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Hou X, Gao X, Yang P, Niu Q, Liu Q, Yang X. Signal Modulation Induced by a Hole Transfer Layer Participant Photoactive Gate: A Highly Sensitive Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistor Sensing Platform. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38924704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
It is urgent to pursue appropriate gate photoactive materials for gate-to-channel signal modulation to achieve superior transconductance performances of organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) sensors. Notably, a hole transfer layer (HTL) participant CdZnS/sulfur-doped Ti3C2 MXene (S-MXene) gate was designed and developed in this work, which exhibited a remarkable signal modulation performance by up to 3 orders of magnitude. Because of the incorporation of S-MXene with an enhanced electrical conductivity as the effective HTL, the signal modulation capabilities of the CdZnS/S-MXene photoactive gate were superior to those of CdZnS and CdZnS/MXene. This incorporation inhibited the recombination of the interfacial charge and facilitated the transfer of photogenerated holes, thus enhancing the photoelectric conversion performance. This enhancement facilitated fast electron transfer with a larger effective photovoltage to augment the dedoping ability of channel ions. Based on these findings, an aptasensing platform that exhibited good performance was constructed using the proposed OPECT device, with ofloxacin as a model target and an aptamer for specific recognition. The developed OPECT aptasensor had various advantages, including a high sensitivity, good linear range (1.0 × 10-13 to 1.0 × 10-6 M), and low limit of detection (3.3 × 10-15 M). This study provided a proof-of-concept for the generalized development of HTL participant gates for OPECT sensors and other related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Hou
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Peilin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Qijian Niu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
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2
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Pan T, Jiang X, van Doremaele ERW, Li J, van der Pol TPA, Yan C, Ye G, Liu J, Hong W, Chiechi RC, de Burgt YV, Zhang Y. Over 60 h of Stable Water-Operation for N-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Fast Response and Ambipolarity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400872. [PMID: 38810112 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are of great interest in low-power bioelectronics and neuromorphic computing, as they utilize organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) to transduce ionic signals into electrical signals. However, the poor environmental stability of OMIEC materials significantly restricts the practical application of OECTs. Therefore, the non-fused planar naphthalenediimide (NDI)-dialkoxybithiazole (2Tz) copolymers are fine-tuned through varying ethylene glycol (EG) side chain lengths from tri(ethylene glycol) to hexa(ethylene glycol) (namely P-XO, X = 3-6) to achieve OECTs with high-stability and low threshold voltage. As a result, the NDI-2Tz copolymers exhibit ambipolarity, rapid response (<10 ms), and ultra-high n-type stability. Notably, the P-6O copolymers display a threshold voltage as low as 0.27 V. They can operate in n-type mode in an aqueous solution for over 60 h, maintaining an on-off ratio of over 105. This work sheds light on the design of exceptional n-type/ambipolar materials for OECTs. It demonstrates the potential of incorporating these ambipolar polymers into water-operational integrated circuits for long-term biosensing systems and energy-efficient brain-inspired computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Pan
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies) & IKKEM & State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xinnian Jiang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies) & IKKEM & State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Eveline R W van Doremaele
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Junyu Li
- Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Shanghai, 201028, P. R. China
| | - Tom P A van der Pol
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Chenshuai Yan
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies) & IKKEM & State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Gang Ye
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Youyi Road 368, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies) & IKKEM & State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Department of Chemistry & Organic and Carbon Electronics Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Yoeri van de Burgt
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies) & IKKEM & State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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3
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Gregorio T, Mombrú D, Romero M, Faccio R, Mombrú ÁW. Exploring Mixed Ionic-Electronic-Conducting PVA/PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels as Channel Materials for Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1478. [PMID: 38891425 PMCID: PMC11174747 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the preparation and evaluation of PVA/PEDOT:PSS-conducting hydrogels working as channel materials for OECT applications, focusing on the understanding of their charge transport and transfer properties. Our conducting hydrogels are based on crosslinked PVA with PEDOT:PSS interacting via hydrogen bonding and exhibit an excellent swelling ratio of ~180-200% w/w. Our electrochemical impedance studies indicate that the charge transport and transfer processes at the channel material based on conducting hydrogels are not trivial compared to conducting polymeric films. The most relevant feature is that the ionic transport through the swollen hydrogel is clearly different from the transport through the solution, and the charge transfer and diffusion processes govern the low-frequency regime. In addition, we have performed in operando Raman spectroscopy analyses in the OECT devices supported by first-principle computational simulations corroborating the doping/de-doping processes under different applied gate voltages. The maximum transconductance (gm~1.05 μS) and maximum volumetric capacitance (C*~2.3 F.cm-3) values indicate that these conducting hydrogels can be promising candidates as channel materials for OECT devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominique Mombrú
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; (T.G.); (R.F.)
| | - Mariano Romero
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; (T.G.); (R.F.)
| | | | - Álvaro W. Mombrú
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; (T.G.); (R.F.)
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Merces L, Ferro LMM, Nawaz A, Sonar P. Advanced Neuromorphic Applications Enabled by Synaptic Ion-Gating Vertical Transistors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2305611. [PMID: 38757653 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Bioinspired synaptic devices have shown great potential in artificial intelligence and neuromorphic electronics. Low energy consumption, multi-modal sensing and recording, and multifunctional integration are critical aspects limiting their applications. Recently, a new synaptic device architecture, the ion-gating vertical transistor (IGVT), has been successfully realized and timely applied to perform brain-like perception, such as artificial vision, touch, taste, and hearing. In this short time, IGVTs have already achieved faster data processing speeds and more promising memory capabilities than many conventional neuromorphic devices, even while operating at lower voltages and consuming less power. This work focuses on the cutting-edge progress of IGVT technology, from outstanding fabrication strategies to the design and realization of low-voltage multi-sensing IGVTs for artificial-synapse applications. The fundamental concepts of artificial synaptic IGVTs, such as signal processing, transduction, plasticity, and multi-stimulus perception are discussed comprehensively. The contribution draws special attention to the development and optimization of multi-modal flexible sensor technologies and presents a roadmap for future high-end theoretical and experimental advancements in neuromorphic research that are mostly achievable by the synaptic IGVTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Merces
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Letícia Mariê Minatogau Ferro
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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5
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Guo J, Chen SE, Giridharagopal R, Bischak CG, Onorato JW, Yan K, Shen Z, Li CZ, Luscombe CK, Ginger DS. Understanding asymmetric switching times in accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistors. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:656-663. [PMID: 38632374 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the factors underpinning device switching times is crucial for the implementation of organic electrochemical transistors in neuromorphic computing, bioelectronics and real-time sensing applications. Existing models of device operation cannot explain the experimental observations that turn-off times are generally much faster than turn-on times in accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistors. Here, using operando optical microscopy, we image the local doping level of the transistor channel and show that turn-on occurs in two stages-propagation of a doping front, followed by uniform doping-while turn-off occurs in one stage. We attribute the faster turn-off to a combination of engineering as well as physical and chemical factors including channel geometry, differences in doping and dedoping kinetics and the phenomena of carrier-density-dependent mobility. We show that ion transport limits the operation speed in our devices. Our study provides insights into the kinetics of organic electrochemical transistors and guidelines for engineering faster organic electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Guo
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shinya E Chen
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Connor G Bischak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan W Onorato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kangrong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ziqiu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- pi-Conjugated Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Japan
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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6
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Lai Y, Cheng J, Xie M, Chen J, Zhu G, Huang W, Feng LW. Precisely Patterned Channels in a Vertical Organic Electrochemical Transistor with a Diazirine Photo-Crosslinker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401773. [PMID: 38429971 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) rely on both efficient ionic doping/de-doping process and carrier transport in the mixed ionic-electronic channel under the modulation of gate bias. Moreover, channels that hold photopatterning capability are highly desired to minimize parasitic capacitance and simplify the fabrication process/cost. However, yielding photo-patternable channels with both precise/robust patterning capability and controllable ionic-electronic coupling is still challenging. Herein, double-end trifluoromethyl diazirines (DtFDA) with different chain lengths are introduced in the OECT channel to act as both photo-crosslinker and medium to regulate ionic-electronic transport. Specifically, high-resolution patterns with a minimum line width/gap of 2 μm are realized in p(g2T-T) or Homo-gDPP based channels by introducing DtFDA. Maximum transconductances of 68.6 mS and 81.6 mS, current on/off ratio of 106 and 107 (under a drain voltage of only ±0.1 V), are achieved in p- and n-type vertical OECTs (vOECTs), respectively, along with current densities exceeding 1 kA cm-2 and good cycling stability of more than 100,000 cycles (2000 seconds). This work provides a new and facile strategy for the fabrication of vOECT channels with high resolution and high performance via the introduction of a simple and efficient crosslinker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Lai
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Miao Xie
