1
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Li Y, Veronica A, Ma J, Nyein HYY. Materials, Structure, and Interface of Stretchable Interconnects for Wearable Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2408456. [PMID: 39139019 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202408456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Since wearable technologies for telemedicine have emerged to tackle global health concerns, the demand for well-attested wearable healthcare devices with high user comfort also arises. Skin-wearables for health monitoring require mechanical flexibility and stretchability for not only high compatibility with the skin's dynamic nature but also a robust collection of fine health signals from within. Stretchable electrical interconnects, which determine the device's overall integrity, are one of the fundamental units being understated in wearable bioelectronics. In this review, a broad class of materials and engineering methodologies recently researched and developed are presented, and their respective attributes, limitations, and opportunities in designing stretchable interconnects for wearable bioelectronics are offered. Specifically, the electrical and mechanical characteristics of various materials (metals, polymers, carbons, and their composites) are highlighted, along with their compatibility with diverse geometric configurations. Detailed insights into fabrication techniques that are compatible with soft substrates are also provided. Importantly, successful examples of establishing reliable interfacial connections between soft and rigid elements using novel interconnects are reviewed. Lastly, some perspectives and prospects of remaining research challenges and potential pathways for practical utilization of interconnects in wearables are laid out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 00000, China
| | - Asmita Veronica
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 00000, China
| | - Jiahao Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 00000, China
| | - Hnin Yin Yin Nyein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 00000, China
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2
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Stanley J, Kunovski P, Hunt JA, Wei Y. Stretchable electronic strips for electronic textiles enabled by 3D helical structure. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11065. [PMID: 38744933 PMCID: PMC11094078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of stretchable electronic devices is a critical area of research for wearable electronics, particularly electronic textiles (e-textiles), where electronic devices embedded in clothing need to stretch and bend with the body. While stretchable electronics technologies exist, none have been widely adopted. This work presents a novel and potentially transformative approach to stretchable electronics using a ubiquitous structure: the helix. A strip of flexible circuitry ('e-strip') is twisted to form a helical ribbon, transforming it from flexible to stretchable. A stretchable core-in this case rubber cord-supports the structure, preventing damage from buckling. Existing helical electronics have only extended to stretchable interconnects between circuit modules, and individual components such as printed helical transistors. Fully stretchable circuits have, until now, only been produced in planar form: flat circuits, either using curved geometry to enable them to stretch, or using inherently stretchable elastomer substrates. Helical e-strips can bend along multiple axes, and repeatedly stretch between 30 and 50%, depending on core material and diameter. LED and temperature sensing helical e-strips are demonstrated, along with design rules for helical e-strip fabrication. Widely available materials and standard fabrication processes were prioritized to maximize scalability and accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stanley
- Smart Wearable Research Group, Department of Engineering, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | | | - John A Hunt
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- College of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yang Wei
- Smart Wearable Research Group, Department of Engineering, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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3
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Cao J, Wu B, Yuan P, Liu Y, Hu C. Progress of Research on Conductive Hydrogels in Flexible Wearable Sensors. Gels 2024; 10:144. [PMID: 38391474 PMCID: PMC10887588 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels, characterized by their excellent conductivity and flexibility, have attracted widespread attention and research in the field of flexible wearable sensors. This paper reviews the application progress, related challenges, and future prospects of conductive hydrogels in flexible wearable sensors. Initially, the basic properties and classifications of conductive hydrogels are introduced. Subsequently, this paper discusses in detail the specific applications of conductive hydrogels in different sensor applications, such as motion detection, medical diagnostics, electronic skin, and human-computer interactions. Finally, the application prospects and challenges are summarized. Overall, the exceptional performance and multifunctionality of conductive hydrogels make them one of the most important materials for future wearable technologies. However, further research and innovation are needed to overcome the challenges faced and to realize the wider application of conductive hydrogels in flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cao
- School of Fashion and Design Art, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yeqi Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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4
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Pan D, Hu J, Wang B, Xia X, Cheng Y, Wang C, Lu Y. Biomimetic Wearable Sensors: Emerging Combination of Intelligence and Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2303264. [PMID: 38044298 PMCID: PMC10837381 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the advancement of interdisciplinary concepts, for example, wearable electronics, bioelectronics, and intelligent sensing, during the microelectronics industrial revolution, nowadays, extensively mature wearable sensing devices have become new favorites in the noninvasive human healthcare industry. The combination of wearable sensing devices with bionics is driving frontier developments in various fields, such as personalized medical monitoring and flexible electronics, due to the superior biocompatibilities and diverse sensing mechanisms. It is noticed that the integration of desired functions into wearable device materials can be realized by grafting biomimetic intelligence. Therefore, herein, the mechanism by which biomimetic materials satisfy and further enhance system functionality is reviewed. Next, wearable artificial sensory systems that integrate biomimetic sensing into portable sensing devices are introduced, which have received significant attention from the industry owing to their novel sensing approaches and portabilities. To address the limitations encountered by important signal and data units in biomimetic wearable sensing systems, two paths forward are identified and current challenges and opportunities are presented in this field. In summary, this review provides a further comprehensive understanding of the development of biomimetic wearable sensing devices from both breadth and depth perspectives, offering valuable guidance for future research and application expansion of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Pan
- College of Light Industry and Food EngineeringGuangxi UniversityNanningGuangxi530004China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Jiawang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Xuanjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Cheng‐Hua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food EngineeringGuangxi UniversityNanningGuangxi530004China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisMinistry of EducationDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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5
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Zhou J, Zhao S, Tang L, Zhang D, Sheng B. Programmable and Weldable Superelastic EGaIn/TPU Composite Fiber by Wet Spinning for Flexible Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38031357 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
