Beneficial Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Dietary Changes Intervention on Hepatic Fat Accumulation in HFD-Induced Obese Rats

Lifestyle intervention encompassing nutrition and physical activity are effective strategies to prevent progressive lipid deposition in the liver. This study aimed to explore the effect of dietary change, and/or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on hepatic lipid accumulation in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. We divided lean rats into lean control (LC) or HIIT groups (LH), and obese rats into obese normal chow diet (ND) control (ONC) or HIIT groups (ONH) and obese HFD control (OHC) or HIIT groups (OHH). We found that dietary or HIIT intervention significantly decreased body weight and the risk of dyslipidemia, prevented hepatic lipid accumulation. HIIT significantly improved mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation through upregulating mitochondrial enzyme activities, mitochondrial function and AMPK/PPARalpha/CPT1alpha pathway, as well as inhibiting hepatic de novo lipogenesis in obese HFD rats. These findings indicate that dietary alone or HIIT intervention powerfully improve intrahepatic storage of fat in diet induced obese rats. Keywords: Obesity, Exercise, Diet, Mitochondrial function, Lipid deposition.

Rev-erbα attenuates refractory periapical periodontitis via M1 polarization: An in vitro and in vivo study

AIM

Rev-erbα has been reported to regulate the healing of inflammatory lesions through its effect on the immune system in a variety of inflammatory disease. Moreover, the balance of macrophages polarization plays a crucial role in immune response and inflammatory progression. However, in refractory periapical periodontitis (RAP), the role of Rev-erbα in inflammatory response and bone resorption by regulating macrophage polarization remains unclarified. The aims of the present study were to investigate the expression of Rev-erbα in experimental RAP and to explore the relationship between Rev-erbα and macrophage polarization through the application of its pharmacological agonist SR9009 into the in vivo and in vitro experiments.

METHODOLOGY

Enterococcus faecalis-induced RAP models were established in SD rats. Histological staining and micro-computed tomography scanning were used to evaluate osteoclastogenesis and alveolar bone resorption. The expression of Rev-erbα and macrophage polarization were detected in the periapical tissues from rats by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and western blots. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to explore the relationship between Rev-erbα and inflammatory cytokines related to macrophage polarization.

RESULT

Compared to healthy periapical tissue, the expression of Rev-erbα was significantly down-regulated in macrophages from inflammatory periapical area, especially in Enterococcus faecalis-induced periapical lesions, with obvious type-1 macrophage (M1)-like dominance and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, Rev-erbα activation by SR9009 could induce type-2 macrophage (M2)-like polarization in periapical tissue and THP1 cell line, followed by increased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. Furthermore, intracanal application of SR9009 reduced the lesion size and promoted the repair of RAP by decreasing the number of osteoclasts and enhancing the formation of mineralized tissue in periapical inflammatory lesions.

CONCLUSIONS

Rev-erbα played an essential role in the pathogenesis of RAP through its effect on macrophage polarization. Targeting Rev-erbα might be a promising and prospective therapy method for the prevention and management of RAP.

Whole-Genome Sequencing for Identifying Candidate Genes Related to the Special Phenotypes of the Taihu Dianzi Pigeon

The Taihu Dianzi pigeon is a breed native to China, and its special piebalding, crest, and polydactyly phenotypes are the result of artificial and natural selection. Here, we analyzed the genetic differences among three kinds of pigeons with different phenotypes at the genomic level. A selective sweep was conducted based on the fixation index (FST) and nucleotide diversity (π) ratio, and the results revealed that MC1R was related to the formation of the distinctive piebalding of the Taihu Dianzi pigeon. Combined with the results of genome-wide association studies, we identified candidate genes associated with the crest (SMYD and STOX2) and polydactyly (SLC52A3 and ANGPT4). The candidate genes identified in this study and their variants may be useful for understanding the genetic mechanism underlying the special phenotypes of the Taihu Dianzi pigeon. This study provides new insights into the genetic factors that may influence the formation of the special piebalding, crest, and polydactyly characteristics in pigeons.

Engineering 0D/2D Architecture of Ni(OH)2 Nanoparticles on Covalent Organic Framework Nanosheets for Selective Visible-Light-Driven CO2 Reduction

Low-dimensional materials serving as photocatalysts favor providing abundant unsaturated active sites and shortening the charge transport distance, but the high surface energy readily causes the aggregation that limits their application. Herein, it is demonstrated that 2D covalent organic framework (COF) TpBD nanosheets are effective in the dispersion and stabilization of 0D Ni(OH)2 . The COF precursor TpBD is synthesized from the Schiff base condensation of 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and benzidine (BD) and exfoliated into 2D nanosheets named BDNs via ultrasonication. The formation of highly dispersive 0D Ni(OH)2 on BDNs is reached under a mild weak basic condition, enabling robust active sites for CO2 adsorption/activation and rapid interface cascaded electron transport channels for the accumulation of long-lived photo-generated charges. The champion catalyst 30%Ni-BDNs effectively catalyze the CO2 to CO conversion under visible-light irradiation, offering a high CO evolution rate of 158.4 mmol g-1 h-1 and turnover frequency of 51 h-1 . By contrast, the counterpart photocatalyst, the bulk TpBD stabilized Ni(OH)2 , affords a much lower CO evolution rate and selectivity. This work demonstrates a new avenue to simultaneously construct efficient active sites and electron transport channels by coupling 0D metal hydroxides and 2D COF nanosheets for CO2 photoreduction.

Mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling for identification of biomarkers related to footpad dermatitis in ducks

1. A new assessment method for duck footpad dermatitis (FPD) evaluation was developed, combining visual and histological characters using the images and sections of 400 ducks' feet at 340 d of age. All ducks were graded as G0 (healthy), G1 (mild), G2 (moderate) and G3 (severe) according to the degree of FPD.2. To reveal the potential biomarkers in serum related to duck FPD, non-targeted metabolomics and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were used to explore differential metabolites in each group.3. There were 57, 91 and 210 annotated differential metabolites in groups G1, G2 and G3 compared with G0, which meant that the severity of FPD increased in line with the number of metabolites. Four metabolites, L-phenylalanine, L-arginine, L-leucine and L-lysine, were considered potential biomarkers related to FPD.4. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the FPD was mainly involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway and amino acid metabolism. These are related to production metabolism and can affect the physiological activities of ducks, which might explain the decrease in production performance.

[Early efficacy and safety of mini open (air/water medium) endoscopy assisted anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy]

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of mini open (air/water medium) endoscopy assisted anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (MOEA-ACDF) for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Methods: A follow-up study. The clinical data of 30 patients with CSM treated by MOEA-ACDF from January to December in 2021 in the Henan NO.3 Provincial People's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Of the patients, 20 were male and 10 were female, the mean age was (49.8±9.3) years (ranged 28-70 years). The CSM occurred at C3-4 level in 2 cases, at C4-5 level in 3 cases, at C5-6 level in 22 cases and at C6-7 level in 3 cases. Each case was compared at the moment of pre-operation and final follow-up by the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, C2-7 Cobb angle, and anterior column height of surgical segment. The postoperative complications were recorded. Prevertebral soft tissue edema and hydrops were assessed. The fusion rate was evaluated. The JOA improvement rate was computed at the final follow-up. Results: All the operations were successfully completed and all the patients received follow-up for (12.7±2.7) months (ranged 9-20 months). The mean operation time was (85.3±11.0) min (ranged 65-110 min). The postoperative drainage volume was (16.7±7.4) ml (ranged 5-35 ml). The JOA score and the C2-7 Cobb angle both improved at the final follow-up when compared with those before the operation (15.3±1.3 vs 12.2±2.3, 15.5°±6.1° vs 12.3°±6.0°, both P<0.001). The anterior column height of surgical segment at the final follow-up was (35.6±2.5) mm, and it was higher than that before the operation [(34.1±2.4) mm](P<0.001). No postoperative complications such as dysphagia, hoarseness, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, nerve injury, hematoma occurred. Postoperative review of cervical MRI revealed 3 cases of prevertebral soft tissue edema and hydrops without obvious symptoms. At the final follow-up, cervical spine X-ray or CT showed that all fusion segments met the criteria for osseous fusion, and the fusion rate was 100%. No complications such as neurological aggravation, internal fixation failure, fusion cage sinking, and adjacent segment degeneration was recorded at the final follow-up. At the final follow-up, the comprehensive efficacy evaluated by JOA improvement rate indicated the excellent and good rate was 90.0%(27/30): 19 cases got an excellent outcome, 8 cases got good and 3 cases got medium outcome. Conclusion: MOEA-ACDF combines the endoscopic system with ACDF technology in the treatment of CSM can achieve satisfactory clinical efficacy with high safety, and effectively restore the cervical intervertebral height and physiological curvature.

