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Badloe T, Yang Y, Lee S, Jeon D, Youn J, Kim DS, Rho J. Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Metasurfaces for Instantaneous Measurements of Dispersive Refractive Index. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403143. [PMID: 39225343 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Measurements of the refractive index of liquids are in high demand in numerous fields such as agriculture, food and beverages, and medicine. However, conventional ellipsometric refractive index measurements are too expensive and labor-intensive for consumer devices, while Abbe refractometry is limited to the measurement at a single wavelength. Here, a new approach is proposed using machine learning to unlock the potential of colorimetric metasurfaces for the real-time measurement of the dispersive refractive index of liquids over the entire visible spectrum. The platform with a proof-of-concept experiment for measuring the concentration of glucose is further demonstrated, which holds a profound impact in non-invasive medical sensing. High-index-dielectric metasurfaces are designed and fabricated, while their experimentally measured reflectance and reflected colors, through microscopy and a standard smartphone, are used to train deep-learning models to provide measurements of the dispersive background refractive index with a resolution of ≈10-4, which is comparable to the known index as measured with ellipsometry. These results show the potential of enabling the unique optical properties of metasurfaces with machine learning to create a platform for the quick, simple, and high-resolution measurement of the dispersive refractive index of liquids, without the need for highly specialized experts and optical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevon Badloe
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokho Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseung Youn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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Yang Y, Jung W, Hur C, Kim H, Shin J, Choi M, Rho J. Angle-Resolved Polarimetry with Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum Plasmonic Metamaterials via 3D Aerosol Nanoprinting. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12771-12780. [PMID: 38708928 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) plasmonic metamaterials, featuring well-arranged subwavelength nanostructures, facilitate effective coupling between electrical dipoles and incident electromagnetic waves. This coupling allows for unique optical responses including localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and quasi-bound states in the continuum (q-BIC). While 3D plasmonic metamaterials with LSPR and q-BIC have been independently explored for sensors, achieving simultaneous optical responses in the near-infrared region remains challenging. Here, we present 3D plasmonic metamaterials that integrate LSPR and q-BIC within a single π-shaped plasmonic structure, fabricated using a 3D aerosol nanoprinting technique. This printing technique controls the local electrostatic field to precisely position charged metallic nanoaerosols, enabling parallel printing of π-shaped plasmonic structures under ambient conditions. The printed π-shaped plasmonic structures exhibit two distinct optical modes: x-polarization-sensitive LSPR and transverse magnetic mode-sensitive q-BIC within the near-infrared region. Exploiting these dual optical responses, we demonstrate simultaneous polarization detection and incident angle analysis by integrating the π-shaped plasmonic structures into commercial Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, termed "numerical aperture-detective polarimetry". This approach holds promise for evaluating alignment in optical and imaging systems with light distribution analysis. Furthermore, the 3D aerosol nanoprinting technique provides an avenue for fabricating 3D plasmonic metamaterials with intricate geometries and optical properties, expanding their potential applications in nano-optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooik Jung
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Creative Convergence Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Changnyeong Hur
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyeon Shin
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mansoo Choi
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSCTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Tang P, Kim Y, Badloe T, Xiao L, Yang Y, Kim M, Rho J, Li G. Polarization-independent edge detection based on the spin-orbit interaction of light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:17560-17570. [PMID: 38858937 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In previous edge detection schemes based on the spin-orbit interaction of light, the direction and intensity of the edge-enhanced images are influenced by the incident polarization state. In this study, we develop an edge detection strategy that is insensitive to changes in both the incident polarization and the incident angle. The output intensity and transfer function remain entirely impervious to changes in incident polarization, being explicitly formulated as functions of the incident angle, specifically in terms of cot 2θ i and cotθ i , respectively. This behavior is attributed to the opposing nature of the polarization components E~r H-H and E~r V-V in the x-direction after undergoing mapping through the Glan polarizer, while the sum of polarization components E~r H-V and E~r V-H in the y-direction can be simplified to terms independent of incident polarization. Furthermore, we propose a metasurface design to achieve the required optical properties in order to realize the derived edge detection scheme.
