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Wang K, Zhao T, Ren NQ, Ho SH. Asymmetric defective sites-mediated high-valent cobalt-oxo species in self-suspension aerogel platform for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 265:122304. [PMID: 39197391 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
The main pressing problems should be solved for heterogeneous catalysts in activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) are sluggish mass transfer kinetics and low intrinsic activity. Here, oxygen vacancies (Vo)-rich of Co3O4 nanosheets were anchored on the superficies of spirulina-based reduced graphene oxide-konjac glucomannan (KGM) aerogel (R-Co3O4-x/SRGA). The porous structure and superhydrophilicity conferred by KGM maximized the diffusion and transport of reactant. More interestingly, R-Co3O4-x/SRGA came true self-suspension rather than conventional self-floating without the aid of external force, maximizing space utilization and facilitating catalysts recovery. Anchored R-Co3O4-x nanosheets acted as "engines" to drive the reaction. Density functional theory (DFT) manifested Vo was capable of breaking the symmetry of the electronic structure of Co3O4. The formation of asymmetric active sites (Vo) was revealed to modulate the d-band center, enhanced affinity for PMS, and promoted evolution of high-valent cobalt-oxo (Co(IV)=O) species. R-Co3O4-x/SRGA achieved complete removal of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) within 12 min. Furthermore, R-Co3O4-x/SRGA demonstrated exceptional stability in the presence of various environmental interference factors and continuous flow device. This insightful work cleverly integrates the macroscopic design of structure, and the microscopic regulation of active sites is expected to open up new opportunities for the development of water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Tong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
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2
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Fang F, Zhang J, Xiang L, Chen C, Feng N, Lv Y, Chang K, Huang J. Ordering Bimetallic Cu-Pd Catalysts onto Orderly Mesoporous SrTiO 3-Crystal Nanotubular Networks for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405807. [PMID: 38757228 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis of fuels has garnered significant attention, with SrTiO3 emerging as a potential candidate for photocatalysis due to its exceptional physicochemical properties. However, selectively converting CO2 into fuels with desired reaction products remains a grand challenge. Herein, we design an updated method via an aging strategy based on the electrospinning technique to synthesize a single-crystalline Al-doped SrTiO3 nanotubular networks with self-assembled orderly mesopores, further modified by Cu-Pd alloy. It exhibits both high crystallinity and superior cross-linked mesoporous structures, effectively facilitating charge carrier transfer, photon utilization, and mass transfer, with a remarkable enhancement from 0.025 mmol h-1 m-2 to 1.090 mmol h-1 m-2 in the CO production rate. Meanwhile, the ordered arrangement of Cu and Pd atoms on the (111) surface can promote the rate-determining step (*CO2 to *COOH), which is also responsible for its good activity. The presence of CuO in the reaction confers a significant advantage for CO desorption, leading to a remarkable CO selectivity of 95.54 %. This work highlights new insights into developing advanced heterogeneous photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fang
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales, 2008, Australia
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| | - Lijing Xiang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| | - Chong Chen
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| | - Nengjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Lv
- School of Management and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Kun Chang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| | - Jun Huang
- Laboratory for Catalysis Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales, 2008, Australia
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3
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Xu Y, Hou W, Huang K, Guo H, Wang Z, Lian C, Zhang J, Wu D, Lei Z, Liu Z, Wang L. Engineering Built-In Electric Field Microenvironment of CQDs/g-C 3N 4 Heterojunction for Efficient Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2403607. [PMID: 38728594 PMCID: PMC11267297 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (CN), as a nonmetallic photocatalyst, has gained considerable attention for its cost-effectiveness and environmentally friendly nature in catalyzing solar-driven CO2 conversion into valuable products. However, the photocatalytic efficiency of CO2 reduction with CN remains low, accompanied by challenges in achieving desirable product selectivity. To address these limitations, a two-step hydrothermal-calcination tandem synthesis strategy is presented, introducing carbon quantum dots (CQDs) into CN and forming ultra-thin CQD/CN nanosheets. The integration of CQDs induces a distinct work function with CN, creating a robust interface electric field after the combination. This electric field facilitates the accumulation of photoelectrons in the CQDs region, providing an abundant source of reduced electrons for the photocatalytic process. Remarkably, the CQD/CN nanosheets exhibit an average CO yield of 120 µmol g-1, showcasing an outstanding CO selectivity of 92.8%. The discovery in the work not only presents an innovative pathway for the development of high-performance photocatalysts grounded in non-metallic CN materials employing CQDs but also opens new avenues for versatile application prospects in environmental protection and sustainable cleaning energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and NanobiologySchool of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringShanghai UniversityShanghai200444P. R. China