Allergic Rhinitis as an Independent Risk Factor for Postoperative Recurrence of Children Chronic Sinusitis

(1) Background: The recurrence rate of childhood recurrent sinusitis varies widely between 12% and 50%, with the postoperative recurrence risk factors remaining largely unidentified. We sought to enhance the understanding of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) via a retrospective observational childhood cohort. (2) Methods: The study recruited 125 cases. Demographic data and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate potential risk factors of childhood recurrent sinusitis following functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). (3) Results: A postoperative recurrence rate of 21.6% was determined. Among the participants, 21 cases presented a history of allergic rhinitis (AR), with the remaining 104 cases being AR-free. A significantly heightened recurrence rate was noted in those bearing a history of AR compared to their counterparts devoid of such history (p < 0.000). The fully adjusted logistic regression model indicated a 21.04-fold increased risk of postoperative recurrence in childhood CRS bearing a history of AR compared to those without an AR history (p = 0.000), highlighting the history of AR as an independent risk factor for postoperative childhood recurrent sinusitis (p = 0.001); (4) Conclusions: The data implicate AR as an independent risk factor for postoperative childhood recurrent sinusitis.

Early strategy vs. late initiation of renal replacement therapy in adult patients with acute kidney injury: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

The optimal time to start renal replacement therapy (RRT) for acute kidney injury (AKI) remains controversial. We aim to compare the effects of early vs. delayed RRT initiation on clinical outcomes in adult patients with AKI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the International Clinical Trial registry platform were systematically searched from inception to 7 August 2022. The review included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing early and delayed initiation of RRT in AKI patients. The selected primary outcomes were short-term and long-term mortality. Secondary outcomes included RRT dependency, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, hospital length of stay, mechanical ventilator-free days, vasoactive agents-free days, RRT-free days, and adverse events.

RESULTS

Overall, 15 RCTs, including 5,625 patients, were analyzed. Early RRT showed no survival benefit when compared to the delayed therapy (28-or 30-day mortality: RR, 1.01, 95% CI: 0.94-1.08, p = 0.87; 60-day mortality: RR, 0.87, 95% CI: 0.71-1.06, p = 0.16; 90-day mortality: RR, 1.00, 95% CI: 0.88-1.13, p = 0.97; in-hospital mortality: RR, 1.05, 95% CI: 0.88-1.24, p = 0.58; ICU mortality: RR, 1.00, 95% CI: 0.91-1.10, p = 0.98). The delayed RRT did not lead to a higher risk of RRT dependency, ICU, or hospital length of stay than the early RRT. Similarly, early initiation of RRT did not lead to longer ventilator-free, vasoactive agent-free, and RRT-free days. However, early RRT initiation was associated with more adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggested that early RRT initiation was not associated with survival benefits or better clinical outcomes and increased the risk of RRT-associated adverse events. Current evidence does not support the use of early RRT for AKI patients without urgent indications.

Cuspal Shape Alterations by Bmp4 Directing Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis

The enamel knot (EK), located at the center of cap stage tooth germs, is a transitory cluster of nondividing epithelial cells. The EK acts as a signaling center that provides positional information for tooth morphogenesis and regulates the growth of tooth cusps. To identify species-specific cuspal patterns, this study analyzed the cellular mechanisms in the EK that were related to bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp), which plays a crucial role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. To understand the cellular mechanisms in the EK, the differences between 2 species showing different cuspal patterning, mouse (pointy bunodont cusp) and gerbil (flat lophodont cusp), were analyzed with quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescent staining. Based on these, we performed protein-soaked bead implantation on tooth germs of the 2 different EK regions and compared the cellular behavior in the EKs of the 2 species. Many genes related with cell cycle, cell apoptosis, and cell proliferation were involved in BMP signaling in the EK during tooth development. A comparison of the cell proliferation and apoptosis associated with Bmp revealed distinctive patterns of the cellular mechanisms. Our findings indicate that the cellular mechanisms, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, in the EK are related to Bmp4 and play an important role in tooth morphogenesis.

Evaluation of Intralymphatic Immunotherapy in Allergic Rhinitis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background

Intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) is short-course administration of allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). This study is aimed at assessing the clinical efficacy and safety of ILIT in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).

Methods

MEDLINE, PUBMED, and Cochrane Library were used to conduct electronic searches for clinical trials comparing ILIT and placebo in patients with AR. The final search took place on August 24, 2022. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. The outcomes included combined symptom and medication scores (CSMS), visual analog scale (VAS), allergic rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life (RQLQ), Skin-prick test (SPT), and adverse events (AEs). Data were synthesized as mean difference (MD)/standard mean difference (SMD) or risk difference (RD) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

Thirteen studies (454 participants) were included in this study. The ILIT group had better clinical improvement on the CSMS (random effects model, SMD-0.85, 95% CI [-1.58, -0.11], P = 0.02) and RQLQ (fixed-effects model, MD-0.42, 95% CI [0.69, 0.15], P = 0.003) than the placebo group. The booster injection was beneficial for CSMS (P < 0.0001), and the 4-week injection interval was superior to the 2-week injection period for improving VAS (P < 0.0001). Local swelling or erythema was the main AE following injection (random effects model, RD 0.16, 95% CI [0.05, 0.27], P = 0.005). Discussion. For individuals with AR, ILIT is safe and effective. ILIT alleviates clinical symptoms and reduces pharmaceutical consumption without causing severe AEs. However, the validity of this study is compromised by the substantial heterogeneity and risk of bias in the included researches. RegistrationCRD42022355329.

Efficacy and safety of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for pulmonary TB

OBJECTIVE: Compared with thoracotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has the advantage of post-operative recovery for patients undergoing surgery. However, studies comparing the efficacy of VATS with conventional traditional thoracotomy for treating patients with pulmonary TB (PTB) are inconsistent.METHODS: Five electronic databases were used to search studies on VATS and conventional thoracotomy for PTB up to 15 March 2022. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for comparison.RESULTS: A total of 14 were included. Compared with traditional thoracotomy, patients with drug-resistant TB treated using VATS had shorter operative time, less intra-operative bleeding, faster post-operative recovery and fewer post-operative complications (operation time: SMD -0.87, 95% CI -1.29 to -0.45; blood loss: SMD -1.31, 95% CI -1.71 to -0.92; duration of hospital stay: SMD -1.68, 95% CI -2.46 to -0.90; catheterisation time: SMD -1.56, 95% CI -2.39 to -0.73; post-operative complication: OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.60).CONCLUSION: Compared with conventional thoracotomy, VATS for patients with multidrug-resistant PTB undergoing lobectomy and wedge resection has the advantages of minor bleeding, shorter operative time, shorter hospital stay and post-operative pleural cavity drainage duration, and fewer post-operative complications, which can accelerate the post-operative recovery of patients.

