sites for O2 adsorption. The optimal catalyst shows a high H2 O2 production rate of 11965 μmol g-1 h-1 under visible light irradiation and a remarkable apparent quantum yield of 12.9 % at 400 nm, better than most of the previously reported COF photocatalysts. This work provides new insights for designing photo-switchable nitrogen cation sites as catalytic centers toward efficient solar to chemical energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feini Hao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ximeng Lv
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Fangshuai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shengyao Wang
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Gengfeng Zheng
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qing Han
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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15
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Wang C, Zhao YN, Lang ZL, Li YG, Su ZM, Tan HQ. Tunable covalent benzo-heterocyclic rings constructed using two-dimensional conjugated polymers for visible-light-driven water splitting. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18883-18890. [PMID: 37974481 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04049f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Developing highly efficient, stable, and cost-effective two-dimensional (2D) conjugated polymers (CPs) for overall water splitting (OWS) is critical for producing clean and renewable hydrogen energy, yet it remains a great challenge. Here, we designed eight 2D CPs through the topological assembly of diacetylene and benzene-derived molecular linkers that can offer active sites for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, and explored their structural, electronic, optical, and photocatalytic OWS properties by performing first-principles computations. It is shown that incorporating benzo-heterocyclic rings into CPs can significantly modulate the electronic structures of CPs and broaden the spectral absorption, suitable for visible-light-driven OWS. Remarkably, through a range of screening criteria, including stability, electronic band structures, band edge alignments, and photocatalytic activity, we found that CP-4 based on diacetylene and benzotrifuran can spontaneously trigger the OWS in a neutral environment under its own light-induced bias, eliminating the need for sacrificial agents or cocatalysts. Specifically, the HER active site is primarily located at diacetylene moieties, while the OER active site is mainly concentrated on the benzo-heterocyclic rings. Moreover, the ideal STH efficiency for OWS on CP-4 was estimated to be 13.87%, highlighting its potential as a prospective photocatalyst for large-scale industrial OWS. Our findings open a door to the rational design of novel polymer photocatalysts for OWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
- Engineering Research Center of Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ying-Nan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Zhong-Ling Lang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yang-Guang Li
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hua-Qiao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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16
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Liu MX, Xu L, Cai YT, Wang RJ, Gu YY, Liu YC, Zou YJ, Zhao YM, Chen J, Zhang XL. Carbon Nitride-Based siRNA Vectors with Self-Produced O 2 Effects for Targeting Combination Therapy of Liver Fibrosis via HIF-1α-Mediated TGF-β1/Smad Pathway. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301485. [PMID: 37463681 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important feature, which can upregulate the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression and promote the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), leading to liver fibrosis. Currently, effective treatment for liver fibrosis is extremely lacking. Herein, a safe and effective method is established to downregulate the expression of HIF-1α in HSCs via targeted delivery of VA-PEG-modified CNs-based nanosheets-encapsulated (VA-PEG-CN@GQDs) HIF-1α small interfering RNA (HIF-1α-siRNA). Due to the presence of lipase in the liver, the reversible release of siRNA can be promoted to complete the transfection process. Simultaneously, VA-PEG-CN@GQD nanosheets enable trigger the water splitting process to produce O2 under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, thereby improving the hypoxic environment of the liver fibrosis site and maximizing the downregulation of HIF-1α expression to improve the therapeutic effect, as demonstrated in liver fibrosis mice. Such combination therapy can inhibit the activation of HSCs via HIF-1α-mediated TGF-β1/Smad pathway, achieving outstanding therapeutic effects in liver fibrosis mice. In conclusion, this study proposes a novel strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis by regulating the hypoxic environment and the expression of HIF-1α at lesion site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, P. R. China
| | - Li Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ting Cai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Jia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Chao Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jin Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, P. R. China
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17
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Sheng L, Wang J, Zhang W, Li Q, Yang J. Data-Driven Discovery of a Covalent Organic Framework Heterojunction as Efficient Photocatalysts for Overall Solar Water Splitting. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9207-9214. [PMID: 37805991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Searching for highly efficient visible-light photocatalysts is a high-cost and time-consuming process in the water splitting field. The integration of data-driven screening based on the database and density functional theory calculations represents a promising approach. In this study, we first present a topologically assembled single-layer covalent organic framework (COF) that is used to build a COF heterojunction database via AA stacking. Then we propose a systematic search procedure for COF heterojunctions as overall solar water splitting photocatalysts, including suitable band gap (screen 1), appropriate band edge position (screen 2), spontaneous catalytic reactions for water splitting (screen 3), and efficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes (proof). Finally, we successfully identify 1 heterojunction from the pool of 222 items as an efficient photocatalyst for overall solar water splitting. Clearly, this kind of data-driven screening procedure, based on a COF heterojunction database, opens up new avenues and inspires the development of high-performance photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sheng
- Department of Chemical Physics, and Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules; College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Department of Material Science and Technology, and Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qunxiang Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, and Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Department of Chemical Physics, and Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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18
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Cheng J, Wan S, Cao S. Promoting Solar-driven Hydrogen Peroxide Production over Thiazole-based Conjugated Polymers via Generating and Converting Singlet Oxygen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310476. [PMID: 37581316 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) from water and air provides a low-cost and eco-friendly alternative route to the traditional anthraquinone method. Herein, four thiazole-based conjugated polymers (Tz-CPs: TTz, BTz, TBTz and BBTz) are synthesized via aldimine condensation. BBTz exhibits the highest H2 O2 production rate of 7274 μmol g-1 h-1 in pure water. Further, the reaction path is analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) and theoretical calculation, highlighting the prominent role of singlet oxygen (1 O2 ). The generation of 1 O2 occurs through the oxidation of superoxide radical (⋅O2 - ) and subsequent conversion into endoperoxides via [4+2] cycloaddition over BBTz, which promotes charge separation and reduces the barrier for H2 O2 production. This work provides new insight into the mechanism of photocatalytic O2 reduction and the molecular design of superior single-polymer photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Sijie Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Shaowen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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19
