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Luo Z, Zhang Z, Tai J, Zhang L, Gao C, Ma HF, Jiang WX, Cheng Q, Cui TJ. Fully Breaking Entanglement of Multiple Harmonics for Space- and Frequency-Division Multiplexing Wireless Applications via Space-Time-Coding Metasurface. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2404558. [PMID: 38965690 PMCID: PMC11425898 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Harmonic generation and utilization are significant topics in nonlinear science. Although the progress in the microwave region has been expedited by the development of time-modulated metasurfaces, one major issue of these devices is the strong entanglement of multiple harmonics, leading to criticism of their use in frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) applications. Previous studies have attempted to overcome this limitation, but they suffer from designing complexity or insufficient controlling capability. Here a new space-time-coding metasurface (STCM) is proposed to independently and precisely synthesize not only the phases but also the amplitudes of various harmonics. This promising feature is successfully demonstrated in wireless space- and frequency-division multiplexing experiments, where modulated and unmodulated signals are simultaneously transmitted via different harmonics using a shared STCM. To illustrate the advantages, binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation schemes are respectively implemented. Behind the intriguing functionality, the mechanism of the space-time coding strategy and the analytical designing method are elaborated, which are validated numerically and experimentally. It is believed that the achievements can potentially propel the time-vary metasurfaces in the next-generation wireless applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Junwei Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Chenglong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hui Feng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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Deng Q, Du T, Gomaa H, Cheng Y, An C. Methods of Manipulation of Acoustic Radiation Using Metamaterials with a Focus on Polymers: Design and Mechanism Insights. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2405. [PMID: 39274037 PMCID: PMC11396993 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of acoustic waves is becoming increasingly crucial in research and practical applications. The coordinate transformation methods and acoustic metamaterials represent two significant areas of study that offer innovative strategies for precise acoustic wave control. This review highlights the applications of these methods in acoustic wave manipulation and examines their synergistic effects. We present the fundamental concepts of the coordinate transformation methods and their primary techniques for modulating electromagnetic and acoustic waves. Following this, we deeply study the principle of acoustic metamaterials, with particular emphasis on the superior acoustic properties of polymers. Moreover, the polymers have the characteristics of design flexibility and a light weight, which shows significant advantages in the preparation of acoustic metamaterials. The current research on the manipulation of various acoustic characteristics is reviewed. Furthermore, the paper discusses the combined use of the coordinate transformation methods and polymer acoustic metamaterials, emphasizing their complementary nature. Finally, this article envisions future research directions and challenges in acoustic wave manipulation, considering further technological progress and polymers' application potential. These efforts aim to unlock new possibilities and foster innovative ideas in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibo Deng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Tianying Du
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Hassanien Gomaa
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Yong Cheng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Mechanical Reliability for Heavy Equipments and Large Structures, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Cuihua An
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
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Li W, Yang Q, You O, Lu C, Guan F, Liu J, Shi J, Zhang S. Magneto-optical chiral metasurfaces for achieving polarization-independent nonreciprocal transmission. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm7458. [PMID: 39083608 PMCID: PMC11290480 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm7458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Nonreciprocal transmission, resulting from the breaking of Lorentz reciprocity, plays a pivotal role in nonreciprocal communication systems by enabling asymmetric forward and backward propagations. Metasurfaces endowed with nonreciprocity represent a compact and facile platform for manipulating electromagnetic waves in an unprecedented manner. However, most passive metasurfaces that achieve nonreciprocal transmissions are polarization dependent. While incorporation of active elements or nonlinear materials can achieve polarization-independent nonreciprocal metasurfaces, the complicated configurations limit their practical applications. To address this issue, we propose and demonstrate a passive and linear metasurface that combines magneto-optical and chiral effects, enabling polarization-independent isolation. The designed metasurface achieves a transmittance of up to 80%, with a high contrast between forward and backward propagations. Our work introduces a novel mechanism for nonreciprocal transmission and lays the foundation for the development of compact, polarization-insensitive nonreciprocal devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Li
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Devices Physics for Oceanic Applications, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150000, China
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Qingdong Yang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Oubo You
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Cuicui Lu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fuxin Guan
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jianlong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Devices Physics for Oceanic Applications, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150000, China
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Jinhui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Materials and Devices Physics for Oceanic Applications, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150000, China
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Materials Innovation Institute for Life Sciences and Energy (MILES), HKU-SIRI, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Sisler J, Thureja P, Grajower MY, Sokhoyan R, Huang I, Atwater HA. Electrically tunable space-time metasurfaces at optical frequencies. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01728-9. [PMID: 39048705 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Active metasurfaces enable dynamic manipulation of the scattered electromagnetic wavefront by spatially varying the phase and amplitude across arrays of subwavelength scatterers, imparting momentum to outgoing light. Similarly, periodic temporal modulation of active metasurfaces allows for manipulation of the output frequency of light. Here we combine spatial and temporal modulation in electrically modulated reflective metasurfaces operating at 1,530 nm to generate and diffract a spectrum of sidebands at megahertz frequencies. Temporal modulation with tailored waveforms enables the design of a spectrum of sidebands. By impressing a spatial phase gradient on the metasurface, we can diffract selected combinations of sideband frequencies. Combining active temporal and spatial variation can enable unique optical functions, such as frequency mixing, harmonic beam steering or shaping, and breaking of Lorentz reciprocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Sisler
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Prachi Thureja
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Meir Y Grajower
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ruzan Sokhoyan
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ivy Huang
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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5
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Liu W, Wang SR, Dai JY, Zhang L, Chen Q, Cheng Q, Cui TJ. Arbitrarily rotating polarization direction and manipulating phases in linear and nonlinear ways using programmable metasurface. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:172. [PMID: 39025829 PMCID: PMC11258343 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Independent controls of various properties of electromagnetic (EM) waves are crucially required in a wide range of applications. Programmable metasurface is a promising candidate to provide an advanced platform for manipulating EM waves. Here, we propose an approach that can arbitrarily control the polarization direction and phases of reflected waves in linear and nonlinear ways using a stacked programmable metasurface. Further, we extend the space-time-coding theory to incorporate the dimension of polarization, which provides an extra degree of freedom for manipulating EM waves. As proof-of-principle application examples, we consider polarization rotation, phase manipulation, and beam steering at linear and nonlinear frequencies. For validation, we design, fabricate, and measure a metasurface sample. The experimental results show good agreement with theoretical predictions and simulations. The proposed approach has a wide range of applications in various areas, such as imaging, data storage, and wireless communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Si Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jun Yan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Electrical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41258, Sweden.