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Guichuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Liang-Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Gryszel M, Byun D, Burtscher B, Abrahamsson T, Brodsky J, Simon DT, Berggren M, Glowacki ED, Strakosas X, Donahue MJ. Vertical organic electrochemical transistor platforms for efficient electropolymerization of thiophene based oligomers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2024; 12:5339-5346. [PMID: 38645749 PMCID: PMC11025323 DOI: 10.1039/d3tc04730j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have emerged as promising candidates for various fields, including bioelectronics, neuromorphic computing, biosensors, and wearable electronics. OECTs operate in aqueous solutions, exhibit high amplification properties, and offer ion-to-electron signal transduction. The OECT channel consists of a conducting polymer, with PEDOT:PSS receiving the most attention to date. While PEDOT:PSS is highly conductive, and benefits from optimized protocols using secondary dopants and detergents, new p-type and n-type polymers are emerging with desirable material properties. Among these, low-oxidation potential oligomers are highly enabling for bioelectronics applications, however the polymers resulting from their polymerization lag far behind in conductivity compared with the established PEDOT:PSS. In this work we show that by careful design of the OECT geometrical characteristics, we can overcome this limitation and achieve devices that are on-par with transistors employing PEDOT:PSS. We demonstrate that the vertical architecture allows for facile electropolymerization of a family of trimers that are polymerized in very low oxidation potentials, without the need for harsh chemicals or secondary dopants. Vertical and planar OECTs are compared using various characterization methods. We show that vOECTs are superior platforms in general and propose that the vertical architecture can be expanded for the realization of OECTs for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Gryszel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Donghak Byun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Bernhard Burtscher
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Tobias Abrahamsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Jan Brodsky
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices Lab, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 123 61200 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Theodore Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Eric Daniel Glowacki
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices Lab, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 123 61200 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Xenofon Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Mary Jocelyn Donahue
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices Lab, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 123 61200 Brno Czech Republic
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Zeglio E, Wang Y, Jain S, Lin Y, Avila Ramirez AE, Feng K, Guo X, Ose H, Mozolevskis G, Mawad D, Yue W, Hamedi MM, Herland A. Mixing Insulating Commodity Polymers with Semiconducting n-type Polymers Enables High-Performance Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2302624. [PMID: 38431796 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Diluting organic semiconductors with a host insulating polymer is used to increase the electronic mobility in organic electronic devices, such as thin film transistors, while considerably reducing material costs. In contrast to organic electronics, bioelectronic devices such as the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) rely on both electronic and ionic mobility for efficient operation, making it challenging to integrate hydrophobic polymers as the predominant blend component. This work shows that diluting the n-type conjugated polymer p(N-T) with high molecular weight polystyrene (10 KDa) leads to OECTs with over three times better mobility-volumetric capacitance product (µC*) with respect to the pristine p(N-T) (from 4.3 to 13.4 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 ) while drastically decreasing the amount of conjugated polymer (six times less). This improvement in µC* is due to a dramatic increase in electronic mobility by two orders of magnitude, from 0.059 to 1.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 for p(N-T):Polystyrene 10 KDa 1:6. Moreover, devices made with this polymer blend show better stability, retaining 77% of the initial drain current after 60 minutes operation in contrast to 12% for pristine p(N-T). These results open a new generation of low-cost organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors where the bulk of the film is made by a commodity polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Zeglio
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, 171 77, Sweden
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden
- Digital Futures, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Yazhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Saumey Jain
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, Department of Intelligent Systems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Yunfan Lin
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
| | - Alan Eduardo Avila Ramirez
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
| | - Kui Feng
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Helena Ose
- Micro and nanodevices laboratory, Institute of Solid-State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., Riga, LV-1063, Latvia
| | - Gatis Mozolevskis
- Micro and nanodevices laboratory, Institute of Solid-State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., Riga, LV-1063, Latvia
| | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Wan Yue
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden
| | - Mahiar Max Hamedi
- Digital Futures, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Anna Herland
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, 171 77, Sweden
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
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9
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Liu X, Sun C, Ye X, Zhu X, Hu C, Tan H, He S, Shao M, Li RW. Neuromorphic Nanoionics for Human-Machine Interaction: From Materials to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2311472. [PMID: 38421081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Human-machine interaction (HMI) technology has undergone significant advancements in recent years, enabling seamless communication between humans and machines. Its expansion has extended into various emerging domains, including human healthcare, machine perception, and biointerfaces, thereby magnifying the demand for advanced intelligent technologies. Neuromorphic computing, a paradigm rooted in nanoionic devices that emulate the operations and architecture of the human brain, has emerged as a powerful tool for highly efficient information processing. This paper delivers a comprehensive review of recent developments in nanoionic device-based neuromorphic computing technologies and their pivotal role in shaping the next-generation of HMI. Through a detailed examination of fundamental mechanisms and behaviors, the paper explores the ability of nanoionic memristors and ion-gated transistors to emulate the intricate functions of neurons and synapses. Crucial performance metrics, such as reliability, energy efficiency, flexibility, and biocompatibility, are rigorously evaluated. Potential applications, challenges, and opportunities of using the neuromorphic computing technologies in emerging HMI technologies, are discussed and outlooked, shedding light on the fusion of humans with machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cui Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Cong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Hongwei Tan
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Shang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Mengjie Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
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10
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Zhang P, Zhu B, Du P, Travas-Sejdic J. Electrochemical and Electrical Biosensors for Wearable and Implantable Electronics Based on Conducting Polymers and Carbon-Based Materials. Chem Rev 2024; 124:722-767. [PMID: 38157565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronic devices are designed to translate biological information into electrical signals and vice versa, thereby bridging the gap between the living biological world and electronic systems. Among different types of bioelectronics devices, wearable and implantable biosensors are particularly important as they offer access to the physiological and biochemical activities of tissues and organs, which is significant in diagnosing and researching various medical conditions. Organic conducting and semiconducting materials, including conducting polymers (CPs) and graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are some of the most promising candidates for wearable and implantable biosensors. Their unique electrical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties bring new possibilities to bioelectronics that could not be realized by utilizing metals- or silicon-based analogues. The use of organic- and carbon-based conductors in the development of wearable and implantable biosensors has emerged as a rapidly growing research field, with remarkable progress being made in recent years. The use of such materials addresses the issue of mismatched properties between biological tissues and electronic devices, as well as the improvement in the accuracy and fidelity of the transferred information. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in this field and provide insights into organic and carbon-based (semi)conducting materials' properties and relate these to their applications in wearable/implantable biosensors. We also provide a perspective on the promising potential and exciting future developments of wearable/implantable biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peikai Zhang
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Bicheng Zhu
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Peng Du
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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11
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Shakya J, Kang MA, Li J, VahidMohammadi A, Tian W, Zeglio E, Hamedi MM. 2D MXene electrochemical transistors. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2883-2893. [PMID: 38259225 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06540e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The solid-state field-effect transistor, FET, and its theories were paramount in the discovery and studies of graphene. In the past two decades another transistor based on conducting polymers, called organic electrochemical transistor (ECT), has been developed and largely studied. The main difference between organic ECTs and FETs is the mode and extent of channel doping; while in FETs the channel only has surface doping through dipoles, the mixed ionic-electronic conductivity of the channel material in organic ECTs enables bulk electrochemical doping. As a result, organic ECTs maximize conductance modulation at the expense of speed. To date ECTs have been based on conducting polymers, but here we show that MXenes, a class of 2D materials beyond graphene, enable the realization of electrochemical transistors (ECTs). We show that the formulas for organic ECTs can be applied to these 2D ECTs and used to extract parameters like mobility. These MXene ECTs have high transconductance values but low on-off ratios. We further show that conductance switching data measured using ECT, in combination with other in situ-ex situ electrochemical measurements, is a powerful tool for correlating the change in conductance to that of the redox state, to our knowledge, this is the first report of this important correlation for MXene films. 2D ECTs can draw great inspiration and theoretical tools from the field of organic ECTs and have the potential to considerably extend the capabilities of transistors beyond those of conducting polymer ECTs, with added properties such as extreme heat resistance, tolerance for solvents, and higher conductivity for both electrons and ions than conducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Shakya
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Min-A Kang
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Armin VahidMohammadi
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Innovation Partnership Building, UConn Tech Park, University of Conneticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Weiqian Tian
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Erica Zeglio
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Digital Futures, Solna, Sweden.