As an essential component of flexible electronics, superelastic conductive fibers with good mechanical and electrical properties have drawn significant attention, especially in their preparation. In this study, we prepared a superelastic conductive fiber composed of eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) by simple wet spinning. The composite conductive fiber with a liquid metal (LM) content of 85 wt % achieved a maximum strain at a break of 659.2%, and after the conductive pathway in the porous structure of the composite fibers was fully activated, high conductivity (1.2 × 105 S/m) was achieved with 95 wt % LM by mechanical sintering and training processes. The prepared conductive fibers exhibited a stable resistive response as the fibers were strained and could be sewn into fabrics and used as wearable strain sensors to monitor various human motions. These conductive fibers can be molded into helical by heating, and they have excellent electrical properties at a maximum mechanical strain of 3400% (resistance change <0.27%) with a helical index of 11. Moreover, the conductive fibers can be welded to various two or three-dimensional conductors. In summary, with a scalable manufacturing process, weldability, superelasticity, and high electrical conductivity, EGaIn/TPU composite fibers fabricated by wet spinning have considerable potential for flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhou
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Lei Tang
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Bin Sheng
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
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6
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Rong M, Chen D, Hu H, Chen F, Zhang Y, Xie C, Chen Z, Yu Y, Xie Y, Yao H, Huang Q, Zheng Z. Stretchable and Self-Healable Fiber-Shaped Conductors Suitable for Harsh Environments. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2304353. [PMID: 37620125 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-shaped conductors with high electrical conductivity, stretchability, and durability have attracted increasing attention due to their potential for integration into arbitrary wearable forms. However, these fiber conductors still suffer from low reliability and short life span, particularly in harsh environments. Herein, a conductive, environment-tolerant, stretchable, and healable fiber conductor (CESH), which consists of a self-healable and stretchable organohydrogel fiber core, a conductive and buckled silver nanowire coating, and a self-healable and waterproof protective sheath, is reported. Such a multilayer core-sheath design not only offers high stretchability (≈2400%), high electrical conductivity (1.0 × 106 S m-1 ), outstanding self-healing ability and durability, but also possesses unprecedented tolerance in harsh environments including wide working temperature (-60-20 °C), arid (≈10 % RH (RH: room humidity)), and underwater conditions. As proof-of-concept demonstrations, CESHs are integrated into various wearable formats as interconnectors to steadily perform the electric function under different mechanical deformations and harsh conditions. Such a new type of multifunctional fiber conductors can bridge the gap in stretchable and self-healing fiber technologies by providing ultrastable electrical conductance and excellent environmental tolerance, which can greatly expand the range of applications for fiber conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Rong
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chuan Xie
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zijian Chen
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - You Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule, Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Yujie Xie
- Laboratory for Bio-inspired Mechanics and Structures, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Haimin Yao
- Laboratory for Bio-inspired Mechanics and Structures, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
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7
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Yan Z, Liu Y, Xiong J, Wang B, Dai L, Gao M, Pan T, Yang W, Lin Y. Hierarchical Serpentine-Helix Combination for 3D Stretchable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210238. [PMID: 36896499 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
3D stretchable electronics attract growing interest due to their new and more complex functionalities compared to 1D or 2D counterparts. Among all 3D configuration designs, a 3D helical structure is commonly used as it can be designed to achieve outstanding stretching ratios as well as highly robust mechanical performance. However, the stretching ratio that mainly focuses on the axis direction hinders its applications. Inspired by hierarchies in a tendon, a novel structural design of hierarchical 3D serpentine-helix combination is proposed. The structural design constructed by a sequence with repeating small units winding in a helical manner around the axis can enable large mechanical forces transferred down to a smaller scale with the dissipation of potentially damaging stresses by microscale buckling, thereby endowing the electronic components made from high-performance but hard-to-stretch materials with large stretchability (≥200%) in x-, y-, or z-axis direction, high structural stability, and extraordinary electromechanical performance. Two applications including a wireless charging patch and an epidermal electronic system are demonstrated. The epidermal electronic system made of several hierarchical 3D serpentine-helix combinations allows for high-fidelity monitoring of electrophysiological signals, galvanic skin response, and finger-movement-induced electrical signals, which can achieve good tactile pattern recognition when combined with an artificial neural network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuocheng Yan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Jian Xiong
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Lingliang Dai
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Weiqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
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8
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Zhang Z, Long Y, Chen G, Wu Q, Wang H, Jiang H. Soft and lightweight fabric enables powerful and high-range pneumatic actuation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg1203. [PMID: 37043577 PMCID: PMC10096572 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Soft structures and actuation allow robots, conventionally consisting of rigid components, to perform more compliant, adaptive interactions similar to living creatures. Although numerous functions of these types of actuators have been demonstrated in the literature, their hyperelastic designs generally suffer from limited workspaces and load-carrying capabilities primarily due to their structural stretchability factor. Here, we describe a series of pneumatic actuators based on soft but less stretchable fabric that can simultaneously perform tunable workspace and bear a high payload. The motion mode of the actuator is programmable, combinable, and predictable and is informed by rapid response to low input pressure. A robotic gripper using three fabric actuators is also presented. The gripper demonstrates a grasping force of over 150 N and a grasping range from 70 to 350 millimeters. The design concept and comprehensive guidelines presented would provide design and analysis foundations for applying less stretchable yet soft materials in soft robots to further enhance their practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing for Thin-Walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Yongzhou Long
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing for Thin-Walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Genliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing for Thin-Walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Meta Robotics Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qichen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing for Thin-Walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing for Thin-Walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hanqing Jiang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
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9
