1
|
Wei K, Tang C, Ma H, Fang X, Yang R. 3D-printed microrobots for biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2024. [PMID: 39041236 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00674g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Microrobots, which can perform tasks in difficult-to-reach parts of the human body under their own or external power supply, are potential tools for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, microsurgery, imaging and monitoring, tissue engineering, and sensors and actuators. Compared with traditional fabrication methods for microrobots, recent improvements in 3D printers enable them to print high-precision microrobots, breaking through the limitations of traditional micromanufacturing technologies that require high skills for operators and greatly shortening the design-to-production cycle. Here, this review first introduces typical 3D printing technologies used in microrobot manufacturing. Then, the structures of microrobots with different functions and application scenarios are discussed. Next, we summarize the materials (body materials, propulsion materials and intelligent materials) used in 3D microrobot manufacturing to complete body construction and realize biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, imaging and monitoring). Finally, the challenges and future prospects of 3D printed microrobots in biomedical applications are discussed in terms of materials, manufacturing and advancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 3D-Printing and Tissue Engineering Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Chenlong Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 3D-Printing and Tissue Engineering Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Hui Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 3D-Printing and Tissue Engineering Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Xingmiao Fang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 3D-Printing and Tissue Engineering Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Runhuai Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 3D-Printing and Tissue Engineering Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang X, Li K, Wang C, Rao Y, Tuan RS, Wang DM, Ker DFE. Facile and rapid fabrication of a novel 3D-printable, visible light-crosslinkable and bioactive polythiourethane for large-to-massive rotator cuff tendon repair. Bioact Mater 2024; 37:439-458. [PMID: 38698918 PMCID: PMC11063952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Facile and rapid 3D fabrication of strong, bioactive materials can address challenges that impede repair of large-to-massive rotator cuff tears including personalized grafts, limited mechanical support, and inadequate tissue regeneration. Herein, we developed a facile and rapid methodology that generates visible light-crosslinkable polythiourethane (PHT) pre-polymer resin (∼30 min at room temperature), yielding 3D-printable scaffolds with tendon-like mechanical attributes capable of delivering tenogenic bioactive factors. Ex vivo characterization confirmed successful fabrication, robust human supraspinatus tendon (SST)-like tensile properties (strength: 23 MPa, modulus: 459 MPa, at least 10,000 physiological loading cycles without failure), excellent suture retention (8.62-fold lower than acellular dermal matrix (ADM)-based clinical graft), slow degradation, and controlled release of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3). In vitro studies showed cytocompatibility and growth factor-mediated tenogenic-like differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. In vivo studies demonstrated biocompatibility (3-week mouse subcutaneous implantation) and ability of growth factor-containing scaffolds to notably regenerate at least 1-cm of tendon with native-like biomechanical attributes as uninjured shoulder (8-week, large-to-massive 1-cm gap rabbit rotator cuff injury). This study demonstrates use of a 3D-printable, strong, and bioactive material to provide mechanical support and pro-regenerative cues for challenging injuries such as large-to-massive rotator cuff tears.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Ke Li
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Chenyang Wang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Ying Rao
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Dan Michelle Wang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Dai Fei Elmer Ker
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Corsetti S, Notaros M, Sneh T, Stafford A, Page ZA, Notaros J. Silicon-photonics-enabled chip-based 3D printer. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:132. [PMID: 38839804 PMCID: PMC11153580 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Imagine if it were possible to create 3D objects in the palm of your hand within seconds using only a single photonic chip. Although 3D printing has revolutionized the way we create in nearly every aspect of modern society, current 3D printers rely on large and complex mechanical systems to enable layer-by-layer addition of material. This limits print speed, resolution, portability, form factor, and material complexity. Although there have been recent efforts in developing novel photocuring-based 3D printers that utilize light to transform matter from liquid resins to solid objects using advanced methods, they remain reliant on bulky and complex mechanical systems. To address these limitations, we combine the fields of silicon photonics and photochemistry to propose the first chip-based 3D printer. The proposed system consists of only a single millimeter-scale photonic chip without any moving parts that emits reconfigurable visible-light holograms up into a simple stationary resin well to enable non-mechanical 3D printing. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate a stereolithography-inspired proof-of-concept version of the chip-based 3D printer using a visible-light beam-steering integrated optical phased array and visible-light-curable resin, showing 3D printing using a chip-based system for the first time. This work demonstrates the first steps towards a highly-compact, portable, and low-cost solution for the next generation of 3D printers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Corsetti