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Shi Y, Wan S, Dai C, Wang Z, Li Z, Li Z. On-Chip Meta-Optics for Engineering Arbitrary Trajectories with Longitudinal Polarization Variation. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2063-2070. [PMID: 38299886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
On-chip integrated meta-optics promise to achieve high-performance and compact integrated photonic devices. To arbitrarily engineer the optical trajectory along the propagation path in an on-chip integrated scheme is of significance in fundamental physics and various emerging applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate an on-chip metasurface integrated on a waveguide to enable predefined arbitrary optical trajectories in the visible regime. By transformation of the transverse phase to generate longitudinal mapping, the guided waves are extracted and molded into any different optical trajectories (parabola, hyperbola, and cosine). More intriguingly, predefined polarization states with longitudinal variation are also successfully imparted along the trajectory. Owing to the on-chip propagation scheme, the trajectories are uniquely free from zero-order diffraction interference, naturally having a higher signal-to-noise ratio beyond conventional free-space forms. Overall, such on-chip optical trajectory engineering allows for miniaturized integration and can find paths in potential applications of complex optical manipulation, advanced laser fabrication, and microscopic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Shi
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuai Wan
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chenjie Dai
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zejing Wang
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhongyang Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China
- School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Latif S, Kim J, Khaliq HS, Mahmood N, Ansari MA, Chen X, Akbar J, Badloe T, Zubair M, Massoud Y, Mehmood MQ, Rho J. Spin-Selective Angular Dispersion Control in Dielectric Metasurfaces for Multichannel Meta-Holographic Displays. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:708-714. [PMID: 38165767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Angle-dependent next-generation displays have potential applications in 3D stereoscopic and head-mounted displays, image combiners, and encryption for augmented reality (AR) and security. Metasurfaces enable such exceptional functionalities with groundbreaking achievements in efficient displays over the past decades. However, limitations in angular dispersion control make them unfit for numerous nanophotonic applications. Here, we propose a spin-selective angle-dependent all-dielectric metasurface with a unique design strategy to manifest distinct phase information at different incident angles of light. As a proof of concept, the phase masks of two images are encoded into the metasurface and projected at the desired focal plane under different angles of left circularly polarized (LCP) light. Specifically, the proposed multifunctional metasurface generates two distinct holographic images under LCP illumination at angles of +35 and -35°. The presented holographic displays may provide a feasible route toward multifunctional meta-devices for potential AR displays, encrypted imaging, and information storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Latif
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hafiz Saad Khaliq
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Afnan Ansari
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Jehan Akbar
- Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yehia Massoud
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Barulin A, Kim Y, Oh DK, Jang J, Park H, Rho J, Kim I. Dual-wavelength metalens enables Epi-fluorescence detection from single molecules. Nat Commun 2024; 15:26. [PMID: 38167868 PMCID: PMC10761847 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy is at the heart of molecular biophysics research and the most sensitive biosensing assays. The growing demand for precision medicine and environmental monitoring requires the creation of miniaturized and portable sensing platforms. However, the need for highly sophisticated objective lenses has precluded the development of single molecule detection systems for truly portable devices. Here, we propose a dielectric metalens device of submicrometer thickness to excite and collect light from fluorescent molecules instead of an objective lens. The high numerical aperture, high focusing efficiency, and dual-wavelength operation of the metalens enable the implementation of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with a single Alexa 647 molecule in the focal volume. Moreover, the metalens enables real-time monitoring of individual fluorescent nanoparticle transitions and identification of hydrodynamic diameters ranging from a few to hundreds of nanometers. This advancement in sensitivity extends the application of the metalens technology to ultracompact single-molecule sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Barulin
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemi Park
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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7
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So S, Yun J, Ko B, Lee D, Kim M, Noh J, Park C, Park J, Rho J. Radiative Cooling for Energy Sustainability: From Fundamentals to Fabrication Methods Toward Commercialization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305067. [PMID: 37949679 PMCID: PMC10787071 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Radiative cooling, a technology that lowers the temperature of terrestrial objects by dissipating heat into outer space, presents a promising ecologically-benign solution for sustainable cooling. Recent years witness substantial progress in radiative cooling technologies, bringing them closer to commercialization. This comprehensive review provides a structured overview of radiative cooling technologies, encompassing essential principles, fabrication techniques, and practical applications, with the goal of guiding researchers toward successful commercialization. The review begins by introducing the fundamentals of radiative cooling and the associated design strategies to achieve it. Then, various fabrication methods utilized for the realization of radiative cooling devices are thoroughly discussed. This discussion includes detailed assessments of scalability, fabrication costs, and performance considerations, encompassing both structural designs and fabrication techniques. Building upon these insights, potential fabrication approaches suitable for practical applications and commercialization are proposed. Further, the recent efforts made toward the practical applications of radiative cooling technology, including its visual appearance, switching capability, and compatibility are examined. By encompassing a broad range of topics, from fundamental principles to fabrication and applications, this review aims to bridge the gap between theoretical research and real-world implementation, fostering the advancement and widespread adoption of radiative cooling technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunae So
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electro-Mechanical Systems Engineering, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyeong Yun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungsu Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasol Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebum Noh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Cherry Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyeong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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8
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Abstract
Metalenses have the potential to revolutionize optical devices into the next generation of consumer devices. Through new inventive strategies, metalenses with advanced functionalities have been released to integrate multiple responses into a single flat device. Here, we design metalenses that are sensitive to the incident spin angular momentum to provide three distinct modes based on the handedness of the incident and transmitted light. Propagation phase is employed to encode a hyperbolic lens phase to the metalens, while geometric phase is exploited for additional spin-selective properties. We experimentally demonstrate two different metalenses: the co-polarized channels function as a standard metalens, while the cross-polarized channels (1) deflect and (2) introduce orbital angular momentum to the transmitted light. We experimentally characterize the metalenses and prove their use for spin-selective imaging of visible light. We envision that such trichannel metalenses could be employed in chiral bioimaging, optical computing, and computer vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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9