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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Zhang H, Ruan H, Zhao H, Wang Z, Hu S, Cui TJ, del Hougne P, Li L. Microwave Speech Recognizer Empowered by a Programmable Metasurface. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309826. [PMID: 38380552 PMCID: PMC11077686 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Speech recognition becomes increasingly important in the modern society, especially for human-machine interactions, but its deployment is still severely thwarted by the struggle of machines to recognize voiced commands in challenging real-life settings: oftentimes, ambient noise drowns the acoustic sound signals, and walls, face masks or other obstacles hide the mouth motion from optical sensors. To address these formidable challenges, an experimental prototype of a microwave speech recognizer empowered by programmable metasurface is presented here that can remotely recognize human voice commands and speaker identities even in noisy environments and if the speaker's mouth is hidden behind a wall or face mask. The programmable metasurface is the pivotal hardware ingredient of the system because its large aperture and huge number of degrees of freedom allows the system to perform a complex sequence of sensing tasks, orchestrated by artificial-intelligence tools. Relying solely on microwave data, the system avoids visual privacy infringements. The developed microwave speech recognizer can enable privacy-respecting voice-commanded human-machine interactions is experimentally demonstrated in many important but to-date inaccessible application scenarios. The presented strategy will unlock new possibilities and have expectations for future smart homes, ambient-assisted health monitoring, as well as intelligent surveillance and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and NetworksSchool of ElectronicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Hengxin Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and NetworksSchool of ElectronicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Peng Cheng LaboratoryShenzhenGuangdong518000China
| | - Hanting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and NetworksSchool of ElectronicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and NetworksSchool of ElectronicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Shengguo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and NetworksSchool of ElectronicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Pazhou Laboratory (Huangpu)GuangzhouGuangdong510555China
| | | | - Lianlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and NetworksSchool of ElectronicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Pazhou Laboratory (Huangpu)GuangzhouGuangdong510555China
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Qiu T, An Q, Wang J, Wang J, Qiu CW, Li S, Lv H, Cai M, Wang J, Cong L, Qu S. Vision-driven metasurfaces for perception enhancement. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1631. [PMID: 38388545 PMCID: PMC10883922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces have exhibited unprecedented degree of freedom in manipulating electromagnetic (EM) waves and thus provide fantastic front-end interfaces for smart systems. Here we show a framework for perception enhancement based on vision-driven metasurface. Human's eye movements are matched with microwave radiations to extend the humans' perception spectrum. By this means, our eyes can "sense" visual information and invisible microwave information. Several experimental demonstrations are given for specific implementations, including a physiological-signal-monitoring system, an "X-ray-glasses" system, a "glimpse-and-forget" tracking system and a speech reception system for deaf people. Both the simulation and experiment results verify evident advantages in perception enhancement effects and improving information acquisition efficiency. This framework can be readily integrated into healthcare systems to monitor physiological signals and to offer assistance for people with disabilities. This work provides an alternative framework for perception enhancement and may find wide applications in healthcare, wearable devices, search-and-rescue and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshuo Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Fundamentals Department, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang An
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianqi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jiafu Wang
- Aerospace metamaterials laboratory of SuZhou National Laboratory, Suzhou, China.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Shiyong Li
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Lv
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ming Cai
- Fundamentals Department, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaobo Qu
- Aerospace metamaterials laboratory of SuZhou National Laboratory, Suzhou, China.
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Chen YT, Wang HL, Sun S, Cheng ZW, Zhang YK, Zheng S, Zhang TY, Ma HF, Cui TJ. Computer-Vision Based Gesture-Metasurface Interaction System for Beam Manipulation and Wireless Communication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305152. [PMID: 38044308 PMCID: PMC10837369 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Hand gesture plays an important role in many circumstances, which is one of the most common interactive methods in daily life, especially for disabled people. Human-machine interaction is another popular research topic to realize direct and efficient control, making machines intelligent and maneuverable. Here, a special human-machine interaction system is proposed and namedas computer-vision (CV) based gesture-metasurface interaction (GMI) system, which can be used for both direct beam manipulations and real-time wireless communications. The GMI system first needs to select its working mode according to the gesture command to determine whether to perform beam manipulations or wireless communications, and then validate the permission for further operation by recognizing unlocking gesture to ensure security. Both beam manipulation and wireless communication functions are validated experimentally, which show that the GMI system can not only realize real-time switching and remote control of different beams through gesture command, but also communicate with a remote computer in real time by translating the gesture language to text message. The proposed non-contact GMI system has the advantages of good interactivity, high flexibility, and multiple functions, which can find potential applications in community security, gesture-command smart home, barrier-free communications, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Teng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Hai Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Shi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Zhang Wen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Yan Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Sen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Tai Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Hui Feng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
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Li H, Li YB, Wang SY, Liu YH, Hu JT, Zeng XK, Cui TJ. Independent Manipulations of Transmitting and Receiving Channels by Nonreciprocal Programmable Metasurface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5234-5244. [PMID: 38241202 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The electromagnetic (EM) beam manipulations such as spatial scanning have always been the focus in information science and technology. Generally, the transmitting and receiving (T/R) beams of the same aperture should be coincident due to the reciprocal theory, and hence, more flexible controls of the spatial information are limited accordingly. Here, we propose a new approach to achieve independent controls of beam scanning in spatial T/R channels based on one aperture made by a nonreciprocal programmable metasurface. The meta-atom is designed to have independent propagation chains for T/R waves by introducing dual-direction power amplifiers (PAs) as the isolators for one-way transparency. A programmable phase shifter with a 360° coverage is loaded with the PA device in the transmitting or receiving chain to realize independent beam scanning in the T/R channels. A prototype of the proposed metasurface is fabricated, and independent beam scanning in the T/R channels is directly acquired with good performance in our measurements. In addition, a proof of concept of integrated sensing and auxiliary communications is accomplished to verify the validity of the presented method.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yun Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shi Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yong Han Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jin Tong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xian Kun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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10
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Zhou Y, Wang S, Yin J, Wang J, Manshaii F, Xiao X, Zhang T, Bao H, Jiang S, Chen J. Flexible Metasurfaces for Multifunctional Interfaces. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2685-2707. [PMID: 38241491 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces, capable of manipulating the properties of light with a thickness at the subwavelength scale, have been the subject of extensive investigation in recent decades. This research has been mainly driven by their potential to overcome the limitations of traditional, bulky optical devices. However, most existing optical metasurfaces are confined to planar and rigid designs, functions, and technologies, which greatly impede their evolution toward practical applications that often involve complex surfaces. The disconnect between two-dimensional (2D) planar structures and three-dimensional (3D) curved surfaces is becoming increasingly pronounced. In the past two decades, the emergence of flexible electronics has ushered in an emerging era for metasurfaces. This review delves into this cutting-edge field, with a focus on both flexible and conformal design and fabrication techniques. Initially, we reflect on the milestones and trajectories in modern research of optical metasurfaces, complemented by a brief overview of their theoretical underpinnings and primary classifications. We then showcase four advanced applications of optical metasurfaces, emphasizing their promising prospects and relevance in areas such as imaging, biosensing, cloaking, and multifunctionality. Subsequently, we explore three key trends in optical metasurfaces, including mechanically reconfigurable metasurfaces, digitally controlled metasurfaces, and conformal metasurfaces. Finally, we summarize our insights on the ongoing challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Zhou
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shaolei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Farid Manshaii
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Hong Bao
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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11
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Ra’di Y, Nefedkin N, Popovski P, Alù A. Metasurfaces for next-generation wireless communication systems. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad140. [PMID: 37389140 PMCID: PMC10306355 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tailored time variations, nonlinearities and active elements can endow metasurfaces with unique opportunities for next-generation wireless communication systems, enriching the growing platform of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Ra’di
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Syracuse University, USA
| | - Nikita Nefedkin
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, USA
| | - Petar Popovski
- Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA
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12
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Chen B, Yang S, Chen J, Wu J, Chen K, Li W, Tan Y, Wang Z, Qiu H, Fan K, Zhang C, Wang H, Feng Y, He Y, Jin B, Wu X, Chen J, Wu P. Directional terahertz holography with thermally active Janus metasurface. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:136. [PMID: 37271759 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic manipulation of electromagnetic (EM) waves with multiple degrees of freedom plays an essential role in enhancing information processing. Currently, an enormous challenge is to realize directional terahertz (THz) holography. Recently, it was demonstrated that Janus metasurfaces could produce distinct responses to EM waves from two opposite incident directions, making multiplexed dynamic manipulation of THz waves possible. Herein, we show that thermally activated THz Janus metasurfaces integrating with phase change materials on the meta-atoms can produce asymmetric transmission with the designed phase delays. Such reconfigurable Janus metasurfaces can achieve asymmetric focusing of THz wave and directional THz holography with free-space image projections, and particularly the information can be manipulated via temperature and incident THz wave direction. This work not only offers a common strategy for realizing the reconfigurability of Janus metasurfaces, but also shows possible applications in THz optical information encryption, data storage, and smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benwen Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Shengxin Yang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jingbo Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China.