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Milica Notaros
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tal Sneh
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alex Stafford
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jelena Notaros
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shin S, Kwon Y, Hwang C, Jeon W, Yu Y, Paik HJ, Lee W, Kwon MS, Ahn D. Visible-Light-Driven Rapid 3D Printing of Photoresponsive Resins for Optically Clear Multifunctional 3D Objects. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311917. [PMID: 38288894 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Light-driven 3D printing is gaining significant attention for its unparalleled build speed and high-resolution in additive manufacturing. However, extending vat photopolymerization to multifunctional, photoresponsive materials poses challenges, such as light attenuation and interference between the photocatalysts (PCs) and photoactive moieties. This study introduces novel visible-light-driven acrylic resins that enable rapid, high-resolution photoactive 3D printing. The synergistic combination of a cyanine-based PC, borate, and iodonium coinitiators (HNu 254) achieves an excellent printing rate and feature resolution under low-intensity, red light exposure. The incorporation of novel hexaarylbiimidazole (HABI) crosslinkers allows for spatially-resolved photoactivation upon exposure to violet/blue light. Furthermore, a photobleaching mechanism inhibited by HNu 254 during the photopolymerization process results in the production of optically-clear 3D printed objects. Real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy validates the rapid photopolymerization of the HABI-containing acrylic resin, whereas mechanistic evaluations reveal the underlying dynamics that are responsible for the rapid photopolymerization rate, wavelength-orthogonal photoactivation, and observed photobleaching phenomenon. Ultimately, this visible-light-based printing method demonstrates: (i) rapid printing rate of 22.5 mm h-1, (ii) excellent feature resolution (≈20 µm), and (iii) production of optically clear object with self-healing capability and spatially controlled cleavage. This study serves as a roadmap for developing next-generation "smart" 3D printing technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangbin Shin
- Center for Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiwon Hwang
- Center for Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngchang Yu
- Center for Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoo Lee
- Center for Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dowon Ahn
- Center for Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Machado TO, Stubbs CJ, Chiaradia V, Alraddadi MA, Brandolese A, Worch JC, Dove AP. A renewably sourced, circular photopolymer resin for additive manufacturing. Nature 2024; 629:1069-1074. [PMID: 38750360 PMCID: PMC11136657 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The additive manufacturing of photopolymer resins by means of vat photopolymerization enables the rapid fabrication of bespoke 3D-printed parts. Advances in methodology have continually improved resolution and manufacturing speed, yet both the process design and resin technology have remained largely consistent since its inception in the 1980s1. Liquid resin formulations, which are composed of reactive monomers and/or oligomers containing (meth)acrylates and epoxides, rapidly photopolymerize to create crosslinked polymer networks on exposure to a light stimulus in the presence of a photoinitiator2. These resin components are mostly obtained from petroleum feedstocks, although recent progress has been made through the derivatization of renewable biomass3-6 and the introduction of hydrolytically degradable bonds7-9. However, the resulting materials are still akin to conventional crosslinked rubbers and thermosets, thus limiting the recyclability of printed parts. At present, no existing photopolymer resin can be depolymerized and directly re-used in a circular, closed-loop pathway. Here we describe a photopolymer resin platform derived entirely from renewable lipoates that can be 3D-printed into high-resolution parts, efficiently deconstructed and subsequently reprinted in a circular manner. Previous inefficiencies with methods using internal dynamic covalent bonds10-17 to recycle and reprint 3D-printed photopolymers are resolved by exchanging conventional (meth)acrylates for dynamic cyclic disulfide species in lipoates. The lipoate resin platform is highly modular, whereby the composition and network architecture can be tuned to access printed materials with varied thermal and mechanical properties that are comparable to several commercial acrylic resins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago O Machado
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Connor J Stubbs
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Viviane Chiaradia
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maher A Alraddadi
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Arianna Brandolese