| | - Weidong Hou
- Institute of Nanochemistry and NanobiologySchool of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringShanghai UniversityShanghai200444P. R. China
| | - Kai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringShanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterialsand School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237P. R. China
| | - Huazhang Guo
- Institute of Nanochemistry and NanobiologySchool of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringShanghai UniversityShanghai200444P. R. China
| | - Zeming Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and NanobiologySchool of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringShanghai UniversityShanghai200444P. R. China
| | - Cheng Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringShanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterialsand School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237P. R. China
| | - Jiye Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai University99 Shangda RoadShanghai200444P. R. China
| | - Deli Wu
- College of Environmental & EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai200092P. R. China
| | - Zhendong Lei
- College of Environmental & EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai200092P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and NanobiologySchool of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringShanghai UniversityShanghai200444P. R. China
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4
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Chen J, Ren Y, Fu Y, Si Y, Huang J, Zhou J, Liu M, Duan L, Li N. Integration of Co Single Atoms and Ni Clusters on Defect-Rich ZrO 2 for Strong Photothermal Coupling Boosts Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13035-13048. [PMID: 38728209 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
We report a solvothermal method for the synthesis of an oxygen vacancy-enriched ZrO2 photocatalyst with Co single atoms and Ni clusters immobilized on the surface. This catalyst presents superior performance for the reduction of CO2 in H2O vapor, with a CO yield reaching 663.84 μmol g-1 h-1 and a selectivity of 99.52%. The total solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency is up to 0.372‰, which is among the highest reported values. The success, on one hand, depends on the Co single atoms and Ni clusters for both extended spectrum absorption and serving as dual-active centers for CO2 reduction and H2O dissociation, respectively; on the other hand, this is attributed to the enhanced photoelectric and thermal effect induced by concentrated solar irradiation. We demonstrate that an intermediate impurity state is formed by the hybridization of the d-orbital of single-atom Co with the molecular orbital of H2O, enabling visible-light-driven excitation over the catalyst. In addition, Ni clusters play a crucial role in altering the adsorption configuration of CO2, with the localized surface plasmon resonance effect enhancing the activation and dissociation of CO2 induced by visible-near-infrared light. This study provides valuable insights into the synergistic effect of the dual cocatalyst toward both efficient photothermal coupling and surface redox reactions for solar CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, No.2 Dongnandaxue Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, PR China
| | - Yuqi Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, No.2 Dongnandaxue Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, PR China
| | - Yiwei Fu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, PR China
| | - Yitao Si
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, No.2 Dongnandaxue Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, PR China
| | - Jie Huang
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, PR China
| | - Jiancheng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, No.2 Dongnandaxue Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, PR China
| | - Maochang Liu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710049, PR China
| | - Lunbo Duan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Naixu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, No.2 Dongnandaxue Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, PR China
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5
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Yang S, Guo X, Li X, Wu T, Zou L, He Z, Xu Q, Zheng J, Chen L, Wang Q, Xu ZJ. Enhancing Photocatalytic CO 2 Conversion through Oxygen-Vacancy-Mediated Topological Phase Transition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317957. [PMID: 38270335 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Weak adsorption of gas reactants and strong binding of intermediates present a significant challenge for most transition metal oxides, particularly in the realm of CO2 photoreduction. Herein, we demonstrate that the adsorption can be fine-tuned by phase engineering of oxide catalysts. An oxygen vacancy mediated topological phase transition in Ni-Co oxide nanowires, supported on a hierarchical graphene aerogel (GA), is observed from a spinel phase to a rock-salt phase. Such in situ phase transition empowers the Ni-Co oxide catalyst with a strong internal electric