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Sebastián-Vicente C, Imbrock J, Laubrock S, Caballero-Calero O, García-Cabañes A, Carrascosa M. All-Optical Domain Inversion in LiNbO 3 Crystals by Visible Continuous-Wave Laser Irradiation. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:2624-2636. [PMID: 39036060 PMCID: PMC11258989 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
LiNbO3 is a distinguished multifunctional material where ferroelectric domain engineering is of paramount importance. This degree of freedom of the spontaneous polarization remarkably enhances the applicability of LiNbO3, for instance, in photonics. In this work, we report the first method for all-optical domain inversion of LiNbO3 crystals using continuous-wave visible light. While we focus mainly on iron-doped LiNbO3, the applicability of the method is also showcased in undoped congruent LiNbO3. The technique is simple, cheap, and readily accessible. It relies on ubiquitous elements: a light source with low/moderate intensity, basic optics, and a conductive surrounding medium, e.g., water. Light-induced domain inversion is unequivocally demonstrated and characterized by combination of several experimental techniques: selective chemical etching, surface topography profilometry, pyroelectric trapping of charged microparticles, scanning electron microscopy, and 3D Čerenkov microscopy. The influence of light intensity, exposure time, laser spot size, and surrounding medium is thoroughly studied. To explain all-optical domain inversion, we propose a novel physical mechanism based on an anomalous interplay between the bulk photovoltaic effect and external electrostatic screening. Overall, our all-optical method offers straightforward implementation of LiNbO3 ferroelectric domain engineering, potentially sparking new research endeavors aimed at novel optoelectronic applications of photovoltaic LiNbO3 platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sebastián-Vicente
- Departamento
de Física de Materiales, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto
Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jörg Imbrock
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Laubrock
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Olga Caballero-Calero
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM,
CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8, Tres Cantos, E-28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel García-Cabañes
- Departamento
de Física de Materiales, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto
Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Carrascosa
- Departamento
de Física de Materiales, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto
Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Zhang H, Chen Y, Chui KK, Zheng J, Ma Y, Liu D, Huang Z, Lei D, Wang J. Synthesis of Bitten Gold Nanoparticles with Single-Particle Chiroptical Responses. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2301476. [PMID: 36949015 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of structural complexity to nanoparticles brings them interesting properties. Regularity breaking has been challenging in the chemical synthesis of nanoparticles. Most reported chemical methods for synthesizing irregular nanoparticles are complicated and laborious, largely hindering the exploration of structural irregularity in nanoscience. In this study, the authors have combined seed-mediated growth and Pt(IV)-induced etching to synthesize two types of unprecedented Au nanoparticles, bitten nanospheres and nanodecahedrons, with size control. Each nanoparticle has an irregular cavity on it. They exhibit distinct single-particle chiroptical responses. Perfect Au nanospheres and nanorods without any cavity do not show optical chirality, which demonstrates that the geometrical structure of the bitten opening plays a decisive role in the generation of chiroptical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Ka Kit Chui
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiapeng Zheng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yicong Ma
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Danjun Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Dangyuan Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
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Fernández-Martínez J, Carretero-Palacios S, Molina P, Bravo-Abad J, Ramírez MO, Bausá LE. Silver Nanoparticle Chains for Ultra-Long-Range Plasmonic Waveguides for Nd 3+ Fluorescence. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4296. [PMID: 36500918 PMCID: PMC9737231 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic waveguides have been shown to be a promising approach to confine and transport electromagnetic energy beyond the diffraction limit. However, ohmic losses generally prevent their integration at micrometric or millimetric scales. Here, we present a gain-compensated plasmonic waveguide based on the integration of linear chains of Ag nanoparticles on an optically active Nd3+-doped solid-state gain medium. By means of dual confocal fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate long-range optical energy propagation due to the near-field coupling between the plasmonic nanostructures and the Nd3+ ions. The subwavelength fluorescence guiding is monitored at distances of around 100 µm from the excitation source for two different emission ranges centered at around 900 nm and 1080 nm. In both cases, the guided fluorescence exhibits a strong polarization dependence, consistent with the polarization behavior of the plasmon resonance supported by the chain. The experimental results are interpreted through numerical simulations in quasi-infinite long chains, which corroborate the propagation features of the Ag nanoparticle chains at both excitation (λexc = 590 nm) and emission wavelengths. The obtained results exceed by an order of magnitude that of previous reports on electromagnetic energy transport using linear plasmonic chains. The work points out the potential of combining Ag nanoparticle chains with a small interparticle distance (~2 nm) with rare-earth-based optical gain media as ultra-long-range waveguides with extreme light confinement. The results offer new perspectives for the design of integrated hybrid plasmonic-photonic circuits based on rare-earth-activated solid-state platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Martínez
- Departamento de Física de Materiales and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sol Carretero-Palacios
- Departamento de Física de Materiales and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Molina
- Departamento de Física de Materiales and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Bravo-Abad
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariola O. Ramírez
- Departamento de Física de Materiales and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa E. Bausá
- Departamento de Física de Materiales and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Giant Second Harmonic Generation Enhancement by Ag Nanoparticles Compactly Distributed on Hexagonal Arrangements. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092394. [PMID: 34578708 PMCID: PMC8468191 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The association of plasmonic nanostructures with nonlinear dielectric systems has been shown to provide useful platforms for boosting frequency conversion processes at metal-dielectric interfaces. Here, we report on an efficient route for engineering light-matter interaction processes in hybrid plasmonic-χ(2) dielectric systems to enhance second harmonic generation (SHG) processes confined in small spatial regions. By means of ferroelectric lithography, we have fabricated scalable micrometric arrangements of interacting silver nanoparticles compactly distributed on hexagonal regions. The fabricated polygonal microstructures support both localized and extended plasmonic modes, providing large spatial regions of field enhancement at the optical frequencies involved in the SHG process. We experimentally demonstrate that the resonant excitation of the plasmonic modes supported by the Ag nanoparticle-filled hexagons in the near infrared region produces an extraordinary 104-fold enhancement of the blue second harmonic intensity generated in the surface of a LiNbO3 crystal. The results open new perspectives for the design of efficient hybrid plasmonic frequency converters in miniaturized devices.