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Shen R, Qin C, Hao L, Li X, Zhang P, Li X. Realizing Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting by Modulating the Thickness-Induced Reaction Energy Barrier of Fluorenone-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305397. [PMID: 37487243 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Direct photocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution from water splitting is an attractive approach for producing chemical fuels. In this work, a novel fluorenone-based covalent organic framework (COF-SCAU-2) is successfully exfoliated into ultrathin three-layer nanosheets (UCOF-SCAU-2) for photocatalytic overall water splitting (OWS) under visible light. The ultrathin structures of UCOF-SCAU-2 greatly enhance carrier separation, utilization efficiency, and the exposure of active surface sites. Surprisingly, UCOF-SCAU-2 exhibits efficient photocatalytic OWS performance, with hydrogen and oxygen evolution rates reaching 0.046 and 0.021 mmol h-1 g-1 , respectively, under visible-light irradiation, whereas bulk COF-SCAU-2 shows no activity for photocatalytic OWS. Charge-carrier kinetic analysis and DFT calculations confirm that reducing the thickness of the COF nanosheets increases the number of accessible active sites, reduces the distance for charge migration, prolongs the lifetimes of photogenerated carriers, and decreases the Gibbs free energy of the rate-limiting step compared to nonexfoliated COFs. This work offers new insights into the effect of the layer thickness of COFs on photocatalytic OWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Shen
- Institute of Biomass Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chaochao Qin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Lei Hao
- Institute of Biomass Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiuzhi Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials (CDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Biomass Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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20
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Hayat A, Sohail M, Moussa SB, Al-Muhanna MK, Iqbal W, Ajmal Z, Raza S, Al-Hadeethi Y, Orooji Y. State, synthesis, perspective applications, and challenges of Graphdiyne and its analogues: A review of recent research. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 319:102969. [PMID: 37598456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon materials technology provides the possibility of synthesizing low-cost, outstanding performance replacements to noble-metal catalysts for long-term use. Graphdiyne (GDY) is a carbon allotrope with an extremely thin atomic thickness. It consists of carbon elements, that are hybridized with both sp. and sp2, resulting in a multilayered two-dimensional (2D) configuration. Several functional models suggest, that GDY contains spontaneously existing band structure with Dirac poles. This is due to the non-uniform interaction among carbon atoms, which results from various fusions and overlapping of the 2pz subshell. Unlike other carbon allotropes, GDY has Dirac cone arrangements, that in turn give it inimitable physiochemical characteristics. These properties include an adjustable intrinsic energy gap, high speeds charging transport modulation efficiency, and exceptional conductance. Many scientists are interested in such novel, linear, stacked materials, including GDY. As a result, organized synthesis of GDY has been pursued, making it one of the first synthesized GDY materials. There are several methods to manipulate the band structure of GDY, including applying stresses, introducing boron/nitrogen loading, utilizing nanowires, and hydrogenations. The flexibility of GDY can be effectively demonstrated through the formation of nano walls, nanostructures, nanotube patterns, nanorods, or structured striped clusters. GDY, being a carbon material, has a wide range of applications owing to its remarkable structural and electrical characteristics. According to subsequent research, the GDY can be utilized in numerous energy generation processes, such as electrochemical water splitting (ECWS), photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC WS), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), overall water splitting (OWS), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), energy storage materials, lithium-Ion batteries (LiBs) and solar cell applications. These studies suggested that the use of GDY holds significant potential for the development and implementation of efficient, multimodal, and intelligent catalysts with realistic applications. However, the limitation of GDY and GDY-based composites for forthcoming studies are similarly acknowledged. The objective of these studies is to deliver a comprehensive knowledge of GDY and inspire further advancement and utilization of these unique carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Hayat
- College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, China; College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Sana Ben Moussa
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Mohail Asser, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhanna K Al-Muhanna
- The Material Science Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waseem Iqbal
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche (CTC), Università della Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Zeeshan Ajmal
- College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Saleem Raza
- College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, China; College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yas Al-Hadeethi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Lithography in Devices Fabrication and Development Research Group, Deanship of Scientific research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasin Orooji
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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21
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Wan Y, Zhang J, Wang D, Sun P, Shi L, Li S, Zhang J, Yan X, Wu X. A Data-Driven Search of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks for Visible-Light-Driven Overall Water Splitting. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7421-7432. [PMID: 37578905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with versatile structural and optoelectronic properties that can be tuned with building blocks and topological structures have received widespread attention for photocatalytic water splitting in recent years. However, few of these have been reported for overall water splitting under visible light. Here, we present a data-driven search of 2D COFs capable of visible-light-driven overall water splitting by combining high-throughput first-principles computations and experimental validations. Seven 2D COFs were identified to be capable of overall water splitting from the CoRE COF database, and their photocatalytic activities were further verified and optimized by our preliminary experiments. The production rates of H2 and O2 reached 80 and 32 μmol g-1 h-1, respectively, without using sacrificial agents. This work represents an attempt to explore 2D COFs for visible-light-driven overall water splitting with a data-driven approach that could accelerate the discovery and design of COFs toward photocatalytic overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wan
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Pengting Sun
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Lebin Shi
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Shun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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22
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Zhang H, Wei W, Zhang KAI. Emerging conjugated polymers for heterogeneous photocatalytic chemical transformation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37416940 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the efficient utilization of solar energy through heterogeneous photocatalytic chemical transformation has attracted much attention. As emerging metal-free, pure organic and heterogeneous photocatalysts, π-conjugated polymers (CPs) have been used in visible-light-driven chemical transformations due to their stability, high specific surface area, metal-free nature, and high structural designability. In this review, we summarize the synthesis protocols and design strategies for efficient CP-based photocatalysts based on the photocatalytic mechanisms. Then we highlight the key progress in light-driven chemical transformation using CPs developed by our group. Finally, we present the outlook and possible challenges for future progress of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| | - Wenxin Wei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| | - Kai A I Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
