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Wang Y, Xu F, Issac Paul G, Vidales Pasos E, Shi K, Wagner B, Mangolini L, Zachariah MR. Role of Surface Tension on Heat Feedback and Power from Energetic Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:42100-42108. [PMID: 39082214 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Heat feedback to the unburned reaction interface is an important controlling factor of the velocity of the reaction front and power delivery. In this paper, we investigate the effect of agglomerate surface tension and its relationship to surface residence time and heat feedback on the combustion characteristics by Si addition to an Al/KClO4 composite. Macroscopic imaging demonstrates a significant increase in burn rate with the addition of Si despite the fact that Si/KClO4 has a slightly lower energy density than Al/KClO4. Microscopic imaging coupled with three-color pyrometry reveals that molten liquid forms and evolves into spherical droplets on the burning surface, which are subsequently ejected from the surface. We find that the addition of Si results in a small increase in droplet size and a negligible impact on droplet temperature. However, the droplet formation rate on the surface is slower, leading to a significantly longer surface residence time. This leads to enhanced conductive heat feedback to the unburnt materials, thereby increasing the burn rate and energy release rate. We attribute the decreased droplet growth rate to the lowered surface tension of the liquid mixture with Si addition. This study highlights the crucial role of agglomerate physical property (e.g., surface tension) in influencing the combustion behavior of energetic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Feiyu Xu
- University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - George Issac Paul
- University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | | | - Keren Shi
- University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Brandon Wagner
- University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lorenzo Mangolini
- University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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2
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Kou Y, Lu Q, Fu X, Yang R, Yu J, Yang H, Zhang C, Di J, Liu G, Gao H, Zhao F, Jiang W, Hao G. Construction of Fe Nanoparticles Interfacial Layer on Micron Al Surface: Boosting the Efficient Energy Release of High-Energy DAP-4 as a Gradient Catalyst. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404623. [PMID: 39004866 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The high-energy (H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3] (DAP-4) with excellent energetic performance attracts wide attention from researchers. The investigation of its interaction with the Aluminum (Al) is of great importance. However, the higher ignition threshold of DAP-4 and the dense oxide layer (Al2O3) of Al severely limit the energy release efficiency of Al/DAP-4. In this study, a new idea to is first proposed to improve and adjust the thermal decomposition and combustion performance of Al/DAP-4 by constructing a highly dispersed iron (Fe) nanoparticle interfacial layer. It acts as a gradient catalyst to promote the thermal decomposition and combustion of DAP-4 and Al, and it also act as an oxygen transport channel to promote the contact and reaction of oxidizing gases with the internal reactive Al powder. It reduces the thermal decomposition temperature of Al@Fe-3/DAP-4 from 386.30 °C (Al/DAP-4) to 349.48 °C and leads to the vigorous combustion. Theoretical calculations show that Fe nanoparticle interfacial layer can facilitate the transport of oxygen through the established oxygen transport channels, and it can also significantly improve the energetic properties of Al@Fe-3/DAP-4 composites. In conclusion, the new approach is proposed to improve the performance of metal fuel/oxidizer composites by constructing interfacial layers, which is expected to promote their practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kou
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Qiangqiang Lu
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Ronghuan Yang
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jiahao Yu
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jun Di
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Guigao Liu
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Hongxu Gao
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Gazi Hao
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
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Ke X, Deng L, Wang Y, Tang K, Xiao L, Hao G, Li P, Zhou X. Preparation of Al@FTCS/P(VDF-HFP) Composite Energetic Materials and Their Reaction Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3046. [PMID: 38998129 PMCID: PMC11242070 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Strengthening the interfacial contact between the reactive components effectively boosts the energy release of energetic materials. In this study, we aimed to create a close-knit interfacial contact condition between aluminum nanoparticles (Al NPs) and Polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (P(VDF-HFP)) through hydrolytic adsorption and assembling 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluorododecyltrichlorosilane (FTCS) on the surface of Al NPs. Leveraging hydrogen bonding between -CF and -CH and the interaction between C-F⋯F-C groups, the adsorbed FTCS directly leads to the growth of the P(VDF-HFP) coating layer around the treated Al NPs, yielding Al@FTCS/P(VDF-HFP) energetic composites. In comparison with the ultrasonically processed Al/P(VDF-HFP) mixture, thermal analysis reveals that Al@FTCS/P(VDF-HFP) exhibits a 57 °C lower reaction onset temperature and a 1646 J/g increase in heat release. Associated combustion tests demonstrate a 52% shorter ignition delay, 62% shorter combustion time, and a 288% faster pressurization rate. These improvements in energetic characteristics stem from the reactivity activation of FTCS towards Al NPs by the etching effect to the surface Al2O3. Moreover, enhanced interfacial contact facilitated by the FTCS-directed growth of P(VDF-HFP) around Al NPs further accelerates the whole reaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ke
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233000, China; (X.K.)
- Anhui Province Quartz Sand Purification and Photovoltaic Glass Engineering Research Center, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Lifang Deng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233000, China; (X.K.)
| | - Yanping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233000, China; (X.K.)
- Anhui Province Quartz Sand Purification and Photovoltaic Glass Engineering Research Center, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Kai Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233000, China; (X.K.)
- Anhui Province Quartz Sand Purification and Photovoltaic Glass Engineering Research Center, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (L.X.); (G.H.)
| | - Gazi Hao
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (L.X.); (G.H.)
| | - Peili Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233000, China; (X.K.)
- Anhui Province Quartz Sand Purification and Photovoltaic Glass Engineering Research Center, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (L.X.); (G.H.)