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Badloe T, Kim Y, Kim J, Park H, Barulin A, Diep YN, Cho H, Kim WS, Kim YK, Kim I, Rho J. Bright-Field and Edge-Enhanced Imaging Using an Electrically Tunable Dual-Mode Metalens. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37490514 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The imaging of microscopic biological samples faces numerous difficulties due to their small feature sizes and low-amplitude contrast. Metalenses have shown great promise in bioimaging as they have access to the complete complex information, which, alongside their extremely small and compact footprint and potential to integrate multiple functionalities into a single device, allow for miniaturized microscopy with exceptional features. Here, we design and experimentally realize a dual-mode metalens integrated with a liquid crystal cell that can be electrically switched between bright-field and edge-enhanced imaging on the millisecond scale. We combine the concepts of geometric and propagation phase to design the dual-mode metalens and physically encode the required phase profiles using hydrogenated amorphous silicon for operation at visible wavelengths. The two distinct metalens phase profiles include (1) a conventional hyperbolic metalens for bright-field imaging and (2) a spiral metalens with a topological charge of +1 for edge-enhanced imaging. We demonstrate the focusing and vortex generation ability of the metalens under different states of circular polarization and prove its use for biological imaging. This work proves a method for in vivo observation and monitoring of the cell response and drug screening within a compact form factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemi Park
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleksandr Barulin
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yen N Diep
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansang Cho
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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10
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Yang Y, Seong J, Choi M, Park J, Kim G, Kim H, Jeong J, Jung C, Kim J, Jeon G, Lee KI, Yoon DH, Rho J. Integrated metasurfaces for re-envisioning a near-future disruptive optical platform. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:152. [PMID: 37339970 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have been continuously garnering attention in both scientific and industrial fields, owing to their unprecedented wavefront manipulation capabilities using arranged subwavelength artificial structures. To date, research has mainly focused on the full control of electromagnetic characteristics, including polarization, phase, amplitude, and even frequencies. Consequently, versatile possibilities of electromagnetic wave control have been achieved, yielding practical optical components such as metalenses, beam-steerers, metaholograms, and sensors. Current research is now focused on integrating the aforementioned metasurfaces with other standard optical components (e.g., light-emitting diodes, charged-coupled devices, micro-electro-mechanical systems, liquid crystals, heaters, refractive optical elements, planar waveguides, optical fibers, etc.) for commercialization with miniaturization trends of optical devices. Herein, this review describes and classifies metasurface-integrated optical components, and subsequently discusses their promising applications with metasurface-integrated optical platforms including those of augmented/virtual reality, light detection and ranging, and sensors. In conclusion, this review presents several challenges and prospects that are prevalent in the field in order to accelerate the commercialization of metasurfaces-integrated optical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyeong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeon Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoseon Jeon
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Lee
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yoon
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Santonocito A, Patrizi B, Toci G. Recent Advances in Tunable Metasurfaces and Their Application in Optics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101633. [PMID: 37242049 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces can be opportunely and specifically designed to manipulate electromagnetic wavefronts. In recent years, a large variety of metasurface-based optical devices such as planar lenses, beam deflectors, polarization converters, and so on have been designed and fabricated. Of particular interest are tunable metasurfaces, which allow the modulation of the optical response of a metasurface; for instance, the variation in the focal length of a converging metalens. Response tunability can be achieved through external sources that modify the permittivity of the materials constituting the nanoatoms, the substrate, or both. The modulation sources can be classified into electromagnetic fields, thermal sources, mechanical stressors, and electrical bias. Beside this, we will consider optical modulation and multiple approach tuning strategies. A great variety of tunable materials have been used in metasurface engineering, such as transparent conductive oxides, ferroelectrics, phase change materials, liquid crystals, and semiconductors. The possibility of tuning the optical properties of these metamaterials is very important for several applications spanning from basic optics to applied optics for communications, depth sensing, holographic displays, and biochemical sensors. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on electro-optical magnetic, mechanical, and thermal tuning of metasurfaces actually fabricated and experimentally tested in recent years. At the end of the review, a short section on possible future perspectives and applications is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Santonocito
- National Institute of Optics-National Research Council (INO-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Patrizi
- National Institute of Optics-National Research Council (INO-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Guido Toci
- National Institute of Optics-National Research Council (INO-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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12
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Kim J, Seong J, Kim W, Lee GY, Kim S, Kim H, Moon SW, Oh DK, Yang Y, Park J, Jang J, Kim Y, Jeong M, Park C, Choi H, Jeon G, Lee KI, Yoon DH, Park N, Lee B, Lee H, Rho J. Scalable manufacturing of high-index atomic layer-polymer hybrid metasurfaces for metaphotonics in the visible. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:474-481. [PMID: 36959502 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metalenses are attractive alternatives to conventional bulky refractive lenses owing to their superior light-modulating performance and sub-micrometre-scale thicknesses; however, limitations in existing fabrication techniques, including high cost, low throughput and small patterning area, have hindered their mass production. Here we demonstrate low-cost and high-throughput mass production of large-aperture visible metalenses using deep-ultraviolet argon fluoride immersion lithography and wafer-scale nanoimprint lithography. Once a 12″ master stamp is imprinted, hundreds of centimetre-scale metalenses can be fabricated using a thinly coated high-index film to enhance light confinement, resulting in a substantial increase in conversion efficiency. As a proof of concept, an ultrathin virtual reality device created with the printed metalens demonstrates its potential towards the scalable manufacturing of metaphotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Yeal Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Won Moon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanwoong Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoseon Jeon
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Lee
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yoon
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Namkyoo Park