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23
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Chen K, Cai A, Li TT. Covalent Organic Framework-Semiconductor-Based Heterostructures for Photocatalytic Applications. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300021. [PMID: 36799094 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a promising and sustainable technology in the fields of energy conversion/storage and environment purification; however, the utilization of individual component as photocatalyst is generally restricted due to the low catalytic activity deriving from the rapid recombination of photogenerated electrons/holes. Covalent organic framework (COF)-semiconductor-based composite photocatalysts with synergistic effects provide a feasible route to achieve high-performance photocatalytic reactions with more active sites, strong light utilization ability, and high stability. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the rational design and preparation of the COF-semiconductors-based heterostructures for photocatalytic water splitting, carbon dioxide (CO2 ) reduction, and dye/pollutant degradation. In this Review, the synthetic strategies of COF-semiconductor-based heterostructures are first introduced, which includes the rational design of the morphology, connection modes, and type of heterojunctions. The performance of COF-semiconductor-based heterostructures in different photocatalytic reactions are comprehensively reviewed. The structure-activity relationship and the synergistic effects within the heterostructures are discussed, and the photocatalytic mechanism and the role of COFs during the photocatalytic process are also presented. Finally, an outlook and challenges of realizing COF-semiconductor-based heterostructures with simple synthesis methods, diverse functions, high performance, and well-defined reaction mechanisms are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Anqi Cai
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
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24
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Ghosh S, Bera S, Sardar S, Pal S, Camargo FVA, D'Andrea C, Cerullo G. Role of Efficient Charge Transfer at the Interface between Mixed-Phase Copper-Cuprous Oxide and Conducting Polymer Nanostructures for Photocatalytic Water Splitting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:18867-18877. [PMID: 37023322 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen generation from water splitting is regarded as a sustainable technology capable of producing green solar fuels. However, the low charge separation efficiencies and the requirement of lowering redox potentials are unresolved challenges. Herein, a multiphase copper-cuprous oxide/polypyrrole (PPy) heterostructure has been designed to identify the role of multiple oxidation states of metal oxides in water reduction and oxidation. The presence of a mixed phase in PPy heterostructures enabled an exceptionally high photocatalytic H2 generation rate of 41 mmol h-1 with an apparent quantum efficiency of 7.2% under visible light irradiation, which is a 7-fold augmentation in contrast to the pure polymer. Interestingly, the copper-cuprous oxide/PPy heterostructures exhibited higher charge carrier density, low resistivity, and 6 times higher photocurrent density compared to Cu2O/PPy. Formation of a p-p-n junction between polymer and mixed-phase metal oxide interfaces induce a built-in electric field which influences directional charge transfer that improves the catalytic activity. Notably, photoexcited charge separation and transfer have been significantly improved between copper-cuprous oxide nanocubes and PPy nanofibers, as revealed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Additionally, the photocatalyst demonstrates excellent stability without loss of catalytic activity during cycling tests. The present study highlights a superior strategy to boost photocatalytic redox reactions using a mixed-phase metal oxide in the heterostructure to achieve enhanced light absorption, longer charge carrier lifetimes, and highly efficient photocatalytic H2 and O2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabanti Ghosh
- Energy Materials & Devices Division, CSIR - Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Susmita Bera
- Energy Materials & Devices Division, CSIR - Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Samim Sardar
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sourabh Pal
- Energy Materials & Devices Division, CSIR - Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Franco V A Camargo
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cosimo D'Andrea
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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25
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Liu H, Zheng X, Xu J, Jia X, Chao M, Wang D, Zhao Y. Structural Regulation of Thiophene-Based Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks toward Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16794-16800. [PMID: 36946700 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two imine-based 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with slight differences in their core structures are presented. The COF containing benzotrithiophene moieties with better planarity and π-conjugation (BTTh-TZ-COF) shows much better photocatalytic activity than the COF with trithienylbenzene cores (TThB-TZ-COF). Further photoelectrochemical study reveals the catalytic mechanism in more detail. Since other factors such as crystallinity, porosity, and optical bandgaps are equal, the different structures of the cores in the two similar COFs are the major contributors to the significantly different photocatalytic performance. The better electron delocalization of the planar trithiophene-based core and the enhanced D-A interactions between the triazine and trithiophene units in BTTh-TZ-COF create efficient charge separation and transfer, thus leading to superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity. A new strategy for preparing high-performance organic photocatalysts for solar-energy conversion is revealed by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xuhan Zheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xu Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Menghuan Chao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Danbo Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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26
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Wei G, Wang L, Ding Z, Yuan R, Long J, Xu C. Carbazole-Involved Conjugated Microporous Polymer Hollow Spheres for Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol under Visible-Light Irradiation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 642:648-657. [PMID: 37030201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have been considered a type of promising visible-light-driven, organic photocatalysts. However, apart from designing high-performance CMPs from a molecular perspective, little attention is paid to improving the photocatalytic properties of these polymers through macrostructural regulation. Herein, we prepared a kind of hollow spherical CMPs involving carbazole monomers and studied their performance on the selective photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol under visible light irradiation. The results demonstrate that the introduction of a hollow spherical structure improves the physicochemical properties of the as-designed CMPs, including the specific surface areas, optoelectronic characteristics, as well as photocatalytic performance, etc. In particular, the hollow CMPs can more effectively oxidize benzyl alcohol compared to pristine ones under blue light illumination, and produce >1 mmol of benzaldehyde in 4.5 h with a yield of up to 9 mmol·g-1·h-1, which is almost 5 times higher than that of the pristine ones. Furthermore, such hollow architecture has a similar enhanced effect on the oxidation of some other aromatic alcohols. This work shows that the deliberate construction of specific macrostructures can better arouse the photocatalytic activity of the as-designed CMPs, which will contribute to the further use of these organic polymer semiconductors in photocatalysis areas.