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4
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Wang C, Li C, Duan Z, Wang ZF, Wang QY, Zang SQ. Engineering High-Performance Hypergolic Propellant by Synergistic Contribution of Metal-Organic Framework Shell and Aluminum Core. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310970. [PMID: 38243848 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Hypergolicity is a highly desired characteristic for hybrid rocket engine-based fuels because it eliminates the need for a separate ignition system. Introducing hypergolic additives into conventional fuels through physical mixing is a feasible approach, but achieving highly reliable hypergolic ignition and energy release remains a major challenge. Here, the construction of core-shell Al@metal organic framework (MOF) heterostructures is reported as high-performance solid hypergolic propellants. Upon contact with the liquid oxidizer the uniformly distributed hypergolic MOF (Ag-MOF) shell can induce the ignition of hypergolic-inert fuel Al, resulting in Al combustion. Such a synthetic strategy is demonstrated to be favorable in hotspot generation and heat transfer relative to a simple physical mixture of Al/Ag-MOF, thus producing shorter ignition delay times and more efficient combustion. Thermal reactivity study indicated that the functionalization of the Ag-MOF shell changes the energy release process of the inner Al, which is accompanied by a thermite reaction. The synergistic effect of implantation of hypergolic MOF and high energy Al contributes to high specific impulses of 230-270 s over a wide range of oxidizer-to-fuel ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Science and Technology on Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Shaanxi Applied Physics-Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Cai Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zheng Duan
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zi-Fan Wang
- Zhengzhou Foreign Language School New Fengyang Campus, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qian-You Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Science and Technology on Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Shaanxi Applied Physics-Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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5
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Yu C, Gu B, Bao M, Chen J, Shi W, Ye J, Zhang W. In Situ Electrochemical Construction of CuN 3@CuCl Hybrids for Controllable Energy Release and Self-Passivation Ability. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1642-1651. [PMID: 38198689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Advanced energetic materials (EMs) play a crucial role in the advancement of microenergetic systems as actuation parts, igniters, propulsion units, and power. The sustainable electrosynthesis of EMs has gained momentum and achieved substantial improvements in the past decade. This study presents the facile synthesis of a new type of high-performance CuN3@CuCl hybrids via a co-electrodeposition methodology utilizing porous Cu as the sacrificial template. The composition, morphology, and energetic characteristics of the CuN3@CuCl hybrids can be easily tuned by adjusting the deposition times. The resulting hybrids demonstrate remarkable energy output (1120 J·g-1) and good laser-induced initiating ability. As compared with porous CuN3, the uniform doping of inert CuCl enhances the electrostatic safety of the hybridized material without compromising its overall energetic characteristics. Notably, the special oxidizing behavior of CuCl gradually lowers the susceptibility of the hybrid material to laser and electrostatic stimulation. This has significant implications for the passivation or self-destruction of highly sensitive EMs. Overall, this study pioneers a new path for the development of MEMS-compatible EMs, facilitating further microenergetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Bonan Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Minghao Bao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jiahai Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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6
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Xiong K, Wang Z, Liu R, Nie H, Yan QL. Probing on Mutual Interaction Mechanisms of the Ingredients of Al/CuO/PVDF Nanocomposites. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:13850-13862. [PMID: 37733638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, several binary and ternary metastable intermixed nanocomposites Al/CuO, Al/PVDF, CuO/PVDF, and Al/CuO/PVDF have been prepared by simple mechanical mixing and ball milling followed by spray drying methods. In this way, the interfacial structure could be well tuned and compared in terms of reactivity. The nonisothermal DSC curves results showed that the exothermic reaction of Al/CuO/PVDF could be divided into three steps. In addition, it has been shown that for the same formulation, the reaction efficiency, pressurization capacity, and thermal reactivity are greatly dependent on the interfacial structure. As a typical example, composite Al@PVDF/CuO, where Al is fully covered with PVDF, exhibited a higher energy release of 10.7 kJ·cm-3 and pressurization rates of 22.79 MPa·s-1·g-1. The reaction between Al and PVDF has been facilitated in both extent of reaction and efficiency due to their intimate contact. Based on the thermal analysis, condensed combustion product analysis, and gaseous phase identification, the mutual reaction mechanisms of Al/CuO/PVDF have been proposed. The most likely reactions that occurred at each stage of the reaction are summarized, providing insight into the complicated underlying mechanisms. It shows that the regulation of energy release rates and improved efficiency could be easily realized by predesigned interfacial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Xiong
- Science and Technology on Combustion, Internal Flow and Thermo-structure Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zikangping Wang
- Science and Technology on Combustion, Internal Flow and Thermo-structure Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Science and Technology on Combustion, Internal Flow and Thermo-structure Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Hongqi Nie
- Science and Technology on Combustion, Internal Flow and Thermo-structure Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qi-Long Yan
- Science and Technology on Combustion, Internal Flow and Thermo-structure Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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Chen S, Yi Z, Jia C, Li Y, Chen H, Zhu S, Zhang L. Periodate-Based Perovskite Energetic Materials: A Strategy for High-Energy Primary Explosives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302631. [PMID: 37329207 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The requirements for high energy and green primary explosives are more and more stringent because of the rising demand in the application of micro initiation explosive devices. Four new energetic compounds with powerful initiation ability are reported and their performances are experimentally proven as designed, including non-perovskites ([H2 DABCO](H4 IO6 )2 ·2H2 O, named TDPI-0) and perovskitoid energetic materials (PEMs) ([H2 DABCO][M(IO4 )3 ]; DABCO=1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, M=Na+ , K+ , and NH4 + for TDPI-1, -2, and -4, respectively). The tolerance factor is first introduced to guide the design of perovskitoid energetic materials (PEMs). In conjunction with [H2 DABCO](ClO4 )2 ·H2 O (DAP-0) and [H2 DABCO][M(ClO4 )3 ] (M=Na+ , K+ , and NH4 + for DAP-1, -2, and -4), the physiochemical properties of the two series are investigated between PEMs and non-perovskites (TDPI-0 and DAP-0). The experimental results show that PEMs have great advantages in improving the thermal stability, detonation performance, initiation capability, and regulating sensitivity. The influence of X-site replacement is illustrated by hard-soft-acid-base (HSAB) theory. Especially, TDPIs possess much stronger initiation capability than DAPs, which indicates that periodate salts are in favor of deflagration-to-detonation transition. Therefore, PEMs provide a simple and feasible method for designing advanced high energy materials with adjustable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Zhenxin Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Chongwei Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Houhe Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Shunguan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
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Wang R, Yang L, Zhang Z, Song W, Wang D, Guo C. Preparation of quasi-core/shell structured composite energetic materials to improve combustion performance. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17834-17841. [PMID: 37323446 PMCID: PMC10262013 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02732e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Composite explosives with fast reaction rate, high energy release efficiency, and remarkable combustion performance can be obtained by the interaction between homogeneous energetic materials and heterogeneous energetic materials and have broad application prospects. However, ordinary physical mixtures can easily cause separation between the components in the preparation process, which is not conducive to reflecting the advantages of composite materials. In this study, high-energy composite structured explosives with RDX modified by polydopamine as the core and PTFE/Al as the shell were prepared using a simple ultrasonic method. The study of morphology, thermal decomposition, heat release, and combustion performance demonstrated that the quasi-core/shell structured samples have higher exothermic energy, faster combustion rate, more stable combustion characteristics, and lower mechanical sensitivity than the physical mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 PR China
| | - Lanting Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 PR China
| | - Zhenwei Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 PR China
| | - Wenkui Song
- Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 PR China
| | - Dunju Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 PR China
| | - Changping Guo
- Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010 PR China