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Weili Li
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Yihui Tan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhaosong Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongsong Qiu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kebin Fan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Caihong Zhang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Yijun Feng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunbin He
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Biaobing Jin
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China.
| | - Xinglong Wu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Peiheng Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, 211111, China
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13
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Vosoughitabar S, Wu CTM. Programming nonreciprocity and harmonic beam steering via a digitally space-time-coded metamaterial antenna. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7338. [PMID: 37147398 PMCID: PMC10163271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancement in digital coding metasurfaces incorporating spatial and temporal modulation has enabled simultaneous control of electromagnetic (EM) waves in both space and frequency domains by manipulating incident EM waves in a transmissive or reflective fashion, resulting in time-reversal asymmetry. Here we show in theory and experiment that a digitally space-time-coded metamaterial (MTM) antenna with spatiotemporal modulation at its unit cell level can be regarded as a radiating counterpart of such digital metasurface, which will enable nonreciprocal EM wave transmission and reception via surface-to-leaky-wave transformation and harmonic frequency generation. Operating in the fast wave (radiation) region, the space-time-coded MTM antenna is tailored in a way such that the propagation constant of each programmable unit cell embedded with varactor diodes can toggle between positive and negative phases, which is done through providing digital sequences by using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Owing to the time-varying coding sequence, harmonic frequencies are generated with different main beam directions. Furthermore, the space time modulation of the digitally coded MTM antenna allows for nonreciprocal transmission and reception of EM waves by breaking the time-reversal symmetry, which may enable many applications, such as simultaneous transmitting and receiving, unidirectional transmission, radar sensing, and multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) beamformer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Vosoughitabar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA
| | - Chung-Tse Michael Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA.
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14
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Mai W, Xu J, Werner DH. Fundamental Asymmetries between Spatial and Temporal Boundaries in Electromagnetics. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15040858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-varying materials bring an extra degree of design freedom compared to their conventional time-invariant counterparts. However, few discussions have focused on the underlying physical difference between spatial and temporal boundaries. In this letter, we thoroughly investigate those differences from the perspective of conservation laws. By doing so, the building blocks of optics and electromagnetics such as the reflection law, Snell’s law, and Fresnel’s equations can be analogously derived in a temporal context, but with completely different interpretations. Furthermore, we study the unique features of temporal boundaries, such as their nonconformance to energy conservation and causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wending Mai
- Electrical Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jingwei Xu
- Electrical Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Douglas H. Werner
- Electrical Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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15
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Li J, Zhang Z, Xu G, Sun H, Dai L, Li T, Qiu CW. Tunable Rectification of Diffusion-Wave Fields by Spatiotemporal Metamaterials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:256601. [PMID: 36608240 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.256601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion process is the basis of many branches of science and engineering, and generally obeys reciprocity between two ports of a linear time-invariant medium. Recent research on classical wave dynamics has explored the spatiotemporal modulation to exhibit preferred directions in photons and plasmons. Here we report a distinct rectification effect on diffusion-wave fields by modulating the conductivity and observe nonreciprocal transport of charges. We experimentally create a spatiotemporal diffusion metamaterial, in which a mode transition to zero frequency is realized. A direct current component thereby emerges, showcasing a biased effect on the charge diffusion when the incident fundamental frequency is a multiple of the system modulation frequency. These results may find applications spanning a plethora of diffusive fields in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Zhanxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Haoran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lizhou Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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16
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Rezaee Rezvan B, Yazdi M, Hosseininejad SE. On the Design of Multibeam Digital Metasurfaces With Multiple Feeds. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behrad Rezaee Rezvan
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Babol 47148 Iran
| | - Mohammad Yazdi
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Babol 47148 Iran
| | - Seyed Ehsan Hosseininejad
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Babol 47148 Iran
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17
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Ke JC, Chen X, Tang W, Chen MZ, Zhang L, Wang L, Dai JY, Yang J, Zhang JW, Wu L, Cheng Q, Jin S, Cui TJ. Space-frequency-polarization-division multiplexed wireless communication system using anisotropic space-time-coding digital metasurface. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac225. [PMID: 36452428 PMCID: PMC9701098 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, wireless communications based on digital coding metasurfaces have gained research interest owing to their simplified architectures and low cost. However, in most of the metasurface-based wireless systems, a single-polarization scenario is used, limiting the channel capacities. To solve the problem, multiplexing methods have been adopted, but the system complexity is inevitably increased. Here, a space-frequency-polarization-division multiplexed wireless communication system is proposed using an anisotropic space-time-coding digital metasurface. By separately designing time-varying control voltage sequences for differently oriented varactor diodes integrated on the metasurface, we achieve frequency-polarization-division multiplexed modulations. By further introducing different time-delay gradients to the control voltage sequences in two polarization directions, we successfully obtain space-frequency-polarization-division multiplexed modulations to realize a wireless communication system with a new architecture. The new communication system is designed with compact dual-polarized meta-elements, and can improve channel capacity and space utilization. Experimental results demonstrate the high-performance and real-time transmission capability of the proposed communication system, confirming its potential application in multiple-user collaborative wireless communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Wankai Tang
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Ming Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Jun Yan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Jin Yang
- SoutheastUniversity Wuxi Campus, Wuxi214061, China
| | - Jun Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Shi Jin
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
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18
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Saifullah Y, He Y, Boag A, Yang G, Xu F. Recent Progress in Reconfigurable and Intelligent Metasurfaces: A Comprehensive Review of Tuning Mechanisms, Hardware Designs, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203747. [PMID: 36117118 PMCID: PMC9685480 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent metasurfaces have gained significant importance in recent years due to their ability to dynamically manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves. Their multifunctional characteristics, realized by incorporating active elements into the metasurface designs, have huge potential in numerous novel devices and exciting applications. In this article, recent progress in the field of intelligent metasurfaces are reviewed, focusing particularly on tuning mechanisms, hardware designs, and applications. Reconfigurable and programmable metasurfaces, classified as space gradient, time modulated, and space-time modulated metasurfaces, are discussed. Then, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) that can alter their wireless environments, and are considered as a promising technology for sixth-generation communication networks, are explored. Next, the recent progress made in simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) that can achieve full-space EM wave control are summarized. Finally, the perspective on the challenges and future directions of intelligent metasurfaces are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Saifullah
- College of Electronics and Information EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Yejun He
- College of Electronics and Information EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Amir Boag
- School of Electrical EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv69978Israel
| | - Guo‐Min Yang
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE)Fudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Feng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE)Fudan UniversityShanghai200433China
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19
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Huang GS, Li SJ, Li ZY, Liu XB, He CY, Yang HH, Cao XY. Multifunctional Coding-Feeding Metasurface Based on Phase Manipulation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7031. [PMID: 36234369 PMCID: PMC9572948 DOI: 10.3390/ma15197031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple functionalities on a shared aperture are crucial for metasurfaces (MSs) in many applications. In this paper, we propose a coding-feeding metasurface (CFMS) with the multiple functions of high-gain radiation, orbital angular momentum (OAM) generation, and radar cross-section (RCS) reduction based on phase manipulation. The unit cell of the CFMS is composed of a rectangular emission patch and two quasi-Minkowski patches for reflective phase manipulation, which are on a shared aperture. The high-gain radiation and multiple modes of ±1, ±2, and ±3 OAM generation were realized by rationally setting the elements and the phase of their excitation. The CFMS presents a broadband RCS reduction of 8 dB from 3.18 GHz to 7.56 GHz for y-polarization and dual-band RCS reduction for x-polarization based on phase interference. To validate the concept of the CFMS, a prototype was fabricated and measured. The results of the measurement agree well with the simulation. A CFMS with the advantages of light weight and low profile has potential application in detection and wireless communication systems for stealth aircraft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Shuai Huang
- Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China
- Xi’an Satellite Control Center, Xi’an 710043, China
| | - Si-Jia Li
- Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Artificially-Structured Functional Materials and Devices, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China
| | - Zhuo-Yue Li
- Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Liu
- Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China
| | - Cheng-Yuan He
- Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China
| | - Huan-Huan Yang
- Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Artificially-Structured Functional Materials and Devices, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Cao
- Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Artificially-Structured Functional Materials and Devices, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China
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20
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Ke JC, Dai JY, Zhang JW, Chen Z, Chen MZ, Lu Y, Zhang L, Wang L, Zhou QY, Li L, Ding JS, Cheng Q, Cui TJ. Frequency-modulated continuous waves controlled by space-time-coding metasurface with nonlinearly periodic phases. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:273. [PMID: 36104318 PMCID: PMC9474547 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of space-time-coding metasurfaces (STCMs) offers a new avenue to manipulate spatial electromagnetic beams, waveforms, and frequency spectra simultaneously with high efficiency. To date, most studies are primarily focused on harmonic generations and independent controls of finite-order harmonics and their spatial waves, but the manipulations of continuously temporal waveforms that include much rich frequency spectral components are still limited in both theory and experiment based on STCM. Here, we propose a theoretical framework and method to generate frequency-modulated continuous waves (FMCWs) and control their spatial propagation behaviors simultaneously via a novel STCM with nonlinearly periodic phases. Since the carrier frequency of FMCW changes with time rapidly, we can produce customized time-varying reflection phases at will by the required FMCW under the illumination of a monochromatic wave. More importantly, the propagation directions of the time-varying beams can be controlled by encoding the metasurface with different initial phase gradients. A programmable STCM prototype with a full-phase range is designed and fabricated to realize reprogrammable FMCW functions, and experimental results show good agreement with the theoretical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen Ke
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Yan Dai
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wei Zhang
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanye Chen
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Zheng Chen
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfeng Lu
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Qun Yan Zhou
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Li
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, 710071, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Shan Ding
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, 710071, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
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21
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Liu S, Ma S, Shao R, Zhang L, Yan T, Ma Q, Zhang S, Cui TJ. Moiré metasurfaces for dynamic beamforming. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo1511. [PMID: 35977023 PMCID: PMC9385154 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in digitally programmable metamaterials have accelerated the development of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS). However, the excessive use of active components (e.g., pin diodes and varactor diodes) leads to high costs, especially for those operating at millimeter-wave frequencies, impeding their large-scale deployments in RIS. Here, we introduce an entirely different approach-moiré metasurfaces-to implement dynamic beamforming through mutual twists of two closely stacked metasurfaces. The superposition of two high-spatial-frequency patterns produces a low-spatial-frequency moiré pattern through the moiré effect, which provides the surface impedance profiles to generate desired radiation patterns. We demonstrate experimentally that the direction of the radiated beams can continuously sweep over the entire reflection space along predesigned trajectories by simply adjusting the twist angle and the overall orientation. Our work opens previously unexplored directions for synthesizing far-field scattering through the direct contact of mutually twisted metallic patterns with different plane symmetry groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shaojie Ma
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruiwen Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Corresponding author. (T.J.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Corresponding author. (T.J.C.); (S.Z.)
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22
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Wang SR, Chen MZ, Ke JC, Cheng Q, Cui TJ. Asynchronous Space-Time-Coding Digital Metasurface. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200106. [PMID: 35751468 PMCID: PMC9405512 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in space-time-coding digital metasurface (STCM) manifests itself a powerful tool to engineer the properties of electromagnetic (EM) waves in both space and time domains, and greatly expands its capabilities from the physical manipulation to information processing. However, the current studies on STCM are focused under the synchrony frame, namely, all meta-atoms follow the same variation frequency. Here, an asynchronous STCM is proposed, where the meta-atoms are modulated by different time-coding periods. In the proposed asynchronous STCM, the phase discontinuities on traditional metasurface are replaced with the frequency discontinuities. It is shown that dynamic wavefronts can be automatically realized for both fundamental and high-order harmonics by elaborately arranging the spatial distribution of meta-atoms with various time-coding periods. The physics insight is due to the accumulated rapidly changing phase difference with time, which offers an additional degree of freedom during the wave-matter interactions. As a proof-of-principle example, an asynchronous STCM for automatic spatial scanning and dynamic scattering control is investigated. From the theory, numerical simulations, and experiments, it can be found that the proposed STCM exhibits significant potentials for applications in radars and wireless communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ran Wang
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
| | - Ming Zheng Chen
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen Ke
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
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Bai X, Zhang F, Sun L, Cao A, Zhang J, He C, Liu L, Yao J, Zhu W. Time-Modulated Transmissive Programmable Metasurface for Low Sidelobe Beam Scanning. Research (Wash D C) 2022; 2022:9825903. [PMID: 35928303 PMCID: PMC9297726 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9825903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmable metasurfaces have great potential for the implementation of low-complexity and low-cost phased arrays. Due to the difficulty of multiple-bit phase control, conventional programmable metasurfaces suffer a relatively high sidelobe level (SLL). In this manuscript, a time modulation strategy is introduced in the 1-bit transmissive programmable metasurface for reducing the SLLs of the generated patterns. After the periodic time modulation, harmonics are generated in each reconfigurable unit and the phase of the first-order harmonic can be dynamically controlled by applying different modulation sequences onto the corresponding unit. Through the high-speed modulation of the real-time periodic coding sequences on the metasurface by the programmable bias circuit, the equivalent phase shift accuracy to each metasurface unit can be improved to 6-bit and thus the SLLs of the metasurface could be reduced remarkably. The proposed time-modulated strategy is verified both numerically and experimentally with a transmissive programmable metasurface, which obtains an aperture efficiency over 34% and reduced SLLs of about −20 dB. The proposed design could offer a novel approach of a programmable metasurface framework for radar detection and secure communication applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Bai
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Taicang, 215400 Suzhou, China
| | - Fuli Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Taicang, 215400 Suzhou, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Taicang, 215400 Suzhou, China
| | - Anjie Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, Shanghai 201109, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chong He
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Longhai Liu
- College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weiren Zhu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Jia Y, Liu Y, Hu B, Xiong W, Bai Y, Cheng Y, Wu D, Liu X, Christensen J. Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing in Space-Time Thermoacoustic Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202026. [PMID: 35661432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexing technology with increased information capacity plays a crucial role in the realm of acoustic communication. Different quantities of sound waves, including time, frequency, amplitude, phase, and orbital angular momentum (OAM), have been independently introduced as the physical multiplexing approach to allow for enhanced communication densities. An acoustic metasurface is decorated with carbon nanotube patches, which when electrically pumped and set to rotate, functions as a hybrid mode-frequency-division multiplexer with synthetic dimensions. Based on this spatiotemporal modulation, a superposition of vortex beams with orthogonal OAMs and symmetric harmonics are both numerically and experimentally demonstrated. Also, flexible combinations of OAM modes with diverse frequency shifts are obtained by transforming the azimuthal phase distributions, which inspires a mode-frequency-division multiplexing approach that significantly promotes the communication capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurou Jia
- Department of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yimin Liu
- Department of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Bolun Hu
- Department of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yechao Bai
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Dajian Wu
- Jiangsu Key Lab on Opto-Electronic Technology, School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Johan Christensen
- Department of Physics, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Madrid, ES-28916, Spain
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Wu Q, Zhang X, Shivashankar P, Chen Y, Huang G. Independent Flexural Wave Frequency Conversion by a Linear Active Metalayer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:244301. [PMID: 35776457 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.244301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wave frequency is a critical parameter for applications ranging from structural health monitoring, noise control, and medical imaging to quantum of energy in matter. Frequency conversion is an inevitable wave phenomenon in nonlinear or time-modulated media. However, frequency conversion in linear media holds the promise of breaking limits imposed by the physics laws of wave diffraction such as Snell's law and Rayleigh criterion. In this Letter, we physically introduce a linear active metalayer in a structural beam that can convert the wave frequency of an flexural incidence into arbitrary frequencies of transmitted waves, which is underpinned by time modulation of sensing signals and insensitive to incident amplitude. The active element, involving piezoelectric components and time-modulated transfer function, breaks energy conservation such that the generated harmonics can be fully decoupled, making the frequency conversion linear and independent. By leveraging the time-modulated unit, phase-gradient and frequency-gradient metalayers are proposed for frequency-converted wave steering and dynamic beam steering, respectively. The linear active metalayer proposed herein suggests a promising solution to fully control time-domain signals of flexural waves, in stark contrast with existing elastic metasurfaces, regardless of being passive or active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, 361021 Xiamen, China
| | - P Shivashankar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Yangyang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, 999077 Hong Kong, China