Baicalin alleviates silica-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting TLR4/NF-?B pathway in rats

Silicosis is an occupational lung disease caused by inhaling silica dust. The disease is characterized by early lung inflammation and late irreversible pulmonary fibrosis. Here we report the effect of Baicalin, a main flavonoid compound from the roots of Chinese herbal medicine Huang Qin on silicosis in a rat model. Results showed Baicalin (50 or 100 mg/kg/day) can mitigate the silica-induced lung inflammation and reduce the harm of alveolar structure and the blue region of collagen fibers in rat lung at 28 days after administration. At the same time, Baicalin also diminished the level of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in lung tissues. The protein expression of collagen I (Col-1), alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and vimentin were down-regulated while E-cadherin (E-cad) was increased in Baicalin-treated rats. In addition, the Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/ nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway was enabled at 28 days after silica infusion, and the treatment of Baicalin diminished the expression of TLR4 and NF-?B in the lungs of rat with silicosis. These results suggested that Baicalin inhibited the pulmonary inflammatory and fibrosis in a rat model of silicosis, which could be attributed to inhibition of the TLR4/NF-kappaB pathway.

Baicalin alleviates silica-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting TLR4/NF-?B pathway in rats

Silicosis is an occupational lung disease caused by inhaling silica dust. The disease is characterized by early lung inflammation and late irreversible pulmonary fibrosis. Here we report the effect of Baicalin, a main flavonoid compound from the roots of Chinese herbal medicine Huang Qin on silicosis in a rat model. Results showed Baicalin (50 or 100 mg/kg/day) can mitigate the silica-induced lung inflammation and reduce the harm of alveolar structure and the blue region of collagen fibers in rat lung at 28 days after administration. At the same time, Baicalin also diminished the level of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in lung tissues. The protein expression of collagen I (Col-1), alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and vimentin were down-regulated while E-cadherin (E-cad) was increased in Baicalin-treated rats. In addition, the Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/ nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway was enabled at 28 days after silica infusion, and the treatment of Baicalin diminished the expression of TLR4 and NF-?B in the lungs of rat with silicosis. These results suggested that Baicalin inhibited the pulmonary inflammatory and fibrosis in a rat model of silicosis, which could be attributed to inhibition of the TLR4/NF-kappaB pathway.

Evaluation of Meat Quality of Local Pigeon Varieties in China

To evaluate the germplasm characteristics and nutritional value of Chinese native pigeon varieties, this study analyzed the nutrient composition of the meat of four Chinese native pigeon varieties and then compared them with those of the White King pigeon, which is the most commonly used in China. A total of 150 pigeons aged 28 d (squabs) of 5 breeds including Taihu pigeon, Shiqi pigeon, Ta-rim pigeon, Boot pigeon, and White King pigeon were selected for slaughter. The basic meat quality parameters and contents of conventional nutritional compositions, inosine acid, amino acids, and fatty acids were measured. The results showed that there were significant differences in flesh color (L*, b*), pH, and water loss rate of different breeds of suckling pigeons (p < 0.05). Compared with White King pigeons, four local breeds had dark breast meat and a low water loss rate. The protein contents of Taihu, Tarim, and Shiqi suckling pigeons were significantly higher than those of White King pigeons (p < 0.05). Taihu pigeons had the highest protein content, reaching 22.72%. The inosinic acid content of Tarim pigeons was the highest (1.31 mg/g) and was significantly higher than that of Shiqi pigeons, Boot pigeons, and White King pigeons (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the content of amino acids, the ratio of essential amino acids, and the ratio of umami amino acids in the meat of different breeds of pigeons (p > 0.05). The percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in the breast muscle of local breeding pigeons was significantly lower than that of White King pigeons (p < 0.05), and the percentages of lauric acid, palmitic acid, eicosanoic acid, and behenic acid in SFAs reached significant levels (p < 0.05). The content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the meat of Taihu pigeons was significantly higher than that in other breeds. In conclusion, compared with the White King pigeon, the meat of local breed pigeons (Taihu pigeon, Shiqi pigeon, Tarim pigeon, and Boot pigeon) had dark flesh, good water retention, high protein and inosine contents, a high proportion of essential amino acids, and a low saturated fatty acid ratio. In addition, Taihu pigeons had the highest protein content (22.72%), monounsaturated fatty acids (44.58%), and EPA (0.47%) compared to other breeds.

Multi-elements characteristic and potential risk of heavy metals in MOUTAN CORTEX from Anhui Province, China

To ensure the quality and safety of herbs, the content of 54 elements in MOUTAN CORTEX (MC) was determined by the ICP-AES and ICP-MS, and the health risks of Cu, As, Cd, Pb, Hg and rare earth elements (REEs) were assessed. These herbs were collected from 5 producing areas in Anhui Province, China, namely Wuhu, Tongling, Bozhou, Xuancheng and Chizhou. The multi-elements fingerprint identification of MC in Anhui Province was established. The total amount of macro-elements from Wuhu and Tongling is significantly lower than Bozhou. Among all MC from 5 producing areas, the highest content is Ca. Except for Bozhou, the content of macro-elements and REES in the other 4 origins of MC is from highest to lowest: Ca > K > Mg > Al > Fe > Na and Ce > La > Nd > Y > Pr > Er > Yb > Eu > Ho > Tb > Tm > Lu. The chemical forms of Cd in MC from Bozhou with the highest percentage were PH2O of high toxicity and migration, while the other 4 regions were PNaCl of low activity and mobility. There was a great difference in the content of inorganic elements and chemical forms of Cd between the MC produced from the plain (Bozhou) and the hilly areas (Wuhu, Tongling, Chizhou and Xuancheng). Except for Cd, the content of Cu, As, Pb and Hg in MC did not exceed the limit. The results of PTWIFact and ADI for Cd and REEs showed that MC herbs did not pose a risk to human health.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13762-022-04402-6.

Longitudinal In Vitro Effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Early Enamel Caries Lesions

This laboratory study evaluated the longitudinal surface microhardness changes in early, incipient, noncavitated, white-spot, enamel caries lesions treated with silver diamine fluoride (SDF). Five intervention groups (SDF, AgNO3, KF, 5% sodium fluoride varnish (FV), deionized water (DI)) × two-time intervals after intervention (immediate & delayed pH-cycling) resulted in 10 groups (n=18). Silver nitrate (AgNO3) and potassium fluoride (KF) groups served as controls to assist in evaluating if remineralization effects were due to the silver or fluoride component in SDF. Early, incipient, noncavitated, white-spot, enamel caries lesions were created in bovine enamel, the extent of demineralization was determined using Vickers surface microhardness (VHNlesion). Intervention treatments were applied. Half the specimens from each group underwent immediate 5-day pH-cycling, and half were stored in an incubator with artificial saliva for 2 weeks before undergoing 5-day pH-cycling. After pH-cycling, lesion hardness was evaluated using VHNpost. Specimens were then exposed to a second demineralization challenge, and lesion softening was evaluated (VHNsecdem). Hardness variables were calculated: ΔVHN = VHNpost - VHNlesion; ΔVHNsecdem = VHNsecdem - VHNpost. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (α=0.05). Immediately cycled, SDF had significantly (p<0.0001) greater remineralization than DI, AgNO3, and FV. All delayed cycling groups had significantly greater remineralization than FV (p<0.0001). Significantly greater remineralization was noted in delayed AgNO3 (p≤0.0001), DI (p=0.0003), and FV (p=0.0006) compared to immediately cycled. After the second demineralization challenge, FV had significantly less surface softening than AgNO3 (p=0.0002), DI (p=0.0003), KF (p=0.0225), and SDF (p=0.0388) intervention groups. No significant difference was found between the pH-cycle timings (p=0.2710). Based the present findings, FV may be better suited than SDF to treat early, incipient, noncavitated, white-spot, enamel caries lesions.