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Zhang C, Lai Q, Chen W, Zhang Y, Mo L, Liu Z. Three-Dimensional Electrochemical Sensors for Food Safety Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050529. [PMID: 37232890 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Considering the increasing concern for food safety, electrochemical methods for detecting specific ingredients in the food are currently the most efficient method due to their low cost, fast response signal, high sensitivity, and ease of use. The detection efficiency of electrochemical sensors is determined by the electrode materials' electrochemical characteristics. Among them, three-dimensional (3D) electrodes have unique advantages in electronic transfer, adsorption capacity and exposure of active sites for energy storage, novel materials, and electrochemical sensing. Therefore, this review begins by outlining the benefits and drawbacks of 3D electrodes compared to other materials before going into more detail about how 3D materials are synthesized. Next, different types of 3D electrodes are outlined together with common modification techniques for enhancing electrochemical performance. After this, a demonstration of 3D electrochemical sensors for food safety applications, such as detecting components, additives, emerging pollutants, and bacteria in food, was given. Finally, improvement measures and development directions of electrodes with 3D electrochemical sensors are discussed. We think that this review will help with the creation of new 3D electrodes and offer fresh perspectives on how to achieve extremely sensitive electrochemical detection in the area of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qingteng Lai
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yanke Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Long Mo
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhengchun Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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10
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Ma X, Fei W, Zhang X, Ji J, Zhou X. Preparation of Mesoporous Si Nanoparticles by Magnesiothermic Reduction for the Enhanced Reactivity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073274. [PMID: 37050037 PMCID: PMC10096974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, mesoporous silicon nanoparticles (M-Si) were successfully prepared by a magnesiothermic reduction of mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which were synthesized by a templated sol-gel method and used as the precursors. M-Si exhibited a uniform size distribution with an average diameter of about 160 nm. The measured BET surface area was 93.0 m2 g-1, and the average pore size calculated by the BJH method was 16 nm. The large internal surface area provides rich reaction sites, resulting in unique interfacial properties and reduced mass diffusion limitations. The mechanism of the magnesiothermic reduction process was discussed. The reactivity of prepared M-Si was compared with that of commercially available non-porous Si nanopowder (with the average diameter of about 30 nm) by performing simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry in the air. The results showed that the reaction onset temperature indicated by weight gain was advanced from 772 °C to 468 °C, indicating the promising potential of M-Si as fuel for metastable intermolecular composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weiduo Fei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiandie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jie Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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11
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Wang H, Chen B, Wang Y, Pang Z, Pan J, Wu H, He W. Al/CuO@CNFs Conductive Flexible Energetic Films with High Electrical Safety. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:13618-13624. [PMID: 36854049 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of energetic materials with both high energy and high safety has always been the focus of the field of energetic materials. In this paper, a low-current-sensitivity flexible energetic film composed of carbon nanofibers (CNFs)-coated Al/CuO metastable intermolecular composites (MICs) was prepared by a blow-spinning combined with controlled heat treatment technique. Hotspots can hardly generate in this kind of energetic film due to the increased electrical and thermal conductivity, leading to low sensitivity of MICs. It evenly stays at a high voltage (60 V) for 24 h without raising the temperature significantly. The energetic films keep the high energy release of MICs due to the additional violent reactions between CuO and CNFs as well as the light weight of CNFs, showing the heat release of 2864 J/g. In addition, the obtained films exhibit good mechanical properties and can maintain the structural integrity after 1000 cycles of repeated bending to a 6 mm curvature radius. The above characteristics reveal that energetic films presented in this paper have certain safety, high energy, and flexibility and have potential applications in transient electronics with flexible requirements such as micro-electromechanical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolun Wang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Baiquan Chen
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhenguo Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jie Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei He
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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12
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Wang J, Guo Z, Chen S, Chen Y, Qin Z, Xu K. High dispersity and ultralight PVP-mediated Al/MFe2O4/g-C3N4 (M = Cu, Mg, Ni) nanothermites synthesized by a novel sol-freeze-drying technology. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2023.103976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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13
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Hematite: A Good Catalyst for the Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials and the Application in Nano-Thermite. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052035. [PMID: 36903281 PMCID: PMC10004550 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal oxides (MOs) are of great importance in catalysts, sensor, capacitor and water treatment. Nano-sized MOs have attracted much more attention because of the unique properties, such as surface effect, small size effect and quantum size effect, etc. Hematite, an especially important additive as combustion catalysts, can greatly speed up the thermal decomposition process of energetic materials (EMs) and enhance the combustion performance of propellants. This review concludes the catalytic effect of hematite with different morphology on some EMs such as ammonium perchlorate (AP), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), cyclotetramethylenete-tranitramine (HMX), etc. The method for enhancing the catalytic effect on EMs using hematite-based materials such as perovskite and spinel ferrite materials, making composites with different carbon materials and assembling super-thermite is concluded and their catalytic effects on EMs is also discussed. Therefore, the provided information is helpful for the design, preparation and application of catalysts for EMs.
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14
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Liu J, Li S, Li M, Zhou Y, Guo T, Han Z, Jiang L. Thermal Analysis and Pyrolytic Behavior of Bimetal and Double Oxidant Thermite Al/Mg/MoO
3
/CuO. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202200290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Wang Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Shi Li
- College of Field Engineering Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Mi Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Tao Guo
- College of Field Engineering Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Zhong‐Xuan Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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15
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Guo P, Tao S. Chirality enhanced shear‐free mixing of highly viscous fluids in an origami reactor. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.18002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Shengyang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian Liaoning China
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16
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Unraveling the Effect of MgAl/CuO Nanothermite on the Characteristics and Thermo-Catalytic Decomposition of Nanoenergetic Formulation Based on Nanostructured Nitrocellulose and Hydrazinium Nitro-Triazolone. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to develop new energetic composites containing nanostructured nitrocellulose (NNC) or nitrated cellulose (NC), hydrazinium nitro triazolone (HNTO), and MgAl-CuO nanothermite. The prepared energetic formulations (NC/HNTO/MgAl-CuO and NNC/HNTO/MgAl-CuO) were analyzed using various analytical techniques, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The outstanding catalytic impact of MgAl-CuO on the thermal behavior of the developed energetic composites was elucidated by kinetic modeling, applied to the DSC data using isoconversional kinetic methods, for which a considerable drop in the activation energy was acquired for the prepared formulations, highlighting the catalytic influence of the introduced MgAl-CuO nanothermite. Overall, the obtained findings demonstrated that the newly elaborated NC/HNTO/MgAl-CuO and NNC/HNTO/MgAl-CuO composites could serve as promising candidates for application in the next generation of composite explosives and high-performance propellants.
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17
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The Role of Graphene Oxide in the Exothermic Mechanism of Al/CuO Nanocomposites. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217614. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastable intermixed composites (MICs) have received increasing attention in the field of energy materials in recent years due to their high energy and good combustion performance. The exploration of ways of improving their potential release of heat is still underway. In this study, Al–CuO/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites were prepared using a combination of the self-assembly and in-suit synthesis methods. The formulation and experimental conditions were also optimized to maximize the exothermic heat. The DSC analysis shows that the addition of the GO made a significant contribution to the exothermic effect of the nanothermite. Compared with the Al–CuO nanothermite, the exothermic heat of the Al–CuO/GO nanocomposites increase by 306.9–1166.3 J/g and the peak temperatures dropped by 7.9–26.4 °C with different GO content. The reaction mechanism of the nanocomposite was investigated using a DSC and thermal reaction kinetics analysis. It was found that, compared with typical thermite reactions, the addition of the GO changed the reaction pathway of the nanothermite. The reaction products included CuAlO2. Moreover, the combustion properties of nanocomposite were investigated. This work reveals the unique mechanism of GO in thermite reactions, which may promote the application of carbon materials in nanothermite.