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27
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Zhong Y, Li C, Yang F, Guan L, Jin S. Covalent Pyrimidine Frameworks via a Tandem Polycondensation Method for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production and Proton Conduction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204515. [PMID: 36635041 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of heteroaromatic conjugated porous polymers (H-CPPs) have received enormous research interests, because of the important functional roles of the heteroatoms in photocatalysis and proton conduction. However, due to the synthetic challenges deriving from the stable structures, the structural diversity and synthetic methods of them are still limited. Herein, a new type of H-CPPs, covalent pyrimidine frameworks (CPFs), via an efficient tandem polycondensation reaction between aldehyde, acetyl, and amidine monomers is reported. The resulting CPFs are bridged by pyrimidine units, rich of nitrogen atoms and can be structurally regulated on demand. The CPFs are shown to be active photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution from methanol via a photo-thermo-catalysis process, achieving an excellent hydrogen evolution rate of 5282.8 µmol h-1 g-1 . The CPFs can be further processed into a mixed matrix membrane, displaying an excellent proton conductivity of 1.30 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 413 K under anhydrous condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning Road 28, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning Road 28, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning Road 28, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Lijiang Guan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning Road 28, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Shangbin Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning Road 28, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
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28
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Sun R, Tan B. Covalent Triazine Frameworks (CTFs): Synthesis, Crystallization, and Photocatalytic Water Splitting. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203077. [PMID: 36504463 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covalent Triazine Frameworks (CTFs) have received great attention from academia owing to their unique structure characteristics such as nitrogen-rich structure, chemical stability, fully conjugated skeleton and high surface area; all these unique properties make CTFs attractive for widespread applications, especially for photocatalytic applications. In this review, we aim to provide recent advances in the CTFs preparation, and mainly focus on their photocatalytic applications. This review provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of the CTFs' synthetic methods, crystallinity lifting strategies, and their applications for photocatalytic water splitting. Firstly, a brief background including the photocatalytic water splitting and crystallinity are provided. Then, synthetic methods related to CTFs and the strategies for enhancing the crystallinity are summarized and compared. After that, the general photocatalytic mechanism and the strategies to improve the photocatalytic performance of CTFs are discussed. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of fabricating high crystalline CTFs and designing CTFs with excellent photocatalytic performance are discussed, inspiring the development of CTF materials in photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Bien Tan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
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29
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Niu X, Zhang X, Shi A, Sun D, Chen D, Zhang L, Huang J, Liu L, Wang B, Zhang X. The regulating effect of boron doping and its concentration on the photocatalytic overall water splitting of a polarized g-C 3N 5 material. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8592-8599. [PMID: 36883966 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05247d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic overall water splitting with two-dimensional materials is a promising strategy to solve the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage. However, conventional photocatalysts are often limited to a narrow visible photo-absorption range, low catalytic activity, and poor charge separation. Herein, given the intrinsic polarization facilitating the improvement of photogenerated carrier separation, we adopt a polarized g-C3N5 material combining the doping strategy to alleviate the abovementioned problems. Boron (B), as a Lewis acid, has a great chance to improve the capture and catalytic activity of water. By doping B into g-C3N5, the overpotential for the complicated four-electron process of the oxygen reduction reaction is only 0.50 V. Simultaneously, the B doping-induced impurity state effectively reduces the band gap and broadens the photo-absorption range. Moreover, with the increase of B doping concentration, the photo-absorption range and catalytic activity can be gradually improved. Whereas when the concentration exceeds 33.3%, the reduction potential of the conduction band edge will not meet the demand for hydrogen evolution. Therefore, excessive doping is not recommended in experiments. Our work affords not only a promising photocatalyst but also a practical design scheme by combining polarizing materials and the doping strategy for overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Niu
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Anqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dazhong Sun
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dingbang Chen
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jialin Huang
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liqing Liu
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Institute for Computational Materials Science, Joint Center for Theoretical Physics (JCTP), School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhang
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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30
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Chen JH, Wang CS, Li Z, Hu J, Yu SY, Xu YT, Lin P, Zhao WW. Dual Functional Conjugated Acetylenic Polymers: High-Efficacy Modulation for Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistors and Structural Evolution for Bioelectronic Detection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4243-4250. [PMID: 36799075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated acetylenic polymers (CAPs) have emerged as a unique class of metal-free semiconductors with tunable electrical and optical properties yet their full potential remains largely unexplored. Organic bioelectronics is envisioned to create more opportunities for innovative biomedical applications. Herein, we report a poly(1,4-diethynylbenzene) (pDEB)/NiO gated enhancement-mode poly(ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) and its structural evolution toward bioelectronic detection. pDEB was synthesized via copper-mediated Glaser polycondensation of DEB monomers on the NiO/FTO substrate, and the as-synthesized pDEB/NiO/FTO can efficiently modulate the enhancement-mode device with a high current gain. Linking with a sandwich immunoassay, the labeled alkaline phosphatase can catalyze sodium thiophosphate to generate H2S, which will react with the diacetylene group in pDEB through the Michael addition reaction, resulting in an altered molecular structure and thus the transistor response. Exemplified by HIgG as the model target, the developed biosensor achieves highly sensitive detection with a linear range of 70 fg mL-1-10 ng mL-1 and a low detection limit of 28.5 fg mL-1. This work features the dual functional CAP-gated OPECT, providing not only a novel gating module but also a structurally new rationale for bioelectronic detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng-Shuang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Si-Yuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Dai L, Dong A, Meng X, Liu H, Li Y, Li P, Wang B. Enhancement of Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution Activity of 2D π-Conjugated Bipyridine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks via Post-Protonation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300224. [PMID: 36757154 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen (H2 ) evolution represents a promising and sustainable technology. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs)-based photocatalysts have received growing attention. A 2D fully conjugated ethylene-linked COF (BTT-BPy-COF) was fabricated with a dedicated designed active site. The introduced bipyridine sites enable a facile post-protonation strategy to fine-tune the actives sites, which results in a largely improved charge-separation efficiency and increased hydrophilicity in the pore channels synergically. After modulating the degree of protonation, the optimal BTT-BPy-PCOF exhibits a remarkable H2 evolution rate of 15.8 mmol g-1 h-1 under visible light, which surpasses the biphenyl-based COF 6 times. By using different types of acids, the post-protonation is proved to be a potential universal strategy for promoting photocatalytic H2 evolution. This strategy would provide important guidance for the design of highly efficient organic semiconductor photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Dai
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Anwang Dong
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjian Meng
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Huanyu Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yueting Li
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.,Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan, 250300, P. R. China
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An S, Wu Z, Jeong H, Lee J, Jeong SY, Lee W, Kim S, Han JW, Lim J, Cha H, Woo HY, Chung DS. Synergistic Contribution of Oligo(ethylene glycol) and Fluorine Substitution of Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts toward Solar Driven Sacrificial Hydrogen Evolution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204905. [PMID: 36446633 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To separately explore the importance of hydrophilicity and backbone planarity of polymer photocatalyst, a series of benzothiadiazole-based donor-acceptor alternating copolymers incorporating alkoxy, linear oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chain, and backbone fluorine substituents is presented. The OEG side chains in the polymer backbone increase the surface energy of the polymer nanoparticles, thereby improving the interaction with water and facilitating electron transfer to water. Moreover, the OEG-attached copolymers exhibit enhanced intermolecular packing compared to polymers with alkoxy side chains, which is possibly attributed to the self-assembly properties of the side chains. Fluorine substituents on the polymer backbone produce highly ordered lamellar stacks with distinct π-π stacking features; subsequently, the long-lived polarons toward hydrogen evolution are observed by transient absorption spectroscopy. In addition, a new nanoparticle synthesis strategy using a methanol/water mixed solvent is first adopted, thereby avoiding the screening effect of surfactants between the nanoparticles and water. Finally, hydrogen evolution rate of 26 000 µmol g-1 h-1 is obtained for the copolymer incorporated with both OEG side chains and fluorine substituents under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). This study demonstrates how the glycol side chain strategy can be further optimized for polymer photocatalysts by controlling the backbone planarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyeok An
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyeok Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjong Lee
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkyu Kim
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongchul Lim
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojung Cha
- Department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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33
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McQueen E, Bai Y, Sprick RS. Impact of Interfaces, and Nanostructure on the Performance of Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production from Water. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4299. [PMID: 36500922 PMCID: PMC9739915 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The direct conversion of sunlight into hydrogen through water splitting, and by converting carbon dioxide into useful chemical building blocks and fuels, has been an active area of research since early reports in the 1970s. Most of the semiconductors that drive these photocatalytic processes have been inorganic semiconductors, but since the first report of carbon nitride organic semiconductors have also been considered. Conjugated materials have been relatively extensively studied as photocatalysts for solar fuels generation over the last 5 years due to the synthetic control over composition and properties. The understanding of materials' properties, its impact on performance and underlying factors is still in its infancy. Here, we focus on the impact of interfaces, and nanostructure on fundamental processes which significantly contribute to performance in these organic photocatalysts. In particular, we focus on presenting explicit examples in understanding the interface of polymer photocatalysts with water and how it affects performance. Wetting has been shown to be a clear factor and we present strategies for increased wettability in conjugated polymer photocatalysts through modifications of the material. Furthermore, the limited exciton diffusion length in organic polymers has also been identified to affect the performance of these materials. Addressing this, we also discuss how increased internal and external surface areas increase the activity of organic polymer photocatalysts for hydrogen production from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan McQueen