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Choi JH, Noh JH, Choi C. Highly Elastically Deformable Coiled CNT/Polymer Fibers for Wearable Strain Sensors and Stretchable Supercapacitors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2359. [PMID: 36850957 PMCID: PMC9964788 DOI: 10.3390/s23042359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable yarn/fiber electronics with conductive features are optimal components for different wearable devices. This paper presents the construction of coil structure-based carbon nanotube (CNT)/polymer fibers with adjustable piezoresistivity. The composite unit fiber is prepared by wrapping a conductive carbon CNT sheath onto an elastic spandex core. Owing to the helical coil structure, the resultant CNT/polymer composite fibers are highly stretchable (up to approximately 300%) without a noticeable electrical breakdown. More specifically, based on the difference in the coil index (which is the ratio of the coil diameter to the diameter of the fiber within the coil) according to the polymeric core fiber (spandex or nylon), the composite fiber can be used for two different applications (i.e., as strain sensors or supercapacitors), which are presented in this paper. The coiled CNT/spandex composite fiber sensor responds sensitively to tensile strain. The coiled CNT/nylon composite fiber can be employed as an elastic supercapacitor with excellent capacitance retention at 300% strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyeong Choi
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Noh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
- Department of Advanced Battery Convergence Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoon Choi
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct), Dongguk University, 30 Pil-dong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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10
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Qin J, Lu M, Li B, Li X, You G, Tan L, Zhai Y, Huang M, Wu Y. A Rapid Quantitative Analysis of Bicomponent Fibers Based on Cross-Sectional In-Situ Observation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040842. [PMID: 36850127 PMCID: PMC9964497 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To accelerate the industrialization of bicomponent fibers, fiber-based flexible devices, and other technical fibers and to protect the property rights of inventors, it is necessary to develop fast, economical, and easy-to-test methods to provide some guidance for formulating relevant testing standards. A quantitative method based on cross-sectional in-situ observation and image processing was developed in this study. First, the cross-sections of the fibers were rapidly prepared by the non-embedding method. Then, transmission and reflection metallographic microscopes were used for in-situ observation and to capture the cross-section images of fibers. This in-situ observation allows for the rapid identification of the type and spatial distribution structure of the bicomponent fiber. Finally, the mass percentage content of each component was calculated rapidly by AI software according to its density, cross-section area, and total test samples of each component. By comparing the ultra-depth of field microscope, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and chemical dissolution method, the quantitative analysis was fast, accurate, economical, simple to operate, energy-saving, and environmentally friendly. This method will be widely used in the intelligent qualitative identification and quantitative analysis of bicomponent fibers, fiber-based flexible devices, and blended textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyao Qin
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Mingxi Lu
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Xiaorui Li
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Guangming You
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Linjian Tan
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yikui Zhai
- College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Meilin Huang
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yingzhu Wu
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (Y.W.)
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11
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Nie M, Li B, Hsieh YL, Fu KK, Zhou J. Stretchable One-Dimensional Conductors for Wearable Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19810-19839. [PMID: 36475644 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous, one-dimensional (1D) stretchable conductors have attracted significant attention for the development of wearables and soft-matter electronics. Through the use of advanced spinning, printing, and textile technologies, 1D stretchable conductors in the forms of fibers, wires, and yarns can be designed and engineered to meet the demanding requirements for different wearable applications. Several crucial parameters, such as microarchitecture, conductivity, stretchability, and scalability, play essential roles in designing and developing wearable devices and intelligent textiles. Methodologies and fabrication processes have successfully realized 1D conductors that are highly conductive, strong, lightweight, stretchable, and conformable and can be readily integrated with common fabrics and soft matter. This review summarizes the latest advances in continuous, 1D stretchable conductors and emphasizes recent developments in materials, methodologies, fabrication processes, and strategies geared toward applications in electrical interconnects, mechanical sensors, actuators, and heaters. This review classifies 1D conductors into three categories on the basis of their electrical responses: (1) rigid 1D conductors, (2) piezoresistive 1D conductors, and (3) resistance-stable 1D conductors. This review also evaluates the present challenges in these areas and presents perspectives for improving the performance of stretchable 1D conductors for wearable textile and flexible electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Nie
- School of Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong510275, China
| | - Boxiao Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong510275, China
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California at Davis, California95616, United States
| | - Kun Kelvin Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware19716, United States
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong510275, China
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12
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Tao Y, Liang X, Zhang J, Lei IM, Liu J. Polyurethane vitrimers: Chemistry, properties and applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tao
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Xiangyu Liang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Shenzhen China
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Iek Man Lei
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Macau Macau China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
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13
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Zhang Y, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Yong KT, Xiong J. Elastic Fibers/Fabrics for Wearables and Bioelectronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203808. [PMID: 36253094 PMCID: PMC9762321 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wearables and bioelectronics rely on breathable interface devices with bioaffinity, biocompatibility, and smart functionality for interactions between beings and things and the surrounding environment. Elastic fibers/fabrics with mechanical adaptivity to various deformations and complex substrates, are promising to act as fillers, carriers, substrates, dressings, and scaffolds in the construction of biointerfaces for the human body, skins, organs, and plants, realizing functions such as energy exchange, sensing, perception, augmented virtuality, health monitoring, disease diagnosis, and intervention therapy. This review summarizes and highlights the latest breakthroughs of elastic fibers/fabrics for wearables and bioelectronics, aiming to offer insights into elasticity mechanisms, production methods, and electrical components integration strategies with fibers/fabrics, presenting a profile of elastic fibers/fabrics for energy management, sensors, e-skins, thermal management, personal protection, wound healing, biosensing, and drug delivery. The trans-disciplinary application of elastic fibers/fabrics from wearables to biomedicine provides important inspiration for technology transplantation and function integration to adapt different application systems. As a discussion platform, here the main challenges and possible solutions in the field are proposed, hopefully can provide guidance for promoting the development of elastic e-textiles in consideration of the trade-off between mechanical/electrical performance, industrial-scale production, diverse environmental adaptivity, and multiscenario on-spot applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Zhang