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden
| | - Mahiar Max Hamedi
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Wan Q, Thompson BC. Control of Properties through Hydrogen Bonding Interactions in Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305356. [PMID: 37946703 PMCID: PMC10885672 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular design is crucial for endowing conjugated polymers (CPs) with unique properties and enhanced electronic performance. Introducing Hydrogen-bonding (H-bonding) into CPs has been a broadly exploited, yet still emerging strategy capable of tuning a range of properties encompassing solubility, crystallinity, electronic properties, solid-state morphology, and stability, as well as mechanical properties and self-healing properties. Different H-bonding groups can be utilized to tailor CPs properties based on the applications of interest. This review provides an overview of classes of H-bonding CPs (assorted by the different H-bond functional groups), the synthetic methods to introduce the corresponding H-bond functional groups and the impact of H-bonding in CPs on corresponding electronic and materials properties. Recent advances in addressing the trade-off between electronic performance and mechanical durability are also highlighted. Furthermore, insights into future directions and prospects for H-bonded CPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingpei Wan
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1661, USA
| | - Barry C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1661, USA
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13
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Jiang X, Shi C, Wang Z, Huang L, Chi L. Healthcare Monitoring Sensors Based on Organic Transistors: Surface/Interface Strategy and Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308952. [PMID: 37951211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic transistors possess inherent advantages such as flexibility, biocompatibility, customizable chemical structures, solution-processability, and amplifying capabilities, making them highly promising for portable healthcare sensor applications. Through convenient and diverse modifications at the material and device surfaces or interfaces, organic transistors allow for a wide range of sensor applications spanning from chemical and biological to physical sensing. In this comprehensive review, the surface and interface engineering aspect associated with four types of typical healthcare sensors is focused. The device operation principles and sensing mechanisms are systematically analyzed and highlighted, and particularly surface/interface functionalization strategies that contribute to the enhancement of sensing performance are focused. An outlook and perspective on the critical issues and challenges in the field of healthcare sensing using organic transistors are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- Suzhou Laboratory, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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14
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Enrico A, Buchmann S, De Ferrari F, Lin Y, Wang Y, Yue W, Mårtensson G, Stemme G, Hamedi MM, Niklaus F, Herland A, Zeglio E. Cleanroom-Free Direct Laser Micropatterning of Polymers for Organic Electrochemical Transistors in Logic Circuits and Glucose Biosensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2307042. [PMID: 38225700 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising devices for bioelectronics, such as biosensors. However, current cleanroom-based microfabrication of OECTs hinders fast prototyping and widespread adoption of this technology for low-volume, low-cost applications. To address this limitation, a versatile and scalable approach for ultrafast laser microfabrication of OECTs is herein reported, where a femtosecond laser to pattern insulating polymers (such as parylene C or polyimide) is first used, exposing the underlying metal electrodes serving as transistor terminals (source, drain, or gate). After the first patterning step, conducting polymers, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), or semiconducting polymers, are spin-coated on the device surface. Another femtosecond laser patterning step subsequently defines the active polymer area contributing to the OECT performance by disconnecting the channel and gate from the surrounding spin-coated film. The effective OECT width can be defined with high resolution (down to 2 µm) in less than a second of exposure. Micropatterning the OECT channel area significantly improved the transistor switching performance in the case of PEDOT:PSS-based transistors, speeding up the devices by two orders of magnitude. The utility of this OECT manufacturing approach is demonstrated by fabricating complementary logic (inverters) and glucose biosensors, thereby showing its potential to accelerate OECT research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Enrico
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas väg 10, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
- Synthetic Physiology lab, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Sebastian Buchmann
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Fabio De Ferrari
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas väg 10, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Yunfan Lin
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Wan Yue
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Gustaf Mårtensson
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
- Mycronic AB, Nytorpsvägen 9, Täby, 183 53, Sweden
| | - Göran Stemme
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas väg 10, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Mahiar Max Hamedi
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Frank Niklaus
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas väg 10, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Anna Herland
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Erica Zeglio
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden
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15
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Zhu X, Duan J, Chen J, Liu R, Qin Z, Chen H, Yue W. Aldol Condensation for the Construction of Organic Functional Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311879. [PMID: 37711068 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Aldol condensation is a cost-effective and sustainable synthetic method, offering the advantages of low complexity, substrate universality, and high efficiency. Over the past decade, it has become popular for creating next-generation organic functional materials, particularly rigid-rod conjugated (semi)conductors. This review focuses on conjugated small molecules, oligomers, and polymeric (semi)conductors synthesized through aldol condensation, with emphasis on their remarkable features in advancing n-type organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), organic photovoltaics (OPVs), and organic thermoelectrics (OTEs) as well as NIR-II photothermal conversion. Coherence character, optical properties, microstructure, and chain conformation are investigated to understand material-property relationships. Future applications and challenges in this area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jiayao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Junxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Riping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Ze Qin
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science for Advanced Materials and Large-Scale Scientific Facilities, School of Physical Sciences, Great Bay University, Dongguan, 523000, P. R. China
- Great Bay Institute for Advanced Study, Dongguan, 523000, P. R. China
| | - Hu Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science for Advanced Materials and Large-Scale Scientific Facilities, School of Physical Sciences, Great Bay University, Dongguan, 523000, P. R. China
- Great Bay Institute for Advanced Study, Dongguan, 523000, P. R. China
| | - Wan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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16
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Jo IY, Jeong D, Moon Y, Lee D, Lee S, Choi JG, Nam D, Kim JH, Cho J, Cho S, Kim DY, Ahn H, Kim BJ, Yoon MH. High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors Achieved by Optimizing Structural and Energetic Ordering of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307402. [PMID: 37989225 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
For optimizing steady-state performance in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), both molecular design and structural alignment approaches must work in tandem to minimize energetic and microstructural disorders in polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductor films. Herein, a series of poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole)s bearing various lengths of aliphatic-glycol hybrid side chains (PDPP-mEG; m = 2-5) is developed to achieve high-performance p-type OECTs. PDPP-4EG polymer with the optimized length of side chains exhibits excellent crystallinity owing to enhanced lamellar and backbone interactions. Furthermore, the improved structural ordering in PDPP-4EG films significantly decreases trap state density and energetic disorder. Consequently, PDPP-4EG-based OECT devices produce a mobility-volumetric capacitance product ([µC*]) of 702 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 and a hole mobility of 6.49 ± 0.60 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Finally, for achieving the optimal structural ordering along the OECT channel direction, a floating film transfer method is employed to reinforce the unidirectional orientation of polymer chains, leading to a substantially increased figure-of-merit [µC*] to over 800 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 . The research demonstrates the importance of side chain engineering of polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductors in conjunction with their anisotropic microstructural optimization to maximize OECT characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yina Moon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongchan Lee
- Department of Physics and EHSRC, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gyu Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeon Nam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhan Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinuk Cho
- Department of Physics and EHSRC, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - HyungJu Ahn
- Industrial Technology Convergence Center, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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17
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Kim H, Won Y, Song HW, Kwon Y, Jun M, Oh JH. Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Bioelectronic Sensors: Materials and Operation Mechanisms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2306191. [PMID: 38148583 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) has gained significant attention due to their ability to transport both electrons and ions, making them promising candidates for various applications. Initially focused on inorganic materials, the exploration of mixed conduction has expanded to organic materials, especially polymers, owing to their advantages such as solution processability, flexibility, and property tunability. OMIECs, particularly in the form of polymers, possess both electronic and ionic transport functionalities. This review provides an overview of OMIECs in various aspects covering mechanisms of charge transport including electronic transport, ionic transport, and ionic-electronic coupling, as well as conducting/semiconducting conjugated polymers and their applications in organic bioelectronics, including (multi)sensors, neuromorphic devices, and electrochromic devices. OMIECs show promise in organic bioelectronics due to their compatibility with biological systems and the ability to modulate electronic conduction and ionic transport, resembling the principles of biological systems. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on OMIECs offer significant potential for bioelectronic applications, responding to external stimuli through modulation of ionic transport. An in-depth review of recent research achievements in organic bioelectronic applications using OMIECs, categorized based on physical and chemical stimuli as well as neuromorphic devices and circuit applications, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwook Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yousang Won