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Yang Bai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, #08-03, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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Lai C, Luo B, Shen J, Shao J. Biomedical engineered nanomaterials to alleviate tumor hypoxia for enhanced photodynamic therapy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 186:106551. [PMID: 36370918 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a highly selective, widely applicable, and non-invasive therapeutic modality that is an alternative to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, is extensively applied to cancer therapy. Practically, the efficiency of PDT is severely hindered by the existence of hypoxia in tumor tissue. Hypoxia is a typical hallmark of malignant solid tumors, which remains an essential impediment to many current treatments, thereby leading to poor clinical prognosis after therapy. To address this issue, studies have been focused on modulating tumor hypoxia to augment the therapeutic efficacy. Although nanomaterials to relieve tumor hypoxia for enhanced PDT have been demonstrated in many research articles, a systematical summary of the role of nanomaterials in alleviating tumor hypoxia is scarce. In this review, we introduced the mechanism of PDT, and the involved therapeutic modality of PDT for ablation of tumor cells was specifically summarized. Moreover, current advances in nanomaterials-mediated tumor oxygenation via oxygen-carrying or oxygen-generation tactics to alleviate tumor hypoxia are emphasized. Based on these considerable summaries and analyses, we proposed some feasible perspectives on nanoparticle-based tumor oxygenation to ameliorate the therapeutic outcomes, which may provide some detailed information in designing new oxygenation nanomaterials in this burgeneous field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Lai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bangyue Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jiangwen Shen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jingwei Shao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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35
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Ma Y, Hu Z, Lu N, Niu Y, Deng X, Li J, Zhu Z, Sun H, Liang W, Li A. Highly efficient solar photothermal conversion of graphene-coated conjugated microporous polymers hollow spheres. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 623:856-869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Zhao Y, Wang C, Han X, Lang Z, Zhao C, Yin L, Sun H, Yan L, Ren H, Tan H. Two-Dimensional Covalent Heptazine-Based Framework Enables Highly Photocatalytic Performance for Overall Water Splitting. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202417. [PMID: 35948503 PMCID: PMC9534949 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Screening high-efficiency 2D conjugated polymers toward visible-light-driven overall water splitting (OWS) is one of the most promising but challenging research directions to realize solar-to-hydrogen (STH) energy conversion and storage. "Mystery molecule" heptazine is an intriguing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) building block. By covalently linking with the electron-rich alkynyl and phenyl oxygen evolution reaction (OER) active units, 10 experimentally feasible 2D covalent heptazine-based frameworks (CHFs) are constructed and screened four promising visible-light-driven OWS photocatalysts, which are linked by p-phenyl (CHF-4), p-phenylenediynyl (CHF-7), m-phenylenediynyl (CHF-8), and phenyltriynyl (CHF-9), respectively. Their HER and OER active sites achieve completely spatially separated, where HER active sites focus on heptazine units and OER active sites located on alkynyl or phenyl units. Their lower overpotentials allow them to spontaneously trigger the surface OWS reaction under their own light-induced bias without using any sacrificial agents and cocatalysts. Among them, CHF-7 shows the best photocatalytic performance with an ideal STH energy conversion efficiency estimated at 12.04%, indicating that it is a promising photocatalyst for industrial OWS. This work not only provides an innovative idea for the exploration of novel polymer photocatalysts for OWS but also supplies a direction for the development of heptazine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringChangchun University of Science and TechnologyChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Xingqi Han
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Zhongling Lang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials ResearchKey Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and TechnologyMinistry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Congcong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Liying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Huiying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Likai Yan
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Hongda Ren
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
| | - Huaqiao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of EducationFaculty of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal ResourcesMinistry of Science and Technology of ChinaSchool of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilin541004China
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37
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Controllable synthesis of conjugated microporous polymer films for ultrasensitive detection of chemical warfare agents. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5189. [PMID: 36057648 PMCID: PMC9440894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve agents, one of the most toxic chemical warfare agents, seriously threaten human life and public security. The high toxicity of nerve agents makes the development of fluorescence sensors with suitable limit of detection challenging. Here, we propose a sensor design based on a conjugated microporous polymer film for the detection of diethyl chlorophosphate, a substitute of Sarin, with low detection limit of 2.5 ppt. This is due to the synergy of the susceptible on-off effect of hybridization and de-hybridization of hybrid local and charge transfer (HLCT) materials and the microporous structure of CMP films facilitating the inward diffusion of DCP vapors, and the extended π-conjugated structure. This strategy provides a new idea for the future development of gas sensors. In addition, a portable sensor is successfully integrated based on TCzP-CMP films that enables wireless, remote, ultrasensitive, and real-time detection of DCP vapors.
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38
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Synthesis of Electron-Rich Porous Organic Polymers via Schiff-Base Chemistry for Efficient Iodine Capture. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165161. [PMID: 36014397 PMCID: PMC9415008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As one of the main nuclear wastes generated in the process of nuclear fission, radioactive iodine has attracted worldwide attention due to its harm to public safety and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to develop materials that can rapidly and efficiently capture radioactive iodine. Herein, we report the construction of three electron-rich porous organic polymers (POPs), denoted as POP-E, POP-T and POP-P via Schiff base polycondensations reactions between Td-symmetric adamantane knot and four-branched “linkage” molecules. We demonstrated that all the three POPs showed high iodine adsorption capability, among which the adsorption capacity of POP-T for iodine vapor reached up to 3.94 g·g−1 and the removal rate of iodine in n-hexane solution was up to 99%. The efficient iodine capture mechanism of the POP-T was investigated through systematic comparison of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) before and after iodine adsorption. The unique π-π conjugated system between imine bonds linked aromatic rings with iodine result in charge-transfer complexes, which explains the exceptional iodine capture capacity. Additionally, the introduction of heteroatoms into the framework would also enhance the iodine adsorption capability of POPs. Good retention behavior and recycling capacity were also observed for the POPs.