[Numerical simulation modeling of middle ear-eustachian tube ventilation based on Chinese digital visual human body]

Objective: To establish a three-dimensional model of middle ear-eustachian tube based on Chinese digital visual human dataset, and the deformation and pressure changes of the middle ear-eustachian tube system after eustachian tube opening are simulated by computer numerical simulation. Methods: The first female Chinese Digital Visual Human data was adopted. The images were imported by Amira image processing software, and the images were segmented by Geomagic software to form a three-dimensional model of middle ear-eustachian tube system, including eustachian tube, tympanum, tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, and mastoid air cells system. The 3D model was imported into Hypermesh software for meshing and analysis. The structural mechanics calculation was carried out by Abaqus, and gas flow was simulated by Xflow. The tissue deformation and middle ear pressure changes during eustachian tube opening were numerically simulated by fluid-solid coupling algorithm. Several pressure monitoring points including tympanum, mastoid, tympanic isthmus, and external auditory canal were set up in the model, and the pressure changes of each monitoring point were recorded and compared. Results: In this study, a three-dimensional model of middle ear-eustachian tube and a numerical simulation model of middle ear ventilation were established, including eustachian tube, tympanum, mastoid air cells, tympanic membrane, and auditory ossicles. The dynamic changes of the model after ventilation could be divided into five stages according to the pressure. In addition, the pressure changes of tympanum and tympanic isthmus were basically synchronous, and the pressure changes of mastoid air cells system were later than that of tympanum and tympanic isthmus, which verified the pressure buffering effect of mastoid. The extracted pressure curve of the external auditory canal was basically consistent with that of tympanometry in terms of value and trend, which verified the effectiveness of the model. Conclusions: The numerical simulation model of middle ear-eustachian tube ventilation established in this paper can simulate the tissue deformation and middle ear pressure changes after eustachian tube opening, and its accuracy and effectiveness are also verified. This not only lays a foundation for further research, but also provides a new research method for the study of middle ear ventilation.

A Mobile-based Virtual Reality Speech Rehabilitation App for Patients With Aphasia After Stroke: Development and Pilot Usability Study

Background

Stroke has the highest disability-adjusted life-years lost in any disease, and approximately one-third of the patients get aphasia. Computers and tablets are innovative and aid in intensive treatments in speech rehabilitation for patients with aphasia. However, mechanical training limits the help to patients.

Objective

This study aims to provide a framework for an integrated virtual reality (VR) app to provide speech rehabilitation for patients with aphasia.

Methods

The content was generated through an in-depth literature review and discussion with experienced rehabilitation physicians and occupational therapists. We then conducted a 2-round Delphi study with 15 experts from hospitals and universities to rate the content using a 5-point Likert scale. The app was developed by an interdisciplinary team involving VR, medical science of rehabilitation, and therapeutic rehabilitation. Pilot usability testing of this novel app was conducted among 5 patients with aphasia, 5 healthy volunteers, 5 medical staff, and 2 VR experts.

Results

We designed 4 modules of speech rehabilitation: oral expression, auditory comprehension, cognition, and comprehensive application. Our VR-based interactive and intelligent app was developed to provide an alternative option for patients with aphasia. Pilot usability testing revealed user satisfaction with the app.

Conclusions

This study designed and tested a novel VR-based app for speech rehabilitation specifically adapted to patients with aphasia. This will guide other studies to develop a similar program or intelligent system in a clinical setting.

Identification of Robust Biomarkers for Early Predicting Efficacy of Subcutaneous Immunotherapy in Children With House Dust Mite-Induced Allergic Rhinitis by Multiple Cytokine Profiling

Background

Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is an effective treatment for children with allergic rhinitis (AR), but its efficacy fluctuates among patients. There are no reliable candidate biomarkers for monitoring and predicting the response to SCIT. The present study aims to identify novel biomarkers for early predicting the efficacy of SCIT in pediatric AR patients based on multiple cytokine profiling.

Methods

We prospectively recruited 72 children with house dust mite (HDM)-induced AR who were assigned to receive SCIT. The serum samples were collected and multiple cytokine profiling was conducted by Luminex assay at baseline. All patients were followed-up for 1 year and then categorized into effective and ineffective group based on their efficacy, and levels of 48 selected cytokines were tested and compared between the two groups. The potential cytokines were further validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a cohort with 54 responders and 26 non-responders.

Results

Sixty-nine of 72 children completed one-year follow-up schedule with 46 included in effective group and 23 in ineffective group. The results of multiple cytokine profiling showed that 15 cytokines (eotaxin, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-12(p40), IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-4, MIF, MIP-1α, RANTES, SCF, SDF-1α and VEGF) were dysregulated between effective and ineffective group (all P < 0.05). Unadjusted and adjusted multivariate analysis models highlighted that serum eotaxin, IFN-γ, IL-4 and MIF levels closely associated with the efficacy of SCIT in pediatric HDM-induced AR patients. In addition, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves revealed potential values of these four biomarkers in predicting the response to SCIT. Further ELISA validation results in the cohort of 80 pediatric patients demonstrated that serum eotaxin and IL-4 levels were elevated in responders while IFN-γ levels decreased in responders (all P < 0.05). ROC curves demonstrated that serum IL-4 exhibited more reliable accuracy in predicting SCIT efficacy than eotaxin and IFN-γ.

Conclusion

Our discover–validation study suggested that cytokines including IL-4, eotaxin and IFN- γ may serve as robust biomarkers for early predicting response of SCIT in children with HDM-induced AR. These results strengthen the evidence that cytokines were associated with the response of SCIT and contributed to understand its underlying therapeutic mechanisms.

Effectiveness of virtual reality-based interventions in rehabilitation management of breast cancer survivors: protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Breast cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and represents 11.7% of all new cancer cases. However, breast cancer survivors (BCS) suffer from many intense physical and psychological symptoms, functional deficits and adverse effects during and after treatment, significantly affecting their quality of life. Virtual reality (VR) technology uses computer technology to create an interactive three-dimensional world by visual, audio and touch simulation and is being used in breast cancer rehabilitation management. This paper reports on the protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the efficacy of VR-based interventions in the rehabilitation management of BCS.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This protocol for conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis was prepared according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols 2015 statement. Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and SinoMed will be used in the search. The search will include randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies and case-controlled trials published in English and Chinese. Further, the risk of bias of the studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis will be assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. The statistical program Review Manager V.5.3 will be used in the meta-analysis. The I² test will be used to determine statistical heterogeneity among the included studies.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethics approval will not be needed because the data to be used in this systematic review and meta-analysis will be extracted from published studies. The systematic review and meta-analysis will focus on whether VR-based interventions are effective in the rehabilitation management of BCS. It will be disseminated by publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42021250727.

BMSC-Derived ApoEVs Promote Craniofacial Bone Repair via ROS/JNK Signaling

Bone defect caused by trauma, neoplasia, congenital defects, or periodontal disease is a major cause of disability and physical limitation. The transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) promotes bone repair and regeneration. However, it has been shown that most BMSCs die within a short period after transplantation. During apoptosis, BMSCs generate a large number of apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles (ApoEVs). This study aims to understand the potential role of ApoEVs in craniofacial bone defect repair and regeneration. First, we confirmed that BMSCs undergo apoptosis within 2 d after transplantation into the defect of the cranium. Abundant ApoEVs were generated from apoptotic BMSCs. Uptake of ApoEVs efficiently promoted the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of recipient BMSCs in vitro. ApoEVs from cells in the middle stage of apoptosis were the most efficient to enhance the regenerative capacity of BMSCs. Moreover, a critical size bone defect model in rats was used to evaluate the osteogenic property of ApoEVs in vivo. Local transplantation of ApoEVs promoted bone regeneration in the calvarial defect. Mechanistically, ApoEVs promoted new bone formation by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species to activate JNK signaling. This study reveals a previously unknown role of the dying transplanted BMSCs in promoting the viability of endogenous BMSCs and repairing the calvarial defects. Since it could avoid several adverse effects and limits of BMSC cytotherapy, treatment of ApoEVs might be a promising strategy in craniofacial bone repair and regeneration.