field and the attainment of abundant oxygen vacancies. Among a series of catalysts, the in situ transformed spinel/rock-salt heterojunction supported on GA stands out for an exceptional photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity and selectivity, yielding an impressive CO production rate of 12.5 mmol g-1 h-1 and high selectivity of 96.5 %. This remarkable performance is a result of the robust interfacial coupling between two topological phases that optimizes the electronic structures through directional charge transfer across interfaces. The phase transition process induces more Co2+ in octahedral site, which can effectively enhance the Co-O covalency. This synergistic effect balances the surface activation of CO2 molecules and desorption of reaction intermediates, thereby lowering the energetic barrier of the rate-limiting step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xu Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Tianze Wu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Longhua Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Zhiying He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Zheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Zhichuan J Xu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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6
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Hu Q, Li Y, Cao H, Ji L, Wu J, Zhong M. Light-driven thermocatalytic CO 2 reduction by CH 4 on alumina-cluster-modified Ni nanoparticles with excellent durability and high light-to-fuel efficiency promoted by the photoactivation effect. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 657:942-952. [PMID: 38096777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Using inexhaustible solar energy to drive efficient light-driven thermocatalytic CO2 reduction by CH4 (DRM) is an attractive approach that can synchronously reduce the greenhouse effect and convert solar energy into fuels. However, it is often limited by the intense light intensity required to produce high fuel production rates, and the catalyst deactivation due to severe carbon deposition generated from side reactions. Herein, a nanostructure of alumina-cluster-modified Ni nanoparticles supported on Al2O3 nanorods (ACM-Ni/Al2O3) was synthesized, displaying good catalytic performance under focused UV-vis-IR illumination. By light-driven thermocatalytic DRM on ACM-Ni/Al2O3 at a reduced light intensity of 76.9 kW m-2, the high fuel production rates of H2 (rH2, 65.7 mmol g-1 min-1) and CO (rCO, 78.8 mmol g-1 min-1), as well as an efficient light-to-fuel efficiency (η, 26.3 %) are achieved without additional heating. The rH2 and rCO of light-driven thermocatalysis are 2.9 and 1.9 times higher, respectively, compared to conventional thermocatalysis at the same temperature. We have discovered that high light-driven thermocatalytic activity originates from the photoactivation effect, significantly reducing the apparent activation energy and facilitating C* oxidation as a decisive step in DRM. ACM-Ni/Al2O3 possesses excellent durability and exhibits an extremely low coking rate of 4.40 × 10-3 gc gcatalyst-1 h-1, which is 26.8 times lower than that of the reference sample without Al2O3 cluster modification (R-Ni/Al2O3). This is owing to a decrease in activation energies (Ea) of C* oxidation and an increase in Ea of C* polymerization by the surface modification of Ni nanoparticles with Al2O3 clusters, effectively inhibiting carbon deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yuanzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Huamin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Lei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Mengqi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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7
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Ma F, Wen Y, Fu P, Zhang J, Tang Q, Chen T, Luo W, Zhou Y, Wang J. Engineering 0D/2D Architecture of Ni(OH) 2 Nanoparticles on Covalent Organic Framework Nanosheets for Selective Visible-Light-Driven CO 2 Reduction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305767. [PMID: 37919097 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional materials serving as photocatalysts favor providing abundant unsaturated active sites and shortening the charge transport distance, but the high surface energy readily causes the aggregation that limits their application. Herein, it is demonstrated that 2D covalent organic framework (COF) TpBD nanosheets are effective in the dispersion and stabilization of 0D Ni(OH)2 . The COF precursor TpBD is synthesized from the Schiff base condensation of 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and benzidine (BD) and exfoliated into 2D nanosheets named BDNs via ultrasonication. The formation of highly dispersive 0D Ni(OH)2 on BDNs is reached under a mild weak basic condition, enabling robust active sites for CO2 adsorption/activation and rapid interface cascaded electron transport channels for the accumulation of long-lived photo-generated charges. The champion catalyst 30%Ni-BDNs effectively catalyze the CO2 to CO conversion under visible-light irradiation, offering a high CO evolution rate of 158.4 mmol g-1 h-1 and turnover frequency of 51 h-1 . By contrast, the counterpart photocatalyst, the bulk TpBD stabilized Ni(OH)2 , affords a much lower CO evolution rate and selectivity. This work demonstrates a new avenue to simultaneously construct efficient active sites and electron transport channels by coupling 0D metal hydroxides and 2D COF nanosheets for CO2 photoreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangpei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Hangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qingping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wen Luo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Hangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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8