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joshua C Worch
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Andrew P Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kwon Y, Lee S, Kim J, Jun J, Jeon W, Park Y, Kim HJ, Gierschner J, Lee J, Kim Y, Kwon MS. Ultraviolet light blocking optically clear adhesives for foldable displays via highly efficient visible-light curing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2829. [PMID: 38565557 PMCID: PMC10987679 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In developing an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) panel for a foldable smartphone (specifically, a color filter on encapsulation) aimed at reducing power consumption, the use of a new optically clear adhesive (OCA) that blocks UV light was crucial. However, the incorporation of a UV-blocking agent within the OCA presented a challenge, as it restricted the traditional UV-curing methods commonly used in the manufacturing process. Although a visible-light curing technique for producing UV-blocking OCA was proposed, its slow curing speed posed a barrier to commercialization. Our study introduces a highly efficient photo-initiating system (PIS) for the rapid production of UV-blocking OCAs utilizing visible light. We have carefully selected the photocatalyst (PC) to minimize electron and energy transfer to UV-blocking agents and have chosen co-initiators that allow for faster electron transfer and more rapid PC regeneration compared to previously established amine-based co-initiators. This advancement enabled a tenfold increase in the production speed of UV-blocking OCAs, while maintaining their essential protective, transparent, and flexible properties. When applied to OLED devices, this OCA demonstrated UV protection, suggesting its potential for broader application in the safeguarding of various smart devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokju Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwon Jun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaesang Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngdo Kim
- Samsung Display Co., Ltd., Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
O’Dea C, Isokuortti J, Comer EE, Roberts ST, Page ZA. Triplet Upconversion under Ambient Conditions Enables Digital Light Processing 3D Printing. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:272-282. [PMID: 38435512 PMCID: PMC10906251 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The rapid photochemical conversion of materials from liquid to solid (i.e., curing) has enabled the fabrication of modern plastics used in microelectronics, dentistry, and medicine. However, industrialized photocurables remain restricted to unimolecular bond homolysis reactions (Type I photoinitiations) that are driven by high-energy UV light. This narrow mechanistic scope both challenges the production of high-resolution objects and restricts the materials that can be produced using emergent manufacturing technologies (e.g., 3D printing). Herein we develop a photosystem based on triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) that efficiently drives a Type I photocuring process using green light at low power density (<10 mW/cm2) and in the presence of ambient oxygen. This system also exhibits a superlinear dependence of its cure depth on the light exposure intensity, which enhances spatial resolution. This enables for the first-time integration of TTA-UC in an inexpensive, rapid, and high-resolution manufacturing process, digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. Moreover, relative to traditional Type I and Type II (photoredox) strategies, the present TTA-UC photoinitiation method results in improved cure depth confinement and resin shelf stability. This report provides a user-friendly avenue to utilize TTA-UC in ambient photochemical processes and paves the way toward fabrication of next-generation plastics with improved geometric precision and functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor
J. O’Dea
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 ,United States
| | - Jussi Isokuortti
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 ,United States
| | - Emma E. Comer
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 ,United States
| | - Sean T. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 ,United States
| | - Zachariah A. Page
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 ,United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mahmood Z, Cai S, Rehmat N, Di Donato M, Zhao J, Sun S, Li M, Huo Y, Ji S. Red-light operable photosensitizer with symmetry-breaking charge transfer induced intersystem crossing for polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2385-2388. [PMID: 38321968 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
We present a red light-activated zincII bis(dipyrrin) symmetry breaking charge transfer (SBCT) architecture, showing a large molar absorption coefficient (ε = 15.4 × 104 M-1 cm-1), high reactive singlet oxygen generation efficiency (ΦΔ ≈ 0.8) and long-lived triplet state (τT = 150 μs) compared to the donor-acceptor analogue dipyrrin-BF2 complex, highlighting the superiority of the SBCT approach. For the first time, we demonstrated the potential of a SBCT scaffold in red-light-induced methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization, using a dual photocatalyst excitation approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Mahmood
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Shuqing Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Noreen Rehmat
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China.
| | - Mingde Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China.