[Interventional effect of asiaticosdide on rats exposed to silica dust]

Objective: To investigate the effect of asiaticoside for fibrosis in lung tissues of rats exposed to silica and to explore its possible mechanism. Methods: 144 SD male rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, positive drug control group, asiaticoside high-dose group, medium-dose group and low-dose group, each group included 24 rats. Rats in the control group were perfused with 1.0 ml of normal saline, and the other groups were given 1.0 ml 50 mg/ml SiO(2) suspension. Gavage of herbal was given from the next day after model establishment, once a day. Rats in the positive drug control group were administration with 30 mg/kg tetrandrine and rats in the low-dose group, medium-dose group and high-dose group were given 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg asiaticoside for fibrosis respectively. Rats in the control group and the model group were given 0.9% normal saline. The rats were sacrificed in on the 14th, 28th and 56th day after intragastric administration and collect the lung tissues to detect the content of hydroxyproline, TGF-β(1) and IL-18, observe the pathological changes of the lung tissues by HE and Masson staining and determine the expressions of Col-I, a-SMA, TGF-β in lung tissues by Western Blot. Results: On the 14th day, 28th day and 56th day after model establishment, the lung tissues of rats in the model group showed obvious inflammatory response and accumulation of collagen fibers, and the degree of inflammation and fibrosis increased with time. The intervention of asiaticoside could effectively inhibit the pathological changes of lung tissues. The contents of hydroxyproline, IL-18 and TGF-β1 in lung tissues of model group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05) , while the level of hydroxyproline, IL-18 and TGF-β1 in asiaticoside groups were significantly decreased, and the difference was statistically signicant (P<0.05) . Compared with the control group, the expression levels of Col-I, TGF-β1and α-SMA in lung tissue of model group were increased (P<0.05) , while the expression level of Col-I, TGF-β1 and α-SMA were decreased after the intervention of asiaticoside, and the difference was statistically signicant (P<0.05) . Conclusion: Asiaticoside can inhibit the increase of Col-I, TGF-β1 and α-SMA content in the SiO(2)-induced lung tissues of rats, reduce the release of TGF-β1 and IL-18 inflammatory factors in lung tissue, and then inhibit the synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix in rat lung tissue, and improve silicosis fibrosis.

MiR-4282 is a tumor-suppressor gene for preventing metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer by negatively regulating MIER1

OBJECTIVE

To elucidate the biological role of miR-4282 in influencing metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) by regulating MIER1.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

MiR-4282 expressions in 45 cases of EOC specimens and normal controls were detected by quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). The relationship between miR-4282 and clinical features in EOC patients, including pathological indicators and overall survival, was analyzed. After intervening miR-4282 level in SKOV3 and 3AO cells by plasmid transfection, changes in migratory and invasive abilities were determined by transwell assay and wound healing assay. The target gene of miR-4282 was observed by Dual-Luciferase reporter assay, followed by exploration of its involvement in EOC progression via rescue experiments.

RESULTS

MiR-4282 was downregulated in EOC specimens than normal controls. EOC patients expressing low level of miR-4282 had higher incidences of lymphatic metastasis and distant metastasis, as well as worse prognosis than those overexpressing miR-4282. Overexpression of miR-4282 in SKOV3 cells weakened metastatic ability, and conversely, knockdown of miR-4282 in 3AO cells yielded the promotive trends. MIER1 was confirmed to be the target gene binding miR-4282, which was highly expressed in EOC specimens. MIER1 was able to reverse the regulatory effect of miR-4282 on EOC cell metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

Lowly expressed miR-4282 in EOC specimens is closely linked to the incidence of metastasis and overall survival. MiR-4282 prevents EOC metastasis by a negative regulation on MIER1.

Yak miR-2285o-3p attenuates hypoxia-induced apoptosis by targeting caspase-3

miRNAs are a class of hairpin‐derived RNAs, 21–24 nucleotides in length, which are involved in a range of biological processes. The bta‐miR‐2285 family has over 40 members spanning the entire bovine genome. We previously found that bta‐miR‐2285o‐3p was highly expressed in yak heart and lung when compared with cattle, which prompted us to investigate its potential function in high‐altitude adaptation of yaks. In this study, we detected wide‐spread high expression of bta‐miR‐2285o‐3p in yak tissues. Further experiments revealed that the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type M (PTPRM) gene was the host gene of bta‐miR‐2285o‐3p and that two linked SNPs in bta‐mir‐2285o precursor affected the biogenesis of mature miRNA (bta‐miR‐2285o‐3p). Functional analysis in vitro indicated that bta‐miR‐2285o‐3p attenuated hypoxia‐induced apoptosis by targeting very low‐density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and caspase‐3. Expression level analysis in vivo revealed the high negative Pearson’s correlation between bta‐miR‐2285o‐3p and caspase3 in yak, highlighting the potential important roles of bta‐miR‐2285o‐3p in yak high‐altitude adaptation. Our study provides a typical model for deciphering the function of miRNAs in environmental adaptation.

[SNP Panel Analysis of Ancestry Inference in East Asian Populations]

Abstract

Objective To develop an SNP Panel for East Asian population, which has a high individual identification rate and the capability of ancestry analysis. Methods The 55 SNP Panel by Professor KIDD of Yale University and the 128 SNP Panel by Professor SELDIN of Davis School of California University, 170 SNP Panel in total was used as the basis and its test data in the East Asian population was collected. The genetic parameters of SNP loci were calculated and combined with the results of heatmap analysis to screen SNP loci suitable for East Asian population. Some Tibetan and Han samples were tested. The possibility of using the SNP loci in ancestry inference was analyzed by means of STRUCTURE analysis, principal component analysis and heatmap analysis. Results A Panel with 45 SNPs （45 SNP Panel） was screened out, and the average genetic parameters of each SNP were better than 170 SNP Panel, with the same ancestry analysis and inference ability. Conclusion In terms of ancestry inference information, the 45 SNP Panel can completely replace the 170 SNP Panel and achieve the same ancestry analysis and inference ability. In genetic parameters, 45 SNP Panel is better than 170 SNP Panel in the East Asian population, which shows its important potential forensic application value.

Taurine Reduces Liver Damage in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Model in Rats by Down-Regulating IL-9 and Tumor Growth Factor TGF-β

The study employed a rat model to examine the effects of taurine (Tau) on prevention and therapy of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In model rats maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD), the serum levels of ALT, AST, triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL were higher than the corresponding levels in normal control and NP groups (p<0.05). In Tau-prevention and Tau-treatment groups, the serum levels of AST and triglycerides were lower than in HFD rats (p<0.05). In HFD rats, diffuse fatty degeneration and infiltration with inflammatory cells was observed in the liver; in the ileal mucosa, the villi were fractured or absent, the epithelium was exfoliated and infiltrated with inflammatory cells. The levels of TGF-β, IL-9, and their mRNA in the liver and ileal mucosa of HFD rats were significantly higher than in normal control and NP groups (p<0.05). In Tau-prevention and Tau-treatment groups, these levels were significantly lower than in HFD rats (p<0.05). Thus, TGF-β and IL-9 can be implicated in NAFLD genesis, while Tau can preventively or therapeutically diminish the damage to the liver and ileal mucosa in rats with this disease by down-regulating the expression of TGF-β and IL-9.