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Li J, Liu X, Xie Q, Jia Y, Sun J, Yao Y. Cryogel-Templated Fabrication of n-Al/PVDF Superhydrophobic Energetic Films with Exceptional Underwater Ignition Performance. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27206911. [PMID: 36296502 PMCID: PMC9611366 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The rapid heat loss and corrosion of nano-aluminum limits the energy performance of metastable intermolecular composites (MICs) in aquatic conditions. In this work, superhydrophobic n-Al/PVDF films were fabricated by the cryogel-templated method. The underwater ignition performance of the energetic films was investigated. The preparation process of energetic materials is relatively simple, and avoids excessively high temperatures, ensuring the safety of the entire experimental process. The surface of the n-Al/PVDF energetic film exhibits super-hydrophobicity. Because the aluminum nanoparticles are uniformly encased in the hydrophobic energetic binder, the film is more waterproof and anti-aging. Laser-induced underwater ignition experiments show that the superhydrophobic modification can effectively induce the ignition of energetic films underwater. The results suggest that the cryogel-templated method provides a feasible route for underwater applications of energetic materials, especially nanoenergetics-on-a-chip in underwater micro-scale energy-demanding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering of Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xuwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering of Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18655488806
| | - Quanmin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering of Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yongsheng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering of Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jinshan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering of Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yingkang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering of Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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19
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Nie Z, Yang H, Zhang M, Wang W, Fu X, Qiao Z, Yang G, Liu X, Wang X. Synergistically Enhanced Long-Term Effectiveness and Combustion Performance of Aluminum Nanoparticles by Partially Fluorinating External Alumina Shell. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Nie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Minghua Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Weimiao Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an710065, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qiao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Guangcheng Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
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20
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Chen X, Wang X, Geng Q, Wang N. 2D-WO 3/nAl Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation and Energetic Properties. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Chen
- The School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- The School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Qingxia Geng
- The School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Ni Wang
- The School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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21
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Fabrication of CL-20/HMX Cocrystal@Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin Core-Shell Composites Featuring Enhanced Thermal and Safety Performance via In Situ Polymerization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126710. [PMID: 35743154 PMCID: PMC9224366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Safety concerns remain a bottleneck for the application of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro- 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)/1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane (HMX) cocrystal. Melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin was chosen to fabricate CL-20/HMX cocrystal-based core–shell composites (CH@MF composites) via a facile in situ polymerization method. The resulted CH@MF composites were comprehensively characterized, and a compact core–shell structure was confirmed. The effects of the shell content on the properties of the composites were explored as well. As a result, we found that, except for CH@MF–2 with a 1% shell content, the increase in shell content led to a rougher surface morphology and more close-packed structure. The thermal decomposition peak temperature improved by 5.3 °C for the cocrystal enabled in 1.0 wt% MF resin. Regarding the sensitivity, the CH@MF composites exhibited a significantly reduced impact and friction sensitivity with negligible energy loss compared with the raw cocrystal and physical mixtures due to the cushioning and insulation effects of the MF coating. The formation mechanism of the core–shell micro-composites was further clarified. Overall, this work provides a green, facile and industrially potential strategy for the desensitization of energetic cocrystals. The CH@MF composites with high thermal stability and low sensitivity are promising to be applied in propellants and polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) formulations.
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22
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Shi A, Zheng H, Chen Z, Zhang W, Zhou X, Rossi C, Shen R, Ye Y. Exploring the Interfacial Reaction of Nano Al/CuO Energetic Films through Thermal Analysis and Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113586. [PMID: 35684528 PMCID: PMC9181959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the interface layer on energy release in nanoenergetic composite films is important and challenging for the utilization of energy. Nano Al/CuO composite films with different modulation periods were prepared by magnetron sputtering and tested by differential scanning calorimetry. With the increase in the modulation period of the nano Al/CuO energetic composite films, the interface layer contained in the energetic composite film decreased meaningfully, increasing the total heat release meaningfully. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation were carried out to study the preparation process changes and related properties of the nano Al/CuO energetic composite films under different configurations at 400 K. The results showed that the diffusion of oxygen atoms first occurred at the upper and lower interfaces of CuO and Al, forming AlOx and CuxAlyOz. The two-modulation-period structure changed more obviously than the one-modulation-period structure, and the reaction was faster. The propagation rate and reaction duration of the front end of the diffusion reaction fronts at the upper and lower interfaces were different. The Helmholtz free energy loss of the nano Al/CuO composite films with a two-modulation-period configuration was large, and the number of interfacial layers had a great influence on the Helmholtz free energy, which was consistent with the results of the thermal analysis. Current molecular dynamics studies may provide new insights into the nature and characteristics of fast thermite reactions in atomic detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (A.S.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory of MIIT, Nanjing 210094, China
- Institute of Space Propulsion, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Institute of Materials Research (iMR), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (TSIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (A.S.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory of MIIT, Nanjing 210094, China
- Institute of Space Propulsion, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (A.S.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory of MIIT, Nanjing 210094, China
- Institute of Space Propulsion, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Xiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (A.S.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Carole Rossi
- LAAS-CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France;
| | - Ruiqi Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (A.S.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory of MIIT, Nanjing 210094, China
- Institute of Space Propulsion, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Yinghua Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (A.S.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.)
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory of MIIT, Nanjing 210094, China
- Institute of Space Propulsion, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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23
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Liu Z, Wen JZ. Role of redox reactions involving interfacial oxygen migration in ignition of nanolayered Al/a-Al2O /CuO energetic composite. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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24
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Wang C, Qin M, Yi Z, Deng H, Wang J, Sun Y, Luo G, Shen Q. Oxidation Mechanism of Core-Shell Structured Al@PVDF Powders Synthesized by Solvent/Non-Solvent Method. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093036. [PMID: 35591371 PMCID: PMC9101485 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Micron-sized aluminum (Al) powders are extensively added to energy-containing materials to enhance the overall reactivity of the materials. However, low oxidation efficiency and energy release limit the practical application of Al powders. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), the most common fluoropolymer, can easily react with Al to form aluminum fluoride (AlF3), thus promoting the oxidation of Al powders. In this paper, core-shell structured Al@PVDF powders were synthesized by solvent/non-solvent method. Thermal analysis results show that the weight and exothermic enthalpy of Al@PVDF powders are 166.10% and 11,976 J/g, which are superior to pure Al powders (140.06%, 6560 J/g). A detailed description of the oxidation mechanisms involved is provided. Furthermore, constant volume pressure results indicate that Al@PVDF powders have outstanding pressure output ability in the environment of 3 MPa oxygen. The study provides a valuable reference for the application of Al powders in energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Wang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Mei Qin
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Zhuoran Yi
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Haoyuan Deng
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Junjie Wang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Guoqiang Luo
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.W.); (M.Q.); (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (J.W.); (G.L.); (Q.S.)
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25
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Chen L, Ru C, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wang H, Hu X, Li G. Progress in Electrohydrodynamic Atomization Preparation of Energetic Materials with Controlled Microstructures. Molecules 2022; 27:2374. [PMID: 35408765 PMCID: PMC9000604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Constructing ingenious microstructures, such as core-shell, laminate, microcapsule and porous microstructures, is an efficient strategy for tuning the combustion behaviors and thermal stability of energetic materials (EMs). Electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA), which includes electrospray and electrospinning, is a facile and versatile technique that can be used to process bulk materials into particles, fibers, films and three-dimensional (3D) structures with nanoscale feature sizes. However, the application of EHDA in preparing EMs is still in its initial development. This review summarizes the progress of research on EMs prepared by EHDA over the last decade. The morphology and internal structure of the produced materials can be easily altered by varying the operation and precursor parameters. The prepared EMs composed of zero-dimensional (0D) particles, one-dimensional (1D) fibers and two-dimensional (2D) films possess precise microstructures with large surface areas, uniformly dispersed components and narrow size distributions and show superior energy release rates and combustion performances. We also explore the reasons why the fabrication of 3D EM structures by EHDA is still lacking. Finally, we discuss development challenges that impede this field from moving out of the laboratory and into practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Chen
- Fire & Explosion Protection Laboratory, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (L.C.); (G.L.)
- College of Forensic Science, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang 110035, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Impression Evidence Examination and Identification Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Shenyang 110035, China
| | - Chengbo Ru
- College of Forensic Science, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang 110035, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Impression Evidence Examination and Identification Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Shenyang 110035, China
| | - Hongguo Zhang
- College of Forensic Science, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang 110035, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Impression Evidence Examination and Identification Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Shenyang 110035, China
| | - Yanchun Zhang
- College of Forensic Science, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang 110035, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Impression Evidence Examination and Identification Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Shenyang 110035, China
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Graduate School, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China;
| | - Xiuli Hu
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China;
| | - Gang Li
- Fire & Explosion Protection Laboratory, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (L.C.); (G.L.)