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungho Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Jang J, Jeong M, Lee J, Kim S, Yun H, Rho J. Planar Optical Cavities Hybridized with Low-Dimensional Light-Emitting Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203889. [PMID: 35861661 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional light-emitting materials have been actively investigated due to their unprecedented optical and optoelectronic properties that are not observed in their bulk forms. However, the emission from low-dimensional light-emitting materials is generally weak and difficult to use in nanophotonic devices without being amplified and engineered by optical cavities. Along with studies on various planar optical cavities over the last decade, the physics of cavity-emitter interactions as well as various integration methods are investigated deeply. These integrations not only enhance the light-matter interaction of the emitters, but also provide opportunities for realizing nanophotonic devices based on the new physics allowed by low-dimensional emitters. In this review, the fundamentals, strengths and weaknesses of various planar optical resonators are first provided. Then, commonly used low-dimensional light-emitting materials such as 0D emitters (quantum dots and upconversion nanoparticles) and 2D emitters (transition-metal dichalcogenide and hexagonal boron nitride) are discussed. The integration of these emitters and cavities and the expect interplay between them are explained in the following chapters. Finally, a comprehensive discussion and outlook of nanoscale cavity-emitter integrated systems is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihae Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Huichang Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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14
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Kim M, Lee D. Strengthened Spin Hall Effect of Circularly Polarized Light Enabled by a Single-Layered Dielectric Metasurface. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:283. [PMID: 36614622 PMCID: PMC9821799 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The spin Hall effect of light, referring to the spin-dependent and transverse splitting of light at an optical interface, is an interface-dependent phenomenon. In contrast to this commonly accepted statement, it has been recently reported that the spin Hall effect under circularly polarized light is interface-independent. Despite this interface-independence, however, the reflection of the spin Hall shifted beam is mostly suppressed under near-normal incidence, where the spin Hall shift is large because of the handedness reversal that occurs during the reflection. Here we present a single-layered dielectric metasurface to realize the interface-independent and strengthened spin Hall effect of light. Numerical simulation results confirmed that the anisotropic geometry of the metasurface induced phase-reversed reflection for one linear polarization and phase-preserved reflection for the other, thereby strongly strengthening the reflection of the spin-Hall-shifted beam. Our work will pave a route toward the precise displacement of the beam at the nanoscale without perturbing its polarization state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasol Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
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15
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Mehmood MQ, Seong J, Naveed MA, Kim J, Zubair M, Riaz K, Massoud Y, Rho J. Single-Cell-Driven Tri-Channel Encryption Meta-Displays. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203962. [PMID: 36285678 PMCID: PMC9762282 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Multi-functional metasurfaces have attracted great attention due to the significant possibilities to realize highly integrated and ultra-compact meta-devices. Merging nano-printing and holographic information multiplexing is one of the effective ways to achieve multi-functionality, and such a merger can increase the information encoding capacity. However, the current approaches rely on stacking layers and interleaving, where multiple resonators effectively combine different functionalities on the cost of efficiency, design complexity, and challenging fabrication. To address such challenges, a single meta-nanoresonator-based tri-functional metasurface is proposed by combining the geometric phase-based spin-decoupling and Malus's law intensity modulation. The proposed strategy effectively improves information capacity owing to the orientation degeneracy of spin-decoupling rather than layer stacking or super-cell designs. To validate the proposed strategy, a metasurface demonstrating two helicity-dependent holographic outputs is presented in far-field, whereas a continuous nano-printing image is in near-field. It is also employed on CMOS-compatible and cost-effective hydrogen amorphous silicon providing transparent responses for the whole visible band. As a result, the proposed metasurface has high transmission efficiency in the visible regime and verifies the design strategy without adding extra complexities to conventional nano-pillar geometry. Therefore, the proposed metasurface opens new avenues in multi-functional meta-devices design and has promising applications in anti-counterfeiting, optical storage and displays..
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano LabElectrical Engineering DepartmentInformation Technology University (ITU) of the PunjabFerozepur RoadLahore54600Pakistan
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Ashar Naveed
- MicroNano LabElectrical Engineering DepartmentInformation Technology University (ITU) of the PunjabFerozepur RoadLahore54600Pakistan
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- MicroNano LabElectrical Engineering DepartmentInformation Technology University (ITU) of the PunjabFerozepur RoadLahore54600Pakistan
| | - Kashif Riaz
- MicroNano LabElectrical Engineering DepartmentInformation Technology University (ITU) of the PunjabFerozepur RoadLahore54600Pakistan
| | - Yehia Massoud
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955Saudi Arabia
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
- POSCO‐POSTECH‐RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and MetaphotonicsPohang37673Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
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16
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Li Z, Wan C, Dai C, Li Z. Immersion-Triggered Active Switch for Spin-Decoupled Meta-Optics Multi-Display. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2205041. [PMID: 36316231 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Meta-optics exhibits many promising applications in various fields of optical displays, imaging, and information encryption. However, heading towards next-generation intelligent displays, its broad implementation is critically restricted by the lack of practical active tuning capability. Beyond the conventional electrical/optical/mechanical/thermal tuning methods, liquid immersion has recently emerged as a facile mechanism for active spectral tuning. To further conquer the challenge in achieving active complicated optical-field manipulation, here, an environment-compliant switch for meta-optics multi-display is originally proposed and experimentally realized via the liquid immersion tuning scheme. By designing the spin-decoupled phase array for left-/right-handed circular polarizations, it flexibly presents quad-fold independent-encoded phase distributions for different medium-relevant and polarization-controlled channels, thus enabling four switchable holographic images through immersion tuning. Such a proposed immersion tuning design is quite a straightforward approach for meta-optics holographic displays, enjoying full-spatial usage, design flexibility, and large-scale facile implementation. Overall, the proposed liquid immersion tuning strategy for a meta-optics multi-display would strongly benefit the practical applications in biochemical sensing, environment-adaptive displays, and information encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chengwei Wan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, P. R. China
| | - Chenjie Dai
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyang Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, 430206, P. R. China
- School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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17
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Zheng H, He M, Zhou Y, Kravchenko II, Caldwell JD, Valentine JG. Compound Meta-Optics for Complete and Loss-Less Field Control. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15100-15107. [PMID: 36018810 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces offer a compact platform for manipulation of the amplitude, phase, and polarization state of light. Independent control over these properties, however, is hindered by the symmetric transmission matrix associated with single-layer metasurfaces. Here, we utilize multilayer birefringent meta-optics to realize high-efficiency, independent control over the amplitude, phase, and polarization state of light. High-efficiency control is enabled by redistributing the wavefront between cascaded metasurfaces, while end-to-end inverse design is used to realize independent complex-valued functions for orthogonal polarization states. Based on this platform, we demonstrate spatial mode division multiplexing, optical mode conversion, and universal vectorial holograms, all with diffraction efficiencies over 80%. This meta-optic platform expands the design space of flat optics and could lead to advances in optical communications, quantum entanglement, and information encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Mingze He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - You Zhou