[Expression of lncRNA MIR210HG in preeclampsia placental tissue and its functional analysis]

Objective: To investigate the differential expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in placental tissues of women with preeclampsia (PE) and the effect of MIR210HG on the biological function of HTR8/SVneo cells. Methods: A total of 39 cases of PE women (PE group) and 39 cases of normal pregnant women (CTL group) admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from July 2018 to July 2019 were collected. (1) Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to analyze the differentially expressed lncRNAs in the placental tissues of the two groups. (2) The expression level of MIR210HG, one of the differentially expressed lncRNAs, in the placental tissues of the two groups was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. And the correlations between the expression level of MIR210HG and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and neonatal birth weight were analyzed. (3) The constructed small interfering RNA and negative control (NC) RNA were transfected into the HTR8/SVneo cells. The cells were divided into MIR210HG knockdown (KD) group and NC group. The effects of living cell counting (CCK-8) and transwell assay on the proliferation and migration of HTR8/SVneo cells were detected. (4) RNA interacting with MIR210HG was predicted using the Encyclopedia of RNA Interactomes (ENCORI) database. Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) and BioCarta pathway enrichment analysis were performed. Results: (1) A total of 26 significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs were found by RNA-seq, among which 21 lncRNAs were up-regulated and 5 lncRNAs were down-regulated. (2) The relative expression level of MIR210HG in the PE group was significantly higher than that in the CTL group (9.30±1.90 and 1.10±0.20, respectively; t=4.425, P<0.01). The relative expression level of MIR210HG had positive linear correlation with systolic blood pressure (r²=0.234, P<0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (r²=0.190, P<0.05), but had a negative linear correlation with newborn birth weight (r²=0.157, P<0.05). (3) Compared with the NC group, the proliferation and migration ability of HTR8/SVneo cells in the KD group were increased (all P<0.05). (4) A total of 38 RNAs that might interact with MIR210HG were predicted by ENCORI database. GO functional annotation analysis showed that MIR210HG might be involved in the functions of 27 pathways, including the regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response, etc; KEGG pathway analysis showed that MIR210HG might be involved in the function of 8 pathways including allograft rejection, etc; Biocarta pathway analysis showed that MIR210HG may be involved in the functions of 8 pathways, including the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) pathway, etc. Conclusion: The expression of MIR210HG is up-regulated in the placental tissue of PE women, and MIR210HG might be a regulator of the biological behavior of trophoblast cells.

Orthodontic Force-Induced BMAL1 in PDLCs Is a Vital Osteoclastic Activator

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) depends on periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) sensing biomechanical stimuli and subsequently releasing signals to initiate alveolar bone remodeling. However, the mechanisms by which PDLCs sense biomechanical stimuli and affect osteoclastic activities are still unclear. This study demonstrates that the core circadian protein aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (BMAL1) in PDLCs is highly involved in sensing and delivering biomechanical signals. Orthodontic force upregulates BMAL1 expression in periodontal tissues and cultured PDLCs in manners dependent on ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and AP1 (activator protein 1). Increased BMAL1 expression can enhance secretion of CCL2 (C-C motif chemokine 2) and RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand) in PDLCs, which subsequently promotes the recruitment of monocytes that differentiate into osteoclasts. The mechanistic delineation clarifies that AP1 induced by orthodontic force can directly interact with the BMAL1 promoter and activate gene transcription in PDLCs. Localized administration of the ERK phosphorylation inhibitor U0126 or the BMAL1 inhibitor GSK4112 suppressed ERK/AP1/BMAL1 signaling. These treatments dramatically reduced osteoclastic activity in the compression side of a rat orthodontic model, and the OTM rate was almost nonexistent. In summary, our results suggest that force-induced expression of BMAL1 in PDLCs is closely involved in controlling osteoclastic activities during OTM and plays a vital role in alveolar bone remodeling. It could be a useful therapeutic target for accelerating the OTM rate and controlling pathologic bone-remodeling activities.

Circular RNA circCNOT6L regulates cell development through modulating miR-384/FN1 axis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

In recent years, circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be related to the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, their functional mechanisms remain to be investigated. Herein, we focus our research on the functions and mechanisms of circCNOT6L and miR-384 in ESCC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The levels of circCNOT6L, miR-384, and fibronectin 1 (FN1) were determined using quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). RNase R was used to investigate circCNOT6L stabilization. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Western blot assay was employed to analyze the protein levels of FN1, proliferation-related genes, and iron metabolism-related genes. In addition, the interaction between miR-384 and circCNOT6L or FN1 was predicted by starBase3.0 and confirmed by the Dual-Luciferase reporter assay. Mouse xenograft was carried out to measure the effect of circCNOT6L on tumor growth in vivo.

RESULTS

CircCNOT6L and FN1 levels were upregulated, and miR-384 level was downregulated in ESCC tissues/cells. CircCNOT6L knockdown attenuated ESCC cell proliferation and iron metabolism disorder, as well as accelerated apoptosis. Notably, circCNOT6L targeted miR-384, and miR-384 targeted FN1. MiR-384 depletion and FN1 upregulation weakened the effects of circCNOT6L knockdown and miR-384 overexpression on ESCC cell progression, respectively. Besides, circCNOT6L knockdown inhibited tumor growth in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrated that circCNOT6L positively regulated the development of ESCC cells via modulating miR-384/FN1 axis. Our findings provided a theoretical basis for the therapy of ESCC patients.

Evaluation of risk factors and biomarkers related to arterial and venous thrombotic events in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the contribution of traditional/disease-related risk factors and biomarkers linked to arterial and venous thrombotic events (TEs) in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs).Method: The occurrence of arterial and/or venous TEs at the time of or after IIM diagnosis was retrospectively evaluated in a cohort of 253 patients with IIMs, resulting in a final population of 246 IIM patients, 51 with reported TE (cases) and 195 without a history of TE (comparators). Information on disease characteristics and traditional risk factors for arterial and venous TE (essential hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, smoking, malignancy) was retrieved. Serum levels of anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPLs) and adhesion molecules were analysed at the time of IIM diagnosis and at the time of the TE in cases.Results: One in five IIM patients (21%) had experienced a TE, arterial TE in 22 and venous TE in 29 patients, with a peak prevalence within 5 years after diagnosis. Among traditional/disease-related risk factors, only older age was associated with both arterial and venous TEs, after adjusting for other covariates. Low serum levels of e-selectin were associated with higher odds of developing a TE, without specific association with either arterial or venous TEs. Only 6% of IIM patients had aPLs, with no significant difference between cases and comparators.Conclusions: An increased risk of both venous and arterial TEs should be considered in IIM patients, particularly close to diagnosis and in elderly people. Low serum levels of e-selectin may predict TE in IIM patients, but the underlying biological mechanism is not known.

Endoscopic frontal recess anatomy directed by the drainage pathways using the connecting plates as landmarks

PURPOSE

To investigate the anatomical features of frontal recess (FR) drainage, and the classification of FR cells and frontal sinus (FS).

METHODS

Fifty sides from 30 adult cadaver heads were examined. FR cells and FS along the drainage pathways were dissected under 0° and 70° endoscopic views using unique connecting structures between the uncinate process and the ethmoid bulla as landmarks.

