1
|
Cho H, Seo SE, Kwon OS, Kim HI. Photonic crystal-assisted sub-bandgap photocatalysis via triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion for the degradation of environmental organic pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135208. [PMID: 39067295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
This study explores novel approaches to enhance photocatalysis efficiency by introducing a photonic crystal (PC)-enhanced, multi-layered sub-bandgap photocatalytic reactor. The design aims to effectively utilize sub-bandgap photons that might otherwise go unused. The device consists of three types of layers: (1) two polymeric triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) layers converting low-energy green photons (λEx = 532 nm, 2.33 eV) to high-energy blue photons (λEm = 425 nm, 2.92 eV), (2) a platinum-decorated WO3 layer (Eg = 2.8 eV) serving as a visible-light photocatalyst, and (3) a PC layer optimizing both TTA-UC and photocatalysis. The integration of the PC layer resulted in a 1.9-fold increase in UC emission and a 7.9-fold enhancement in hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation, achieved under low-intensity sub-bandgap irradiation (17.6 mW cm-2). Consequently, the combined layered structure of TTA/Pt-WO3/TTA/PC achieved a remarkable 38.8-fold improvement in •OH production, leading to outstanding degradation capability for various organic pollutants (e.g., 4-chlorophenol, bisphenol A, and methylene blue). This multi-layered sub-bandgap photocatalytic structure, which uniquely combines TTA-UC and PC layers, offers valuable insights into designing efficient photocatalytic systems for future solar-driven environmental remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haein Cho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Koreaī
| | - Sung Eun Seo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Koreaī; SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Il Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Koreaī; Future City Open Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bi P, Zhang T, Guo Y, Wang J, Chua XW, Chen Z, Goh WP, Jiang C, Chia EEM, Hou J, Yang L. Donor-acceptor bulk-heterojunction sensitizer for efficient solid-state infrared-to-visible photon up-conversion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5719. [PMID: 38977685 PMCID: PMC11231359 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid-state infrared-to-visible photon up-conversion is important for spectral-tailoring applications. However, existing up-conversion systems not only suffer from low efficiencies and a need for high excitation intensity, but also exhibit a limited selection of materials and complex fabrication processes. Herein, we propose a sensitizer with a bulk-heterojunction structure, comprising both an energy donor and an energy acceptor, for triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion devices. The up-conversion occurs through charge separation at the donor-acceptor interface, followed by the formation of charge transfer state between the energy donor and annihilator following the spin statistics. The bulk-heterojunction sensitizer ensures efficient charge generation and low charge recombination. Hence, we achieve a highly efficient solid-state up-conversion device with 2.20% efficiency and low excitation intensity (10 mW cm-2) through a one-step solution method. We also demonstrate bright up-conversion devices on highly-flexible large-area substrates. This study introduces a simple and scalable platform strategy for fabricating efficient up-conversion devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengqing Bi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 637371, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianqiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xian Wei Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhihao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wei Peng Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Changyun Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Elbert E M Chia
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 637371, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianhui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Republic of Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zuo R, Ye Z, Liang H, Huo Y, Ji S. High-efficiency triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion microemulsion with facile preparation and decent air tolerance. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1309-1321. [PMID: 38839722 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Current research of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) faces difficulty such as overuse of organic solvents and quenching of excited triplet sensitizers by molecular oxygen. Herein, we propose an efficient and facile preparation strategy of TTA-UC microemulsion to overcome these issues. With simple device and short preparation process, air-stable TTA-UC with a high upconversion efficiency of 16.52% was achieved in microemulsion coassembled from TritonX114, tetrahydrofuran and upconverting chromophores (platinum octaethyl-porphyrin and 9,10-diphenylanthracene). This is comparable to the highest UC efficiency ever reported for TTA-UC microemulsion systems. The excellent UC performance of TX114-THF could be attributed to two perspectives. Firstly, small-size micelle accommodated chromophores up to high concentrations in organic phase, which promoted efficient molecular collision. Additionally, high absorbance at 532 nm ensured full use of excitation light, getting more long wavelength photons involved in the TTA-UC process. Moreover, air-stable TTA-UC also performed well in microemulsion with various surfactants, including nonionic surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 80, Triton X-110, Triton X-114), ionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) and block copolymers (pluronic F127, pluronic P123), through three conjectural assembly models according to the structural characteristics of surfactant molecules (concentrated, uncompacted and scattered). These discoveries could provide estimable reference for selection of surfactants in relevant fields of TTA-UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Zuo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang, 515200, China
| | - Zecong Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang, 515200, China.