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Ivan I Kravchenko
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Jason G Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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18
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Ko JH, Yoo YJ, Lee Y, Jeong HH, Song YM. A review of tunable photonics: Optically active materials and applications from visible to terahertz. iScience 2022; 25:104727. [PMID: 35865136 PMCID: PMC9294196 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The next frontier of photonics is evolving into reconfigurable platforms with tunable functions to realize the ubiquitous application. The dynamic control of optical properties of photonics is highly desirable for a plethora of applications, including optical communication, dynamic display, self-adaptive photonics, and multi-spectral camouflage. Recently, to meet the dynamic response over broad optical bands, optically active materials have been integrated with the diverse photonic platforms, typically in the dimension of micro/nanometer scales. Here, we review recent advances in tunable photonics with controlling optical properties from visible to terahertz (THz) spectral range. We propose guidelines for designing tunable photonics in conjunction with optically active materials, inherent in wavelength characteristics. In particular, we devote our review to their potential uses for five different applications: structural coloration, metasurface for flat optics, photonic memory, thermal radiation, and terahertz plasmonics. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on the challenges and prospects of tunable photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hwan Ko
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Yoo
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yubin Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ho Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Anti-Viral Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- AI Graduate School, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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19
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Badloe T, Kim J, Kim I, Kim WS, Kim WS, Kim YK, Rho J. Liquid crystal-powered Mie resonators for electrically tunable photorealistic color gradients and dark blacks. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:118. [PMID: 35487908 PMCID: PMC9054757 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Taking inspiration from beautiful colors in nature, structural colors produced from nanostructured metasurfaces have shown great promise as a platform for bright, highly saturated, and high-resolution colors. Both plasmonic and dielectric materials have been employed to produce static colors that fulfil the required criteria for high-performance color printing, however, for practical applications in dynamic situations, a form of tunability is desirable. Combinations of the additive color palette of red, green, and blue enable the expression of further colors beyond the three primary colors, while the simultaneous intensity modulation allows access to the full color gamut. Here, we demonstrate an electrically tunable metasurface that can represent saturated red, green, and blue pixels that can be dynamically and continuously controlled between on and off states using liquid crystals. We use this to experimentally realize ultrahigh-resolution color printing, active multicolor cryptographic applications, and tunable pixels toward high-performance full-color reflective displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook Sung Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Reaching the highest efficiency of spin Hall effect of light in the near-infrared using all-dielectric metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2036. [PMID: 35440554 PMCID: PMC9018796 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The spin Hall effect of light refers to a spin-dependent transverse splitting of light at a planar interface. Previous demonstrations to enhance the splitting have suffered from exceedingly low efficiency. Achievements of the large splitting with high efficiency have been reported in the microwave, but those in the optical regime remain elusive. Here, an approach to attain the large splitting with high efficiency in the near-infrared is proposed and experimentally demonstrated at 800 nm by using a dielectric metasurface. Modulation of the complex transmission of the metasurface leads to the shifts that reach 10λ along with efficiencies over 70% under two linear polarizations. Our work extends the recent attempts to achieve the large and efficient spin Hall effect of light, which have been limited only to the microwave, to the optical regime. Here, Junsuk Rho and co-workers propose and experimentally demonstrate a metasurface supporting a large and efficient spin Hall effect of light in optical wavelength. The spin Hall shifts reaching ten wavelengths with efficiencies over 70% are observed.
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21
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Kim Y, Kim H, Yang Y, Badloe T, Jeon N, Rho J. Three-dimensional artificial chirality towards low-cost and ultra-sensitive enantioselective sensing. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:3720-3730. [PMID: 35230363 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05805c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Artificial chiral structures have potential applications in the field of enantioselective signal sensing. Advanced nanofabrication methods enable a large diversity in geometric structures and broad selectivity of materials, which can be exploited to manufacture artificial three-dimensional chiral structures. Various chiroptical phenomena exploiting spin and orbital angular momentum at the nanoscale have been continuously exploited as a way to effectively detect enantiomers. This review introduces precisely controlled bottom-up and large-area top-down metamaterial fabrication methods to solve the limitations of high manufacturing cost and low production speed. Particle synthesis, self-assembly, glanced angled vapor deposition, and three-dimensional plasmonic nanostructure printing are introduced. Furthermore, emerging sensitive chiral sensing methods such as cavity-enhanced chirality, photothermal circular dichroism, and helical dichroism of single particles are discussed. The continuous progress of nanofabrication technology presents the strong potential for developing artificial chiral structures for applications in biomedical, pharmaceutical, nanophotonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nara Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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22
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Cho H, Jeong H, Yang Y, Badloe T, Rho J. Enhancement of Luminous Intensity Emission from Incoherent LED Light Sources within the Detection Angle of 10° Using Metalenses. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:153. [PMID: 35010103 PMCID: PMC8746482 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present metalenses (MLs) designed to enhance the luminous intensity of incoherent light-emitting diodes (LEDs) within the detection angles of 0° and 10°. The detection angle of 0° refers to the center of the LED. Because the light emitted from LEDs is incoherent and expressed as a surface light source, they are numerically described as a set of point sources and calculated using incoherent summation. The titanium dioxide (TiO2) and amorphous silicon (a-Si) nanohole meta-atoms are designed; however, the full 2π phase coverage is not reached. Nevertheless, because the phase modulation at the edge of the ML is important, an ML is successfully designed. The typical phase profile of the ML enhances the luminous intensity at the center, and the phase profile is modified to increase the luminous intensity in the target detection angle region. Far field simulations are conducted to calculate the luminous intensity after 25 m of propagation. We demonstrate an enhancement of the luminous intensity at the center by 8551% and 2115% using TiO2 and a-Si MLs, respectively. Meanwhile, the TiO2 and a-Si MLs with the modified phase profiles enhance the luminous intensity within the detection angle of 10° by 263% and 30%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlyun Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (H.C.); (H.J.); (Y.Y.); (T.B.)