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and TechnologyDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Jiahui Zhou
- College of Textile and Clothing EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Desuo Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Ken Tye Yong
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneySydneyNew South Wales2006Australia
| | - Jiaqing Xiong
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and TechnologyDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
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14
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A reliable method by utilizing thermo-responsive palladium nanocomposite for fabricating Nickel coating on nylon 6 fabrics. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Liu L, Xiang D, Zhang X, Harkin‐Jones E, Wang J, Zhao C, Li H, Li Z, Wang L, Wang P, Li Y, Wu Y. Highly sensitive flexible strain sensor based on carbon nanotube/styrene butadiene styrene@ thermoplastic polyurethane fiber with a double percolated structure. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libing Liu
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Dong Xiang
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- Collaborative Scientific Innovation Platform of Universities in Sichuan for Basalt Fiber Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Xiangxia Zhang
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | | | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- Collaborative Scientific Innovation Platform of Universities in Sichuan for Basalt Fiber Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Hui Li
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- Collaborative Scientific Innovation Platform of Universities in Sichuan for Basalt Fiber Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- Collaborative Scientific Innovation Platform of Universities in Sichuan for Basalt Fiber Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Li Wang
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- Collaborative Scientific Innovation Platform of Universities in Sichuan for Basalt Fiber Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Ping Wang
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Yuntao Li
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- Collaborative Scientific Innovation Platform of Universities in Sichuan for Basalt Fiber Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
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16
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Bioinspired Strategies for Stretchable Conductors. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Shak Sadi M, Kumpikaitė E. Advances in the Robustness of Wearable Electronic Textiles: Strategies, Stability, Washability and Perspective. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122039. [PMID: 35745378 PMCID: PMC9229712 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronic textiles are the future of wearable technology with a diverse application potential inspired by the Internet of Things (IoT) to improve all aspects of wearer life by replacing traditional bulky, rigid, and uncomfortable wearable electronics. The inherently prominent characteristics exhibited by textile substrates make them ideal candidates for designing user-friendly wearable electronic textiles for high-end variant applications. Textile substrates (fiber, yarn, fabric, and garment) combined with nanostructured electroactive materials provide a universal pathway for the researcher to construct advanced wearable electronics compatible with the human body and other circumstances. However, e-textiles are found to be vulnerable to physical deformation induced during repeated wash and wear. Thus, e-textiles need to be robust enough to withstand such challenges involved in designing a reliable product and require more attention for substantial advancement in stability and washability. As a step toward reliable devices, we present this comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art advances in substrate geometries, modification, fabrication, and standardized washing strategies to predict a roadmap toward sustainability. Furthermore, current challenges, opportunities, and future aspects of durable e-textiles development are envisioned to provide a conclusive pathway for researchers to conduct advanced studies.
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18
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Li M, Wang Y, Fan X, Huang H, Wan Y, Li Y, Fang J, Gao J, Yang Y, Liu J. A Conductive Bamboo Fabric with Controllable Resistance for Tailoring Wearable Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:26958-26969. [PMID: 35658395 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Force-sensitive textile sensors are becoming a research hotspot as a part of wearable devices. The core research topic is the method to obtain the sensing property, which decides the sensitivity and service performance of the sensors. Here, we introduce a new sensing mechanism based on a statistical change of contact resistance that exhibits an exponential decay upon strain or pressure, where a novel conductive bamboo fabric is prepared and the dependence of electric conductivity on the fabric structure is discovered. The fabric surface resistivity (ρs) is anisotropic with respect to the measuring directions and the warp, weft, and linear densities. The surface resistance (Rs) decreases rapidly under pulling force, especially in diagonal directions, making it available in designing strain sensors. The volume resistivity (ρv) decreases with increasing weft and linear densities, too. The vertical resistance (Rv) decays exponentially under pressure, and the rule is retained even if the fabric is coated with a polymer, leading to diverse possible pressure sensors with a good service performance (e.g., waterproof). Finally, the conductive fabric could be facilely tailored to various wearable sensors with a fast response time, e.g., sensing finger sleeves and sensing insole, which could be used to operate the manipulator's fingers or to monitor human walking gestures, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghao Li
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. 2 Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. 2 Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiujuan Fan
- College of Information Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. 2 Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. 2 Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haibin Huang
- College of Information Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. 2 Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuan Wan
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. 2 Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Fashion Accessory Art and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. 2 Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junqi Fang
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. 2 Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jingxin Gao
- College of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. 2 Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yafei Yang
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. 2 Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiguang Liu
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, No. 2 Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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19