| | - Hui Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang, 515200, China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang, 515200, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cho HH, Gorgon S, Londi G, Giannini S, Cho C, Ghosh P, Tonnelé C, Casanova D, Olivier Y, Baikie TK, Li F, Beljonne D, Greenham NC, Friend RH, Evans EW. Efficient near-infrared organic light-emitting diodes with emission from spin doublet excitons. NATURE PHOTONICS 2024; 18:905-912. [PMID: 39247521 PMCID: PMC11374703 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of luminescent organic radicals has resulted in materials with excellent optical properties for near-infrared emission. Applications of light generation in this range span from bioimaging to surveillance. Although the unpaired electron arrangements of radicals enable efficient radiative transitions within the doublet-spin manifold in organic light-emitting diodes, their performance is limited by non-radiative pathways introduced in electroluminescence. Here we present a host-guest design for organic light-emitting diodes that exploits energy transfer with up to 9.6% external quantum efficiency for 800 nm emission. The tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl-triphenyl-amine radical guest is energy-matched to the triplet state in a charge-transporting anthracene-derivative host. We show from optical spectroscopy and quantum-chemical modelling that reversible host-guest triplet-doublet energy transfer allows efficient harvesting of host triplet excitons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Hee Cho
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Giacomo Londi
- Laboratory for Computational Modelling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Present Address: Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Samuele Giannini
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
- Present Address: Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, National Research Council (ICCOM-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Changsoon Cho
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pratyush Ghosh
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire Tonnelé
- Donostia International Physics Centre, Donostia, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Centre, Donostia, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modelling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Tomi K Baikie
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Neil C Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Emrys W Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Centre for Integrative Semiconductor Materials, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lüer L, Peters IM, Corre VML, Forberich K, Guldi DM, Brabec CJ. Bypassing the Single Junction Limit with Advanced Photovoltaic Architectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308578. [PMID: 38140834 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Multijunction devices and photon up- and down-conversion are prominent concepts aimed at increasing photovoltaic efficiencies beyond the single junction limit. Integrating these concepts into advanced architectures may address long-standing issues such as processing complexity, microstructure control, and resilience against spectral changes of the incoming radiation. However, so far, no models have been established to predict the performance of such integrated architectures. Here, a simulation environment based on Bayesian optimization is presented, that can predict and virtually optimize the electrical performance of multi-junction architectures, both vertical and lateral, in combination with up- and down-conversion materials. Microstructure effects on performance are explicitly considered using machine-learned predictive models from high throughput experimentation on simpler architectures. Two architectures that would surpass the single junction limit of photovoltaic energy conversion at reasonable complexity are identified: a vertical "staggered half octave system," where selective absorption allows the use of 6 different bandgaps, and the lateral "overlapping rainbow system" where selective irradiation allows the use of a narrowband energy acceptor with reduced voltage losses, according to the energy gap law. Both architectures would be highly resilient against spectral changes, in contrast with two terminal multi-junction architectures which are limited by Kirchhoff's law.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry Lüer
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ian Marius Peters
- High Throughput Methods in Photovoltaics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vincent M Le Corre
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karen Forberich
- High Throughput Methods in Photovoltaics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- High Throughput Methods in Photovoltaics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gray V, Toolan DTW, Dowland S, Allardice JR, Weir MP, Zhang Z, Xiao J, Klimash A, Winkel JF, Holland EK, Fregoso GM, Anthony JE, Bronstein H, Friend R, Ryan AJ, Jones RAL, Greenham NC, Rao A. Ligand-Directed Self-Assembly of Organic-Semiconductor/Quantum-Dot Blend Films Enables Efficient Triplet Exciton-Photon Conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7763-7770. [PMID: 38456418 PMCID: PMC10958494 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Blends comprising organic semiconductors and inorganic quantum dots (QDs) are relevant for many optoelectronic applications and devices. However, the individual components in organic-QD blends have a strong tendency to aggregate and phase-separate during film processing, compromising both their structural and electronic properties. Here, we demonstrate a QD surface engineering approach using electronically active, highly soluble semiconductor ligands that are matched to the organic semiconductor host material to achieve well-dispersed inorganic-organic blend films, as characterized by X-ray and neutron scattering, and electron microscopies. This approach preserves the electronic properties of the organic and QD phases and also creates an optimized interface between them. We exemplify this in two emerging applications, singlet-fission-based photon multiplication (SF-PM) and triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC). Steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy shows that triplet excitons can be transferred with near unity efficiently across the organic-inorganic interface, while the organic films maintain efficient SF (190% yield) in the organic phase. By changing the relative energy between organic and inorganic components, yellow upconverted emission is observed upon 790 nm NIR excitation. Overall, we provide a highly versatile approach to overcome longstanding challenges in the blending of organic semiconductors with QDs that have relevance for many optical and optoelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gray
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 532, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel T. W. Toolan
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Engineering Building A, Booth Street
East, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Simon Dowland
- Cambridge
Photon Technology, J.
J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Jesse R. Allardice
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Michael P. Weir
- School of
Physics and Astronomy, The University of
Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Zhilong Zhang
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - James Xiao
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Anastasia Klimash
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Jurjen F. Winkel
- Cambridge
Photon Technology, J.