RESULTS

Connecting plates between the uncinate process and the ethmoid bulla were discovered and termed medial suprainfundibular plate (MSIP), which were observed on each cadaver head, and lateral suprainfundibular plate (LSIP) on 92% (46/50) sides. Separated by MSIP, two drainage pathways were identified and named medial pathways of the FR (MPFR) medial to the MSIP and the lateral pathways of the FR (LPFR) in the lateral side. Different drainage pathways of the FS were confirmed, in which drained into the MPFR in 37 and into the LPFR in 13 of the cadaver sides.

CONCLUSIONS

MSIP is the critical landmark for the recognition of MPFR, LPFR, and the classification of FR cells. The FR resection along LPFR and MPFR facilitated excellent exposure of FS.

The KMT2A gene: mRNA differential expression in the ovary and a novel 13-nt nucleotide sequence variant associated with litter size in cashmere goats

A genome-wide association study had shown that lysine methyltransferase 2A (KMT2A), which encodes the histone 3 lysine 4 methyltransferase and reportedly can regulate gametogenesis, steroidogenesis, and development as well as other biological processes, is a potential candidate gene influencing litter size in the dairy goat, suggesting its key function in animal reproduction. Here, we aimed to explore the genetic effects of the KMT2A gene on litter size in females of the Chinese indigenous cashmere goat, using a large sample size (n > 1,000), based on their levels of RNA transcription and DNA variation. First, mRNA expression levels of this gene in ovarian tissues between the low-prolific group (first-born litter size = 1) and high-prolific group (first-born litter size ≥2) were significantly different, revealing the potential functioning of KMT2A in goat prolific. Moreover, a novel 13-nt nucleotide sequence variant was identified in Shaanbei white cashmere goats (n = 1,616). In accordance with the independent chi-square (χ²) analysis, the distribution of genotypes (P = 2.57 × 10^-9) and allelotypes (P = 3.00 × 10^-7) between the low- and high-prolific groups differed significantly, indicating the 13-nt mutation was associated with litter size. Further analysis showed that the insertion/insertion (II) genotype was significantly different with insertion/deletion (ID) (P = 1.76 × 10^-9) and deletion/deletion (DD) (P = 7.00 × 10^-6), with goats having the DD genotype producing an average litter size larger than the other genotypes. Taken together, these findings suggest KMT2A can serve as a candidate gene for breeding goats, which may have implications for improving the future development of the goat industry.

CD40L-stimulated B cells for ex-vivo expansion of polyspecific non-human primate regulatory T cells for translational studies

The therapeutic applications of regulatory T cells (T_regs ) include treating autoimmune diseases, graft-versus-host disease and induction of transplantation tolerance. For ex-vivo expanded T_regs to be used in deceased donor transplantation, they must be able to suppress T cell responses to a broad range of human leukocyte antigen (HLA). Here, we present a novel approach for the expansion of polyspecific T_regs in cynomolgus macaques that was adapted from a good manufacturing practice-compliant protocol. T_regs were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and expanded in the presence of a panel of CD40L-stimulated B cells (CD40L-sBc). Prior to T_reg culture, CD40L-sBc were expanded in vitro from multiple major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-disparate macaques. Expanded T_regs expressed high levels of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) and Helios, a high percentage of T_reg -specific demethylated region (TSDR) demethylation and strong suppression of naïve T cell responses in vitro. In addition, these T_regs produced low levels of inflammatory cytokines and were able to expand post-cryopreservation. Specificity assays confirmed that these T_regs were suppressive upon activation by any antigen-presenting cells (APCs) whose MHC was shared by CD40L-sBc used during expansion, proving that they are polyspecific. We developed an approach for the expansion of highly suppressive cynomolgus macaque polyspecific T_regs through the use of a combination of CD40L-engineered B cells with the potential to be translated to clinical studies. To our knowledge, this is the first report that uses a pool of MHC-mismatched CD40L-sBc to create polyspecific T_regs suitable for use in deceased-donor transplants.

[Evaluation and analysis of anxiety, depression and quality of life in vasomotor rhinitis]

Objective: To evaluate the mental state and quality of life in patients with vasomotor rhinitis (VMR) before and after treatment, and to provide guidance for improving the overall health of VMR patients. Methods: Two hundred and twenty VMR patients (VMR group, 118 males, 102 females; aged from 18 to 72 years old), three hundred and twenty allergic rhinitis (AR) patients (AR group, 178 males, 142 females; aged from 18 to 79 years old) from January 2016 to September 2019 were selected in the otolaryngology clinic of Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, four hundred and twenty-three healthy people (control group, 243 males, 180 females; aged from 19 to 70 years old) were selected in physical examination center at the same time by continuous enrollment method, symptom check list (SCL-90), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were used to evaluate the mental state of VMR patients before and after treatment, and 12-item short form health survey version 2.0 (SF-12v2) was used to evaluate their quality of life, statistical data were collected and analyzed by ANOVA and t-test. Results: The scores of eight factors (physical function, role physical function, general health, vitality, role-emotional, mental health) of SF-12v2 in VMR patients before treatment were lower than that of posttreatment, that of AR patients and the control group, the differences were significant (all P<0.05), the scores of somatization, obsession, depression, anxiety and psychosis in SCL-90 in VMR patients before treatment were significantly higher than that of posttreatment, that of AR patients and the control group (all P<0.05), the SAS and SDS in VMR patients before treatment (51.28±16.32; 53.28±18.55) were significantly higher than that of posttreatment (38.53±13.21; 39.35±13.34), that of AR patients (42.23±14.32; 43.32±13.78) and the control group (29.78±10.07;33.46±10.55; t(SAS) were 9.007, 6.813 and 20.59; t(SDS) were 9.043, 7.154 and 17.260, all P<0.05). Conclusion: VMR patients generally suffer from psychological damage, which seriously affects the quality of life of the patients. On the basis of routine treatment, we should attach more importance to the negative psychology of VMR patients and intervene when necessary.

Long noncoding RNA PCAT6 regulates cell growth and metastasis via Wnt/β-catenin pathway and is a prognosis marker in cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE

Previously, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to have critical regulatory roles in the progression of human cancers. LncRNA prostate cancer-associated transcript 6 (PCAT6) has been reported to act as an oncogene in several tumors. However, its expression and function in cervical cancer (CC) have not been investigated. In this study, we aim to reveal the functions of PCAT6 and the underlying mechanisms in CC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We evaluated the expression levels of PCAT6 in CC tissues and cell lines using real-time PCR. The clinical data were interpreted by chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, univariate analysis, and multivariate analysis. The effect of PCAT6 on CC proliferation and metastasis was investigated by CCK-8 assay, EdU incorporation assay and transwell assay. The cell apoptosis was detected by apoptosis flow detection. RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1 and c-myc.

RESULTS

We found that PCAT6 expression was significantly up-regulated in human CC tissues and cell lines compared with their normal counterparts, and its high levels were associated with advanced FIGO stage, depth of cervical invasion and positively lymph node metastasis. Survival assays indicated that high PCAT6 expression had a negative influence on overall survival and disease-free survival. Moreover, multivariate analysis identified high PCAT6 expression as an unfavorable prognostic biomarker for CC patients. Functionally, knockdown of PCAT6 significantly suppressed CC cells proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoted apoptosis. Mechanistic investigation showed PCAT6 activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in CC cell lines by promoting the expression of β-catenin, cyclin D1 and c-myc.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicated that PCAT6 played oncogenic roles and can be used as a therapeutic target for treating human CC.

MicroRNA-219-5p inhibits wound healing by targeting TMEM98 in keratinocytes under normoxia and hypoxia condition

OBJECTIVE

Wound healing is closely related to the production of inflammatory cytokines, keratinocytes proliferation and migration. This study aims to investigate the role of transmembrane protein 98 (TMEM98) on wound healing and whether miRNA-219-5p could inhibit wound healing by targeting TMEM98 in keratinocytes.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Hypoxia model was established by CoCl2 (2000 μmol/L) treatment. TMEM98 protein expression, inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) and cell proliferation and migration were detected in hypoxia group.