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Gao J, Fan Y, Zhang Q, Luo L, Hu X, Li Y, Song J, Jiang H, Gao X, Zheng L, Zhao W, Wang Z, Ai W, Wei Y, Lu Q, Xu M, Wang Y, Song W, Wang X, Huang W. Ultra-Robust and Extensible Fibrous Mechanical Sensors for Wearable Smart Healthcare. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107511. [PMID: 35306697 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibrous material with high strength and large stretchability is an essential component of high-performance wearable electronic devices. Wearable electronic systems require a material that is strong to ensure durability and stability, and a wide range of strain to expand their applications. However, it is still challenging to manufacture fibrous materials with simultaneously high mechanical strength and the tensile property. Herein, the ultra-robust (≈17.6 MPa) and extensible (≈700%) conducting microfibers are developed and demonstrated their applications in fabricating fibrous mechanical sensors. The mechanical sensor shows high sensitivity in detecting strains that have high strain resolution and a large detection range (from 0.0075% to 400%) simultaneously. Moreover, low frequency vibrations between 0 and 40 Hz are also detected, which covers most tremors that occur in the human body. As a further step, a wearable and smart health-monitoring system has been developed using the fibrous mechanical sensor, which is capable of monitoring health-related physiological signals, including muscle movement, body tremor, wrist pulse, respiration, gesture, and six body postures to predict and diagnose diseases, which will promote the wearable telemedicine technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuwei Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Fan
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Qingtian Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Lei Luo
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Hu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Juncai Song
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Hanjun Jiang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wu Zhao
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Qianbo Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Manzhang Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yongtian Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- AICFVE of Beijing Film Academy, Beijing, 100088, P. R. China
| | - Weitao Song
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
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20
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Li X, Chen S, Peng Y, Zheng Z, Li J, Zhong F. Materials, Preparation Strategies, and Wearable Sensor Applications of Conductive Fibers: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3028. [PMID: 35459012 PMCID: PMC9032468 DOI: 10.3390/s22083028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in wearable sensors and intelligent human-machine interfaces have sparked a great many interests in conductive fibers owing to their high conductivity, light weight, good flexibility, and durability. As one of the most impressive materials for wearable sensors, conductive fibers can be made from a variety of raw sources via diverse preparation strategies. Herein, to offer a comprehensive understanding of conductive fibers, we present an overview of the recent progress in the materials, the preparation strategies, and the wearable sensor applications related. Firstly, the three types of conductive fibers, including metal-based, carbon-based, and polymer-based, are summarized in terms of their principal material composition. Then, various preparation strategies of conductive fibers are established. Next, the primary wearable sensors made of conductive fibers are illustrated in detail. Finally, a robust outlook on conductive fibers and their wearable sensor applications are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fei Zhong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (X.L.); (S.C.); (Y.P.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.)
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21
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Song H, Luo G, Ji Z, Bo R, Xue Z, Yan D, Zhang F, Bai K, Liu J, Cheng X, Pang W, Shen Z, Zhang Y. Highly-integrated, miniaturized, stretchable electronic systems based on stacked multilayer network materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm3785. [PMID: 35294232 PMCID: PMC8926335 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm3785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Elastic stretchability and function density represent two key figures of merits for stretchable inorganic electronics. Various design strategies have been reported to provide both high levels of stretchability and function density, but the function densities are mostly below 80%. While the stacked device layout can overcome this limitation, the soft elastomers used in previous studies could highly restrict the deformation of stretchable interconnects. Here, we introduce stacked multilayer network materials as a general platform to incorporate individual components and stretchable interconnects, without posing any essential constraint to their deformations. Quantitative analyses show a substantial enhancement (e.g., by ~7.5 times) of elastic stretchability of serpentine interconnects as compared to that based on stacked soft elastomers. The proposed strategy allows demonstration of a miniaturized electronic system (11 mm by 10 mm), with a moderate elastic stretchability (~20%) and an unprecedented areal coverage (~110%), which can serve as compass display, somatosensory mouse, and physiological-signal monitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglie Song
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Guoquan Luo
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composite in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Ziyao Ji
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Renheng Bo
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoguo Xue
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Dongjia Yan
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ke Bai
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jianxing Liu
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xu Cheng
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Pang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhangming Shen
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Corresponding author.
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22
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Li W, Xu L, Wang X, Zhu R, Yan Y. Phase Change Energy Storage Elastic Fiber: A Simple Route to Personal Thermal Management. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010053. [PMID: 35012076 PMCID: PMC8747497 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) PCFs possessing a high loaded ratio and high elasticity was simply prepared by vacuum absorption following wet spinning, then coated by waterborne polyurethane (WPU). Octadecane (OCC), hexadecanol (HEO), and stearic acid (SA), which have different tendencies to form hydrogen bonds with TPU, were selected as PCMs, and their thermal behavior, thermal storge properties, and elasticity were systematically studied, respectively. The hierarchical pore structure though from the sheath to the core part of TPU filaments weakened the influence of the nonfreezing layer and hydrogen bond on the crystallization behavior of PCMs. The resulting HEO/TPU fiber has the highest enthalpy of 208.1 J/g compared with OCC and SA. Moreover, the HEO/TPU fiber has an elongation at break of 354.8% when the phase change enthalpy is as high as 177.8 J/g and the phase change enthalpy is still 174.5 J/g after fifty cycles. After ten tensile recovery cycles, the elastic recovery rate of HEO/TPU fiber was only 71.3%. When the HEO in the fiber was liquid state, the elastic recovery rate of HEO/TPU fiber promoted to 91.6%. This elastic PCFs have excellent thermal cycle stability, elastic recovery, and temperature sensitivity. It has great application potential in the fields of flexible wearable devices, intelligent fabrics, and temperature sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (W.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Liqing Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (W.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Xiangqin Wang
- Guangdong Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Medical Textile Products, Guangzhou Inspection Testing and Certification Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511447, China;
| | - Ruitian Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (W.L.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Medical Textile Products, Guangzhou Inspection Testing and Certification Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511447, China;
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (Y.Y.); Tel.: +86-202-223-6883 (Y.Y.)
| | - Yurong Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (W.L.); (L.X.)