| | - Guoliang Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Guo J, Xu G, Tian D, Qu Z, Qiu CW. A Real-Time Self-Adaptive Thermal Metasurface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201093. [PMID: 35415933 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emerging metamaterials have served as an efficient strategy for the realization of unconventional heat control and management using structural thermal properties, and many functional thermal metadevices have been investigated. However, thermal functions are usually fixed or limited in the switching range. Thus far, real-time thermal regulation is elusive for thermal metamaterials because of deterministic artificial metastructures and uncontrollable phase transitions, coupled with the absence of dynamic adaptability. Here, a self-adaptive metasurface platform to implement programmable thermal functions via the automatic evolution of thermoelectric heat sources and real-time control of the driven voltage is reported. The proof-of-concept smart platform experimentally demonstrates arbitrary switching between elaborate thermal patterns consolidated into an active thermoelectric element matrix. Further, thermal pixels and feedback control systems are integrated into printed circuit boards, resulting in self-adaptability to any thermal requirements. This study sets up a new paradigm for arbitrary transitions between exquisite thermal patterns and is expected to pave the way for real-time thermal management in a programming formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Di Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhiguo Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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27
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Tong M, Hu Y, He W, Hu S, Cheng X, Jiang T. Light-Driven Spintronic Heterostructures for Coded Terahertz Emission. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8294-8300. [PMID: 35503920 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The extraordinary proliferation of digital coding metasurfaces turns the real-time manipulation of electromagnetic (EM) waves into reality and promotes the programmable operation of multifunctional equipment. However, current studies are mainly involved in the modulation of the transmission process, and little attention has been given to the control of EM wave generation, especially in the terahertz (THz) band. Here, we conceptually propose and experimentally demonstrate coded terahertz emission, which integrates the efficient generation and control of THz waves across a wide frequency band. For validation, two types of stripe-patterned ferromagnetic heterostructures with opposite spin Hall angles were utilized as coding units. The two distinct states in each coding unit (with two polarization or phase states of 0° and 180°) can be characterized as "0" and "1" digits, which can be switched by manipulating the optical field distribution of the pump beam. Such an ability to realize simultaneous terahertz coding and terahertz emission is essential for meeting the increasingly demanding requirements of integration and miniaturization. Our work endows ferromagnetic heterostructures with controllable spatial characteristics and benefits their applications in wireless communications and holographic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Tong
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Yuze Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Tian Jiang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
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28
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Fu X, Shi L, Yang J, Fu Y, Liu C, Wu JW, Yang F, Bao L, Cui TJ. Flexible Terahertz Beam Manipulations Based on Liquid-Crystal-Integrated Programmable Metasurfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22287-22294. [PMID: 35476394 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz wave manipulations, especially the phase manipulations, through metasurfaces has attracted considerable interests. Here, we develop a terahertz beam steering device using the liquid-crystal (LC)-integrated programmable metasurface. Specifically, a reflective-type 1 bit metasurface element is designed by employing a multilayer structure composed of metallic back plate-LC-complementary split ring resonator (CSRR). Numerical simulations show that, at the optimized operation frequency of 0.675 THz, the developed metasurface element has a nearly 180° phase difference between unbiased and biased states with close reflection amplitudes. Furthermore, a one-dimensional programmable metasurface array with 32 independently controlled subarrays is designed and fabricated using the lithography technology. Both simulated and measured far-field scattering patterns of the metasurface certify the anomalous beam reflection and wide-angle beam steering performances. Nevertheless, the optimal frequency red shifts to 0.645 THz in the experiment. This work may advance the application of metasurfaces in terahertz beam manipulation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Opto-electric Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, People's Republic of China
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29
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Wang H, Yu Y, Zeng R, Sun B, Yang W. Actively tunable toroidal response in microwave metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:13320-13330. [PMID: 35472947 DOI: 10.1364/oe.455807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Toroidal dipole moment has attracted much attention in recent years due to their novel electromagnetic response such as non-reciprocal interactions and unusual low-radiating manifestations. However, most of the previously reported toroidal dipole moment are incapable of real-time control of direction and intensity. In this paper, an actively tunable toroidal metamaterials are proposed to achieve programmable toroidal dipole manipulations with electric control. The intensity and direction of toroidal dipole can be sensitively regulated by electrically controlling the loaded diodes. Our proof-of-concept experiments show that the toroidal dipole could be dynamically switched to the electric and magnetic dipole. Meantime, the direction of toroidal dipole also could be controlled. Experimental and numerical results, in good agreement, demonstrate good performance of the proposed toroidal metamaterials, with potential applications in modulators, sensors, and filters.
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30
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Wang X, Han J, Tian S, Xia D, Li L, Cui TJ. Amplification and Manipulation of Nonlinear Electromagnetic Waves and Enhanced Nonreciprocity using Transmissive Space-Time-Coding Metasurface. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105960. [PMID: 35142443 PMCID: PMC9008792 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel amplifier-based transmissive space-time-coding metasurface is presented to realize strongly nonlinear controls of electromagnetic (EM) waves in both space and frequency domains, which can manipulate the propagation directions and adjust enhancements of nonlinear harmonic waves and break the Lorenz reciprocity due to the nonreciprocity of unilateral power amplifiers. By cascading the power amplifier between patches placed on two sides of the metasurface, the metasurface can transmit the spatial EM waves in the forward direction while blocking it in the backward direction. Two status of power amplifier biased at the standard working voltage and zero voltage are represented as codes "1" and "0," respectively. By periodically setting adequate code sequences and proportions in the temporal dimension, according to the space-time coding strategy, the amplitudes and phases of the harmonic transmission coefficients can be adjusted in a programmable way. A metasurface prototype is fabricated and measured in the microwave frequency to validate the concept and feasibility. The experimental results show good agreement with the theoretical predictions and numerical simulations. The proposed metasurface can achieve controllable harmonic power enhancements for flexibly configuring the power intensities in space, which enlarge and manipulate the quality of transmitting signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of High‐Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of EducationSchool of Electronic EngineeringXidian UniversityXi'an710071China
| | - Jiaqi Han
- Key Laboratory of High‐Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of EducationSchool of Electronic EngineeringXidian UniversityXi'an710071China
| | - Shuncheng Tian
- Key Laboratory of High‐Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of EducationSchool of Electronic EngineeringXidian UniversityXi'an710071China
| | - Dexiao Xia
- Key Laboratory of High‐Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of EducationSchool of Electronic EngineeringXidian UniversityXi'an710071China
| | - Long Li
- Key Laboratory of High‐Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of EducationSchool of Electronic EngineeringXidian UniversityXi'an710071China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space and the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
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31
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Wang H, Wan W, Huang L, Li Y, Wei Q, Zhao R, Bai H, Cheng Y, Zhang J, Qu S. Tailoring the Excited and Cutoff States of Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons for Full-Space Quadruple Functionalities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6230-6238. [PMID: 35044175 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Integrating diversified functionalities within a single aperture is crucial for microwave and optics-integrated devices. To date, research on this issue suffers from restricted bifunctionality, inadequate efficiency, and the limitation of extending to manipulate full-space wave. Here, we propose a general paradigm to achieve full-space multifunctional integration via tailoring the excited and cutoff states of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs). A plasmonic meta-atom consisting of judiciously arranged metallic strips is used to excite and cut off the SSPP mode with uniaxially anisotropic characteristics. By shaping the topological structure of the meta-atom, the transmission and reflection phases are arbitrarily controlled at each pixel. Accordingly, the cross-placed meta-atom arrays can be designed to achieve independent phase profiles for x-/y-polarized transmission/reflection waves through dispersion engineering. A metamaterial with quadruple functionalities of backward beams scattering/anomalous reflection and electromagnetic transmission focusing/vortex is designed and fabricated as a proof-of-principle to reveal flexible manipulation. Both simulation and experimental verification are carried out in microwave frequency to demonstrate the feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weipeng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingling Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qunshuo Wei
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruizhe Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jieqiu Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaobo Qu
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, Shaanxi, China
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Wang L, Shi H, Peng G, Yi J, Dong L, Zhang A, Xu Z. A Time-Modulated Transparent Nonlinear Active Metasurface for Spatial Frequency Mixing. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030873. [PMID: 35160819 PMCID: PMC8836749 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a time-modulated transparent nonlinear active metasurface loaded with varactor diodes was proposed to realize spatial electromagnetic (EM) wave frequency mixing. The nonlinear transmission characteristic of the active metasurface was designed and measured under time-modulated biasing signals. The transmission phase can be continuously controlled across a full 360° range at 5 GHz when the bias voltage of the varactor diodes changes from 0 V to 25.5 V, while the transmission amplitude is between −2.1 dB to −2.7 dB. By applying the bias voltage in time-modulated sequences, frequency mixing can be achieved. Due to the nonlinearity of the transmission amplitude and transmission phase of the metasurface versus a time-modulated bias voltage, harmonics of the fundamental mode were observed using an upper triangle bias voltage. Furthermore, with a carefully designed bias voltage sequence, unwanted higher order harmonics were suppressed. The proposed theoretical results are validated with the measured results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Wang
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (L.W.); (G.P.); (J.Y.); (A.Z.)
- MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials and Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hongyu Shi
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (L.W.); (G.P.); (J.Y.); (A.Z.)
- MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials and Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Gantao Peng
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (L.W.); (G.P.); (J.Y.); (A.Z.)
| | - Jianjia Yi
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (L.W.); (G.P.); (J.Y.); (A.Z.)
| | - Liang Dong
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, China;
| | - Anxue Zhang
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (L.W.); (G.P.); (J.Y.); (A.Z.)
| | - Zhuo Xu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
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Thermal Cloak: Theory, Experiment and Application. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247835. [PMID: 34947428 PMCID: PMC8708112 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, owing to the development of metamaterials and the theoretical tools of transformation optics and the scattering cancellation method, a plethora of unprecedented functional devices, especially invisibility cloaks, have been experimentally demonstrated in various fields, e.g., electromagnetics, acoustics, and thermodynamics. Since the first thermal cloak was theoretically reported in 2008 and experimentally demonstrated in 2012, great progress has been made in both theory and experiment. In this review, we report the recent advances in thermal cloaks, including the theoretical designs, experimental realizations, and potential applications. The three areas are classified according to the different mechanisms of heat transfer, namely, thermal conduction, thermal convection, and thermal radiation. We also provide an outlook toward the challenges and future directions in this fascinating area.
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Mai W, Werner DH. Analytical transient analysis of temporal boundary value problems using the d'Alembert formula. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:5727-5730. [PMID: 34780447 DOI: 10.1364/ol.440210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Temporal boundary value problems (TBVPs) provide the foundation for analyzing electromagnetic wave propagation in time-varying media. In this paper, we point out that TBVPs fall into the category of unbounded initial value problems, which have traveling wave solutions. By dividing the entire time frame into several subdomains and applying the d'Alembert formula, the transient expressions for waves propagating through temporal boundaries can be evaluated analytically. Moreover, unlike their spatial analogs, TBVPs are subject to causality. Therefore, the resulting analytical transient solutions resulting from the d'Alembert formula are unique to temporal systems.
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35
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Wang X, Yang GM. Linear-polarization metasurface converter with an arbitrary polarization rotating angle. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:30579-30589. [PMID: 34614780 DOI: 10.1364/oe.436322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a new design of linear-polarization metasurface converter with arbitrary polarization rotating angle. The linear-polarization conversion is achieved by first separating the linearly polarized incident wave into two orthogonal circularly polarized waves, then adding an additional phase to one of the circularly polarized waves, and finally recombining these two circularly polarized waves into a linearly polarized wave and reflecting it towards free space. A practical unit cell operating at 10 GHz with sandwich structure is applied to realize the linear-polarization metasurface converter, which consists of a top-layer square patch, a middle-layer ground plane, a bottom-layer 90° quadrature hybrid coupler, and two vias connecting the top layer and bottom layer. The proposed linear-polarization metasurface converter is analyzed theoretically and demonstrated by both simulating and experimental results.
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Wang HP, Li YB, Wang SY, Shen JL, Li H, Jin S, Cui TJ. High-Efficiency Spatial-Wave Frequency Multiplication Using Strongly Nonlinear Metasurface. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101212. [PMID: 34263552 PMCID: PMC8456279 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, metasurfaces have opened up a promising venue for manipulating lights and electromagnetic (EM) waves. In the field of nonlinearity, second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a research focus due to its diverse applications. There have been many researches for realizing SHG in optical regime using nonlinear characteristics of optical materials, but its efficiency is low. In microwave frequencies, SHGs are basically studied in the guided-wave systems. Here, high-efficiency SHGs of spatial waves are presented in the microwave frequency using nonlinear metasurface loaded with active chips at the subwavelength scale. The nonlinear meta-atom is composed of receiving antenna, transmitting antenna, and active circuit of frequency multiplier, which can realize strongly nonlinear response and link the EM signals from the receiving to transmitting antennas. Correspondingly, to achieve the function of spatial-wave frequency multiplication, the working frequency of the transmitting antenna in the meta-atom should be twice as that of the receiving antenna, and hence the active chip is well matched to obtain the signal transforming with high efficiency. Good performance of the spatial-wave frequency multiplication is demonstrated in the proof-of-concept experiments with the best transform efficiency of 85.11% under normal incidence, validating the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- National Mobile Communications Research LaboratorySoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Yun Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Shi Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Jia Lin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Shi Jin
- National Mobile Communications Research LaboratorySoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
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Bai H, Yan M, Wang H, Wang J, Zheng L, Li C, Qu S. Active meta-device for angular dispersion elimination of dual-polarized transmission windows. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:26598-26607. [PMID: 34615091 DOI: 10.1364/oe.432231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metasurface-based strategy of tailoring electromagnetic waves has aroused huge attention in both academic and engineering communities owing to great potential in a large portfolio of applications. Commonly, however, the artificially designed metasurfaces are sensitive to the oblique incident waves which results in the angular dispersion and inevitably deteriorates the performances. Here, we propose a paradigm of an active meta-device to effectively eliminate the angular dispersion in two orthogonal polarization states of transmission waves. By loading varactor diodes into a transmissive meta-atom, the transmission responses for traverse electric (TE) and traverse magnetic (TM) waves are actively tunable by a voltage-driven manner. Accordingly, the blue shifts of transmission windows can be ingeniously compensated via tailoring the corresponding dispersion characteristics of varactor diodes. A triple-layer meta-atom loaded with varactor diodes is designed as a dual-polarization proof-of-principle, in which the varactor diodes can be applied to independently control two polarization states. The numerical simulations and experimental verification are in good agreement, indicating the proposed paradigm possesses the potential in versatile applications, including radome, wireless communications, and other dispersionless systems.