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26
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Sami Y, Richard N, Gauchard D, Estève A, Rossi C. Selecting Machine Learning Models to Support the Design of Al/CuO Nanothermites. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1245-1254. [PMID: 35157461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel properties associated with nanothermites have attracted great interest for several applications, including lead-free primers and igniters. However, the prediction of quantitative structure-energetic performance relationships is still challenging. This study investigates machine learning methods as tools to surrogate complex physical models to design novel nanothermites with optimized burning rates chosen for energetic performance. The study focuses on Al/CuO nanolaminates, for which nine supervised regressors commonly used in ML applied to materials science are investigated. For each, an ML model is built using a database containing a set of 2700 Al/CuO nanolaminate systems, specifically generated for this study. We demonstrate the superiority of the multilayer perceptron algorithm to surrogate conventional physical-based models and predict the Al/CuO nanolaminate microstructure-burn rate relationship with good efficiency: the burn rate is estimated with less than 1% error (0.07 m·s-1), which is very good for designing nano-engineered energetic materials, knowing that it typically varies from approximately 8-20 m·s-1. In addition, the optimization of the Al/CuO nanolaminate structure for burn rate maximization through machine learning takes a few milliseconds, against several days to achieve this task using a physical model, and months experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Sami
- LAAS-CNRS, University of Toulouse, 7 Avenue du colonel Roche, Toulouse 31400, France
| | | | - David Gauchard
- LAAS-CNRS, University of Toulouse, 7 Avenue du colonel Roche, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Alain Estève
- LAAS-CNRS, University of Toulouse, 7 Avenue du colonel Roche, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Carole Rossi
- LAAS-CNRS, University of Toulouse, 7 Avenue du colonel Roche, Toulouse 31400, France
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27
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Pang W, Li Y, DeLuca LT, Liang D, Qin Z, Liu X, Xu H, Fan X. Effect of Metal Nanopowders on the Performance of Solid Rocket Propellants: A Review. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102749. [PMID: 34685188 PMCID: PMC8537742 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different types of nano-sized metal particles, such as aluminum (nAl), zirconium (nZr), titanium (nTi), and nickel (nNi), on the properties of a variety of solid rocket propellants (composite, fuel-rich, and composite modified double base (CMDB)) were analyzed and compared with those of propellants loaded with micro-sized Al (mAl) powder. Emphasis was placed on the investigation of burning rate, pressure exponent (n), and hazardous properties, which control whether a propellant can be adopted in solid rocket motors. It was found that nano-sized additives can affect the combustion behavior and increase the burning rate of propellants. Compared with the corresponding micro-sized ones, the nano-sized particles promote higher impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity. In this paper, 101 references are enclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Pang
- The Third Department, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.); (H.X.); (X.F.)
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-029-88291765
| | - Yang Li
- The Third Department, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.); (H.X.); (X.F.)
| | - Luigi T. DeLuca
- Space Propulsion Laboratory (SPLab), Politecnico di Milano, I-20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Daolun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China;
| | - Zhao Qin
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China;
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- The Third Department, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.); (H.X.); (X.F.)
| | - Huixiang Xu
- The Third Department, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.); (H.X.); (X.F.)
| | - Xuezhong Fan
- The Third Department, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.); (H.X.); (X.F.)
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28
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The Art of Framework Construction: Core-Shell Structured Micro-Energetic Materials. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185650. [PMID: 34577119 PMCID: PMC8468727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Weak interfacial interactions remain a bottleneck for composite materials due to their weakened performance and restricted applications. The development of core–shell engineering shed light on the preparation of compact and intact composites with improved interfacial interactions. This review addresses how core–shell engineering has been applied to energetic materials, with emphasis upon how micro-energetic materials, the most widely used particles in the military field, can be generated in a rational way. The preparation methods of core–shell structured explosives (CSEs) developed in the past few decades are summarized herein. Case studies on polymer-, explosive- and novel materials-based CSEs are presented in terms of their compositions and physical properties (e.g., thermal stability, mechanical properties and sensitivity). The mechanisms behind the dramatic and divergent properties of CSEs are also clarified. A glimpse of the future in this area is given to show the potential for CSEs and some suggestions regarding the future research directions are proposed.
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Abstract
The effect of PTFE, continuous boron, and tungsten fibers on the combustion behavior and strength of reactive Ni–Al compacts was examined in this study. The introduction of continuous fibers into Ni–Al compacts according to the developed scheme was found to increase the flexural strength from 12 to 120 MPa. Heat treatment (HT), leading to chemical interaction of the starting components, increases the strength of compacts at temperatures not exceeding 550 °C. The combination of reinforcement and HT significantly increases the strength without reducing reactivity. Experimental results showed that strength and combustion rate increase with the reduction in PTFE to 1 wt % in Ni–Al compacts. A favorable effect of the addition of PTFE from 5 to 10 wt % on the reduction of the threshold for the shock-wave initiation of reactions in Ni–Al was established. The obtained results can be used to produce reactive materials with high mechanical and energy characteristics.
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30
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Li S, Guo T, Yao M, Song J, Ding W, Mao Y, Chen J. Effect of Bismuth Oxide Particles Size on the Thermal Excitation and Combustion Properties of Thermite Systems. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:464-470. [PMID: 33830676 PMCID: PMC8028500 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of Bi2 O3 particles size at the sub-micron scale on the thermal excitation threshold and combustion performance of nano-thermite systems was investigated. Three formulas were designed and prepared, Al(100 nm)/Bi2 O3 (170 nm), Al(100 nm)/Bi2 O3 (370 nm) and Al(100 nm)/Bi2 O3 (740 nm). The samples were characterized and tested by SEM, XRD, and DSC techniques. Electrical ignition and combustion experiments were performed. The results showed that with the increase of the particle size of Bi2 O3 , in the case of slow linear heating, the exothermic heat decreased (1051.2 J g-1 , 527.3 J g-1 and 243.6 J g-1 ) and the thermal excitation threshold temperature increased (564.52 °C, 658.1 °C and 810.9 °C). Simultaneously, the state of the thermite reaction correspondingly changed to solid-solid, liquid-solid and liquid-liquid thermite reaction. In the case of rapid heating , the increase in particle size increased the excitation current (0.561A, 0.710A and 0.837A). During the combustion process, the thermite system with the smallest Bi2 O3 particle size showed the largest combustion rate, and that with the largest particle size had the longest combustion duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Li
- College of Field EngineeringArmy Engineering University of PLANanjing210007China
| | - Tao Guo
- College of Field EngineeringArmy Engineering University of PLANanjing210007China
| | - Miao Yao
- College of Field EngineeringArmy Engineering University of PLANanjing210007China
| | - Jiaxing Song
- College of Field EngineeringArmy Engineering University of PLANanjing210007China
| | - Wen Ding
- College of Field EngineeringArmy Engineering University of PLANanjing210007China
| | - Yiming Mao
- College of Field EngineeringArmy Engineering University of PLANanjing210007China
| | - Jialin Chen
- College of Field EngineeringArmy Engineering University of PLANanjing210007China
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Sato Y, Mutoh Y, Morishita S, Tsurumachi N, Isoda K. Stimulus-Responsive Supercooled π-Conjugated Liquid and Its Application in Rewritable Media. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3014-3018. [PMID: 33733791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a stimulus-responsive supercooled π-conjugated liquid and the possibility of its application in rewritable media. Supercooled liquid 1 showed a dramatic change in its photoluminescent color upon the transformation from liquid 1l (yellow emission) to solid 1s (green emission). These phenomena were revealed by fluorescence spectra as well as lifetime decay profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuika Sato
- Division in Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Mutoh
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shuhei Morishita
- Division in Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan
| | - Noriaki Tsurumachi
- Program in Advanced Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Isoda
- Program in Advanced Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan
- Division in Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
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32
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Isoda K, Orita Y. Stimuli-responsive Behaviors for Room-temperature Fluorescent Liquid Materials based on N-Heteroacenes and their Mixtures in Response to HCl Vapor and their Facile Synthesis. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:469-477. [PMID: 33162419 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20scp05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on stimuli-responsive behaviors for room temperature fluorescent liquid materials based on N-heteroacene frameworks in response to HCl vapor. These liquid materials as well as their mixtures prepared by varying the combination can provide various emission colors and stimuli-responsive properties in liquid states. Also, we achieved an improvement in total synthetic yield (>40%) by redesigning the molecular structures of liquid materials as compared to previous liquid materials (<10%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Isoda
- Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University.,Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Yuya Orita
- Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University
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33
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Sang C, Chen K, Li G, Jin S, Luo Y. Facile mass preparation and characterization of Al/copper ferrites metastable intermolecular energetic nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7633-7643. [PMID: 35423286 PMCID: PMC8694956 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10591k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a novel Al/copper ferrites metastable intermolecular energetic nanocomposite was prepared by a simple and mild sol-gel method followed by low temperature calcination, and characterized by various analytical techniques. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis suggests that the products contain crystal forms of aluminum and spinel-type ferrite crystal forms which are CuFe2O4 with many crystal defects. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analyses reveal that the prepared Al/copper ferrites are mesoporous structures with large specific surface areas of up to 184.47 m2 g-1 and further reveal the pore construction of this material. Its crystal defects and large specific surface area provide the possibility for its excellent catalytic performance. Al/copper ferrites have 45% better exothermic properties with higher energy output efficiency, faster burning rate, and higher reactivity than traditional Al/Fe2O3 prepared by the same method. Due to the synergistic catalytic effect of Cu-Fe oxides, Al/copper ferrites have a better catalytic effect on AP thermal decomposition and can reduce the HTD peak temperature of AP 33% more than Al/Fe2O3. The catalytic mechanism of Al/copper ferrites for the thermal decomposition of AP is obtained based on the electron transfer theories, synergistic catalytic mechanism, and the porous structure of Al/copper ferrites. Due to the mild reaction conditions and low calcination temperature, dozens of grams of product can be safely obtained at one time with low cost and easily available raw materials to meet the requirements of propellant up to several kilograms or other industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
- Key Laboratory for Ministry of Education of High Energy Density Materials Beijing 100081 China
| | - Keke Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
- Key Laboratory for Ministry of Education of High Energy Density Materials Beijing 100081 China
| | - Guoping Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
- Key Laboratory for Ministry of Education of High Energy Density Materials Beijing 100081 China
| | - Shaohua Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
- Key Laboratory for Ministry of Education of High Energy Density Materials Beijing 100081 China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
- Key Laboratory for Ministry of Education of High Energy Density Materials Beijing 100081 China
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34
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Investigation on the thermal decomposition and thermal reaction process of PTFE/Al/MoO3 fluorine-containing thermite. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Liang T, Li C, Pan D, Song G, Mai X, Naik N, Vupputuri S, Guo Z. Rheological non-isothermal mechanistic investigation on the curing of glycidyl azide polymer with solid nanofillers. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Chen J, Ren W, Hu B, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Chen J, Yu C, Song C, Wang J, Zhang W. Effect of the Ni and NiO Interface Layer on the Energy Performance of Core/Shell CuO/Al Systems. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12858-12865. [PMID: 33103434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interface layer is responsible for the outward migration of oxygen atoms, which subsequently leads to an adjustment in the energetic performance of nanothermite films. In this study, sandwich-structured CuO@Ni/Al and CuO@NiO/Al nanowire thermite films were successfully prepared to investigate the effects of the interface layer on the heat-release, ignition, and combustion performance. The effects of the Ni and NiO interface layers are extremely different on the heat-release performance and combustion properties of the CuO/Al nanowire thermite film. Herein, the introduced Ni layer decreased the heat release (1979.7 J/g), reactivity (Ea = 177.3 kJ/mol), and maximum pressure (2.32 MPa) compared with the CuO/Al composite. Al/Ni alloys can be formed at the interface to prevent oxygen from diffusing between CuO and Al. Moreover, the incorporation of the Ni interface layer into the CuO/Al systems results in a heat drop due to its heat-absorption capability as well as its blockage of heat transfer from the thermite reaction. The deposition of the NiO layer between CuO and Al leads to an increase in the heat release (3014.2 J/g) and a decrease in the activation energy (Ea = 178.6 kJ/mol). The NiO layer endows the CuO/Al system with a high energy-release rate and chemical reactivity. NiO can participate in a thermite reaction, which promotes the reaction of CuO/Al and induces the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ren
- Science and Technology on Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Zilong Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yajie Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Science and Technology on Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Chunpei Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Changkun Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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37
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Fabrication and mechanistic study of AP/nAl/PTFE spherical encapsulated energetic materials with enhanced combustion performance. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Ma X, Li Y, Hussain I, Shen R, Yang G, Zhang K. Core-Shell Structured Nanoenergetic Materials: Preparation and Fundamental Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001291. [PMID: 32557860 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Energetic materials, including explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants, are widely used in mining, demolition, automobile airbags, fireworks, ordnance, and space technology. Nanoenergetic materials (nEMs) have a high reaction rate and high energy density, which are both adjustable to a large extent. Structural control over nEMs to achieve improved performance and multifunctionality leads to a fascinating research area, namely, nanostructured energetic materials. Among them, core-shell structured nEMs have gained considerable attention due to their improved material properties and combined multiple functionalities. Various nEMs with core-shell structures have been developed through diverse synthesis routes, among which core-shell structured nEMs associated with explosives and metastable intermolecular composites (MICs) are extensively studied due to their good tunability and wide applications, as well as excellent energetic (e.g., enhanced heat release and combustion) and/or mechanical properties. Herein, the preparation methods and fundamental properties of the abovementioned kinds of core-shell structured nEMs are summarized and the reasons behind the satisfactory performance clarified, based on which suggestions regarding possible future research directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Ruiqi Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Guangcheng Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
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39
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Zhao Y, Jin B, Peng R, Ding L, Zheng T. Novel fullerene-based stabilizer for scavenging nitroxide radicals and its behavior during thermal decomposition of nitrocellulose. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 391:121857. [PMID: 32062546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The safe storage of double-based propellants is becoming increasingly challenging due to the extreme storage environment and update of weapon system. Therefore, to obtain high performance stabilizers, a novel multifunctional fullerene derivative, 4,11,15,30-tetramethophenyl fullereno[1,2:2',3']dihydrobenzofuran (C60-DBTMP), was successfully designed and synthesized. The results of thermal stability indicated that the stability of C60-DBTMP is better than that of traditional stabilizers (DPA, C2, AKII), and still maintain good performance at high temperature. Further thermal analysis showed that C60-DBTMP interact with the decomposition products during the thermal decomposition of nitrocellulose, which changed the decomposition mechanism of nitrocellulose at the initial stage of thermal decomposition from self-accelerating catalytic model to non-autocatalytic reaction model. The stabilization mechanism was also investigated in detail, electron spin resonance (ESR) test showed that the nitroxide radicals scavenging efficiency of C60-DBTMP is 73.4%, and effectively inhibit the acidity change caused by the thermal decomposition of nitrocellulose. Our study demonstrated the potential application of this multifunctional fullerene derivative as a stabilizer for propellants and provided a new strategy for designing high-performance stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Bo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Rufang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Ling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Tian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan Mianyang 621010, China
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40
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Al-Based Nano-Sized Composite Energetic Materials (Nano-CEMs): Preparation, Characterization, and Performance. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061039. [PMID: 32485843 PMCID: PMC7353044 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As one of the new types of functional materials, nano-sized composite energetic materials (nano-CEMs) possess many advantages and broad application prospects in the research field of explosives and propellants. The recent progress in the preparation and performance characterization of Al-based nano-CEMs has been reviewed. The preparation methods and properties of Al-based nano-CEMs are emphatically analyzed. Special emphasis is focused on the improved performances of Al-based nano-CEMs, which are different from those of conventional micro-sized composite energetic materials (micro-CEMs), such as thermal decomposition and hazardous properties. The existing problems and challenges for the future work on Al-based nano-CEMs are discussed.