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Song
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kwon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsang Jun
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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18
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Kawamura R, Michinobu T. PEDOT:PSS versus Polyaniline: A Comparative Study of Conducting Polymers for Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4657. [PMID: 38139909 PMCID: PMC10747145 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on conducting polymers have attracted significant attention in the field of biosensors. PEDOT:PSS and polyaniline (PANI) are representative conducting polymers used for OECTs. While there are many studies on PEDOT:PSS, there are not so many reports on PANI-based OECTs, and a detailed study to compare these two polymers has been desired. In this study, we investigated the fabrication conditions to produce the best performance in the OECTs using the above-mentioned two types of conducting polymers. The two main parameters were film thickness and film surface roughness. For PEDOT:PSS, the optimal conditions for fabricating thin films were a spin-coating rate of 3000 rpm and a DI water immersion time of 18 h. For PANI, the optimal conditions were a spin-coating rate of 3000 rpm and DI water immersion time of 5 s, and adding dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) was found to provide better OECT performances. The OECT performances based on PEDOT:PSS were superior to those based on PANI in terms of conductivity and transconductance, but PANI showed excellence in terms of film thickness and surface smoothness, leading to the good reproducibility of OECT performances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan;
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19
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Montero-Jimenez M, Lugli-Arroyo J, Fenoy GE, Piccinini E, Knoll W, Marmisollé WA, Azzaroni O. Transduction of Amine-Phosphate Supramolecular Interactions and Biosensing of Acetylcholine through PEDOT-Polyamine Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37851945 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are important devices for the development of flexible and wearable sensors due to their flexibility, low power consumption, sensitivity, selectivity, ease of fabrication, and compatibility with other flexible materials. These features enable the creation of comfortable, versatile, and efficient portable devices that can monitor and detect a wide range of parameters for various applications. Herein, we present OECTs based on PEDOT-polyamine thin films for the selective monitoring of phosphate-containing compounds. Our findings reveal that supramolecular single phosphate-amino interaction induces higher changes in the OECT response compared to ATP-amino interactions, even at submillimolar concentrations. The steric character of binding anions plays a crucial role in OECT sensing, resulting in a smaller shift in maximum transconductance voltage and threshold voltage for bulkier binding species. The OECT response reflects not only the polymer/solution interface but also events within the conducting polymer film, where ion transport and concentration are affected by the ion size. Additionally, the investigation of enzyme immobilization reveals the influence of phosphate species on the assembly behavior of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) on PEDOT-PAH OECTs, with increasing phosphate concentrations leading to reduced enzyme anchoring. These findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of OECT sensing and highlight the importance of careful design and optimization of the biosensor interface construction for diverse sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Montero-Jimenez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
| | - Juan Lugli-Arroyo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo E Fenoy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
| | - Esteban Piccinini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Laboratory for Life Sciences and Technology (LiST), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Waldemar A Marmisollé
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
| | - Omar Azzaroni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
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20
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Kim D, Kim IJ, Lee JS. Demonstration of the threshold-switching memory devices using EMIm(AlCl 3)Cl and ZnO for neuromorphic applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:015203. [PMID: 37830748 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acf93d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The threshold-switching behaviors of the synapses lead to energy-efficient operation in the neural computing system. Here, we demonstrated the threshold-switching memory devices by inserting the ZnO layer into the ionic synaptic devices. The EMIm(AlCl3)Cl is utilized as the electrolyte because its conductance can be tuned by the charge states of the Al-based ions. The redox reactions of the Al ions in the electrolyte can lead to the analog resistive switching characteristics, such as excitatory postsynaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, potentiation, and depression. By inserting the ZnO layer into the EMIm(AlCl3)-based ionic synaptic devices, the threshold switching behaviors are demonstrated. Using the resistivity difference between ZnO and EMIm(AlCl3)Cl, the analog resistive switching behaviors are tunned as the threshold-switching behaviors. The threshold-switching behaviors are achieved by applying the spike stimuli to the device. Demonstration of the threshold-switching behaviors of the ionic synaptic devices has a possibility to achieve high energy-efficiency for the ion-based artificial synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Jyae Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Sik Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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21
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Azimi M, Kim CH, Fan J, Cicoira F. Effect of ionic conductivity of electrolyte on printed planar and vertical organic electrochemical transistors. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:540-555. [PMID: 37436097 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers with mixed electronic/ionic transport are attracting a great deal of interest for applications in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Ions play a crucial role in OECT performance. The concentration and mobility of ions in the electrolyte influence the current flow in the OECT and its transconductance. This study examines the electrochemical properties and ionic conductivity of two semi-solid electrolytes, iongels, and organogels, with diverse ionic species and properties. Our results indicate that the organogels exhibited higher ionic conductivities than the iongels. Furthermore, the geometry of OECTs plays an important role in determining their transconductance. Thus, this study employs a novel approach for fabricating vertical-configuration OECTs with significantly shorter channel lengths planar devices. This is achieved through a printing method that offers advantages, such as design versatility, scalability, expedited production time, and reduced cost relative to traditional microfabrication methods. The transconductance values obtained for the vertical OECTs were significantly (approximately 50 times) higher than those of the planar devices because of their shorter channel lengths. Finally, the impact of different gating media on the performance of both planar and vertical OECTs was studied, and devices gated by organogels demonstrated improved transconductance and switching speed (almost two times higher) than those gated by iongels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Azimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Chi-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Fabio Cicoira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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22
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Talin AA, Li Y, Robinson DA, Fuller EJ, Kumar S. ECRAM Materials, Devices, Circuits and Architectures: A Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204771. [PMID: 36354177 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-von-Neumann computing using neuromorphic systems based on two-terminal resistive nonvolatile memory elements has emerged as a promising approach, but its full potential has not been realized due to the lack of materials and devices with the appropriate attributes. Unlike memristors, which require large write currents to drive phase transformations or filament growth, electrochemical random access memory (ECRAM) decouples the "write" and "read" operations using a "gate" electrode to tune the conductance state through charge-transfer reactions, and every electron transferred through the external circuit in ECRAM corresponds to the migration of ≈1 ion used to store analogue information. Like static dopants in traditional semiconductors, electrochemically inserted ions modulate the conductivity by locally perturbing a host's electronic structure; however, ECRAM does so in a dynamic and reversible manner. The resulting change in conductance can span orders of magnitude, from gradual increments needed for analog elements, to large, abrupt changes for dynamically reconfigurable adaptive architectures. In this in-depth perspective, the history of ECRAM, the recent progress in devices spanning organic, inorganic, and 2D materials, circuits, architectures, the rich portfolio of challenging, fundamental questions, and how ECRAM can be harnessed to realize a new paradigm for low-power neuromorphic computing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alec Talin
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Suhas Kumar
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
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23
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Le VN, Bombile JH, Rupasinghe GS, Baustert KN, Li R, Maria IP, Shahi M, Alarcon Espejo P, McCulloch I, Graham KR, Risko C, Paterson AF. New Chemical Dopant and Counterion Mechanism for Organic Electrochemical Transistors and Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207694. [PMID: 37466175 PMCID: PMC10520668 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) have varied performance requirements across a diverse application space. Chemically doping the OMIEC can be a simple, low-cost approach for adapting performance metrics. However, complex challenges, such as identifying new dopant materials and elucidating design rules, inhibit its realization. Here, these challenges are approached by introducing a new n-dopant, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBA-OH), and identifying a new design consideration underpinning its success. TBA-OH behaves as both a chemical n-dopant and morphology additive in donor acceptor co-polymer naphthodithiophene diimide-based polymer, which serves as an electron transporting material in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). The combined effects enhance OECT transconductance, charge carrier mobility, and volumetric capacitance, representative of the key metrics underpinning all OMIEC applications. Additionally, when the TBA+ counterion adopts an "edge-on" location relative to the polymer backbone, Coulombic interaction between the counterion and polaron is reduced, and polaron delocalization increases. This is the first time such mechanisms are identified in doped-OECTs and doped-OMIECs. The work herein therefore takes the first steps toward developing the design guidelines needed to realize chemical doping as a generic strategy for tailoring performance metrics in OECTs and OMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianna N. Le
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Joel H. Bombile
- Department of Chemistryand Centre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Gehan S. Rupasinghe
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Kyle N. Baustert
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | | | - Iuliana P. Maria
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Maryam Shahi
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Paula Alarcon Espejo