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (Y.Y.); Tel.: +86-202-223-6883 (Y.Y.)
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23
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Grellmann H, Bruns M, Lohse FM, Kruppke I, Nocke A, Cherif C. Development of an Elastic, Electrically Conductive Coating for TPU Filaments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7158. [PMID: 34885313 PMCID: PMC8658407 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrically conductive filaments are used in a wide variety of applications, for example, in smart textiles and soft robotics. Filaments that conduct electricity are required for the transmission of energy and information, but up until now, most electrically conductive fibers, filaments and wires offer low mechanical elongation. Therefore, they are not well suited for the implementation into elastomeric composites and textiles that are worn close to the human body and have to follow a wide range of movements. In order to overcome this issue, the presented study aims at the development of electrically conductive and elastic filaments based on a coating process suited for multifilament yarns made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The coating solution contains TPU, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) with varied concentrations of solids and electrically conductive particles. After applying the coating to TPU multifilament yarns, the mechanical and electrical properties are analyzed. A special focus is given to the electromechanical behavior of the coated yarns under mechanical strain loading. It is determined that the electrical conductivity is maintained even at elongations of up to 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Grellmann
- Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (M.B.); (F.M.L.); (I.K.); (A.N.); (C.C.)
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24
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Xiong Y, Xiao J, Chen J, Xu D, Zhao S, Chen S, Sheng B. A multifunctional hollow TPU fiber filled with liquid metal exhibiting fast electrothermal deformation and recovery. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10016-10024. [PMID: 34672302 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01189h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Conductive fibers have received considerable interest due to their potential applications in the flexible electronics field. Fabricating a conductive fiber that can realize fast deformation with stretchability for multifunctional applications is still highly appealing. Here, we present a deformable conductive fiber (DCF) fabricated by injecting liquid metal (LM) into a hollow thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fiber; the DCF can be shaped into a 2D or 3D shape by an electrothermal method at the thermoplastic transition point of TPU. Combined with the solid-liquid phase transition characteristics of the LM at its melting point, the DCF exhibits a variable shape memory feature at two transition points. We have demonstrated that the double-torsional DCF and the helical DCF can act as a capacitive sensor and an inductive sensor, respectively, and they have both been used for human motion monitoring. In addition, the helical DCF can also act as a stretchable electrode with excellent electrical properties (resistance change <2%) under a maximal mechanical strain of 3300%. Overall, the DCF presents great potential for applications in human motion monitoring, soft robotics and smart electronic textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiong
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jieyu Xiao
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Da Xu
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shangbi Chen
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Aerospace Control Technology Institute, Shanghai 200233, China
- Shanghai Xin Yue Lian Hui Electronic Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Bin Sheng
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
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25
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Zhou Z, Chen N, Zhong H, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Yin X, He B. Textile-Based Mechanical Sensors: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6073. [PMID: 34683661 PMCID: PMC8538676 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Innovations related to textiles-based sensors have drawn great interest due to their outstanding merits of flexibility, comfort, low cost, and wearability. Textile-based sensors are often tied to certain parts of the human body to collect mechanical, physical, and chemical stimuli to identify and record human health and exercise. Until now, much research and review work has been carried out to summarize and promote the development of textile-based sensors. As a feature, we focus on textile-based mechanical sensors (TMSs), especially on their advantages and the way they achieve performance optimizations in this review. We first adopt a novel approach to introduce different kinds of TMSs by combining sensing mechanisms, textile structure, and novel fabricating strategies for implementing TMSs and focusing on critical performance criteria such as sensitivity, response range, response time, and stability. Next, we summarize their great advantages over other flexible sensors, and their potential applications in health monitoring, motion recognition, and human-machine interaction. Finally, we present the challenges and prospects to provide meaningful guidelines and directions for future research. The TMSs play an important role in promoting the development of the emerging Internet of Things, which can make health monitoring and everyday objects connect more smartly, conveniently, and comfortably efficiently in a wearable way in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiwei Zhou
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Nuo Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Hongchuan Zhong
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wanli Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiangyu Yin
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bingwei He
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
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26
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Cheng X, Zhang F, Bo R, Shen Z, Pang W, Jin T, Song H, Xue Z, Zhang Y. An Anti-Fatigue Design Strategy for 3D Ribbon-Shaped Flexible Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102684. [PMID: 34342056 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) flexible electronics represent an emerging area of intensive attention in recent years, owing to their broad-ranging applications in wearable electronics, flexible robots, tissue/cell scaffolds, among others. The widely adopted 3D conductive mesostructures in the functional device systems would inevitably undergo repetitive out-of-plane compressions during practical operations, and thus, anti-fatigue design strategies are of great significance to improve the reliability of 3D flexible electronics. Previous studies mainly focused on the fatigue failure behavior of planar ribbon-shaped geometries, while anti-fatigue design strategies and predictive failure criteria addressing 3D ribbon-shaped mesostructures are still lacking. This work demonstrates an anti-fatigue strategy to significantly prolong the fatigue life of 3D ribbon-shaped flexible electronics by switching the metal-dominated failure to desired polymer-dominated failure. Combined in situ measurements and computational studies allow the establishment of a failure criterion capable of accurately predicting fatigue lives under out-of-plane compressions, thereby providing useful guidelines for the design of anti-fatigue mesostructures with diverse 3D geometries. Two mechanically reliable 3D devices, including a resistance-type vibration sensor and a janus sensor capable of decoupled temperature measurements, serve as two demonstrative examples to highlight potential applications in long-term health monitoring and human-like robotic perception, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Renheng Bo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhangming Shen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Pang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tianqi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Honglie Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoguo Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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27