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Li S, Yu H, Wang Y, Wang S, Zhang L, Zhu P, Gao C, Yu J. Exploring a Ni-N 4 Active Site-Based Conjugated Microporous Polymer Z-Scheme Heterojunction Through Covalent Bonding for Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic CO 2 Conversion in Pure Water. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305900. [PMID: 37786266 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Designing photocatalysts with efficient charge transport and abundant active sites for photocatalytic CO2 reduction in pure water is considered a potential approach. Herein, a nickel-phthalocyanine containing Ni-N4 active sites-based conjugated microporous polymer (NiPc-CMP), offering highly dispersed metal active sites, satisfactory CO2 adsorption capability, and excellent light harvesting properties, is engineered as a photocatalyst. By virtue of the covalently bonded bridge, an atomic-scale interface between the NiPc-CMP/Bi2 WO6 Z-scheme heterojunction with strong chemical interactions is obtained. The interface creates directional charge transport highways and retains a high redox potential, thereby enhancing the photoexcited charge carrier separation and photocatalytic efficiency. Consequently, the optimal NiPc-CMP/Bi2 WO6 (NCB-3) achieves efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance in pure water under visible-light irradiation without any sacrificial agent or photosensitizer, affording a CO generation rate of 325.9 µmol g-1 with CO selectivity of 93% in 8 h, outperforming those of Bi2 WO6 and NiPc-CMP, individually. Experimental and theoretical calculations reveal the promotion of interfacial photoinduced electron separation and the role of Ni-N4 active sites in photocatalytic reactions. This study presents a high-performance CMP-based Z-scheme heterojunction with an effective interfacial charge-transfer route and rich metal active sites for photocatalytic CO2 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Haihan Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Peihua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Chaomin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
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9
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Hou W, Guo H, Wu M, Wang L. Amide Covalent Bonding Engineering in Heterojunction for Efficient Solar-Driven CO 2 Reduction. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20560-20569. [PMID: 37791704 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Inefficient charge separation and slow interfacial reaction dynamics significantly hamper the efficiency of photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Herein, a facile EDC/NHS-assisted linking strategy was developed to enhance charge separation in heterojunction photocatalysts. Using this approach, we successfully synthesized amide-bonded carbon quantum dot-g-C3N4 (CQD-CN) heterojunction photocatalysts. The formation of amide covalent bonds between CN and CQDs in the CN-CQD facilitates efficient carrier migration, CO2 adsorption, and activation. Exploiting these advantages, the CN-CQD photocatalysts exhibit high selectivity with CO and CH4 evolution rates of 79.2 and 2.7 μmol g-1 h-1, respectively. These rates are about 1.7 and 3.6 times higher than those of CN@CQD and bulk CN, respectively. Importantly, the CN-CQD photocatalysts demonstrate exceptional stability, even after 12 h of continuous testing. The presence of the COOH* signal is identified as a crucial intermediate species in the conversion of CO2 to CO. This study presents a covalent bonding engineering strategy for developing high-performance heterojunction photocatalysts for efficient solar-driven reduction of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Hou
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Huazhang Guo
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Minghong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
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10
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Dong H, Wang Y, Tong L, Zhang P, Zhu D, Li C, Zhu M. Adjusting Surface Oxidized Layer of CoTe on PCN via In Situ N-Doping Strategy to Promote Charge Separation of Z-Scheme Heterojunction for Propelling Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16954-16964. [PMID: 37787454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been a challenging issue to profoundly actuate the transfer and separation of photoinduced charge carriers by controlling the interface structure inside the heterojunction, owing to the molecular/subnanometric level interface region. Herein, a unique one-dimensional/two-dimensional (1D/2D) CoTe/PCN Z-scheme heterojunction is fabricated through the self-assembly of CoTe nanorods on the surface of polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) nanosheets. Significantly, in situ N-doping in the molecular/subnanometric surface oxidized layer of CoTe nanorods is achieved, effectively adjusting its chemical structure and element chemical states. Moreover, this N-doped surface oxidized layer can serve as a recombination region of photogenerated electrons from PCN and photogenerated holes from CoTe to increase the overall carrier separation efficiency in the Z-scheme heterojunction actuated by the built-in electric field. As a result, the photocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2R) performance is enhanced dramatically, in which the yield of CO generated over the optimal 1D/2D CoTe/PCN heterojunction reaches up to triple than that over PCN. This unique contribution provides an emblematic paradigm for adjusting the interfacial structure of heterojunction and has a profound insight into the interfacial adjusting mechanism to improve the charge separation efficiency in the photocatalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Dong