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyKAUST Solar CentreThuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistryand Centre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Alexandra F. Paterson
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
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24
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Qu P, Li CJ, Hu J, Gao G, Lin P, Zhao WW. Hybridization Chain Reaction-Enhanced Biocatalytic Precipitation on Flower-like Bi 2S 3: Toward Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistor Aptasensing with High Transconductance. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37339250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) bioanalysis has recently emerged as a promising avenue for biomolecular sensing, providing insight into the next-generation of photoelectrochemical biosensing and organic bioelectronics. Herein, this work validates the direct enzymatic biocatalytic precipitation (BCP) modulation on a flower-like Bi2S3 photosensitive gate for high-efficacy OPECT operation with high transconductance (gm), which is exemplified by a prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-dependent hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and subsequent alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-enabled BCP reaction toward PSA aptasensing. It has been shown that light illumination could ideally achieve the maximized gm at zero gate bias, and BCP could efficiently modulate the device's interfacial capacitance and charge-transfer resistance, resulting in a significantly changed channel current (IDS). The as-developed OPECT aptasensor realizes good analysis performance for PSA with a detection limit of 10 fg mL-1. This work features direct BCP modulation of organic transistors and is expected to stimulate further interest in exploring advanced BCP-interfaced bioelectronics with unknown possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qu
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Chaoyang Normal College, Chaoyang 122000, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ge Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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25
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Brodský J, Gablech I, Migliaccio L, Havlíček M, Donahue MJ, Głowacki ED. Downsizing the Channel Length of Vertical Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37216209 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising building blocks for bioelectronic devices such as sensors and neural interfaces. While the majority of OECTs use simple planar geometry, there is interest in exploring how these devices operate with much shorter channels on the submicron scale. Here, we show a practical route toward the minimization of the channel length of the transistor using traditional photolithography, enabling large-scale utilization. We describe the fabrication of such transistors using two types of conducting polymers. First, commercial solution-processed poly(dioxyethylenethiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), PEDOT:PSS. Next, we also exploit the short channel length to support easy in situ electropolymerization of poly(dioxyethylenethiophene):tetrabutyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate, PEDOT:PF6. Both variants show different promising features, leading the way in terms of transconductance (gm), with the measured peak gm up to 68 mS for relatively thin (280 nm) channel layers on devices with the channel length of 350 nm and with widths of 50, 100, and 200 μm. This result suggests that the use of electropolymerized semiconductors, which can be easily customized, is viable with vertical geometry, as uniform and thin layers can be created. Spin-coated PEDOT:PSS lags behind with the lower values of gm; however, it excels in terms of the speed of the device and also has a comparably lower off current (300 nA), leading to unusually high on/off ratio, with values up to 8.6 × 104. Our approach to vertical gap devices is simple, scalable, and can be extended to other applications where small electrochemical channels are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Brodský
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices Lab, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, Královopolská 147, 61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Imrich Gablech
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices Lab, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludovico Migliaccio
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices Lab, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Havlíček
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices Lab, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Czech Metrology Institute, 638 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mary J Donahue
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eric D Głowacki
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices Lab, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
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26
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Ding B, Jo IY, Yu H, Kim JH, Marsh AV, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Ramos N, Rapley CL, Rimmele M, He Q, Martín J, Gasparini N, Nelson J, Yoon MH, Heeney M. Enhanced Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers Modified with Hybrid Glycol/Ionic Side Chains by Postpolymerization Modification. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:3290-3299. [PMID: 37123107 PMCID: PMC10134426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emergent bioelectronic technologies are underpinned by the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), which employs an electrolyte medium to modulate the conductivity of its organic semiconductor channel. Here we utilize postpolymerization modification (PPM) on a conjugated polymer backbone to directly introduce glycolated or anionic side chains via fluoride displacement. The resulting polymers demonstrated increased volumetric capacitances, with subdued swelling, compared to their parent polymer in p-type enhancement mode OECTs. This increase in capacitance was attributed to their modified side chain configurations enabling cationic charge compensation for thin film electrochemical oxidation, as deduced from electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements. An overall improvement in OECT performance was recorded for the hybrid glycol/ionic polymer compared to the parent, owing to its low swelling and bimodal crystalline orientation as imaged by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, enabling its high charge mobility at 1.02 cm2·V-1·s-1. Compromised device performance was recorded for the fully glycolated derivative compared to the parent, which was linked to its limited face-on stacking, which hindered OECT charge mobility at 0.26 cm2·V-1·s-1, despite its high capacitance. These results highlight the effectiveness of anionic side chain attachment by PPM as a means of increasing the volumetric capacitance of p-type conjugated polymers for OECTs, while retaining solid-state macromolecular properties that facilitate hole transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ding
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Il-Young Jo
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Yu
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Adam V. Marsh
- KAUST
Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edgar Gutiérrez-Fernández
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nicolás Ramos
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Charlotte L. Rapley
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Rimmele
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Qiao He
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Grupo de
Polímeros, Departamento de Física e Ciencias da Terra,
Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT), Universidade da Coruña, Esteiro, 15471 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
- KAUST
Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Yamamoto S. Polymer‐based
neuromorphic devices: resistive switches and organic electrochemical transistors. POLYM INT 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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28
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Hu Z, Li Y, Figueroa-Miranda G, Musal S, Li H, Martínez-Roque MA, Hu Q, Feng L, Mayer D, Offenhäusser A. Aptamer based biosensor platforms for neurotransmitters analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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29
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Chamria D, Alpha C, Adhikari RY. Phenylalanine-Assisted Conductivity Enhancement in PEDOT:PSS Films. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7791-7799. [PMID: 36873008 PMCID: PMC9979372 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biological materials such as amino acids are attractive due to their smaller environmental footprint, ease of functionalization, and potential for creating biocompatible surfaces for devices. Here, we report the facile assembly and characterization of highly conductive films of composites of phenylalanine, one of the essential amino acids, and PEDOT:PSS, a commonly used conducting polymer. We have observed that introducing aromatic amino acid phenylalanine into PEDOT:PSS to form composite films can improve the conductivity of the films by up to a factor of 230 compared to the conductivity of pristine PEDOT:PSS film. In addition, the conductivity of the composite films can be tuned by varying the amount of phenylalanine in PEDOT:PSS. Using DC and AC measurement techniques, we have determined that the conduction in the highly conductive composite films thus created is due to improvement in the electron transport efficiency compared to the charge transport in pure PEDOT:PSS films. Using SEM and AFM, we demonstrate that this could be due to the phase separation of PSS chains from PEDOT:PSS globules which can create efficient charge transport pathways. Fabricating composites of bioderived amino acids with conducting polymers using facile techniques such as the one we report here opens up opportunities for the development of low-cost biocompatible and biodegradable electronic materials with desired electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Div Chamria
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Christopher Alpha
- Cornell
NanoScale Science and Technology Facility, 250 Duffield Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ramesh Y. Adhikari
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
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30
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Manfredi R, Vurro F, Janni M, Bettelli M, Gentile F, Zappettini A, Coppedè N. Long-Term Stability in Electronic Properties of Textile Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Integrated Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1861. [PMID: 36902979 PMCID: PMC10003982 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have demonstrated themselves to be an efficient interface between living environments and electronic devices in bioelectronic applications. The peculiar properties of conductive polymers allow new performances that overcome the limits of conventional inorganic biosensors, exploiting the high biocompatibility coupled to the ionic interaction. Moreover, the combination with biocompatible and flexible substrates, such as textile fibers, improves the interaction with living cells and allows specific new applications in the biological environment, including real-time analysis of plants' sap or human sweat monitoring. In these applications, a crucial issue is the lifetime of the sensor device. The durability, long-term stability, and sensitivity of OECTs were studied for two different textile functionalized fiber preparation processes: (i) adding ethylene glycol to the polymer solution, and (ii) using sulfuric acid as a post-treatment. Performance degradation was studied by analyzing the main electronic parameters of a significant number of sensors for a period of 30 days. RGB optical analysis were performed before and after the treatment of the devices. This study shows that device degradation occurs at voltages higher than 0.5 V. The sensors obtained with the sulfuric acid approach exhibit the most stable performances over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Manfredi
- IMEM-CNR Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Italian National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Filippo Vurro