J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Emma K. Holland
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Garrett M. Fregoso
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Richard Friend
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Anthony J. Ryan
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Richard A. L. Jones
- John
Owens Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Neil C. Greenham
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim KJ, Kim J, Lim JT, Heo J, Park BJ, Nam H, Choi H, Yoon SS, Kim W, Kang S, Kim T. Anthracene derivatives with strong spin-orbit coupling and efficient high-lying reverse intersystem crossing beyond the El-Sayed rule. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1484-1494. [PMID: 38224142 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01850d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The attention to materials with hot exciton channel and triplet-triplet fusion (TTF) mediated high-lying reverse intersystem crossing (hRISC) has been raised for their ability to convert non-emissive 'dark' triplets into radiative singlet excitons. This spin conversion process results in high exciton utilization efficiency (EUE) that exceeds the theoretical limits. Notably, it is known that such spin conversion processes from the high-lying excited triplet to the singlet state are facilitated by the orthogonal orbital transition effect governed by the El-Sayed's rule. In this study, an anthracene derivative with indenoquinoline substituent 7,7-dimethyl-9-(10-(4-(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)anthracen-9-yl)-7H-indeno[1,2-f]quinoline (2MIQ-NPA) was synthesized and analyzed to investigate whether the hRISC process occurs in these molecules, even when the El-Sayed's rule is not followed. The hRISC channels of the emitter were fully unraveled through DFT calculations and experiments, which were quantitatively subdivided using transient electroluminescence measurements. The results showed that 2MIQ-NPA, which does not follow the El-Sayed's rule and has a relatively strong spin-orbit coupling matrix element of 0.116 cm-1 between the high-lying triplet state of T4 and the lowest singlet state of S1, effectively converted triplet excitons into singlet excitons with an EUE of 64.3%, contributed by a direct hot exciton channel of 19.2% and a TTF-mediated hot exciton channel of 15.1%. Despite the low outcoupling efficiency, the non-doped device with 2MIQ-NPA achieved an excellent device performance with an external quantum efficiency of 7.0%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Ju Kim
- Department of Information Display, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaesung Kim
- Department of Information Display, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Tae Lim
- Research on Core Technology Convergence of Metamaterials, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyeong Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Jun Park
- Department of Information Display, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyewon Nam
- Department of Information Display, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeonwoo Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Soo Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunwoo Kang
- Display Research Center, Samsung Display Co., Yongin, 17113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taekyung Kim
- Department of Information Display, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, 30016, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hu M, Belliveau E, Wu Y, Narayanan P, Feng D, Hamid R, Murrietta N, Ahmed GH, Kats MA, Congreve DN. Bulk Heterojunction Upconversion Thin Films Fabricated via One-Step Solution Deposition. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22642-22655. [PMID: 37963265 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Upconversion of near-infrared light into the visible has achieved limited success in applications due to the difficulty of creating solid-state films with high external quantum efficiency (EQE). Recent developments have expanded the range of relevant materials for solid-state triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion through the use of a charge-transfer state sensitization process. Here, we report the single-step solution-processed deposition of a bulk heterojunction upconversion film using organic semiconductors. The use of a bulk heterojunction thin film enables a high contact area between sensitizer and annihilator materials in this interface-triplet-generation mechanism and allows for a facile single-step deposition process. Demonstrations of multiple deposition and patterning methods on glass and flexible substrates show the promise of this materials system for solid-state upconversion applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manchen Hu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emma Belliveau
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Demeng Feng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Rabeeya Hamid
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Natalia Murrietta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ghada H Ahmed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mikhail A Kats
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schloemer T, Narayanan P, Zhou Q, Belliveau E, Seitz M, Congreve DN. Nanoengineering Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion: From Materials to Real-World Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3259-3288. [PMID: 36800310 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using light to control matter has captured the imagination of scientists for generations, as there is an abundance of photons at our disposal. Yet delivering photons beyond the surface to many photoresponsive systems has proven challenging, particularly at scale, due to light attenuation via absorption and scattering losses. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC), a process which allows for low energy photons to be converted to high energy photons, is poised to overcome these challenges by allowing for precise spatial generation of high energy photons due to its nonlinear nature. With a wide range of sensitizer and annihilator motifs available for TTA-UC, many researchers seek to integrate these materials in solution or solid-state applications. In this Review, we discuss nanoengineering deployment strategies and highlight their uses in recent state-of-the-art examples of TTA-UC integrated in both solution and solid-state applications. Considering both implementation tactics and application-specific requirements, we identify critical needs to push TTA-UC-based applications from an academic curiosity to a scalable technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Schloemer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emma Belliveau