| | - Heonyeong Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (H.C.); (H.J.); (Y.Y.); (T.B.)
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (H.C.); (H.J.); (Y.Y.); (T.B.)
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (H.C.); (H.J.); (Y.Y.); (T.B.)
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (H.C.); (H.J.); (Y.Y.); (T.B.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Korea
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23
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Li Z, Deng L, Deng J, He Z, Tao J, Zheng G, Yu S. Metasurface-enabled three-in-one nanoprints by multifunctional manipulations of light. iScience 2021; 24:103510. [PMID: 34917896 PMCID: PMC8669004 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In metasurface-based ultra-compact image display, color-nanoprints, gray-imaging elements, and binary-pattern-imaging elements are three different types of nanoprints, implemented with different mechanisms of light manipulation. Here, we show the three functional elements can be integrated together to form a "three-in-one" nanoprint with negligible crosstalk, merely with a single-cell nanostructured design approach. Specifically, by decoupling spectrum and polarization-assisted intensity manipulations of incident light, the proposed metasurface appears as a dual-color nanoprint under a broadband unpolarized light source illumination, while simultaneously displaying an independent continuous gray image and another binary-pattern in an orthogonal-polarization optical setup with different polarization controls. Our approach can increase the system integration and security of metasurfaces, which can be of interest to many advanced applications such as data storage, optical information encoding, high-end optical anti-counterfeiting, and optical information hiding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zile Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liangui Deng
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Juan Deng
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhixue He
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Technologies and Networks, China Information Communication Technologies Group Corporation (CICT), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guoxing Zheng
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shaohua Yu
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Technologies and Networks, China Information Communication Technologies Group Corporation (CICT), Wuhan 430074, China
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24
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Jung C, Kim G, Jeong M, Jang J, Dong Z, Badloe T, Yang JKW, Rho J. Metasurface-Driven Optically Variable Devices. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13013-13050. [PMID: 34491723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optically variable devices (OVDs) are in tremendous demand as optical indicators against the increasing threat of counterfeiting. Conventional OVDs are exposed to the danger of fraudulent replication with advances in printing technology and widespread copying methods of security features. Metasurfaces, two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength structures known as meta-atoms, have been nominated as a candidate for a new generation of OVDs as they exhibit exceptional behaviors that can provide a more robust solution for optical anti-counterfeiting. Unlike conventional OVDs, metasurface-driven OVDs (mOVDs) can contain multiple optical responses in a single device, making them difficult to reverse engineered. Well-known examples of mOVDs include ultrahigh-resolution structural color printing, various types of holography, and polarization encoding. In this review, we discuss the new generation of mOVDs. The fundamentals of plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces are presented to explain how the optical responses of metasurfaces can be manipulated. Then, examples of monofunctional, tunable, and multifunctional mOVDs are discussed. We follow up with a discussion of the fabrication methods needed to realize these mOVDs, classified into prototyping and manufacturing techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook and classification of mOVDs with respect to their capacity and security level. We believe this newly proposed concept of OVDs may bring about a new era of optical anticounterfeit technology leveraging the novel concepts of nano-optics and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634, Singapore
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634, Singapore.,Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 487372, Singapore
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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25
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Badloe T, Kim I, Kim Y, Kim J, Rho J. Electrically Tunable Bifocal Metalens with Diffraction-Limited Focusing and Imaging at Visible Wavelengths. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102646. [PMID: 34486242 PMCID: PMC8564427 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tunable optical devices powered by metasurfaces provide a new path for functional planar optics. In particular, lenses with tunable focal lengths can play a key role in various fields with applications in imaging, displays, and augmented and virtual reality devices. Here, the authors demonstrate an electrically controllable bifocal metalens at visible wavelengths by incorporating a metasurface designed to focus light at two different focal lengths, with liquid crystals to actively manipulate the focal length of the metalens through the application of an external bias. By utilizing hydrogenated amorphous silicon that is optimized to provide an extremely low extinction coefficient in the visible regime, the metalens is highly efficient with measured focusing efficiencies of around 44%. They numerically design and experimentally realize and characterize tunable focusing and demonstrate electrically tunable active imaging at visible wavelengths using the bifocal metalens combined with liquid crystals. Diffraction limited focusing and imaging is verified through the analysis of the measured optical intensities at the focal points and the modulation transfer function. The bifocal metalens is used to demonstrate electrically modulated focus switching between the two designed focal planes, to display images of positive and negative target objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
- Department of BiophysicsInstitute of Quantum BiophysicsSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwon16419Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
- POSCO‐POSTECH‐RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and MetaphotonicsPohang37673Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
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26