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mason KS, Huang SY, Emslie SK, Zhang Q, Humphrey SM, Sessler JL, Page ZA. 3D-Printed Porous Supramolecular Sorbents for Cobalt Recycling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4078-4086. [PMID: 38300153 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Electronic waste recycling is a recognized global challenge that requires new strategies to bind and release critical materials selectively, such as cobalt present in lithium-ion batteries. To address this challenge, hierarchical 3D-printed porous polymer scaffolds bearing supramolecular receptors were prepared using vat photopolymerization and their cobalt binding profiles were examined as a function of matrix polarity. By combining high-resolution digital light processing (DLP) with polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS), functional acrylic copolymer networks with micrometer-level precision of geometry and nanometer-level pores were generated. Covalent integration of a methacrylate-functionalized bisdicyclohexyl acetamide (BDCA-MA) receptor enabled binding and release of cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl2) via a solvent polarity switch mechanism involving a change in solvent from ethanol to water. The present structures proved reusable as shown by sustained high binding efficiency over five bind and release cycles. This platform represents a "green" and energy conscious method for future electronic waste recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keldy S Mason
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sheng-Yin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Samuel K Emslie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Simon M Humphrey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen S, Zhou H, Zhou N, He J, Lu W. Programmable photochemical deoxygenation for 2.5D grayscale printing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:546-549. [PMID: 38047883 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04147f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Homomolecular photon upconversion-induced radical polymerization in an aerated DMSO solution occurs where molecular oxygen is depleted by sensitized photochemical deoxygenation and this photoreaction could be programmed into 2.5D grayscale printings by digital light processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Hongqi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liang H, Lu M, Mahmood Z, Li Z, Chen Z, Chen G, Li MD, Huo Y, Ji S. Efficient Intersystem Crossing and Long-lived Charge-Separated State Induced by Through-Space Intramolecular Charge Transfer in a Parallel Geometry Carbazole-Bodipy Dyad. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312600. [PMID: 37654187 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The design of efficient heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers (PSs) based on through bond charge transfer (TBCT) features is a formidable challenge due to the criteria of orthogonal donor-acceptor geometry. Herein, we propose using parallel (face-to-face) conformation carbazole-bodipy donor-acceptor dyads (BCZ-1 and BCZ-2) featuring through space intramolecular charge transfer (TSCT) process as efficient triplet PS. Efficient intersystem crossing (ΦΔ =61 %) and long-lived triplet excited state (τT =186 μs) were observed in the TSCT dyad BCZ-1 compared to BCZ-3 (ΦΔ =0.4 %), the dyad involving TBCT, demonstrating the superiority of the TSCT approach over conventional donor-acceptor system. Moreover, the transient absorption study revealed that TSCT dyads have a faster charge separation and slower intersystem crossing process induced by charge recombination compared to TBCT dyad. A long-lived charge-separated state (CSS) was observed in the BCZ-1 (τCSS =24 ns). For the first time, the TSCT dyad was explored for the triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, and a high upconversion quantum yield of 11 % was observed. Our results demonstrate a new avenue for designing efficient PSs and open up exciting opportunities for future research in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Manlin Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Zafar Mahmood
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zeduan Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ming-De Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Back JH, Kwon Y, Cho H, Lee H, Ahn D, Kim HJ, Yu Y, Kim Y, Lee W, Kwon MS. Visible-Light-Curable Acrylic Resins toward UV-Light-Blocking Adhesives for Foldable Displays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204776. [PMID: 35901501 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Current technological advances in the organic light-emitting diode panel design of foldable smartphones demand advanced adhesives with UV-blocking abilities, beyond their conventional roles of bonding objects and relieving deformation stress. However, optically clear adhesives (OCAs) with UV-blocking ability cannot be prepared using conventional UV-curing methods relying on a photoinitiator. Herein, a new acrylic resin that can be efficiently cured using visible light without oxygen removal is presented, which may be used to develop UV-blocking OCAs for use in current flexible displays. A novel photocatalyst and a specific combination of additives facilitate sufficiently rapid curing under visible light in the presence of UV-absorbers. Only a very small amount of the highly active photocatalyst is required to prepare UV-blocking OCA films with very high transparency in the visible region. Using this system, a UV-blocking OCA that nearly meets the specifications of an OCA used in commercialized foldable smartphones is realized. This technology can also be utilized in other applications that require highly efficient visible light curing, such as optically clear resins, dental resins, and 3D/4D-printable materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Back
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeju Cho
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Huesoo Lee
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Dowon Ahn
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngchang Yu
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdo Kim
- Samsung Display Co., Ltd., Cheonan, 31086, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoo Lee