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael Seitz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Goudarzi H, Koutsokeras L, Balawi AH, Sun C, Manolis GK, Gasparini N, Peisen Y, Antoniou G, Athanasopoulos S, Tselios CC, Falaras P, Varotsis C, Laquai F, Cabanillas-González J, Keivanidis PE. Microstructure-driven annihilation effects and dispersive excited state dynamics in solid-state films of a model sensitizer for photon energy up-conversion applications. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2009-2023. [PMID: 36845913 PMCID: PMC9945257 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06426j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bimolecular processes involving exciton spin-state interactions gain attention for their deployment as wavelength-shifting tools. Particularly triplet-triplet annihilation induced photon energy up-conversion (TTA-UC) holds promise to enhance the performance of solar cell and photodetection technologies. Despite the progress noted, a correlation between the solid-state microstructure of photoactuating TTA-UC organic composites and their photophysical properties is missing. This lack of knowledge impedes the effective integration of functional TTA-UC interlayers as ancillary components in operating devices. We here investigate a solution-processed model green-to-blue TTA-UC binary composite. Solid-state films of a 9,10 diphenyl anthracene (DPA) blue-emitting activator blended with a (2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-porphyrinato) PtII (PtOEP) green-absorbing sensitizer are prepared with a range of compositions and examined by a set of complementary characterization techniques. Grazing incidence X-ray diffractometry (GIXRD) measurements identify three PtOEP composition regions wherein the DPA:PtOEP composite microstructure varies due to changes in the packing motifs of the DPA and PtOEP phases. In Region 1 (≤2 wt%) DPA is semicrystalline and PtOEP is amorphous, in Region 2 (between 2 and 10 wt%) both DPA and PtOEP phases are amorphous, and in Region 3 (≥10 wt%) DPA remains amorphous and PtOEP is semicrystalline. GIXRD further reveals the metastable DPA-β polymorph species as the dominant DPA phase in Region 1. Composition dependent UV-vis and FT-IR measurements identify physical PtOEP dimers, irrespective of the structural order in the PtOEP phase. Time-gated photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy imaging confirm the presence of PtOEP aggregates, even after dispersing DPA:PtOEP in amorphous poly(styrene). When arrested in Regions 1 and 2, DPA:PtOEP exhibits delayed PtOEP fluorescence at 580 nm that follows a power-law decay on the ns time scale. The origin of PtOEP delayed fluorescence is unraveled by temperature- and fluence-dependent PL experiments. Triplet PtOEP excitations undergo dispersive diffusion and enable TTA reactions that activate the first singlet-excited (S1) PtOEP state. The effect is reproduced when PtOEP is mixed with a poly(fluorene-2-octyl) (PFO) derivative. Transient absorption measurements on PFO:PtOEP films find that selective PtOEP photoexcitation activates the S1 of PFO within ∼100 fs through an up-converted 3(d, d*) PtII-centered state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Goudarzi
- Centre for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Loukas Koutsokeras
- Device Technology and Chemical Physics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology 3041 Limassol Cyprus
| | - Ahmed H Balawi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE) 23955-6900 Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chen Sun
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco Calle Faraday 9 ES 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Giorgos K Manolis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos" 15341 Agia Paraskevi Athens Greece
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE) 23955-6900 Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London W120BZ UK
| | - Yuan Peisen
- Device Technology and Chemical Physics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology 3041 Limassol Cyprus
| | - Giannis Antoniou
- Device Technology and Chemical Physics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology 3041 Limassol Cyprus
| | | | - Charalampos C Tselios
- Environmental Biocatalysis and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology 3603 Limassol Cyprus
| | - Polycarpos Falaras
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos" 15341 Agia Paraskevi Athens Greece
| | - Constantinos Varotsis
- Environmental Biocatalysis and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology 3603 Limassol Cyprus
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE) 23955-6900 Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Panagiotis E Keivanidis
- Device Technology and Chemical Physics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology 3041 Limassol Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zähringer TJB, Moghtader JA, Bertrams MS, Roy B, Uji M, Yanai N, Kerzig C. Blue-to-UVB Upconversion, Solvent Sensitization and Challenging Bond Activation Enabled by a Benzene-Based Annihilator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215340. [PMID: 36398891 PMCID: PMC10108172 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several energy-demanding photoreactions require harsh UV light from inefficient light sources. The conversion of low-energy visible light to high-energy singlet states via triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) could offer a solution for driving such reactions under mild conditions. We present the first annihilator with an emission maximum in the UVB region that, combined with an organic sensitizer, is suitable for blue-to-UVB upconversion. The annihilator singlet was successfully employed as an energy donor in subsequent FRET activations of aliphatic carbonyls. This hitherto unreported UC-FRET reaction sequence was directly monitored using laser spectroscopy and applied to mechanistic irradiation experiments demonstrating the feasibility of Norrish chemistry. Our results provide clear evidence for a novel blue light-driven substrate or solvent activation strategy, which is important in the context of developing more sustainable light-to-chemical energy conversion systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Till J B Zähringer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julian A Moghtader
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bibhisan Roy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Uji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gong N, Xu B, Mo J, Man T, Qiu J. Defect engineering of inorganic sensitizers for efficient triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
|
13
|