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Lee W, Chae H, Oh DK, Lee M, Chun H, Yeon G, Park J, Kim J, Youn H, Rho J, Ok JG. Solution-processable electrode-material embedding in dynamically inscribed nanopatterns (SPEEDIN) for continuous fabrication of durable flexible devices. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:74. [PMID: 34631142 PMCID: PMC8473567 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A facile and scalable lithography-free fabrication technique, named solution-processable electrode-material embedding in dynamically inscribed nanopatterns (SPEEDIN), is developed to produce highly durable electronics. SPEEDIN uniquely utilizes a single continuous flow-line manufacturing process comprised of dynamic nanoinscribing and metal nanoparticle solution coating with selective embedding. Nano- and/or micro-trenches are inscribed into arbitrary polymers, and then an Ag nanoparticle solution is dispersed, soft-baked, doctor-bladed, and hard-baked to embed Ag micro- and nanowire structures into the trenches. Compared to lithographically embossed metal structures, the embedded SPEEDIN architectures can achieve higher durability with comparable optical and electrical properties and are robust and power-efficient even under extreme stresses such as scratching and bending. As one tangible application of SPEEDIN, we demonstrate a flexible metal electrode that can operate at 5 V at temperatures up to 300 °C even under the influence of harsh external stimuli. SPEEDIN can be applied to the scalable fabrication of diverse flexible devices that are reliable for heavy-duty operation in harsh environments involving high temperatures, mechanical deformations, and chemical hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungseok Chae
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Chun
- Graduate Program of Energy Technology, School of Integrated Technology, Institute of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Gyubeom Yeon
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Park
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Hongseok Youn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, 34158 Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong G Ok
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
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27
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Lee D, Kim M, Rho J. Next-Generation Imaging Techniques: Functional and Miniaturized Optical Lenses Based on Metamaterials and Metasurfaces. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1142. [PMID: 34683192 PMCID: PMC8538864 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A variety of applications using miniaturized optical lenses can be found among rapidly evolving technologies. From smartphones and cameras in our daily life to augmented and virtual reality glasses for the recent trends of the untact era, miniaturization of optical lenses permits the development of many types of compact devices. Here, we highlight the importance of ultrasmall and ultrathin lens technologies based on metamaterials and metasurfaces. Focusing on hyperlenses and metalenses that can replace or be combined with the existing conventional lenses, we review the state-of-art of research trends and discuss their limitations. We also cover applications that use miniaturized imaging devices. The miniaturized imaging devices are expected to be an essential foundation for next-generation imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasol Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (D.L.); (M.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (D.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (D.L.); (M.K.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Korea
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28
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Kim I, Jang J, Kim G, Lee J, Badloe T, Mun J, Rho J. Pixelated bifunctional metasurface-driven dynamic vectorial holographic color prints for photonic security platform. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3614. [PMID: 34127669 PMCID: PMC8203667 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vectorial holography has gained a lot of attention due to the promise of versatile polarization control of structured light for enhanced optical security and multi-channel optical communication. Here, we propose a bifunctional metasurface which combines both structural color printing and vectorial holography with eight polarization channels towards advanced encryption applications. The structural colour prints are observed under white light while the polarization encoded holograms are reconstructed under laser illumination. To encode multiple holographic images for different polarization states, a pixelated metasurface is adopted. As a proof-of-concept, we devise an electrically tunable optical security platform incorporated with liquid crystals. The optical security platform is doubly encrypted: an image under white light is decrypted to provide the first key and the corresponding information is used to fully unlock the encrypted information via projected vectorial holographic images. Such an electrically tunable optical security platform may enable smart labels for security and anticounterfeiting applications. The authors present a bi-functional metasurface, combining structural color printing observed under white light and polarization encoded It is appropriate. vectorial holography. A pixelated design is used encode multiple holographic images, and they demonstrate an electrically tunable optical security platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihae Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea. .,National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Dong Z, Gorelik S, Paniagua-Dominguez R, Yik J, Ho J, Tjiptoharsono F, Lassalle E, Rezaei SD, Neo DCJ, Bai P, Kuznetsov AI, Yang JKW. Silicon Nanoantenna Mix Arrays for a Trifecta of Quantum Emitter Enhancements. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4853-4860. [PMID: 34041907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric nanostructures have demonstrated optical antenna effects due to Mie resonances. Previous work has exhibited enhancements in absorption, emission rates and directionality with practical limitations. In this paper, we present a Si mix antenna array to achieve a trifecta enhancement of ∼1200-fold with a Purcell factor of ∼47. The antenna design incorporates ∼10 nm gaps, within which fluorescent molecules strongly absorb the pump laser energy through a resonant mode. In the emission process, the antenna array increases the radiative decay rates of the fluorescence molecules via a Purcell effect and provides directional emission through a separate mode. This work could lead to novel CMOS-compatible platforms to enhance fluorescence for biological and chemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | - Sergey Gorelik
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | - Ramón Paniagua-Dominguez
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | - Johnathan Yik
- Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, 138632 Singapore
| | - Jinfa Ho
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | - Febiana Tjiptoharsono
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | - Emmanuel Lassalle
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | | | - Darren C J Neo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | - Ping Bai
- Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, 138632 Singapore
| | - Arseniy I Kuznetsov
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
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30