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Bao L, Ma Q, Wu RY, Fu X, Wu J, Cui TJ. Programmable Reflection-Transmission Shared-Aperture Metasurface for Real-Time Control of Electromagnetic Waves in Full Space. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100149. [PMID: 34038615 PMCID: PMC8336522 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, programmable metamaterials or metasurfaces have been developed to dynamically edit electromagnetic waves for realizing different functions in the same platform. However, the proposed programmable metasurfaces can only control reflected or transmitted wavefronts in half-space. Here, a "Janus" digital coding metasurface with the capabilities to program various electromagnetic functions in the reflected (with R-codes) and transmitted (with T-codes) waves simultaneously is presented. Three PIN diodes are employed to design the metaparticle, and the state of the PIN diodes can be switched to change the reflected and transmitted phases independently. Three schemes achieved by the proposed programmable metasurface are provided as illustrative examples, including anomalous deflections, beam focusing, and scattering reduction in the full space. As a proof-of-concept, a prototype composed of 10 × 20 metaparticles is fabricated and the measured results are in good agreement with the designs and numerical results, validating the full-space modulations enabled by the programmable metasurface. It is expected that the new programmable metasurface can broaden the applications in stealth technologies, imaging systems, and the next generation of wireless communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bao
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Intelligent MetamaterialsPazhou LaboratoryGuangzhou510330China
| | - Qian Ma
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Intelligent MetamaterialsPazhou LaboratoryGuangzhou510330China
| | - Rui Yuan Wu
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Intelligent MetamaterialsPazhou LaboratoryGuangzhou510330China
| | - Xiaojian Fu
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Intelligent MetamaterialsPazhou LaboratoryGuangzhou510330China
| | - Junwei Wu
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Intelligent MetamaterialsPazhou LaboratoryGuangzhou510330China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Intelligent MetamaterialsPazhou LaboratoryGuangzhou510330China
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Xu J, Mai W, Werner DH. Complete polarization conversion using anisotropic temporal slabs. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1373-1376. [PMID: 33720190 DOI: 10.1364/ol.415757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that control over the polarization of electromagnetic waves can be achieved by utilizing artificial anisotropic media such as metamaterials. However, most of the related research has been focused on time-invariant systems. Inspired by the concept of temporal boundaries, we propose a method to realize polarization conversion in real time by employing time-variant materials, whose permittivity or permeability switches between isotropic and anisotropic values. The criteria for complete polarization conversion are studied for several polarization angles, both analytically and numerically.
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Zhang L, Cui TJ. Space-Time-Coding Digital Metasurfaces: Principles and Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2021; 2021:9802673. [PMID: 34386772 PMCID: PMC8328401 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9802673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Space-time-modulated metastructures characterized by spatiotemporally varying properties have recently attracted great interest and become one of the most fascinating and promising research fields. In the meantime, space-time-coding digital metasurfaces with inherently programmable natures emerge as powerful and versatile platforms for implementing the spatiotemporal modulations, which have been successfully realized and used to manipulate the electromagnetic waves in both the spectral and spatial domains. In this article, we systematically introduce the general concepts and working principles of space-time-coding digital metasurfaces and provide a comprehensive survey of recent advances and representative applications in this field. Specifically, we illustrate the examples of complicated wave manipulations, including harmonic beam control and programmable nonreciprocal effect. The fascinating strategy of space-time-coding opens the door to exciting scenarios for information systems, with abundant applications ranging from wireless communications to imaging and radars. We summarize this review by presenting the perspectives on the existing challenges and future directions in this fast-growing research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Center for Intelligent Metamaterials, Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Center for Intelligent Metamaterials, Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510330, China
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Su Y, Li Y, Yang T, Han T, Sun Y, Xiong J, Wu L, Qiu CW. Path-Dependent Thermal Metadevice beyond Janus Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003084. [PMID: 33306245 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Janus metamaterials, metasurfaces, and monolayers have received intensive attention in nanophotonics and 2D materials. Their core concept is to introduce asymmetry along the wave propagation direction, by stacking different materials or layers of meta-atoms, or breaking out-of-plane mirror asymmetry with external biases. Nevertheless, it has been hitherto elusive to realize a diffusive Janus metadevice, since scalar diffusion systems such as heat conduction normally operate in the absence of polarization control, spin manipulation, or electric-field stimuli, which all are widely used in achieving optical Janus devices. It is even more challenging, if not impossible, for a single diffusive metadevice to exhibit more than two thermal functions. Here a path-dependent thermal metadevice beyond Janus characteristics is proposed, which can exhibit three distinct thermal behaviors (cloaking, concentrating, and transparency) under different directions of heat flow. The rotation transformation mechanism of thermal conductivity provides a robust platform to assign a specific thermal behavior in any direction. The proof-of-concept experiment of anisotropic in-plane conduction successfully validates such a path-dependent trifunction thermal metamaterial device. It is anticipated that this path-dependent strategy can provide a new dimension for multifunctional metamaterial devices in the thermal field, as well as for a more general diffusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Su
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Tiancheng Han
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yuguo Sun
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jian Xiong
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Linzhi Wu
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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42
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Wang X, Ptitcyn G, Asadchy VS, Díaz-Rubio A, Mirmoosa MS, Fan S, Tretyakov SA. Nonreciprocity in Bianisotropic Systems with Uniform Time Modulation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:266102. [PMID: 33449712 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.266102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Physical systems with material properties modulated in time provide versatile routes for designing magnetless nonreciprocal devices. Traditionally, nonreciprocity in such systems is achieved exploiting both temporal and spatial modulations, which inevitably requires a series of time-modulated elements distributed in space. In this Letter, we introduce a concept of bianisotropic time-modulated systems capable of nonreciprocal wave propagation at the fundamental frequency and based on uniform, solely temporal material modulations. In the absence of temporal modulations, the considered bianisotropic systems are reciprocal. We theoretically explain the nonreciprocal effect by analyzing wave propagation in an unbounded bianisotropic time-modulated medium. The effect stems from temporal modulation of spatial dispersion effects which to date were not taken into account in previous studies based on the local-permittivity description. We propose a circuit design of a bianisotropic metasurface that can provide phase-insensitive isolation and unidirectional amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - G Ptitcyn
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - V S Asadchy
- Ginzton Laboratory and Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Díaz-Rubio
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - M S Mirmoosa
- Laboratory of Wave Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Ginzton Laboratory and Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S A Tretyakov
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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43
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A Compact Component for Multi-Band Rejection and Frequency Coding in the Plasmonic Circuit at Microwave Frequencies. ELECTRONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonic circuits, which support the propagation of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) at microwave frequencies, have been developed in recent years as an expected candidate for future highly integrated systems, mainly because of their extraordinary field confinements and sub-wavelength resolution. On the other hand, artificial electromagnetic (EM) resonators are widely adopted in metamaterial design for flexible resonance and band gaps. In this work, an electrically small complementary spiral, which is made up of six helix branches sculptured in the ground, is proposed to achieve independent resonances at six different frequency bands. Combined with the grounded corrugated transmission line (TL), the proposed component can provide designable multi-band rejection, and compose frequency coding circuits with a compact size (less than λ0/4). The complementary spirals excited with the bending TL and the straight one are both investigated, and independence band rejections and designed 6-bit coding sequences in the frequency spectrum are demonstrated numerically and experimentally. Hence, it is concluded that such compact components can be adopted to flexibly control the rejection of waves in multi-frequency bands, and benefits the development of frequency-identification circuits and systems.