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Thangamuthu M, Ruan Q, Ohemeng PO, Luo B, Jing D, Godin R, Tang J. Polymer Photoelectrodes for Solar Fuel Production: Progress and Challenges. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11778-11829. [PMID: 35699661 PMCID: PMC9284560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Converting solar energy to fuels has attracted substantial interest over the past decades because it has the potential to sustainably meet the increasing global energy demand. However, achieving this potential requires significant technological advances. Polymer photoelectrodes are composed of earth-abundant elements, e.g. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, which promise to be more economically sustainable than their inorganic counterparts. Furthermore, the electronic structure of polymer photoelectrodes can be more easily tuned to fit the solar spectrum than inorganic counterparts, promising a feasible practical application. As a fast-moving area, in particular, over the past ten years, we have witnessed an explosion of reports on polymer materials, including photoelectrodes, cocatalysts, device architectures, and fundamental understanding experimentally and theoretically, all of which have been detailed in this review. Furthermore, the prospects of this field are discussed to highlight the future development of polymer photoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madasamy Thangamuthu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Qiushi Ruan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Peter Osei Ohemeng
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Bing Luo
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- International
Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of
Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Dengwei Jing
- International
Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of
Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Robert Godin
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Junwang Tang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
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40
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Wang L, Lian W, Liu B, Lv H, Zhang Y, Wu X, Wang T, Gong J, Chen T, Xu H. A Transparent, High-Performance, and Stable Sb 2 S 3 Photoanode Enabled by Heterojunction Engineering with Conjugated Polycarbazole Frameworks for Unbiased Photoelectrochemical Overall Water Splitting Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200723. [PMID: 35580906 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing low-cost, high-performance, and durable photoanodes is essential in solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) energy conversion. Sb2 S3 is a low-bandgap (≈1.7 eV) n-type semiconductor with a maximum theoretical solar conversion efficiency of ≈28% for PEC water splitting. However, bulk Sb2 S3 exhibits opaque characteristics and suffers from severe photocorrosion, and thus the use of Sb2 S3 as a photoanode material remains underexploited. This study describes the design and fabrication of a transparent Sb2 S3 -based photoanode by conformably depositing a thin layer of conjugated polycarbazole frameworks (CPF-TCzB) onto the Sb2 S3 film. This structural design creates a type-II heterojunction between the CPF-TCzB and the Sb2 S3 with a suitable band-edge energy offset, thereby, greatly enhancing the charge separation efficiency. The CPF-TCzB/Sb2 S3 hybrid photoanode exhibits a remarkable photocurrent density of 10.1 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode. Moreover, the thin CPF-TCzB overlayer effectively inhibits photocorrosion of the Sb2 S3 and enables long-term operation for at least 100 h with ≈10% loss in photocurrent density. Furthermore, a standalone unbiased PEC tandem device comprising a CPF-TCzB/Sb2 S3 photoanode and a back-illuminated Si photocathode can achieve a record solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 5.21%, representing the most efficient PEC water splitting device of its kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Weitao Lian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Haifeng Lv
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Tuo Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jinlong Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hangxun Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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41
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Liu L, Dong K, Hassan M, Gong W, Cui J, Ning G. Incorporation of carbazole and boron-containing dye into conjugated microporous polymers with significant aerobic oxidative photocatalysis. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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42
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Bai Y, Li C, Liu L, Yamaguchi Y, Bahri M, Yang H, Gardner A, Zwijnenburg MA, Browning ND, Cowan AJ, Kudo A, Cooper AI, Sprick RS. Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting Under Visible Light Enabled by a Particulate Conjugated Polymer Loaded with Palladium and Iridium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201299. [PMID: 35377540 PMCID: PMC9321674 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polymer photocatalysts have received growing attention in recent years for photocatalytic hydrogen production from water. Most studies report hydrogen production with sacrificial electron donors, which is unsuitable for large‐scale hydrogen energy production. Here we show that the palladium/iridium oxide‐loaded homopolymer of dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone (P10) facilitates overall water splitting to produce stoichiometric amounts of H2 and O2 for an extended period (>60 hours) after the system stabilized. These results demonstrate that conjugated polymers can act as single component photocatalytic systems for overall water splitting when loaded with suitable co‐catalysts, albeit currently with low activities. Transient spectroscopy shows that the IrO2 co‐catalyst plays an important role in the generation of the charge separated state required for water splitting, with evidence for fast hole transfer to the co‐catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Institute of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for Science Technology and ResearchSingapore138634Singapore
| | - Chao Li
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable EnergyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZFUK
| | - Lunjie Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Yuichi Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied ChemistryTokyo University of ScienceTokyo162-8601Japan
| | - Mounib Bahri
- Albert Crewe Centre for Electron MicroscopyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 3GLUK
| | - Haofan Yang
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Adrian Gardner
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable EnergyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZFUK
| | | | - Nigel D. Browning
- Albert Crewe Centre for Electron MicroscopyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 3GLUK
| | - Alexander J. Cowan
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable EnergyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZFUK
| | - Akihiko Kudo
- Department of Applied ChemistryTokyo University of ScienceTokyo162-8601Japan
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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43
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Yu Z, Xiao Y, Guo S, Min F, Sun Q, Song R, Li J. Visible Light-Driven Selective Reduction of CO 2 by Acetylene-Bridged Cobalt Porphyrin Conjugated Polymers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200424. [PMID: 35445580 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into renewable fuels with high efficiency and selectivity is desirable for solar energy utilization, but remains a great challenge. Herein, cobalt(II)-porphyrin functionalized conjugated polymers with acetylene bridging units, assembled through the Sonogashira cross coupling reaction, as heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 photoreduction were presented. Experimental investigations and density functional theory calculations demonstrated the crucial roles of Co centers in porphyrin units for CO2 activation and conversion, while excessive acetylene group prompted the competing hydrogen evolution reaction and reduced the selectivity. Thus, the CoPor-DBBP afforded superior activity for the CO generation with a rate of 286.7 μmol g-1 h-1 and high selectivity of up to 90.4 %. This work presents a new insight for rationally designing of porphyrin-based conjugated polymers as energetic photocatalyst in CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
| | - Shien Guo
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Feng Min
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
| | - Renjie Song
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
| | - Jinheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
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44