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41
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Yu C, Ren W, Wu G, Zhang W, Hu B, Ni D, Zheng Z, Ma K, Ye J, Zhu C. A Facile Preparation and Energetic Characteristics of the Core/Shell CoFe 2O 4/Al Nanowires Thermite Film. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E516. [PMID: 32443658 PMCID: PMC7281481 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, CoFe2O4 is selected for the first time to synthesize CoFe2O4/Al nanothermite films via an integration of nano-Al with CoFe2O4 nanowires (NWs), which can be prepared through a facile hydrothermal-annealing route. The resulting nanothermite film demonstrates a homogeneous structure and an intense contact between the Al and CoFe2O4 NWs at the nanoscale. In addition, both thermal analysis and laser ignition test reveal the superb energetic performances of the prepared CoFe2O4/Al NWs nanothermite film. Within different thicknesses of nano-Al for the CoFe2O4/Al NWs nanothermite films investigated here, the maximum heat output has reached as great as 2100 J·g-1 at the optimal thickness of 400 nm for deposited Al. Moreover, the fabrication strategy for CoFe2O4/Al NWs is also easy and suitable for diverse thermite systems based upon other composite metal oxides, such as MnCo2O4 and NiCo2O4. Importantly, this method has the featured advantages of simple operation and compatibility with microsystems, both of which may further facilitate potential applications for functional energetic chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpei Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Wei Ren
- Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710061, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Ganggang Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Debin Ni
- Shaanxi Applied Physics and Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Zilong Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Kefeng Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jiahai Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chenguang Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (C.Y.); (G.W.); (B.H.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.); (J.Y.); (C.Z.)
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42
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Guo X, Sun Q, Liang T, Giwa AS. Controllable Electrically Guided Nano-Al/MoO 3 Energetic-Film Formation on a Semiconductor Bridge with High Reactivity and Combustion Performance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E955. [PMID: 32443395 PMCID: PMC7279552 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Film-forming techniques and the control of heat release in micro-energetic chips or devices create challenges and bottlenecks for the utilization of energy. In this study, promising nano-Al/MoO3 metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) chips with an uniform distribution of particles were firstly designed via a convenient and high-efficiency electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique at room temperature and under ambient pressure conditions. The mixture of isopropanol, polyethyleneimine, and benzoic acid proved to be an optimized dispersing agent for EPD. The kinetics of EPD for oxidants (Al) and reductants (MoO3) were systematically investigated, which contributed to adjusting the equivalence ratio of targeted energetic chips after changing the EPD dynamic behaviors of Al and MoO3 in suspension. In addition, the obtained nano-Al/MoO3 MIC energetic chips showed excellent heat-release performance with a high heat release of ca. 3340 J/g, and were successfully ignited with a dazzling flame recorded by a high-speed camera. Moreover, the fabrication method here is fully compatible with a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS), which suggests promising potential in designing and developing other MIC energetic chips or devices for micro-ignition/propulsion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China;
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Taotao Liang
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - A. S. Giwa
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
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43
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Wang CA, Xu J, Dai J, Wang Y, Shen Y, Zhang Z, Shen R, Ye Y. Probing the reaction mechanism of Al/CuO nanocomposites doped with ammonium perchlorate. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:255401. [PMID: 32126531 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab7c43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The oxide shell of Al nanoparticles (Al NPs) prevents further reaction of Al/CuO nanothermites which reduces Al utilization efficiency and the performance of the nanothermites. However, the performance of Al/CuO nanothermites can be improved by adding ammonium perchlorate (AP). In this work, in order to confirm and explain the enhancement mechanism of AP on Al/CuO nanothermites, Al/CuO/NC and Al/CuO/NC/AP composites were prepared using the electrospray method. The composites were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy. Meanwhile, the ignition temperature and the time-resolved analysis of the rapid pyrolysis chemistry of the composites were tested using T-jump and time-of-flight mass spectrometry, respectively. The results show that Al NPs of Al/CuO/NC/AP composite are hollow compared to Al/CuO/NC composite after reaction. Al NPs and CuO NPs reduce the decomposition temperature and facilitate the rapid decomposition of the AP, and the decomposition products of the AP can destroy the oxidation layer of Al NPs. This result facilitates the further conduct of the thermite reaction. A mutually reinforcing relationship exists between the Al/CuO/NC composites and AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ai Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China. Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory of MIIT, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
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44
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Jiang Y, Deng S, Hong S, Tiwari S, Chen H, Nomura KI, Kalia RK, Nakano A, Vashishta P, Zachariah MR, Zheng X. Synergistically Chemical and Thermal Coupling between Graphene Oxide and Graphene Fluoride for Enhancing Aluminum Combustion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:7451-7458. [PMID: 31950820 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal combustion reaction is highly exothermic and is used in energetic applications, such as propulsion, pyrotechnics, powering micro- and nano-devices, and nanomaterials synthesis. Aluminum (Al) is attracting great interest in those applications because of its high energy density, earth abundance, and low toxicity. Nevertheless, Al combustion is hard to initiate and progresses slowly and incompletely. On the other hand, ultrathin carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and graphene fluoride (GF), can also undergo exothermic reactions. Herein, we demonstrate that the mixture of GO and GF significantly improves the performance of Al combustion as interactions between GO and GF provide heat and radicals to accelerate Al oxidation. Our experiments and reactive molecular dynamics simulation reveal that GO and GF have strong chemical and thermal couplings through radical reactions and heat released from their oxidation reactions. GO facilitates the dissociation of GF, and GF accelerates the disproportionation and oxidation of GO. When the mixture of GO and GF is added to micron-sized Al particles, their synergistic couplings generate reactive oxidative species, such as CFx and CFxOy, and heat, which greatly accelerates Al combustion. This work demonstrates a new area of using synergistic couplings between ultrathin carbon nanomaterials to accelerate metal combustion and potentially oxidation reactions of other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Sili Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Sungwook Hong
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
- Department of Physics and Engineering , California State University, Bakersfield , Bakersfield , California 93311 , United States
| | - Subodh Tiwari
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Haihan Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of California, Riverside , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Ken-Ichi Nomura
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Rajiv K Kalia
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Aiichiro Nakano
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Priya Vashishta
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Michael R Zachariah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of California, Riverside , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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45