- IMEM-CNR Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Italian National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michela Janni
- IMEM-CNR Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Italian National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Manuele Bettelli
- IMEM-CNR Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Italian National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Gentile
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Zappettini
- IMEM-CNR Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Italian National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Coppedè
- IMEM-CNR Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Italian National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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31
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Sun F, Jiang H, Wang H, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Xing Y, Yu M, Feng LW, Tang Z, Liu J, Sun H, Wang H, Wang G, Zhu M. Soft Fiber Electronics Based on Semiconducting Polymer. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4693-4763. [PMID: 36753731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibers, originating from nature and mastered by human, have woven their way throughout the entire history of human civilization. Recent developments in semiconducting polymer materials have further endowed fibers and textiles with various electronic functions, which are attractive in applications such as information interfacing, personalized medicine, and clean energy. Owing to their ability to be easily integrated into daily life, soft fiber electronics based on semiconducting polymers have gained popularity recently for wearable and implantable applications. Herein, we present a review of the previous and current progress in semiconducting polymer-based fiber electronics, particularly focusing on smart-wearable and implantable areas. First, we provide a brief overview of semiconducting polymers from the viewpoint of materials based on the basic concepts and functionality requirements of different devices. Then we analyze the existing applications and associated devices such as information interfaces, healthcare and medicine, and energy conversion and storage. The working principle and performance of semiconducting polymer-based fiber devices are summarized. Furthermore, we focus on the fabrication techniques of fiber devices. Based on the continuous fabrication of one-dimensional fiber and yarn, we introduce two- and three-dimensional fabric fabricating methods. Finally, we review challenges and relevant perspectives and potential solutions to address the related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yueheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yiman Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Muhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liang-Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environment Effects and Electro-Optical Engineering, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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32
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Chen J, Cong S, Wang L, Wang Y, Lan L, Chen C, Zhou Y, Li Z, McCulloch I, Yue W. Backbone coplanarity manipulation via hydrogen bonding to boost the n-type performance of polymeric mixed conductors operating in aqueous electrolyte. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:607-618. [PMID: 36511773 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01100j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-performance n-type semiconducting polymers remains a significant challenge. Reported here is the construction of a coplanar backbone via intramolecular hydrogen bonds to dramatically enhance the performance of n-type polymeric mixed conductors operating in aqueous electrolyte. Specifically, glycolated naphthalene tetracarboxylicdiimide (gNDI) couples with vinylene and thiophene to give gNDI-V and gNDI-T, respectively. The hydrogen bonding functionalities are fused to the backbone to ensure a more coplanar backbone and much tighter π-π stacking of gNDI-V than gNDI-T, which is evidenced by density functional theory simulations and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. Importantly, these copolymers are fabricated as the active layer of the aqueous-based electrochromic devices and organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). gNDI-V exhibits a larger electrochromic contrast (ΔT = 30%) and a higher coloration efficiency (1988 cm2 C-1) than gNDI-T owing to its more efficient ionic-electronic coupling. Moreover, gNDI-V gives the highest electron mobility (0.014 cm2 V-1 s-1) and μC* (2.31 FV-1 cm-1 s-1) reported to date for NDI-based copolymers in OECTs, attributed to the improved thin-film crystallinity and molecular packing promoted by hydrogen bonds. Overall, this work marks a remarkable advance in the n-type polymeric mixed conductors and the hydrogen bond functionalization strategy opens up an avenue to access desirable performance metrics for aqueous-based electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Shengyu Cong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Lewen Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Liuyuan Lan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Chaoyue Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Yecheng Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengke Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Wan Yue
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
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33
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Insight into conjugated polymers for organic electrochemical transistors. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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34
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Choi W, Kim S, Lee S, Jung C, Tripathi A, Lee Y, Woo HY, Lee H. Unravelling Disorder Effects on Thermoelectric Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers in a Wide Range of Doping Levels. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201145. [PMID: 36440652 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric (TE) performance of a specific semicrystalline polymer is studied experimentally only in a limited range of doping levels with molecular doping methods. The doping level is finely controlled via in situ electrochemical doping in a wide range of carrier concentrations with an electrolyte ([PMIM]+ [TFSI]- )-gated organic electrochemical transistor system. Then, the charge generation/transport and TE properties of four p-type semicrystalline polymers are analyzed and their dynamic changes of crystalline morphologies and local density of states (DOS) during electrochemical doping are compared. These polymers are synthesized based on poly[(2,5-bis(2-alkyloxy)phenylene)-alt-(5,6-difluoro-4,7-di(thiophene-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole)] by varying side chains: With oligoethylene glycol (OEG) substituents, facile p-doping is achieved because of easy penetration of TFSI- ions into the polymer matrix. However, the charge transport is hindered with longer OEG chains length because of the enhanced insulation. Therefore, with the shortest OEG substituents the electrical conductivity (30.1 S cm-1 ) and power factor (2.88 µW m-1 K-2 ) are optimized. It is observed that all polymers exhibit p- to n-type transition in Seebeck coefficients in heavily doped states, which can be achieved by electrochemical doping. These TE behaviors are interpreted based on the relation between the localized DOS band structure and molecular packing structure during electrochemical doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonyong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhwa Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayushi Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
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35
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Chen C, Feng J, Li J, Guo Y, Shi X, Peng H. Functional Fiber Materials to Smart Fiber Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:613-662. [PMID: 35977344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of fiber materials has accompanied the evolution of human civilization for centuries. Recent advances in materials science and chemistry offered fibers new applications with various functions, including energy harvesting, energy storing, displaying, health monitoring and treating, and computing. The unique one-dimensional shape of fiber devices endows them advantages to work as human-interfaced electronics due to the small size, lightweight, flexibility, and feasibility for integration into large-scale textile systems. In this review, we first present a discussion of the basics of fiber materials and the design principles of fiber devices, followed by a comprehensive analysis on recently developed fiber devices. Finally, we provide the current challenges facing this field and give an outlook on future research directions. With novel fiber devices and new applications continuing to be discovered after two decades of research, we envision that new fiber devices could have an important impact on our life in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanrui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jianyou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
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36
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Sun C, Liu X, Jiang Q, Ye X, Zhu X, Li RW. Emerging electrolyte-gated transistors for neuromorphic perception. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2162325. [PMID: 36684849 PMCID: PMC9848240 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2162325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of intelligent robotics, the Internet of Things, and smart sensor technologies, great enthusiasm has been devoted to developing next-generation intelligent systems for the emulation of advanced perception functions of humans. Neuromorphic devices, capable of emulating the learning, memory, analysis, and recognition functions of biological neural systems, offer solutions to intelligently process sensory information. As one of the most important neuromorphic devices, Electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) have shown great promise in implementing various vital neural functions and good compatibility with sensors. This review introduces the materials, operating principle, and performances of EGTs, followed by discussing the recent progress of EGTs for synapse and neuron emulation. Integrating EGTs with sensors that faithfully emulate diverse perception functions of humans such as tactile and visual perception is discussed. The challenges of EGTs for further development are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuerong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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37
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Vertical organic electrochemical transistors for complementary circuits. Nature 2023; 613:496-502. [PMID: 36653571 PMCID: PMC9849123 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and OECT-based circuitry offer great potential in bioelectronics, wearable electronics and artificial neuromorphic electronics because of their exceptionally low driving voltages (<1 V), low power consumption (<1 µW), high transconductances (>10 mS) and biocompatibility1-5. However, the successful realization of critical complementary logic OECTs is currently limited by temporal and/or operational instability, slow redox processes and/or switching, incompatibility with high-density monolithic integration and inferior n-type OECT performance6-8. Here we demonstrate p- and n-type vertical OECTs with balanced and ultra-high performance by blending redox-active semiconducting polymers with a redox-inactive photocurable and/or photopatternable polymer to form an ion-permeable semiconducting channel, implemented in a simple, scalable vertical architecture that has a dense, impermeable top contact. Footprint current densities exceeding 1 kA cm-2 at less than ±0.7 V, transconductances of 0.2-0.4 S, short transient times of less than 1 ms and ultra-stable switching (>50,000 cycles) are achieved in, to our knowledge, the first vertically stacked complementary vertical OECT logic circuits. This architecture opens many possibilities for fundamental studies of organic semiconductor redox chemistry and physics in nanoscopically confined spaces, without macroscopic electrolyte contact, as well as wearable and implantable device applications.