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Fernández-Martínez J, Carretero-Palacios S, Sánchez-García L, Bravo-Abad J, Molina P, van Hoof N, Ramírez MO, Rivas JG, Bausá LE. Spatial coherence from Nd 3+ quantum emitters mediated by a plasmonic chain. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:26244-26254. [PMID: 34614934 DOI: 10.1364/oe.433080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the coherence properties of rare earth emitters in solid-state platforms in the absence of an optical cavity is highly desirable for quantum light-matter interfaces and photonic networks. Here, we demonstrate the possibility of generating directional and spatially coherent light from Nd3+ ions coupled to the longitudinal plasmonic mode of a chain of interacting Ag nanoparticles. The effect of the plasmonic chain on the Nd3+ emission is analyzed by Fourier microscopy. The results reveal the presence of an interference pattern in which the Nd3+ emission is enhanced at specific directions, as a distinctive signature of spatial coherence. Numerical simulations corroborate the need of near-field coherent coupling of the emitting ions with the plasmonic chain mode. The work provides fundamental insights for controlling the coherence properties of quantum emitters at room temperature and opens new avenues towards rare earth based nanoscale hybrid devices for quantum information or optical communication in nanocircuits.
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Sukharev M, Roslyak O, Piryatinski A. Second-harmonic generation in nonlinear plasmonic lattices enhanced by quantum emitter gain medium. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:084703. [PMID: 33639729 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a theoretical study of second-harmonic generation (SHG) in plasmonic nanostructures interacting with two-level quantum emitters (QEs) under incoherent energy pump. We generalize the driven-dissipative Tavis-Cummings model by introducing the anharmonic surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) mode coupled to QEs and examine physical properties of corresponding SPP-QE polariton states. Our calculations of the SHG efficiency for strong QE-SPP coupling demonstrate orders of magnitude enhancement facilitated by the polariton gain. We further discuss time-domain numerical simulations of SHG in a square lattice comprising Ag nanopillars coupled to QEs utilizing a fully vectorial nonperturbative nonlinear hydrodynamic model for conduction electrons coupled to Maxwell-Bloch equations for QEs. The simulations support the idea of gain enhanced SHG and show orders of magnitude increase in the SHG efficiency as the QEs are tuned in resonance with the lattice plasmon mode and brought above the population inversion threshold by incoherent pumping. By varying pump frequency and tuning QEs to a localized plasmon mode, we demonstrate further enhancement of the SHG efficiency facilitated by strong local electric fields. The incident light polarization dependence of the SHG is examined and related to the symmetries of participating plasmon modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Sukharev
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Oleksiy Roslyak
- Physics and Engineering Physics, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458, USA
| | - Andrei Piryatinski
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Plasmon-Emitter Hybrid Nanostructures of Gold Nanorod-Quantum Dots with Regulated Energy Transfer as a Universal Nano-Sensor for One-step Biomarker Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030444. [PMID: 32121506 PMCID: PMC7152990 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, biosensing based on weak coupling in plasmon-emitter hybrid nanostructures exhibits the merits of simplicity and high sensitivity, and attracts increasing attention as an emerging nano-sensor. In this study, we propose an innovative plasmon-regulated fluorescence resonance energy transfer (plasmon-regulated FRET) sensing strategy based on a plasmon-emitter hybrid nanostructure of gold nanorod-quantum dots (Au NR-QDs) by partially modifying QDs onto the surfaces of Au NRs. The Au NR-QDs showed good sensitivity and reversibility against refractive index change. We successfully employed the Au NR-QDs to fabricate nano-sensors for detecting a cancer biomarker of alpha fetoprotein with a limit of detection of 0.30 ng/mL, which displays that the sensitivity of the Au NR-QDs nano-sensor was effectively improved compared with the Au NRs based plasmonic sensing. Additionally, to demonstrate the universality of the plasmon-regulated FRET sensing strategy, another plasmon-emitter hybrid nano-sensor of Au nano-prism-quantum dots (Au NP-QDs) were constructed and applied for detecting a myocardial infarction biomarker of cardiac troponin I. It was first reported that the change of absorption spectra of plasmonic structure in a plasmon-emitter hybrid nanostructure was employed for analytes detection. The plasmon-regulated FRET sensing strategy described herein has potential utility to develop general sensing platforms for chemical and biological analysis.
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