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Wu J, Liu Q, Feng B, Wu S, Zhang S, Gao Z, Yin Q, Li Y, Xiao L, Huang J. A comparative study on the mechanical and reactive behavior of three fluorine-containing thermites. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5533-5539. [PMID: 35497435 PMCID: PMC9049232 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00044b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermite serves as a kind of representative energetic material, which is extensively applied in the civil and military fields. In this paper, PTFE/Al/Fe2O3, PTFE/Al/MnO2 and PTFE/Al/MoO3, solid fluorine-containing thermite with different PTFE content, were successfully fabricated by referring to the traditional thermite and adding PTFE as a binder or matrix. Quasi-static compression tests were performed to investigate the mechanical and reactive behavior of fluorine-containing thermite. SEM and XRD were employed to analyze and characterize the energetic composites and reaction residuals. The results show that all types of fluorine-containing thermite exhibited different mechanical behavior. PTFE/Al/MnO2 exhibited the lowest yield strength and strain hardening modulus, but the highest compressive strength and toughness. With the increase of PTFE content, the strength of fluorine-containing thermite improved. No reaction occurred when the PTFE content was 60 vol%, while fluorine-containing thermite with a PTFE content of 80 vol% experienced a severe exothermic reaction under quasi-static compression. The ignition of PTFE/Al/MoO3 and PTFE/Al/Fe2O3 actually attributed to the reaction of Al and PTFE, and the reaction between Al and Fe2O3 or MoO3 was not excited due to the insufficient input energy. The thermite reaction between Al and MnO2, as well as the reaction of MnO2 and PTFE, was induced because PTFE/Al/MnO2 possessed excellent ductility and absorbed the most energy during compression, accompanied with the production of Mn and MnF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Wu
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Bin Feng
- China Huayin Ordnance Test Center Huayin 714200 China
| | - Shuangzhang Wu
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Zhenru Gao
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Qin Yin
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Yuchun Li
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Liming Xiao
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Junyi Huang
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
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46
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Wu J, Huang J, Liu Q, Chen Y, Li Y, Yang L, Yin Q, Gao Z, Wu S, Ren X. Influence of ceramic particles as additive on the mechanical response and reactive properties of Al/PTFE reactive composites. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1447-1455. [PMID: 35494693 PMCID: PMC9048283 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09291a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the influence of SiC and Al2O3 as additives on the mechanical response and reactive properties of Al/PTFE (aluminum/polytetrafluoroethylene) reactive composites, Al/SiC/PTFE and Al/Al2O3/PTFE samples with different component ratios were prepared for quasi-static compression and drop-weight tests. Al/Al2O3/PTFE samples with different particle sizes were prepared for simultaneous thermal analysis experiments. The stress-strain data, characteristic drop height and thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) curves of the composites were recorded. The results show that the addition of SiC and Al2O3 significantly enhance the strength of Al/PTFE. The enhancing effect of SiC on the composite strength was stronger than that of Al2O3. The addition of SiC and Al2O3 contribute toward reducing the sensitivity of the composites, where the reducing effect of Al2O3 on Al/PTFE sensitivity was weaker than that of SiC. Nanoscale Al2O3 reacts with PTFE to form AlF3, and the reaction heat decreases dramatically with an increase in the Al2O3 particle size. The addition of nanoscale Al2O3 improves the reaction heat and energy density of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Wu
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Junyi Huang
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Yuchun Li
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Qin Yin
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Zhenru Gao
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Shuangzhang Wu
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
| | - Xinxin Ren
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing 210007 China
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Hu Y, Yang Y, Lin K, Hao D, Qiu L, Wang D, Fan R, Xia D. Ammonium perchlorate encapsulating nanothermites as high energetic composites: Preparation, thermal decomposition and combustion properties. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Ke X, Gou B, Liu X, Wang N, Hao G, Xiao L, Zhou X, Jiang W. Tuning the Reactivity of Al/NiO@C Nanoenergetic Materials through Building an Interfacial Carbon Barrier Layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:35394-35403. [PMID: 31474107 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the crucial role of the interface layer in tuning the reactivity of nanoenergetic materials (nEMs), in this study, we report a new method to tune the energetic performances of Al/NiO@C nEMs by designing the interfacial barrier layer between the fuel and oxidizer. The carbon shell in special core-shell NiO@C nanorods derived from nickel-based metal-organic frameworks functions as a homogeneous interfacial diffusion-resistant layer between Al and NiO nanoparticles. Under the guidance of experimental time-resolved oxidation curves and theoretical simulation results, the carbon content can be easily controlled, thereby achieving the goal of tuning energetic performances. It is found that the chemical nature of the carbon barrier layer rather than its content provides the resistance against interdiffusion of Al and O atoms in the solid-state reaction, thus leading to a higher reaction onset temperature. The importance of the interfacial layer on the thermal properties of nEMs is also emphasized when compared with physically mixed ones. Combustion tests reveal that both interfacial resistance and gas generation play roles in tuning the combustion propagation, flame temperature, ignition delay time, and pressurization rate. These results indicate the promising potential of pre-engineered interfacial structure for targeted reactivity of carbon-based nEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ke
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Bingwang Gou
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute , Xi'an 710065 , China
| | - Xiaolian Liu
- Safety Technology Research Institute of Ordnance Industry , Beijing 100053 , China
| | - Ning Wang
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Gazi Hao
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Lei Xiao
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
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49
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Zhang J, Jin B, Peng R, Niu C, Xiao L, Guo Z, Zhang Q. Novel strategies for synthesizing energetic materials based on BTO with improved performances. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11848-11854. [PMID: 31305841 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02334h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The layer-by-layer assembly of molecules is ubiquitous in nature. Highly ordered structures formed in this manner often exhibit fascinating material properties. A layer hydrogen bonding pairing approach allows the development of tunable energetic materials with targeted properties. A series of unusual energetic compounds based on 1H,1'H-5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate (1), such as the salts of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazolium (2), aminoguanidinium (3), and hydrazinium (4), and the cocrystals of 4-amino-1H-pyrazole (5), 2-methylimidazole (6), and imidazole (7), were synthesized using this strategy. The structures of the obtained products 2-7 were fully characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray analysis. Their thermal decomposition behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. Their mechanical sensitivities and detonation performances were also analyzed in detail. Results show that products 2-7 exhibit higher density, better detonation performances, and more excellent sensitivities than those of the same species of cation salts previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Bo Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Rufang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Chunhuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Lipengcheng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Zhicheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Qingchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
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50
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In-operando high-speed microscopy and thermometry of reaction propagation and sintering in a nanocomposite. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3032. [PMID: 31292432 PMCID: PMC6620330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An important proposed mechanism in nanothermites reactions - reactive sintering - plays a significant role on the combustion performance of nanothermites by rapidly melting and coalescing aggregated metal nanoparticles, which increases the initial size of the reacting composite powders before burning. Here, we demonstrate a high-speed microscopy/thermometry capability that enables ~ µs time and ~ µm spatial resolution as applied to highly exothermic reaction propagation to directly observe reactive sintering and the reaction front at high spatial and temporal resolution. Experiments on the Al+CuO nanocomposite system reveal a reaction front thickness of ~30 μm and temperatures in excess of 3000 K, resulting in a thermal gradient in excess of 107 K m-1. The local microscopic reactive sintering velocity is found to be an order of magnitude higher than macroscale flame velocity. In this observed mechanism, propagation is very similar to the general concept of laminar gas reaction theory in which reaction front velocity ~ (thermal diffusivity x reaction rate)1/2.
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