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Zhang H, Liu J, Jiang L. Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution based on carbon nitride and organic semiconductors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:322001. [PMID: 35447618 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac68f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) presents a promising way to solve the global energy crisis. Metal-free carbon nitride (CN) and organic semiconductors photocatalysts have drawn intense interests due to their fascinating properties such as tunable molecular structure, electronic states, strong visible-light absorption, low-cost etc. In this paper, the recent progresses of photocatalytic hydrogen production based on organic photocatalysts, including CN, linear polymers, conjugated porous polymers and small molecules, are reviewed, with emphasis on the various strategies to improve PHE efficiency. Finally, the possible future research trends in the organic photocatalysts are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hantang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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45
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Wang H, Cheng H, Lv H, Xu H, Wu X, Yang J. Molecular Design of Two-Dimensional Covalent Heptazine Frameworks for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting under Visible Light. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3949-3956. [PMID: 35476932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting sustainably offers clean hydrogen energy, but it is challenging to produce low-cost photocatalysts that split water stoichiometrically into H2 and O2 without sacrificial agents under visible light. Here, we designed 17 two-dimensional (2D) covalent heptazine frameworks (CHFs) by topologically assembling heptazine and benzene-containing molecular units that provide active sites for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, respectively. Among them, 12 CHFs have band gap values of <3.0 eV with band margins straddling the chemical reaction potential of H2/H+ and O2/H2O. In particular, a 2D H@DBTD CHF based on heptazine and 4,7-diphenyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole is a potential photocatalyst with a band gap of 2.47 eV for overall water splitting, which was confirmed with the calculated Gibbs free energy, non-adiabatic molecular dynamics, and preliminary experiment. This study presents an experimentally feasible molecular design of 2D CHFs as metal-free photocatalysts for overall water splitting under visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion, Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information & Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion, Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information & Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Haifeng Lv
- School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion, Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information & Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hangxun Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion, Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information & Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion, Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information & Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion, Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information & Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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46
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Hossain MM, Olamilekan AI, Jeong HO, Lim H, Kim YK, Cho H, Jeong HD, Islam MA, Goh M, You NH, Kim MJ, Choi SQ, Hahn JR, Yeo H, Jang SG. Diacetylene-Containing Dual-Functional Liquid Crystal Epoxy Resin: Strategic Phase Control for Topochemical Polymerization of Diacetylenes and Thermal Conductivity Enhancement. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Monir Hossain
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Arinola Isa Olamilekan
- Department of Science Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Oh Jeong
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongjin Lim
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyeong Kim
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Cho
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Dam Jeong
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Md. Akherul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Munju Goh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Ho You
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Q. Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ryang Hahn
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonuk Yeo
- Department of Science Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Education and Department of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Gyu Jang
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
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47
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Yan X, Lyu S, Xu X, Chen W, Shang P, Yang Z, Zhang G, Chen W, Wang Y, Chen L. Superhydrophilic 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks as Broadband Absorbers for Efficient Solar Steam Generation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201900. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
- Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Shanzhi Lyu
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xiao‐Qi Xu
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China
| | - Weiben Chen
- Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Pengna Shang
- Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zongfan Yang
- Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Guang Zhang
- Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Weihua Chen
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center Zhengzhou University Henan 450001 China
| | - Yapei Wang
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
- Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
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48
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Bai Y, Li C, Liu L, Yamaguchi Y, Bahri M, Yang H, Gardner A, Zwijnenburg MA, Browning ND, Cowan AJ, Kudo A, Cooper AI, Sprick RS. Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting Under Visible Light Enabled by a Particulate Conjugated Polymer Loaded with Palladium and Iridium**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Chao Li
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZF UK
| | - Lunjie Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Yuichi Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Mounib Bahri
- Albert Crewe Centre for Electron Microscopy University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3GL UK
| | - Haofan Yang
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Adrian Gardner
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZF UK
| | | | - Nigel D. Browning
- Albert Crewe Centre for Electron Microscopy University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3GL UK
| | - Alexander J. Cowan
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZF UK
| | - Akihiko Kudo
- Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Materials Innovation Factory & Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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49
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Wang C, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Yang C, Wu J, Hu W. 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks: From Synthetic Strategies to Advanced Optical-Electrical-Magnetic Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2102290. [PMID: 35052010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), an emerging class of organic crystalline polymers with highly oriented structures and permanent porosity, can adopt 2D or 3D architectures depending on the different topological diagrams of the monomers. Notably, 2D COFs have particularly gained much attention due to the extraordinary merits of their extended in-plane π-conjugation and topologically ordered columnar π-arrays. These properties together with high crystallinity, large surface area, and tunable porosity distinguish 2D COFs as an ideal candidate for the fabrication of functional materials. Herein, this review surveys the recent research advances in 2D COFs with special emphasis on the preparation of 2D COF powders, single crystals, and thin films, as well as their advanced optical, electrical, and magnetic functionalities. Some challenging issues and potential research outlook for 2D COFs are also provided for promoting their development in terms of structure, synthesis, and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyong Wang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yating Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chenhuai Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wenping Hu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
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50
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Yan X, Lyu S, Xu X, Chen W, Shang P, Yang Z, Zhang G, Chen W, Wang Y, Chen L. Superhydrophilic 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks as Broadband Absorbers for Efficient Solar Steam Generation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
- Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Shanzhi Lyu
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xiao‐Qi Xu
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China
| | - Weiben Chen
- Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Pengna Shang
- Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zongfan Yang
- Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Guang Zhang
- Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Weihua Chen
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center Zhengzhou University Henan 450001 China
| | - Yapei Wang
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
- Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
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