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38
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Fenoy GE, Hasler R, Quartinello F, Marmisollé WA, Lorenz C, Azzaroni O, Bäuerle P, Knoll W. "Clickable" Organic Electrochemical Transistors. JACS AU 2022; 2:2778-2790. [PMID: 36590273 PMCID: PMC9795466 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Interfacing the surface of an organic semiconductor with biological elements is a central quest when it comes to the development of efficient organic bioelectronic devices. Here, we present the first example of "clickable" organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). The synthesis and characterization of an azide-derivatized EDOT monomer (azidomethyl-EDOT, EDOT-N3) are reported, as well as its deposition on Au-interdigitated electrodes through electropolymerization to yield PEDOT-N3-OECTs. The electropolymerization protocol allows for a straightforward and reliable tuning of the characteristics of the OECTs, yielding transistors with lower threshold voltages than PEDOT-based state-of-the-art devices and maximum transconductance voltage values close to 0 V, a key feature for the development of efficient organic bioelectronic devices. Subsequently, the azide moieties are employed to click alkyne-bearing molecules such as redox probes and biorecognition elements. The clicking of an alkyne-modified PEG4-biotin allows for the use of the avidin-biotin interactions to efficiently generate bioconstructs with proteins and enzymes. In addition, a dibenzocyclooctyne-modified thrombin-specific HD22 aptamer is clicked on the PEDOT-N3-OECTs, showing the application of the devices toward the development of organic transistors-based biosensors. Finally, the clicked OECTs preserve their electronic features after the different clicking procedures, demonstrating the stability and robustness of the fabricated transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo E. Fenoy
- AIT
Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas,
Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata − CONICET, 64 and 113, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Roger Hasler
- AIT
Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Felice Quartinello
- Department
of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute
of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Waldemar A. Marmisollé
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas,
Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata − CONICET, 64 and 113, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Christoph Lorenz
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Omar Azzaroni
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas,
Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata − CONICET, 64 and 113, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- AIT
Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Department
of Scientific Coordination and Management, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria
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39
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Sensitive organic electrochemical transistor biosensors: Comparing single and dual gate functionalization and different COOH-functionalized bioreceptor layers. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 216:114691. [PMID: 36113388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We developed new measurement configurations based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Three types of COOH-functionalized bioreceptor layers were deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrates and their performance was tested using single gate functionalization organic electrochemical transistor (S-OECT) and dual gate functionalization organic electrochemical transistor (D-OECT) configurations. The three layers included one p-type semiconductor, one insulator, and one self-assembled layer, and the dual gates were connected in series through buffer solutions, so the solution-electrode interfaces had the opposite polarities. We investigated the sensitivities of these systems using the human IgG antigen-human IgG antibody receptor pair for main experiments, and drifts of antibody-functionalized gates without analytes as control experiments. Drifts without analyte can obscure the real sensitivity. We show that the D-OECT has the capability to cancel the drifts, and is also beneficial for showing the sensitivity more exactly. This configuration has the ability to increase the accuracy of antibody-antigen interaction detection, and further decrease or eliminate the effect of ions in the buffer solution. We also prove that the D-OECT can work well with different bioreceptor materials, which indicates that the system can be further applied to different conditions.
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40
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Borrmann F, Tsuda T, Guskova O, Kiriy N, Hoffmann C, Neusser D, Ludwigs S, Lappan U, Simon F, Geisler M, Debnath B, Krupskaya Y, Al‐Hussein M, Kiriy A. Charge-Compensated N-Doped π-Conjugated Polymers: Toward both Thermodynamic Stability of N-Doped States in Water and High Electron Conductivity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203530. [PMID: 36065004 PMCID: PMC9631074 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The understanding and applications of electron-conducting π-conjugated polymers with naphtalene diimide (NDI) blocks show remarkable progress in recent years. Such polymers demonstrate a facilitated n-doping due to the strong electron deficiency of the main polymer chain and the presence of the positively charged side groups stabilizing a negative charge of the n-doped backbone. Here, the n-type conducting NDI polymer with enhanced stability of its n-doped states for prospective "in-water" applications is developed. A combined experimental-theoretical approach is used to identify critical features and parameters that control the doping and electron transport process. The facilitated polymer reduction ability and the thermodynamic stability in water are confirmed by electrochemical measurements and doping studies. This material also demonstrates a high conductivity of 10-2 S cm-1 under ambient conditions and 10-1 S cm-1 in vacuum. The modeling explains the stabilizing effects for various dopants. The simulations show a significant doping-induced "collapse" of the positively charged side chains on the core bearing a partial negative charge. This explains a decrease in the lamellar spacing observed in experiments. This study fundamentally enables a novel pathway for achieving both thermodynamic stability of the n-doped states in water and the high electron conductivity of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Borrmann
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Takuya Tsuda
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Olga Guskova
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS)TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Nataliya Kiriy
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Cedric Hoffmann
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - David Neusser
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Uwe Lappan
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Frank Simon
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Martin Geisler
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Bipasha Debnath
- Leibniz‐Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Yulia Krupskaya
- Leibniz‐Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Mahmoud Al‐Hussein
- Physics Department and Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific ResearchThe University of JordanAmman11942Jordan
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
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41
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Li P, Shi J, Lei Y, Huang Z, Lei T. Switching p-type to high-performance n-type organic electrochemical transistors via doped state engineering. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5970. [PMID: 36216813 PMCID: PMC9551099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are essential for logic circuits and sensors. However, the performances of n-type OECTs lag far behind that of p-type ones. Conventional wisdom posits that the LUMO energy level dictates the n-type performance. Herein, we show that engineering the doped state is more critical for n-type OECT polymers. By balancing more charges to the donor moiety, we could effectively switch a p-type polymer to high-performance n-type material. Based on this concept, the polymer, P(gTDPP2FT), exhibits a record high n-type OECT performance with μC* of 54.8 F cm-1 V-1 s-1, mobility of 0.35 cm2 V-1 s-1, and response speed of τon/τoff = 1.75/0.15 ms. Calculations and comparison studies show that the conversion is primarily due to the more uniform charges, stabilized negative polaron, enhanced conformation, and backbone planarity at negatively charged states. Our work highlights the critical role of understanding and engineering polymers' doped states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junwei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuqiu Lei
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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42
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Kim D, Lee JS. Emulating the Signal Transmission in a Neural System Using Polymer Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42308-42316. [PMID: 36069456 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are vital components of the brain. When stimulated by neurotransmitters at the dendrites, neurons deliver signals as changes in the membrane potential by ion movement. The signal transmission of a nervous system exhibits a high energy efficiency. These characteristics of neurons are being exploited to develop efficient neuromorphic computing systems. In this study, we develop chemical synapses for neuromorphic devices and emulate the signaling processes in a nervous system using a polymer membrane, in which the ionic permeability can be controlled. The polymer membrane comprises poly(diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride) and poly(3-sulfopropyl acrylate potassium salt), which have positive and negative charges, respectively. The ionic permeability of the polymer membrane is controlled by the injection of a neurotransmitter solution. This device emulates the signal transmission behavior of biological neurons depending on the concentration of the injected neurotransmitter solution. The proposed artificial neuronal signaling device can facilitate the development of bio-realistic neuromorphic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jang-Sik Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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43
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Bezgin Carbas B, Ergun EGC. A classified and comparative review of Poly(2,5-dithienyl-N-substituted-pyrrole) derivatives for electrochromic applications. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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44
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Dai Y, Dai S, Li N, Li Y, Moser M, Strzalka J, Prominski A, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Li S, Hu H, Liu W, Chatterji S, Cheng P, Tian B, McCulloch I, Xu J, Wang S. Stretchable Redox-Active Semiconducting Polymers for High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201178. [PMID: 35448913 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) represent an emerging device platform for next-generation bioelectronics owing to the uniquely high amplification and sensitivity to biological signals. For achieving seamless tissue-electronics interfaces for accurate signal acquisition, skin-like softness and stretchability are essential requirements, but they have not yet been imparted onto high-performance OECTs, largely due to the lack of stretchable redox-active semiconducting polymers. Here, a stretchable semiconductor is reported for OECT devices, namely poly(2-(3,3'-bis(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)-[2,2'-bithiophen]-5)yl thiophene) (p(g2T-T)), which gives exceptional stretchability over 200% strain and 5000 repeated stretching cycles, together with OECT performance on par with the state-of-the-art. Validated by systematic characterizations and comparisons of different polymers, the key design features of this polymer that enable the combination of high stretchability and high OECT performance are a nonlinear backbone architecture, a moderate side-chain density, and a sufficiently high molecular weight. Using this highly stretchable polymer semiconductor, an intrinsically stretchable OECT is fabricated with high normalized transconductance (≈223 S cm-1 ) and biaxial stretchability up to 100% strain. Furthermore, on-skin electrocardiogram (ECG) recording is demonstrated, which combines built-in amplification and unprecedented skin conformability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahao Dai
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Shilei Dai
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Nan Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | | | - Youdi Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Songsong Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Huawei Hu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Shivani Chatterji
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ping Cheng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jie Xu
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
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45
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Elli G, Hamed S, Petrelli M, Ibba P, Ciocca M, Lugli P, Petti L. Field-Effect Transistor-Based Biosensors for Environmental and Agricultural Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22114178. [PMID: 35684798 PMCID: PMC9185402 DOI: 10.3390/s22114178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The precise monitoring of environmental contaminants and agricultural plant stress factors, respectively responsible for damages to our ecosystems and crop losses, has nowadays become a topic of uttermost importance. This is also highlighted by the recent introduction of the so-called "Sustainable Development Goals" of the United Nations, which aim at reducing pollutants while implementing more sustainable food production practices, leading to a reduced impact on all ecosystems. In this context, the standard methods currently used in these fields represent a sub-optimal solution, being expensive, laboratory-based techniques, and typically requiring trained personnel with high expertise. Recent advances in both biotechnology and material science have led to the emergence of new sensing (and biosensing) technologies, enabling low-cost, precise, and real-time detection. An especially interesting category of biosensors is represented by field-effect transistor-based biosensors (bio-FETs), which enable the possibility of performing in situ, continuous, selective, and sensitive measurements of a wide palette of different parameters of interest. Furthermore, bio-FETs offer the possibility of being fabricated using innovative and sustainable materials, employing various device configurations, each customized for a specific application. In the specific field of environmental and agricultural monitoring, the exploitation of these devices is particularly attractive as it paves the way to early detection and intervention strategies useful to limit, or even completely avoid negative outcomes (such as diseases to animals or ecosystems losses). This review focuses exactly on bio-FETs for environmental and agricultural monitoring, highlighting the recent and most relevant studies. First, bio-FET technology is introduced, followed by a detailed description of the the most commonly employed configurations, the available device fabrication techniques, as well as the specific materials and recognition elements. Then, examples of studies employing bio-FETs for environmental and agricultural monitoring are presented, highlighting in detail advantages and disadvantages of available examples. Finally, in the discussion, the major challenges to be overcome (e.g., short device lifetime, small sensitivity and selectivity in complex media) are critically presented. Despite the current limitations and challenges, this review clearly shows that bio-FETs are extremely promising for new and disruptive innovations in these areas and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Elli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.H.); (M.P.); (P.I.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Saleh Hamed
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.H.); (M.P.); (P.I.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mattia Petrelli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.H.); (M.P.); (P.I.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Pietro Ibba
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.H.); (M.P.); (P.I.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Manuela Ciocca
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.H.); (M.P.); (P.I.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Paolo Lugli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.H.); (M.P.); (P.I.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Luisa Petti
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.H.); (M.P.); (P.I.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (L.P.)
- Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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46
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Grześ G, Wolski K, Uchacz T, Bała J, Louis B, Scheblykin IG, Zapotoczny S. Ladder-like Polymer Brushes Containing Conjugated Poly(Propylenedioxythiophene) Chains. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115886. [PMID: 35682563 PMCID: PMC9180196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The high stability and conductivity of 3,4-disubstituted polythiophenes such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) make them attractive candidates for commercial applications. However, next-generation nanoelectronic devices require novel macromolecular strategies for the precise synthesis of advanced polymer structures as well as their arrangement. In this report, we present a synthetic route to make ladder-like polymer brushes with poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT)-conjugated chains. The brushes were prepared via a self-templating surface-initiated technique (ST-SIP) that combines the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of bifunctional ProDOT-based monomers and subsequent oxidative polymerization of the pendant ProDOT groups in the parent brushes. The brushes prepared in this way were characterized by grazing-angle FTIR, XPS spectroscopy, and AFM. Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements were used to extract the information about the structure and effective conjugation length of PProDOT-based chains. Stability tests performed in ambient conditions and under exposure to standardized solar light revealed the remarkable stability of the obtained materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Grześ
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (G.G.); (T.U.); (J.B.)
| | - Karol Wolski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (G.G.); (T.U.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (S.Z.)
| | - Tomasz Uchacz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (G.G.); (T.U.); (J.B.)
| | - Justyna Bała
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (G.G.); (T.U.); (J.B.)
| | - Boris Louis
- Division of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (B.L.); (I.G.S.)
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivan G. Scheblykin
- Division of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (B.L.); (I.G.S.)
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (G.G.); (T.U.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (S.Z.)
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47
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Cicoira F. Stretching out transistors. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:495-497. [PMID: 35501366 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Cicoira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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48
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Chen J, Huang W, Zheng D, Xie Z, Zhuang X, Zhao D, Chen Y, Su N, Chen H, Pankow RM, Gao Z, Yu J, Guo X, Cheng Y, Strzalka J, Yu X, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Highly stretchable organic electrochemical transistors with strain-resistant performance. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:564-571. [PMID: 35501364 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Realizing fully stretchable electronic materials is central to advancing new types of mechanically agile and skin-integrable optoelectronic device technologies. Here we demonstrate a materials design concept combining an organic semiconductor film with a honeycomb porous structure with biaxially prestretched platform that enables high-performance organic electrochemical transistors with a charge transport stability over 30-140% tensional strain, limited only by metal contact fatigue. The prestretched honeycomb semiconductor channel of donor-acceptor polymer poly(2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2,5-diketo-pyrrolopyrrole-alt-2,5-bis(3-triethyleneglycoloxy-thiophen-2-yl) exhibits high ion uptake and completely stable electrochemical and mechanical properties over 1,500 redox cycles with 104 stretching cycles under 30% strain. Invariant electrocardiogram recording cycles and synapse responses under varying strains, along with mechanical finite element analysis, underscore that the present stretchable organic electrochemical transistor design strategy is suitable for diverse applications requiring stable signal output under deformation with low power dissipation and mechanical robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | - Ding Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Ningbo Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, P. R. China.
| | - Xinming Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ning Su
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Hongming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Robert M Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Zhan Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Flexterra Inc., Skokie, IL, USA.
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
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49
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Chen XX, Li JT, Fang YH, Deng XY, Wang XQ, Liu G, Wang Y, Gu X, Jiang SD, Lei T. High-mobility semiconducting polymers with different spin ground states. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2258. [PMID: 35474302 PMCID: PMC9042904 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic semiconductors with high-spin ground states are fascinating because they could enable fundamental understanding on the spin-related phenomenon in light element and provide opportunities for organic magnetic and quantum materials. Although high-spin ground states have been observed in some quinoidal type small molecules or doped organic semiconductors, semiconducting polymers with high-spin at their neutral ground state are rarely reported. Here we report three high-mobility semiconducting polymers with different spin ground states. We show that polymer building blocks with small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T) could enable small ΔES-T gap and increase the diradical character in copolymers. We demonstrate that the electronic structure, spin density, and solid-state interchain interactions in the high-spin polymers are crucial for their ground states. Polymers with a triplet ground state (S = 1) could exhibit doublet (S = 1/2) behavior due to different spin distributions and solid-state interchain spin-spin interactions. Besides, these polymers showed outstanding charge transport properties with high hole/electron mobilities and can be both n- and p-doped with superior conductivities. Our results demonstrate a rational approach to obtain high-mobility semiconducting polymers with different spin ground states. Semiconducting polymers with high-spin at their neutral ground state are rarely reported. Here the authors synthesize three semiconducting polymers with different spin ground states and high hole/electron mobility, by appropriate choice of the building blocks’ singlet-triplet energy gap, spin distributions and solid-state interchain interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jia-Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu-Hui Fang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin-Yu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xue-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guangchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Shang-Da Jiang
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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50
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Liao H, Chen J, Lan L, Yu Y, Zhu G, Duan J, Zhu X, Dai H, Xiao M, Li Z, Yue W, McCulloch I. Efficient n-Type Small-Molecule Mixed Ion-Electron Conductors and Application in Hydrogen Peroxide Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16477-16486. [PMID: 35357117 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule semiconductors used as the channel of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been rarely reported despite their inherent advantages of well-defined molecular weight, convenient scale-up synthesis, and good performance reproducibility. Herein, three small molecules based on perylene diimides are readily prepared for n-type OECTs. The final molecules show preferred energy levels, tunable backbone conformation, and high film crystallinity, rendering them good n-type dopability, favorable volumetric capacities, and substantial electron mobilities. Consequently, the OECTs afford a record-low threshold voltage of 0.05 V and a normalized peak transconductance of 4.52 × 10-2 S cm-1, as well as impressive long-term cycling stability. Significantly, the OECTs utilized for hydrogen peroxide sensing are further demonstrated with a detection limit of 0.75 μM. This work opens the possibility of developing nonfullerene small molecules as superior n-type OECT materials and provides important insights for designing high-performance small-molecule mixed ion-electron conductors for OECTs and (bio)sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Junxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liuyuan Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yaping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Genming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiayao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haojie Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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