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Zhao Y, Tan YJ, Yang W, Ling S, Yang Z, Teo JT, See HH, Lee DKH, Lu D, Li S, Zeng X, Liu Z, Tee BCK. Scaling Metal-Elastomer Composites toward Stretchable Multi-Helical Conductive Paths for Robust Responsive Wearable Health Devices. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100221. [PMID: 34272931 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics have advanced rapidly and many applications require high repeatability and robustness under various mechanical deformations. It has been described here that how a highly stretchable and reliable conductor composite made from helical copper wires and a soft elastomer, named eHelix, can provide mechanically robust and strain-insensitive electronic conductivity for wearable devices. The reversibility of the mechanical behavior of the metal-elastomer system has been studied using finite element modeling methods. Optimal design parameters of such helical metal-elastomer structures are found. The scaling of multiple copper wires into such helical shapes to form a Multi-eHelix system is further shown. With the same elastomer volume, Multi-eHelix has more conductive paths and a higher current density than the single-eHelix. Integrations of these eHelix stretchable conductors with fabrics showed wearable displays that can survive machine-washes and hundreds of mechanical loading cycles. The integration of the eHelix developed by us with a wearable optical heart rate sensor enabled a wearable health monitoring system that can display measured heart rates on clothing. Furthermore, Multi-eHelix conductors are used to connect flexible printed circuit boards and piezoresistive sensors on a tactile sensing glove for the emerging sensorized prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Yu Jun Tan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Shaohua Ling
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Zijie Yang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Ju Teng Teo
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Hian Hian See
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - David Kwok Hung Lee
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Dingjie Lu
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Shihao Li
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Xianting Zeng
- Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhuangjian Liu
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Benjamin C K Tee
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
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28
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Fakharuddin A, Li H, Di Giacomo F, Zhang T, Gasparini N, Elezzabi AY, Mohanty A, Ramadoss A, Ling J, Soultati A, Tountas M, Schmidt‐Mende L, Argitis P, Jose R, Nazeeruddin MK, Mohd Yusoff ARB, Vasilopoulou M. Fiber‐Shaped Electronic Devices. ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS 2021; 11. [DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTextile electronics embedded in clothing represent an exciting new frontier for modern healthcare and communication systems. Fundamental to the development of these textile electronics is the development of the fibers forming the cloths into electronic devices. An electronic fiber must undergo diverse scrutiny for its selection for a multifunctional textile, viz., from the material selection to the device architecture, from the wearability to mechanical stresses, and from the environmental compatibility to the end‐use management. Herein, the performance requirements of fiber‐shaped electronics are reviewed considering the characteristics of single electronic fibers and their assemblies in smart clothing. Broadly, this article includes i) processing strategies of electronic fibers with required properties from precursor to material, ii) the state‐of‐art of current fiber‐shaped electronics emphasizing light‐emitting devices, solar cells, sensors, nanogenerators, supercapacitors storage, and chromatic devices, iii) mechanisms involved in the operation of the above devices, iv) limitations of the current materials and device manufacturing techniques to achieve the target performance, and v) the knowledge gap that must be minimized prior to their deployment. Lessons learned from this review with regard to the challenges and prospects for developing fiber‐shaped electronic components are presented as directions for future research on wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haizeng Li
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinarity Science Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Francesco Di Giacomo
- Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy (CHOSE) Department of Electronic Engineering University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome 00133 Italy
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London London W120BZ UK
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London London W120BZ UK
| | - Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Ankita Mohanty
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology Bhubaneswar Odisha 751024 India
| | - Ananthakumar Ramadoss
- School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology Bhubaneswar Odisha 751024 India
| | - JinKiong Ling
- Nanostructured Renewable Energy Material Laboratory Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Pahang Darul Makmur Kuantan 26300 Malaysia
| | - Anastasia Soultati
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos Agia Paraskevi Attica 15341 Greece
| | - Marinos Tountas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Hellenic Mediterranean University Estavromenos Heraklion Crete GR‐71410 Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Argitis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos Agia Paraskevi Attica 15341 Greece
| | - Rajan Jose
- Nanostructured Renewable Energy Material Laboratory Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Pahang Darul Makmur Kuantan 26300 Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Rue de l'Industrie 17 Sion CH‐1951 Switzerland
| | - Abd Rashid Bin Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Vasilopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos Agia Paraskevi Attica 15341 Greece
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29