Sullivan CM, Nienhaus L. Generating spin-triplet states at the bulk perovskite/organic interface for photon upconversion. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:998-1013. [PMID: 36594272 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05767k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite-sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion (UC) holds potential for practical applications of solid-state UC ranging from photovoltaics to sensing and imaging technologies. As the triplet sensitizer, the underlying perovskite properties heavily influence the generation of spin-triplet states once interfaced with the organic annihilator molecule, typically polyacene derivatives. Presently, most reported perovskite TTA-UC systems have utilized rubrene doped with ∼1% dibenzotetraphenylperiflanthene (RubDBP) as the annihilator/emitter species. However, practical applications require a larger apparent anti-Stokes than is currently achievable with this system due to the inherent 0.4 eV energy loss during triplet generation. In this minireview, we present the current understanding of the triplet sensitization process at the perovskite/organic semiconductor interface and introduce additional promising annihilators based on anthracene derivatives into the discussion of future directions in perovskite-sensitized TTA-UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colette M Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Lea Nienhaus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Han P, Xia E, Qin A, Tang BZ. Adjustable and smart AIEgens for nondoped blue and deep blue organic light-emitting diodes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
15
|
Wei L, Fan C, Rao M, Gao F, He C, Sun Y, Zhu S, He Q, Yang C, Wu W. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in LAPONITE®/PVP nanocomposites: absolute quantum yields of up to 23.8% in the solid state and application to anti-counterfeiting. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:3048-3056. [PMID: 36213984 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00887d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The low quantum efficiency in the solid phase and the highly efficient quenching by oxygen are two major weaknesses limiting the practical applications of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion (UC). Herein, we report an organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites fabricated by self-assembly of LAPONITE® clay and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP), which serves as excellent matrix for solid-state TTA-UC even in air. In the hybrid hydrogel doped by TTA-UC components, the anionic acceptors are arranged in an ordered manner at the nano-disk edge through electrostatic attraction, which avoids haphazard accumulation of the acceptors and allows for highly efficient inter-acceptor triplet energy migration. Moreover, the entangled PVP could not only protect the triplet excitons from oxygen quenching but even proactively eliminate oxygen by photoirradiation. Significantly, the dried gel prepared by completely removing water from the hydrogel gave absolute UC quantum efficiencies of up to 23.8% (out of a 50% maximum), which is the highest TTA-UC efficiency obtained in the solid state. The dried gels are readily made into powder by grinding with maintained UC emissions, making them convenient for application to information encryption and anti-counterfeiting security by virtue of the high UC quantum efficiency and insensitivity to oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Chunying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Fanrui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Cheng He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yujiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Sijia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Qiuhui He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ha DG, Wan R, Kim CA, Lin TA, Yang L, Van Voorhis T, Baldo MA, Dincă M. Exchange controlled triplet fusion in metal-organic frameworks. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:1275-1281. [PMID: 36202994 PMCID: PMC9622415 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-fusion-based photon upconversion holds promise for a wide range of applications, from photovoltaics to bioimaging. The efficiency of triplet fusion, however, is fundamentally limited in conventional molecular and polymeric systems by its spin dependence. Here, we show that the inherent tailorability of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), combined with their highly porous but ordered structure, minimizes intertriplet exchange coupling and engineers effective spin mixing between singlet and quintet triplet-triplet pair states. We demonstrate singlet-quintet coupling in a pyrene-based MOF, NU-1000. An anomalous magnetic field effect is observed from NU-1000 corresponding to an induced resonance between singlet and quintet states that yields an increased fusion rate at room temperature under a relatively low applied magnetic field of 0.14 T. Our results suggest that MOFs offer particular promise for engineering the spin dynamics of multiexcitonic processes and improving their upconversion performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gwang Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruomeng Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Changhae Andrew Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ting-An Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luming Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marc A Baldo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Recent Advances in the Photoreactions Triggered by Porphyrin-Based Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Systems: Molecular Innovations and Nanoarchitectonics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148041. [PMID: 35887385 PMCID: PMC9323209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is a very promising technology that could be used to convert low-energy photons to high-energy ones and has been proven to be of great value in various areas. Porphyrins have the characteristics of high molar absorbance, can form a complex with different metal ions and a high proportion of triplet states as well as tunable structures, and thus they are important sensitizers for TTA-UC. Porphyrin-based TTA-UC plays a pivotal role in the TTA-UC systems and has been widely used in many fields such as solar cells, sensing and circularly polarized luminescence. In recent years, applications of porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems for photoinduced reactions have emerged, but have been paid little attention. As a consequence, this review paid close attention to the recent advances in the photoreactions triggered by porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems. First of all, the photochemistry of porphyrin-based TTA-UC for chemical transformations, such as photoisomerization, photocatalytic synthesis, photopolymerization, photodegradation