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tong
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Pingfan Zhang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Daqiang Zhu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Mingshan Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, P. R. China
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11
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Li Q, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Ding M. Ordered porous nitrogen-vacancy carbon nitride for efficient visible-light hydrogen evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 642:53-60. [PMID: 37001457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic H2 evolution is a promising technology which could be instrumental in producing clean hydrogen energy. In regard to the photocatalyst, its band structure, morphology and light utilization have a significant influence on the H2 evolution rate and stability. Herein, a three-dimensional ordered macroporous nitrogen-vacancy carbon nitride (3DOM V-CN) photocatalyst was developed by combining vacancies with 3DOM structure for visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution. This strategy preserved the structural properties of 3DOM to improve the light utilization and the specific surface area of the photocatalysts. Moreover, constructing suitable vacancies could trap electrons to facilitate the separation of photogenerated carriers, and extend the light absorption region of the photocatalysts by adjusting band structure, thus improving photocatalytic activity. Compared with CN (0.3 mmol h-1 g-1), 3DOM V-CN demonstrated a superior photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 2.3 mmol h-1 g-1 (λ ≥ 420 nm) while possessing excellent stability. This work provides an effective and low-cost strategy for the design of the photocatalysts with high activity and stability by simultaneously tuning the band structure and morphology.
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12
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Xie Y, Yu C, Ni L, Yu J, Zhang Y, Qiu J. Carbon-Hybridized Hydroxides for Energy Conversion and Storage: Interface Chemistry and Manufacturing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209652. [PMID: 36575967 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-hybridized hydroxides (CHHs) have been intensively investigated for uses in the energy conversion/storage fields. Nevertheless, the intrinsic structure-activity relationships between carbon and hydroxides within CHHs are still blurry, which hinders the fine modulation of CHHs in terms of practical applications to some degree. This review aims to figure out the intrinsic role of carbon materials in CHHs with a focus on the interface chemistry and the engineering strategy in-between two components. The fundamental effects of the carbon materials in enhancing the charge/mass transfer kinetics are first analyzed, particularly the extra electron pathways for fast charge transfer and the anchoring sites for boosting the mass transfer. Subsequently, the surface-guided/confined effects of carbon materials in CHHs to modify the morphology and tailor the hydroxides, and functional heterojunction for regulating the inner electronic structure are decoupled. The methods to efficiently construct a stable yet robust solid-solid heterointerface are summarized, including oxygen functional groups engrafting, topological defective sites construction and heteroatom incorporation to activate the inert carbon surface. The smart CHHs in some typical energy applications are demonstrated. Additionally, the methodologies that can reveal the hybridization electron configuration between two components are summed up. At last, the perspective and challenges faced by the CHHs for energy-related applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyang Xie
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chang Yu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Lin Ni
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jinhe Yu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yafang Zhang
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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13
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Wang J, Zhu W, Meng F, Bai G, Zhang Q, Lan X. Integrating Dual-Metal Sites into Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Wanbo Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Fanyu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Guoyi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Qianfan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xingwang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
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14
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Wang Y, Ban C, Meng J, Ma J, Zou H, Feng Y, Ding J, Duan Y, Gan L, Zhou X. Charge Localization Induced by Fe Doping in Porous Bi5O7I Micro-flower for Enhanced Photoreduction of CO2 to CO. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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15