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wong J, Wei S, Meir R, Sadaba N, Ballinger NA, Harmon EK, Gao X, Altin-Yavuzarslan G, Pozzo LD, Campos LM, Nelson A. Triplet Fusion Upconversion for Photocuring 3D-Printed Particle-Reinforced Composite Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207673. [PMID: 36594431 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High energy photons (λ < 400 nm) are frequently used to initiate free radical polymerizations to form polymer networks, but are only effective for transparent objects. This phenomenon poses a major challenge to additive manufacturing of particle-reinforced composite networks since deep light penetration of short-wavelength photons limits the homogeneous modification of physicochemical and mechanical properties. Herein, the unconventional, yet versatile, multiexciton process of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is employed for curing opaque hydrogel composites created by direct-ink-write (DIW) 3D printing. TTA-UC converts low energy red light (λmax = 660 nm) for deep penetration into higher-energy blue light to initiate free radical polymerizations within opaque objects. As proof-of-principle, hydrogels containing up to 15 wt.% TiO2 filler particles and doped with TTA-UC chromophores are readily cured with red light, while composites without the chromophores and TiO2 loadings as little as 1-2 wt.% remain uncured. Importantly, this method has wide potential to modify the chemical and mechanical properties of complex DIW 3D-printed composite polymer networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitkanya Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shixuan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Rinat Meir
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Naroa Sadaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Nathan A Ballinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Harmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Lilo D Pozzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Alshakim Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kuenstler AS, Hernandez JJ, Trujillo-Lemon M, Osterbaan A, Bowman CN. Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing of Tough, Fully Recyclable Thermosets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11111-11121. [PMID: 36795439 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To advance the capabilities of additive manufacturing, novel resin formulations are needed that produce high-fidelity parts with desired mechanical properties that are also amenable to recycling. In this work, a thiol-ene-based system incorporating semicrystallinity and dynamic thioester bonds within polymer networks is presented. It is shown that these materials have ultimate toughness values >16 MJ cm-3, comparable to high-performance literature precedents. Significantly, the treatment of these networks with excess thiols facilitates thiol-thioester exchange that degrades polymerized networks into functional oligomers. These oligomers are shown to be amenable to repolymerization into constructs with varying thermomechanical properties, including elastomeric networks that recover their shape fully from >100% strain. Using a commercial stereolithographic printer, these resin formulations are printed into functional objects including both stiff (E ∼ 10-100 MPa) and soft (E ∼ 1-10 MPa) lattice structures. Finally, it is shown that the incorporation of both dynamic chemistry and crystallinity further enables advancement in the properties and characteristics of printed parts, including attributes such as self-healing and shape-memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa S Kuenstler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Juan J Hernandez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Marianela Trujillo-Lemon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alexander Osterbaan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang B, Zhou Y, Wei L, Hu R, Zhang X, Coates P, Sefat F, Zhang W, Lu C. Visible Light 3D Printing of High-Resolution Superelastic Microlattices of Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites via Continuous Liquid Interface Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingxue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lingfei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ximu Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Disease and Biomedical Sciences and Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education and Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401174, China
| | - Phil Coates
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science & Technology (Polymer IRC), University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, U.K
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science & Technology (Polymer IRC), University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, U.K
- Biomedical and Electronics Engineering Department, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, West
Yorkshire, U.K
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Advanced Polymer Materials Research Center of Sichuan University, Shishi 362700, China
| | - Canhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Advanced Polymer Materials Research Center of Sichuan University, Shishi 362700, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu H, Deng Z, Li T, Bu J, Wang D, Wang J, Liu M, Li J, Yang Y, Zhong S. Fabrication, GSH-responsive drug release, and anticancer properties of thioctic acid-based intelligent hydrogels. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 217:112703. [PMID: 35853394 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels are potential local drug delivery systems since they contain plenty of water and soft like biological tissues. Such hydrogels could be injected directly into the tumor site where the drug is released under the tumor microenvironment. However, drug loaded hydrogels for cancer treatment based on lipoic acid (natural small molecule) have not been exploited. Here, a novel poly(lipoic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PTA) hydrogels were prepared through a two-step reaction. The hydrogels contained disulfide bonds, so they could be degraded via the thiol exchange reaction with the abundant GSH in the tumor microenvironment, and subsequently release the drug. The results in vitro and at cellular level showed that the hydrogels were degraded and released the drugs only in the presence of GSH. Therefore, the injectable GSH-responsive hydrogels are promising to be served as an intelligent drug delivery system for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083 PR China
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083 PR China
| | - Tianhao Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083 PR China
| | - Jiaqi Bu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083 PR China
| | - De Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083 PR China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083 PR China
| | - Meng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083 PR China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083 PR China
| | - Yanjing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083 PR China; Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine Jiont Laboratory of GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine and Central South University, Gui Ke Ji Zi [2021] No. 238, PR China.