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Lee T, Kim J, Koirala I, Yang Y, Badloe T, Jang J, Rho J. Nearly Perfect Transmissive Subtractive Coloration through the Spectral Amplification of Mie Scattering and Lattice Resonance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:26299-26307. [PMID: 34048213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Silicon has been utilized in metasurfaces to produce structural color filters due to its compatibility with mature and cost-effective methods for complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices. In this work, we propose and demonstrate efficiency- and scattering-enhanced structural color filters using all-dielectric metasurfaces made up of engineered hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) nanoblocks. Wavelength-dependent filtering is achieved by Mie scattering as each structure individually supports the electric dipole (ED) and magnetic dipole (MD) resonances. The ED and MD resonances are identified by observing the field profiles of the resonance calculated by finite element method (FEM) simulations. To enhance the efficiency and scattering response of the all-dielectric metasurfaces, the proposed structural color filters are designed with consideration of the lattice resonances and scattering directivity. The spectral positions of the transmission dips and peaks are rigorously analyzed in accordance with the Mie theory and multipole expansion. The transmission spectra exhibit 100% transmission where Kerker's first condition is satisfied, while the lattice resonances amplify the ED and MD scattering responses throughout the entire visible regime. Various colors are generated by varying the resonance peak, which is controlled by varying the geometric parameters of a-Si:H nanoblocks. The proposed structural color printing devices are expected to have applications in dynamic color displays, imaging devices, and photorealistic color printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ishwor Koirala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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31
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Oh DK, Lee T, Ko B, Badloe T, Ok JG, Rho J. Nanoimprint lithography for high-throughput fabrication of metasurfaces. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2021; 14:229-251. [PMID: 36637666 PMCID: PMC9743954 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-021-1121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are composed of periodic sub-wavelength nanostructures and exhibit optical properties that are not found in nature. They have been widely investigated for optical applications such as holograms, wavefront shaping, and structural color printing, however, electron-beam lithography is not suitable to produce large-area metasurfaces because of the high fabrication cost and low productivity. Although alternative optical technologies, such as holographic lithography and plasmonic lithography, can overcome these drawbacks, such methods are still constrained by the optical diffraction limit. To break through this fundamental problem, mechanical nanopatterning processes have been actively studied in many fields, with nanoimprint lithography (NIL) coming to the forefront. Since NIL replicates the nanopattern of the mold regardless of the diffraction limit, NIL can achieve sufficiently high productivity and patterning resolution, giving rise to an explosive development in the fabrication of metasurfaces. In this review, we focus on various NIL technologies for the manufacturing of metasurfaces. First, we briefly describe conventional NIL and then present various NIL methods for the scalable fabrication of metasurfaces. We also discuss recent applications of NIL in the realization of metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on each method and suggest perspectives for future research on the high-throughput fabrication of active metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungsu Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong G Ok
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology (SEOULTECH), Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Zheng P, Dai Q, Li Z, Ye Z, Xiong J, Liu HC, Zheng G, Zhang S. Metasurface-based key for computational imaging encryption. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg0363. [PMID: 34020956 PMCID: PMC8139587 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces can offer high-quality multichannel displays by modulating different degrees of freedom of light, demonstrating great potential in the next generation of optical encryption and anti-counterfeiting. Different from the direct imaging modality of metasurfaces, single-pixel imaging (SPI) as a typical computational imaging technique obtains the object image from a decryption-like computational process. Here, we propose an optical encryption scheme by introducing metasurface-images (meta-images) into the encoding and decoding processes as the keys of SPI encryption. Different high-quality meta-images generated by a dual-channel Malus metasurface play the role of keys to encode multiple target images and retrieve them following the principle of SPI. Our work eliminates the conventional digital transmission process of keys in SPI encryption, enables the reusability of a single metasurface in different encryption processes, and thereby paves the way toward a high-security optical encryption between direct and indirect imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixia Zheng
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Qi Dai
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- NOEIC, State Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Technologies and Networks, Wuhan Research Institute of Posts and Telecommunications, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zile Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- NOEIC, State Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Technologies and Networks, Wuhan Research Institute of Posts and Telecommunications, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ye
- Department of Physics, Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Department of Physics, Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hong-Chao Liu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
| | - Guoxing Zheng
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- NOEIC, State Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Technologies and Networks, Wuhan Research Institute of Posts and Telecommunications, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Kim I, Kim WS, Kim K, Ansari MA, Mehmood MQ, Badloe T, Kim Y, Gwak J, Lee H, Kim YK, Rho J. Holographic metasurface gas sensors for instantaneous visual alarms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/15/eabe9943. [PMID: 33827821 PMCID: PMC8026120 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid detection of biological and chemical substances in real time is particularly important for public health and environmental monitoring and in the military sector. If the process of substance detection to visual reporting can be implemented into a single miniaturized sensor, there could be a profound impact on practical applications. Here, we propose a compact sensor platform that integrates liquid crystals (LCs) and holographic metasurfaces to autonomously sense the existence of a volatile gas and provide an immediate visual holographic alarm. By combining the advantage of the rapid responses to gases realized by LCs with the compactness of holographic metasurfaces, we develop ultracompact gas sensors without additional complex instruments or machinery to report the visual information of gas detection. To prove the applicability of the compact sensors, we demonstrate a metasurface-integrated gas sensor on safety goggles via a one-step nanocasting process that is attachable to flat, curved, and flexible surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Afnan Ansari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Gwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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