and photochemical/photoelectrochemical water splitting, was discussed in detail, which revealed the different mechanisms of TTA-UC and methods with which to carry out reasonable molecular innovations and nanoarchitectonics to solve the existing problems in practical application. Subsequently, photoreactions driven by porphyrin-based TTA-UC for biomedical applications were demonstrated. Finally, the future developments of porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems for photoreactions were briefly discussed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) is a spin-allowed conversion of two triplet states into one singlet excited state, which provides an efficient route to generate a photon of higher frequency than the incident light. Multiple energy transfer steps between absorbing (sensitizer) and emitting (annihilator) molecular species are involved in the TTA based photon upconversion process. TTA compounds have recently been studied for solar energy applications, even though the maximum upconversion efficiency of 50 % is yet to be achieved. With the aid of quantum calculations and based on a few key requirements, several design principles have been established to develop the well-functioning annihilators. However, a complete molecular level understanding of triplet fusion dynamics is still missing. In this work, we have employed multi-reference electronic structure methods along with quantum dynamics to obtain a detailed and fundamental understanding of TTA mechanism in naphthalene. Our results suggest that the TTA process in naphthalene is mediated by conical intersections. In addition, we have explored the triplet fusion dynamics under the influence of strong light-matter coupling and found an increase of the TTA based upconversion efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Gudem
- Department of PhysicsStockholm UniversityAlbanova University CentreSE-106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of PhysicsStockholm UniversityAlbanova University CentreSE-106 91StockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang X, Xu Y, Valenzuela C, Zhang X, Wang L, Feng W, Li Q. Liquid crystal-templated chiral nanomaterials: from chiral plasmonics to circularly polarized luminescence. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:223. [PMID: 35835737 PMCID: PMC9283403 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chiral nanomaterials with intrinsic chirality or spatial asymmetry at the nanoscale are currently in the limelight of both fundamental research and diverse important technological applications due to their unprecedented physicochemical characteristics such as intense light-matter interactions, enhanced circular dichroism, and strong circularly polarized luminescence. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art advances in liquid crystal-templated chiral nanomaterials. The chiroptical properties of chiral nanomaterials are touched, and their fundamental design principles and bottom-up synthesis strategies are discussed. Different chiral functional nanomaterials based on liquid-crystalline soft templates, including chiral plasmonic nanomaterials and chiral luminescent nanomaterials, are systematically introduced, and their underlying mechanisms, properties, and potential applications are emphasized. This review concludes with a perspective on the emerging applications, challenges, and future opportunities of such fascinating chiral nanomaterials. This review can not only deepen our understanding of the fundamentals of soft-matter chirality, but also shine light on the development of advanced chiral functional nanomaterials toward their versatile applications in optics, biology, catalysis, electronics, and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300350, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiyi Xu
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, 211189, Nanjing, China
| | - Cristian Valenzuela
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300350, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinfang Zhang
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300350, Tianjin, China.
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300350, Tianjin, China.
| | - Quan Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, 211189, Nanjing, China.
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen H, Ding B, Ma P, Lin J. Recent progress in upconversion nanomaterials for emerging optical biological applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114414. [PMID: 35809867 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have made them the ideal "partner" for a variety of biological applications. In this review, we describe the emerging biological optical applications of UCNPs, focus on their potential therapeutic advantages. Firstly, we briefly review the development and mechanisms of upconversion luminescence, including organic and inorganic UCNPs. Next, in the section on UCNPs for imaging and detection, we list the development of UCNPs in visualization, temperature sensing, and detection. In the section on therapy, recent results are described concerning optogenetics and neurotherapy. Tumor therapy is another major part of this section, including the synergistic application of phototherapy such as photoimmunotherapy. In a special section, we briefly cover the integration of UCNPs in therapeutics. Finally, we present our understanding of the limitations and prospects of applications of UCNPs in biological fields, hoping to provide a more comprehensive understanding of UCNPs and attract more attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Binbin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Ping'an Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang C, Li L, Xu L, Ye C, Han P, Wang M, Liu R, Chen S, Wang X, Song Y. Micellar Ratiometric Fluorescent Blood pH Probe Based on Triplet-Sensitized Upconversion and Energy-Transfer Behaviors. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5758-5765. [PMID: 35715231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of pH is greatly significant in monitoring physiological and biochemical states. In this work, a novel micellar ratiometric fluorescent probe featuring sophisticated energy-transfer (ET) behaviors with p-nitrophenol (PNP) as the energy acceptor and a triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) system as the energy donor was designed. The pH-induced molecular configuration of PNP determined the process for the transfer of energy from TTA-UC to PNP. The introduction of the TTA-UC system enabled probe excitation under a long wavelength and afforded a ratiometric signal for pH detection with excellent reliability over diverse interfering factors. This TTA-UC/ET pH probe demonstrated a high sensitivity to hydronium below nanomolar concentrations and an excellent anti-interference ability in serum samples, which provided a novel significant strategy for rapid and accurate detection of blood pH in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Changqing Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Pengju Han