| | - Shian Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083 PR China; Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine Jiont Laboratory of GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine and Central South University, Gui Ke Ji Zi [2021] No. 238, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lin X, Li HT, Nie MX, Fu SR, Li Y, Zhang Q, Chen F, Han D, Fu Q. Engineering the Properties of Transparent Hybrid Coating toward High Hardness, Excellent Flexibility, and Multifunction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39432-39440. [PMID: 35993524 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Transparent functional coatings with glass-like hardness and polymer-like flexibility are highly desirable for flexible and foldable displays. Although several coatings have been developed toward this goal, achieving a functional coating with 9H pencil hardness and extremely low bending radius of curvature (rc) remains a great challenge due to the inherent conflict between hardness and flexibility. To overcome this trade-off, a facile strategy is developed herein. The coating is an organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposite that is prepared from thiol-acrylate polymerization of acrylo polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and multifunctional thiols. The former provides the desired hardness, while the latter affords high flexibility and the maximum level of chemical bonding for organic-inorganic phases. Because of the good miscibility and varied functionality of monomers, we are able to manipulate the composition and internal structure of coating systematically, endowing it with high transparency (98%, 550 nm), super hardness (9H), excellent low modulus (1.85 GPa, the most flexible one to date), and the ability to withstand steel wool's abrasion and repeated bending (rc = 0.8 mm) 10 000 times on PET film. On the final coating, both antifouling and antibacterial abilities are integrated without sacrificing its other properties after postfunctionalizing a zwitterionic layer. This work balances the hardness-flexibility conflict effectively and provides some useful protective coatings for next-generation displays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Lin
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Tian Li
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Xi Nie
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Si-Rui Fu
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Li
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Di Han
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Limberg DK, Kang JH, Hayward RC. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Photopolymerization for High-Resolution 3D Printing. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5226-5232. [PMID: 35285620 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) currently offers the highest resolution available in 3D printing (∼100 nm) but requires femtosecond laser pulses at very high peak intensity (∼1 TW/cm2). Here, we demonstrate 3D printing based on triplet-triplet-annihilation photopolymerization (TTAP), which achieves submicron resolution while using a continuous visible LED light source with comparatively low light intensity (∼10 W/cm2). TTAP enables submicrometer feature sizes with exposure times of ∼0.1 s/voxel without requiring a coherent or pulsed light source, opening the door to low-cost fabrication with submicron resolution. This approach enables 3D printing of a diverse array of designs with high resolution and is amenable to future parallelization efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David K Limberg
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ji-Hwan Kang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90804, United States
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stevens LM, Tagnon C, Page ZA. "Invisible" Digital Light Processing 3D Printing with Near Infrared Light. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22912-22920. [PMID: 35080842 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to 3D print structures with low-intensity, long-wavelength light will broaden the materials scope to facilitate inclusion of biological components and nanoparticles. Current materials limitations arise from the pervasive absorption, scattering, and/or degradation that occurs upon exposure to high-intensity, short-wavelength (ultraviolet) light, which is the present-day standard used in light-based 3D printers. State-of-the-art techniques have recently extended printability to orange/red light. However, as the wavelength of light increases, so do the inherent challenges to match the speed and resolution of traditional UV light-induced solidification processes (i.e., photocuring). Herein, a photosystem is demonstrated to enable low-intensity (<5 mW/cm2), long-wavelength (∼850 nm) near-infrared (NIR) light-driven 3D printing, "invisible" to the human eye. The combination of a NIR absorbing cyanine dye with electron-rich and -deficient redox pairs was required for rapid photocuring in a catalytic manner. The rate of polymerization and time to solidification upon exposure to NIR light were characterized via in situ spectroscopic and rheological monitoring. Translation to NIR digital light processing (projection-based) 3D printing was accomplished through rigorous optimization of resin composition and printing parameters to balance the speed (<60 s/layer) and resolution (<300 μm features). As a proof-of-concept, composite 3D printing with nanoparticle-infused resins was accomplished. Preliminary analysis showed improved feature fidelity for structures produced with NIR relative to UV light. The present report provides key insight that will inform next-generation light-based photocuring technology, such as wavelength-selective multimaterial 3D bio- and composite-printing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Clotilde Tagnon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kury M, Ehrmann K, Gorsche C, Dorfinger P, Koch T, Stampfl J, Liska R. Regulated acrylate networks as tough photocurable materials for additive manufacturing. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kury
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Christian Gorsche
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Peter Dorfinger
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/308 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/308 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/308 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163 MC 1060 Vienna Austria
| |
Collapse
|