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Wu H, Gao XX, Zhang L, Bai GD, Cheng Q, Li L, Cui TJ. Harmonic information transitions of spatiotemporal metasurfaces. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:198. [PMID: 33318469 PMCID: PMC7736919 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Facilitated by ultrafast dynamic modulations, spatiotemporal metasurfaces have been identified as a pivotal platform for manipulating electromagnetic waves and creating exotic physical phenomena, such as dispersion cancellation, Lorentz reciprocity breakage, and Doppler illusions. Motivated by emerging information-oriented technologies, we hereby probe the information transition mechanisms induced by spatiotemporal variations and present a general model to characterize the information processing capabilities of the spatiotemporal metasurface. Group theory and abstract number theory are adopted through this investigation, by which the group extension and independent controls of multiple harmonics are proposed and demonstrated as two major tools for information transitions from the spatiotemporal domain to the spectra-wavevector domain. By incorporating Shannon's entropy theory into the proposed model, we further discover the corresponding information transition efficiencies and the upper bound of the channel capacity of the spatiotemporal metasurface. The results of harmonic information transitions show great potential in achieving high-capacity versatile information processing systems with spatiotemporal metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimetre Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Millimetre Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimetre Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo Dong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimetre Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimetre Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimetre Waves, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
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Adlakha R, Moghaddaszadeh M, Attarzadeh MA, Aref A, Nouh M. Frequency selective wave beaming in nonreciprocal acoustic phased arrays. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21339. [PMID: 33288777 PMCID: PMC7721751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic phased arrays are capable of steering and focusing a beam of sound via selective coordination of the spatial distribution of phase angles between multiple sound emitters. Constrained by the principle of reciprocity, conventional phased arrays exhibit identical transmission and reception patterns which limit the scope of their operation. This work presents a controllable space-time acoustic phased array which breaks time-reversal symmetry, and enables phononic transition in both momentum and energy spaces. By leveraging a dynamic phase modulation, the proposed linear phased array is no longer bound by the acoustic reciprocity, and supports asymmetric transmission and reception patterns that can be tuned independently at multiple channels. A foundational framework is developed to characterize and interpret the emergent nonreciprocal phenomena and is later validated against benchmark numerical experiments. The new phased array selectively alters the directional and frequency content of the incident signal and imparts a frequency conversion between different wave fields, which is further analyzed as a function of the imposed modulation. The space-time acoustic phased array enables unprecedented control over sound waves in a variety of applications ranging from ultrasonic imaging to non-destructive testing and underwater SONAR telecommunication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revant Adlakha
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Mohammadreza Moghaddaszadeh
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Mohammad A Attarzadeh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Amjad Aref
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Mostafa Nouh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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Liu N, Zhao J, Du L, Niu C, Sun C, Kong X, Wang Z, Li X. Giant nonreciprocal transmission in low-biased gyrotropic metasurfaces. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5917-5920. [PMID: 33137031 DOI: 10.1364/ol.404765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Strong magneto-optical effect with low external magnetic field is of great importance to achieve high-performance isolators in modern optics. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a significant enhancement of the magneto-optical effect and nonreciprocal chiral transmission in low-biased gyrotropic media. A designer magneto-optical metasurface consists of a gyrotropy-near-zero slab doped with magnetic resonant inclusions. The immersed magnetic dopants enable efficient nonreciprocal light-matter interactions at the subwavelength scale, providing a giant macroscopic nonreciprocity and strong robustness against the bias disturbance. Microwave measurements reveal that the metasurface can act as a chiral isolator for circular polarization, with extremely weak intrinsic gyromagnetic activity. We also demonstrate its capability of signal isolation for circularly polarized antennas. Our findings provide an experimental verification of nonreciprocal photonic doping with low static magnetic fields.
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Zhao X, Wu K, Chen C, Bifano TG, Anderson SW, Zhang X. Nonreciprocal Magnetic Coupling Using Nonlinear Meta-Atoms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001443. [PMID: 33042755 PMCID: PMC7539216 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Breaking Lorentz reciprocity is fundamental to an array of functional radiofrequency (RF) and optical devices, such as isolators and circulators. The application of external excitation, such as magnetic fields and spatial-temporal modulation, has been employed to achieve nonreciprocal responses. Alternatively, nonlinear effects may also be employed to break reciprocity in a completely passive fashion. Herein, a coupled system comprised of linear and nonlinear meta-atoms that achieves nonreciprocity based on the coupling and frequency detuning of its constituent meta-atoms is presented. An analytical model is developed based on the coupled mode theory (CMT) in order to design and optimize the nonreciprocal meta-atoms in this coupled system. Experimental demonstration of an RF isolator is performed, and the contrast between forward and backward propagation approximates 20 dB. Importantly, the use of the CMT model developed herein enables a generalizable capacity to predict the limitations of nonlinearity-based nonreciprocity, thereby facilitating the development of novel approaches to breaking Lorentz reciprocity. The CMT model and implementation scheme presented in this work may be deployed in a wide range of applications, including integrated photonic circuits, optical metamaterials, and metasurfaces, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMA02215USA
- Department of RadiologyBoston University Medical CampusBostonMA02118USA
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMA02215USA
| | - Chunxu Chen
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMA02215USA
| | | | | | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMA02215USA
- Photonics CenterBoston UniversityBostonMA02215USA
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48
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Bai GD, Cui TJ. Representing Quantum Information with Digital Coding Metasurfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001648. [PMID: 33101865 PMCID: PMC7578880 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
With the development of science and technology, the way to represent information becomes more powerful and diversified. Recent research on digital coding metasurfaces has built an alternative bridge between wave-behaviors and information science. Different from the logic information in traditional circuits, the digital bit in coding metasurfaces is based on wave-structure interaction, which is capable of exploiting multiple degrees of freedom (DoFs). However, to what extent the digital coding metasurface can expand the information representation has not been discussed. In this work, it is shown that classical metasurfaces have the ability to mimic qubit and quantum information. An approach for simulating a two-level spin system with meta-atoms is proposed, from which the superposition for two optical spin states is constructed. It is further proposed that using geometric-phase elements with nonseparable coding states can induce the classical entanglement between polarization and spatial modes, and give the condition to achieve the maximal entanglement. This study expands the information representing range of coding metasurfaces and provides an ultrathin platform to mimic quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Dong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WaveSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WaveSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Institute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
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Cui TJ, Li L, Liu S, Ma Q, Zhang L, Wan X, Jiang WX, Cheng Q. Information Metamaterial Systems. iScience 2020; 23:101403. [PMID: 32777776 PMCID: PMC7415848 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamaterials have great capabilities and flexibilities in controlling electromagnetic (EM) waves because their subwavelength meta-atoms can be designed and tailored in desired ways. However, once the structure-only metamaterials (i.e., passive metamaterials) are fabricated, their functions will be fixed. To control the EM waves dynamically, active devices are integrated into the meta-atoms, yielding active metamaterials. Traditionally, the active metamaterials include tunable metamaterials and reconfigurable metamaterials, which have either small-range tunability or a few numbers of reconfigurability. Recently, a special kind of active metamaterials, digital coding and programmable metamaterials, have been presented, which can realize a large number of distinct functionalities and switch them in real time with the aid of field programmable gate array (FPGA). More importantly, the digital coding representations of metamaterials make it possible to bridge the digital world and physical world using the metamaterial platform and make the metamaterials process digital information directly, resulting in information metamaterials. In this review article, we firstly introduce the evolution of metamaterials and then present the concepts and basic principles of digital coding metamaterials and information metamaterials. With more details, we discuss a series of information metamaterial systems, including the programmable metamaterial systems, software metamaterial systems, intelligent metamaterial systems, and space-time-coding metamaterial systems. Finally, we introduce the current progress and predict the future trends of information metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Lianlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Shabanpour J, Beyraghi S, Cheldavi A. Ultrafast reprogrammable multifunctional vanadium-dioxide-assisted metasurface for dynamic THz wavefront engineering. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8950. [PMID: 32488027 PMCID: PMC7265406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, for the first time, a new generation of ultrafast reprogrammable multi-mission bias encoded metasurface is proposed for dynamic terahertz wavefront engineering by employing VO2 reversible and fast monoclinic to tetragonal phase transition. The multi-functionality of our designed VO2 based coding metasurface (VBCM) was guaranteed by elaborately designed meta-atom comprising three-patterned VO2 thin films whose operational statuses can be dynamically tuned among four states of "00"-"11" by merely changing the biasing voltage controlled by an external Field-programmable gate array platform. Capitalizing on such meta-atom design and by driving VBCM with different spiral-like and spiral-parabola-like coding sequences, single vortex beam and focused vortex beam with interchangeable orbital angular momentum modes were satisfactorily generated respectively. Additionally, by adopting superposition theorem and convolution operation, symmetric/asymmetric multiple beams and arbitrarily-oriented multiple vortex beams in pre-demined directions with different topological charges are realized. Several illustrative examples successfully have clarified that the proposed VBCM is a promising candidate for solving crucial terahertz challenges such as high data rate wireless communication where ultrafast switching between several missions is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Shabanpour
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16486-13114, Iran.
| | - Sina Beyraghi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16486-13114, Iran
| | - Ahmad Cheldavi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16486-13114, Iran
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