- Textile and Garment Industry of Research Institute, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Renjie Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Shuoran Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee H, Lee MS, Uji M, Harada N, Park JM, Lee J, Seo SE, Park CS, Kim J, Park SJ, Bhang SH, Yanai N, Kimizuka N, Kwon OS, Kim JH. Nanoencapsulated Phase-Change Materials: Versatile and Air-Tolerant Platforms for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4132-4143. [PMID: 35019270 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and long-term stable triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) can be achieved by effectively protecting the excited organic triplet ensembles from photoinduced oxygen quenching, and discovery of a new material platform that promotes TTA-UC in ambient conditions is of paramount importance for practical applications. In this study, we present the first demonstration of an organic nonparaffin phase-change material (PCM) as an air-tolerant medium for TTA-UC with a unique solid-liquid phase transition in response to temperature variation. For the proposed concept, 2,4-hexadien-1-ol is used and extensively characterized with several key features, including good solvation capacity, mild melting point (30.5 °C), and exclusive antioxidant property, enabling a high-efficiency, low-threshold, and photostable TTA-UC system without energy-intensive degassing processes. In-depth characterization reveals that the triplet diffusion among the transient species, i.e., 3sensitizer* and 3acceptor*, is efficient and well protected from oxygen quenching in both aerated liquid- and solid-phase 2,4-hexadien-1-ol. We also propose a new strategy for the nanoencapsulation of PCM by employing hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles as vehicles. This scheme is applicable to both aqueous- and solid-phase TTA-UC systems as well as suitable for various applications, such as thermal energy storage and smart drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haklae Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Myung-Soo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Masanori Uji
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Harada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jeong-Min Park
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sung Eun Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Chul Soon Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jinyeong Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Seon Joo Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioinformatics (Major), University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li X, Wang G, Li J, Sun Y, Deng X, Zhang K. Intense Organic Afterglow Enabled by Molecular Engineering in Dopant-Matrix Systems. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1587-1600. [PMID: 34963292 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report intense dopant-matrix afterglow systems with an afterglow efficiency (ΦAG) of 47% and an afterglow lifetime (τAG) of 1.3 s. Luminescent difluoroboron β-diketonate (BF2bdk) dopants and their deuterated counterparts are designed with naphthalene and carboxylic acid groups. After doping into benzoic acid (BA) matrices, room-temperature afterglow brightness and afterglow duration of the BF2bdk-BA materials have unexpectedly been found to reach the levels of those at 77 K, which indicates that hydrogen bonding between BF2bdk and BA, as well as the deuteration technique, can reduce knr + kq of BF2bdk triplets to very small values even at room temperature. Detailed studies reveal that the BF2bdk possesses typical 1ICT characters in the S1 state and distinct 3LE composition in the T1 state, and thus shows a high ΦISC and a small kP to obtain a high ΦAG and a long τAG. Besides, triplet-triplet annihilation has been found in the dopant-matrix system at high doping concentrations to further increase ΦAG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjian Deng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaka Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wan R, Ha DG, Dou JH, Lee WS, Chen T, Oppenheim JJ, Li J, Tisdale WA, Dincă M. Dipole-mediated exciton management strategy enabled by reticular chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10792-10797. [PMID: 36320711 PMCID: PMC9491208 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectively blocking undesirable exciton transfer pathways is crucial for utilizing exciton conversion processes that involve participation of multiple chromophores. This is particularly challenging for solid-state systems, where the chromophores are fixed in close proximity. For instance, the low efficiency of solid-state triplet–triplet upconversion calls for inhibiting the parasitic singlet back-transfer without blocking the flow of triplet excitons. Here, we present a reticular chemistry strategy that inhibits the resonance energy transfer of singlet excitons. Within a pillared layer metal–organic framework (MOF), pyrene-based singlet donors are situated perpendicular to porphyrin-based acceptors. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction enable direct visualization of the structural relationship between donor and acceptor (D–A) chromophores within the MOF. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements reveal that the structural and symmetry features of the MOF reduce the donor-to-acceptor singlet transfer efficiency to less than 36% compared to around 96% in the control sample, where the relative orientation of the donor and acceptor chromophores cannot be controlled. A strategy is designed to selectively block undesirable pathways in photophysical processes that consist of a mixture of Förster and Dexter energy transfer steps.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruomeng Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dong-Gwang Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jin-Hu Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Woo Seok Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tianyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julius J. Oppenheim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William A. Tisdale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gao C, Wong WWH, Qin Z, Lo SC, Namdas EB, Dong H, Hu W. Application of Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in Organic Optoelectronic Devices: Advances and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100704. [PMID: 34596295 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor materials have been widely used in various optoelectronic devices due to their rich optical and/or electrical properties, which are highly related to their excited states. Therefore, how to manage and utilize the excited states in organic semiconductors is essential for the realization of high-performance optoelectronic devices. Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion is a unique process of converting two non-emissive triplet excitons to one singlet exciton with higher energy. Efficient optical-to-electrical devices can be realized by harvesting sub-bandgap photons through TTA-based upconversion. In electrical-to-optical devices, triplets generated after the combination of electrons and holes also can be efficiently utilized via TTA, which resulted in a high internal conversion efficiency of 62.5%. Currently, many interesting explorations and significant advances have been demonstrated in these fields. In this review, a comprehensive summary of these intriguing advances on developing efficient TTA upconversion materials and their application in optoelectronic devices is systematically given along with some discussions. Finally, the key challenges and perspectives of TTA upconversion systems for further improvement for optoelectronic devices and other related research directions are provided. This review hopes to provide valuable guidelines for future related research and advancement in organic optoelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wallace W H Wong
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Zhengsheng Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shih-Chun Lo
- Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ebinazar B Namdas
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Luo G, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Yu T, Chen J, Hu R, Yang G, Li Y. Funneling and Enhancing Upconversion Emission by Light-Harvesting Molecular Wires. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9525-9530. [PMID: 34559971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion has shown promising potentials in the augmentation of solar energy conversion. However, challenging issues exist in improving TTA upconversion efficiencies in solid-states, one of which is the back energy transfer from upconverted singlet annihilators to sensitizers, resulting in decreasing upconversion emission. Here we present a light-harvesting molecular wire consisting of dendrons with 9,10-diphenylanthracene derivatives (DPAEH) at the periphery and p-phenylene ethynylene oligomers (PPE) as the wire core. The peripheral DPAEH antenna funnels singlet excitonic energy to the wire on a 12 ps time scale. Incorporating the molecular wire into the TTA upconversion solid consisting of the DPAEH annihilator and the porphyrin sensitizer evidently improves the upconversion quantum yield from 1.5% to 2.7% upon 532 nm excitation by suppressing the back energy transfer from the singlet annihilator to the sensitizer. This finding offers a potential route to use a singlet energy light-harvesting architecture for enhancing TTA upconversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiwen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yeqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rigsby EM, Miyashita T, Fishman DA, Roberts ST, Tang ML. CdSe nanocrystal sensitized photon upconverting film. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31042-31046. [PMID: 35498919 PMCID: PMC9041432 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, films using CdSe nanocrystal (NC) triplet photosensitizers in conjunction with diphenylanthracene (DPA) emitters were assembled to address several challenges to practical applications for solution-based photon upconversion. By using poly(9-vinylcarbazole) as a phosphorescent host in this film, volatile organic solvents are eliminated, the spontaneous crystallization of the emitter is significantly retarded, and ∼1.5% photon upconversion quantum yield (out of a maximum of 50%) is obtained. Transient absorption spectroscopy on nanosecond-to-microsecond time scales reveals this efficiency is enabled by an exceptionally long triplet lifetime of 3.4 ± 0.3 ms. Ultimately, we find the upconversion efficiency is limited by incomplete triplet–triplet annihilation, which occurs with a rate 3–4 orders of magnitude slower than in solution-phase upconversion systems. Here, films using CdSe nanocrystal (NC) triplet photosensitizers in conjunction with diphenylanthracene (DPA) emitters doe for the conversion of green to blue light.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Rigsby
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Tsumugi Miyashita
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Dmitry A Fishman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Sean T Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Ming L Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wu M, Lin TA, Tiepelt JO, Bulović V, Baldo MA. Nanocrystal-Sensitized Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion in a Microcavity under Subsolar Flux. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1011-1016. [PMID: 33445875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Infrared-to-visible photon upconversion could benefit applications such as photovoltaics, infrared sensing, and bioimaging. Solid-state upconversion based on triplet exciton annihilation sensitized by nanocrystals is one of the most promising approaches, albeit limited by relatively weak optical absorption. Here, we integrate the upconverting layers into a Fabry-Pérot microcavity with quality factor Q = 75. At the resonant wavelength λ = 980 nm, absorption increases 74-fold and we observe a 227-fold increase in the intensity of upconverted emission. The threshold excitation intensity is reduced by 2 orders of magnitude to a subsolar flux of 13 mW/cm2. We measure an external quantum efficiency of 0.06 ± 0.01% and a 2.2-fold increase in the generation yield of upconverted photons. Our work highlights the potential of triplet-triplet annihilation-based upconversion in low-intensity sensing applications and demonstrates the importance of photonic designs in addition to materials engineering to improve the efficiency of solid-state upconversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ting-An Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jan O Tiepelt
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marc A Baldo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sakamoto Y, Tamai Y, Ohkita H. Sensitizer–host–annihilator ternary-cascaded triplet energy landscape for efficient photon upconversion in the solid state. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:161102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0025438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sakamoto
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunari Tamai
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hideo Ohkita
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|