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Hezam A, Alkanad K, Bajiri MA, Strunk J, Takahashi K, Drmosh QA, Al-Zaqri N, Krishnappagowda LN. 2D/1D MoS 2 /TiO 2 Heterostructure Photocatalyst with a Switchable CO 2 Reduction Product. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201103. [PMID: 36408777 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulating the transfer pathway of charge carriers in heterostructure photocatalysts is of great importance for selective CO2 photoreduction. Herein, the charge transfer pathway and in turn the redox potential succeeded to regulate in 2D MoS2 /1D TiO2 heterostructure by varying the light wavelength range. Several in situ measurements and experiments confirm that charge transfer follows either an S-scheme mechanism under simulated solar irradiation or a heterojunction approach under visible light illumination, elucidating the switchable property of the MoS2 /TiO2 heterostructure. Replacing the simulated sunlight irradiation with the visible light illumination switches the photocatalytic CO2 reduction product from CO to CH4. 13 CO2 isotope labeling confirms that CO2 is the source of carbon for CH4 and CO products. The photoelectrochemical H2 generation further supports the switching property of MoS2 /TiO2 . Unlike previous studies, density functional theory calculations are used to investigate the band structure of Van der Waals MoS2 /TiO2 S scheme after contact, allowing to propose accurate charge transfer pathways, in which the theoretical results are well matched with the experimental results. This work opens the opportunity to develop photocatalysts with switchable charge transport and tunable redox potential for selective artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdo Hezam
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Khaled Alkanad
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, 570 006, India
| | - Mohammed Abdullah Bajiri
- Department of Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, 577 451, India
| | - Jennifer Strunk
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Keisuke Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Qasem Ahmed Drmosh
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil Al-Zaqri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box 2455, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Di J, Zhu X, Hao G, Zhu C, Chen H, Liu Q, Duan R, Hu H, Zhang Y, Xiong J, Long R, Xia J, Weng YX, Jiang W, Liu Z. Vacancy Pair-Induced Charge Rebalancing with Surface and Interfacial Dual Polarization for CO 2 Photoreduction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Di
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xingwang Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Gazi Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hailong Chen
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoxi Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Ruihuan Duan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hongwei Hu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Ran Long
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jiexiang Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xiang Weng
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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17
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Ni C, Huang M, Ren M, Li X, Yan X, Sun S. Effect of microstructure and reaction medium on photocatalytic performance and stability of BiO catalyst for CO2 reduction. CATAL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Yang Y, Xing Z, Kong W, Wu C, Peng H, Li Z, Zhou W. Metal-organic framework (MOF)-5/CuO@ZnIn 2S 4 core-shell Z-scheme tandem heterojunctions for improved charge separation and enhanced photocatalytic performance. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14741-14749. [PMID: 36172834 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03557j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Interface engineering is regarded as an effective strategy for charge separation. Metal-organic framework (MOF)-5/CuO@ZnIn2S4 core-shell Z-scheme tandem heterojunctions with a three-dimensional floral spherical shape are prepared by a two-step solvothermal and oxidative method. The flower spherical core-shell structure enhances multiple reflections and refractions of light and thus improves light utilization efficiently. In addition, this core-shell structure can supply sufficient active sites for photocatalytic reactions. Meanwhile, the composition of Z-scheme tandem heterojunctions and the photothermal effect contributed to the spatial charge separation and accelerated the photocatalytic process. The photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of MOF-5/CuO@ZnIn2S4 (1938.3 μmol g-1 h-1) is 18 times higher than that of pristine MOF-5, and the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 2,4-dichlorophenol and phenol can reach up to 98.7% and 97.3%, respectively. In addition, multiple cycle experiments demonstrate high stability, which is favorable for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China.
| | - Zipeng Xing
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China.
| | - Weifeng Kong
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China.
| | - Chunxu Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenzi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, P. R. China.
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19
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Di J, Jiang W, Liu Z. Symmetry breaking for semiconductor photocatalysis. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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