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Yang L, Wu Y, Yang F, Wang W. A conductive polymer composed of a cellulose-based flexible film and carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20081-20088. [PMID: 35479890 PMCID: PMC9033658 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03474j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As a natural biological material, wood has renewability, biocompatibility, biodegradability and excellent mechanical properties. This research shows a conductive polymer composed of a cellulose-based flexible film constructed from natural wood and carbon nanotubes. Part of the lignin/hemicellulose of the natural wood was removed by the deep eutectic solvent to obtain a cellulose-based flexible film with a porous structure, and then the carbon nanotubes were infiltrated into the cellulose-based flexible film by vacuum pressure impregnation treatment to obtain the final conductive polymer. This conductive polymer has high conductivity and good toughness, and shows good perception ability under a certain range of strain/stress or human activity conditions. In addition, conductive fibers can be prepared by cutting and twisting the oriented cellulose nanofibers of this conductive polymer. The above-mentioned properties of this conductive polymer provide great potential for its development in electrical-related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lechen Yang
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 Jiangsu China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Yan Wu
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 Jiangsu China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Feng Yang
- Fashion Accessory Art and Engineering College, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology Beijing China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 Jiangsu China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
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30
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Wang M, Zhang Q, Bo Y, Zhang C, Lv Y, Fu X, He W, Fan X, Liang J, Huang Y, Ma R, Chen Y. Highly Stretchable Shape Memory Self-Soldering Conductive Tape with Reversible Adhesion Switched by Temperature. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:124. [PMID: 34138351 PMCID: PMC8113436 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory self-soldering tape used as conductive interconnecting material. Perfect shape and conductivity memory performance and anti-fatigue performance. Reversible strong-to-weak adhesion switched by temperature. With practical interest in the future applications of next-generation electronic devices, it is imperative to develop new conductive interconnecting materials appropriate for modern electronic devices to replace traditional rigid solder tin and silver paste of high melting temperature or corrosive solvent requirements. Herein, we design highly stretchable shape memory self-soldering conductive (SMSC) tape with reversible adhesion switched by temperature, which is composed of silver particles encapsulated by shape memory polymer. SMSC tape has perfect shape and conductivity memory property and anti-fatigue ability even under the strain of 90%. It also exhibits an initial conductivity of 2772 S cm-1 and a maximum tensile strain of ~ 100%. The maximum conductivity could be increased to 5446 S cm-1 by decreasing the strain to 17%. Meanwhile, SMSC tape can easily realize a heating induced reversible strong-to-weak adhesion transition for self-soldering circuit. The combination of stable conductivity, excellent shape memory performance, and temperature-switching reversible adhesion enables SMSC tape to serve two functions of electrode and solder simultaneously. This provides a new way for conductive interconnecting materials to meet requirements of modern electronic devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Bo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Rujun Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
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31
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Liang Q, Zhang D, Ji P, Sheng N, Zhang M, Wu Z, Chen S, Wang H. High-Strength Superstretchable Helical Bacterial Cellulose Fibers with a "Self-Fiber-Reinforced Structure". ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1545-1554. [PMID: 33377390 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a hydrogel membrane grown on the gas-liquid interface by bacterial culture that can be industrialized, bacterial cellulose (BC) cannot give full play to the advantages of its natural nanofibers. Conversion to the properties of nanofibers from high-performance to macrofibers represents a difficult material engineering challenge. Herein, we construct high-strength BC macrofibers with a "self-fiber-reinforced structure" using a dry-wet spinning method by adjusting the BC dissolution and concentration. The macrofiber with a tensile strength of 649 MPa and a strain of 17.2% can be obtained, which is one of the strongest and toughest cellulose fibers. In addition, the macrofiber can be fabricated to a superstretchable helical fiber without adding other elastomers or auxiliary materials. When the helical diameter is 1.6 mm, the ultimate stretch reaches 1240%. Meanwhile, cyclic tests show that the mechanical properties and morphology of the fiber remained stable after 100 times of 100% cyclic stretching. It is exciting that the helical fiber also owns outstanding knittability, washability, scalability, and dyeability. Furthermore, superstretchable functional helical BC fibers can be fabricated by embedding functional materials (carbon materials, conductive polymers, etc.) on BC or in the spinning dope, which can be made to wearable devices such as fiber solid-state supercapacitors. This work provides a scalable way for high-strength superstretchable and multifunctional fibers applied in wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Dong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Peng Ji
- Co-Innovation Center for Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Nan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Minghao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Zhuotong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Huaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
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Stretchable Strain Sensor for Human Motion Monitoring Based on an Intertwined-Coil Configuration. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101980. [PMID: 33036403 PMCID: PMC7600075 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics, such as sensors, actuators, and supercapacitors, have attracted broad interest owing to their promising applications. Nevertheless, practical problems involving their sensitivity and stretchability remain as challenges. In this work, efforts were devoted to fabricating a highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on dip-coating of graphene onto an electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanofibrous membrane, followed by spinning of the TPU/graphene nanomembrane into an intertwined-coil configuration. Owing to the intertwined-coil configuration and the synergy of the two structures (nanoscale fiber gap and microscale twisting of the fiber gap), the conductive strain sensor showed a stretchability of 1100%. The self-inter-locking of the sensor prevents the coils from uncoiling. Thanks to the intertwined-coil configuration, most of the fibers were wrapped into the coils in the configuration, thus avoiding the falling off of graphene. This special configuration also endowed our strain sensor with an ability of recovery under a strain of 400%, which is higher than the stretching limit of knees and elbows in human motion. The strain sensor detected not only subtle movements (such as perceiving a pulse and identifying spoken words), but also large movements (such as recognizing the motion of fingers, wrists, knees, etc.), showing promising application potential to perform as flexible strain sensors.
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