RESULTS

Overexpression of TMEM98 could significantly reverse the effects caused by hypoxia. MiR-219-5p was markedly increased in hypoxia group and miR-219-5p could downregulate TMEM98 expression by direct binding its 3'-UTR.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrated that miR-219-5p could inhibit wound healing by targeting TMEM98.

Effects of fermented wheat-rice distillers dried grains with solubles on meat quality and amino acid profile in broilers

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of replacing distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with fermented DDGS (FDDGS) on meat quality and serum amino acid profiles in Chinese yellow broilers. Forty-eight 42-day-old male Chinese yellow broilers were randomly allotted to the treatments. Each treatment was replicated six times with four birds per replicate. Both groups received a basal corn-soybean diet that was supplemented with either 20% DDGS or 20% FDDGS. Broilers were euthanized at 70 days old. The right half of each breast was evaluated for meat quality. Both breast and thigh meats were evaluated for proximate and fatty acid composition. Serum from blood samples was analysed to quantify relative amounts of free amino acids. Breast meat from broilers supplemented with FDDGS had a lower pH and less drip loss than those supplemented with DDGS (P <0.05). No differences were detected between treatments in the proximate composition of breast and thigh meat (P >0.05). Myristic acid (C14:0) concentration of thigh muscles was reduced for broilers supplemented with FDDGS compared with those supplemented with DDGS (P＜0.05). Concentrations of lysine, taurine, alpha-aminoadipic acid, glycine, and 3-methylhistidine in serum were all lower for broilers supplemented with FDDGS than for those supplemented with DDGS (P＜ 0.05). Meanwhile, the serum phosphoserine concentration of the FFDS-supplemented broilers was greater than those supplemented with DDGS (P＜0.05). In conclusion, replacing 20% DDGS with a like amount of FDDGS can be recommended for diets of growing broiler chickens.Keywords: fatty acids, meat quality, shear force

MiR-34a-5p/PD-L1 axis regulates cisplatin chemoresistance of ovarian cancer cells

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in women with an increasing number of cases worldwide. Chemoresistance is the main obstacle for ovarian cancer treatment during clinical therapy. Previous studies found that programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) was associated with chemoresistance of cancer. However, there were little reports about the function of PD-L1 involved in chemoresistance of ovarian cancer. In our study, cisplatin (DDP)-resistant SKOV3 and A2780 ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3/DDP and A2780/DDP) were established. We found that the expression of PD-L1 was increased and miR-34a-5p was decreased in DDP-resistant cells. PD-L1 silencing inhibited chemoresistance of DDP-resistant ovarian cancer cells to DDP, as evidenced by decreased proliferation, G1-phase cell cycle arrest and increased apoptosis. Western blot assay showed that in the presence of DDP, PD-L1 silencing decreased multidrug resistance protein 1 and Cyclin D1 protein levels, whereas increased cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP protein levels in these cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that miR-34a-5p negatively regulated the expression of PD-L1 by targeting its 3'-untranslated region. The effects of miR-34a-5p mimic on DDP-treated SKOV3/DDP cells were reversed by the overexpression of PD-L1. Moreover, the tumorigenicity of DDP-resistant ovarian cancer cells in nude mice treated with DDP was attenuated by miR-34a-5p in vivo. The combined data indicate that miR-34a-5p/PD-L1 axis regulates DDP chemoresistance of ovarian cancer cells, providing a deeper insight into the treatment for ovarian cancer.

[Evaluating inferior vena cava wall invasion in renal cell carcinoma tumor thrombus with MRI]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of MRI for the assessment of inferior vena cava (IVC) wall invasion by IVC thrombus in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

METHODS

We retrospectively collected patients who underwent radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy for RCC between 2010 and 2018 at Peking University First Hospital. All the patients underwent imaging on a 1.5 Tesla or 3.0 Tesla MRI scanner. Fifty-six patients met the inclusion criteria. Preoperative imaging was reviewed by two radiologists blinded to details of the patient's surgical procedure and histopathology. Two radiologists measured the maximum anterior-posterior diameter and coronal diameters of the IVC and renal vein, and the craniocaudal extent of tumor thrombus, and evaluated the MRI features of IVC thrombus, including occlusion of the IVC lumen, the margin of the tumor thrombus (smooth vs. irregular), contact of the IVC thrombus and IVC wall, and altered signal of the IVC wall. Univariable and multivariable associations of clinical and radiographic features with IVC wall invasion were evaluated by Logistic regression.

RESULTS

Of the 56 patients [male: 43, female: 13, mean age: (55.64±0.43) years], 17 (30.36%) were detected with IVC wall invasion, and most were clear cell carcinoma. Tumor thrombus with IVC wall invasion showed an increase in length of IVC thrombus [(7.91±3.59) cm vs. (5.94±3.57) cm, P=0.049], and more features of complete occlusion of the IVC lumen (P=0.002), irregular margin of the IVC thrombs (P=0.005), contact of the IVC thrombus and IVC wall (P=0.001), and altered signal of the low-intensity vessel wall (P<0.001), with a sensitivity of 94.12% and a specificity of 79.49%.

CONCLUSION

The present study indicates that MRI could be a means of evaluating RCC with IVC wall invasion, and the combination of tumor thrombus length and subjective impression of IVC wall invasion achieved a high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis.

[Clinicopathologic features and prognostic analyses of locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma patients after initial surgery]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the clinicopathologic features and potential prognostic predictors of locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma patients after initial surgery.

METHODS

Authors retrospectively analyzed data extracted from 81 patients who were treated for postoperative locally recurrence of renal cell carcinoma from January 2006 to June 2016 in the Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital. Postoperative locally recurrence of renal cell carcinoma was defined as disease recurring in the remnant kidney, renal fossa, adjacent abdomen, ipsilateral adrenal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes.

RESULTS

In the study, 81 patients were finally included, of whom 43 were initially treated in our hospital and 38 were initially treat in other centers. Partial nephrectomy (PN) was performed for 38 cases (26 in our hospital and 12 in other hospitals) as initial treatment and radical nephrectomy (RN) was conducted for the remnant 43 cases (17 in our hospital and 26 in other hospitals). Overall median recurrence time was 26 months (range: 3-164 months), in which 26 months (range: 3-55 months) for PN cases and 30 months (range: 4-164 months) for RN cases (P=0.009). Sixty-nine patients had single site recurrence, including remnant kidney (n=29), renal fossa (n=20), abdomen (n=4), ipsilateral lymph nodes (n=5), ipsilateral adrenal (n=11), while 12 patients had multiple sites recurrence. Seventy-eight patients were managed by complete surgical resection, while three patients were managed by radiofrequency ablation. Postoperative pathological diagnoses included clear cell carcinoma (n=72), papillary renal cell carcinoma (n=8, 7 cases with type 1, 1 case with type 2) and Xp11 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion renal cell carcinoma (n=1). Complete pathologic information of the initial surgery could be extracted from 43 patients who were initially treated in our hospital. Seventeen patients with initial radical nephrectomy were staged as T1a (n=4), T1b (n=2), T2a (n=1), T3a (n=8), and T3b (n=2). Twenty-six patients with initial partial nephrectomy were staged as T1a (n=18), T1b (n=7), and T3a (n=1). For PN cohort, the patients with T1a stage disease had longer median recurrence time than those with beyond T1a stage disease, and the difference was significant (29 months vs. 18 months, P=0.041). At the end of the follow-up, 58 patients were alive, 4 died and 19 lost the follow-up. Overall, 3-year and 5-year disease free survival rates were 81.9%, and 53.6%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The present research reported a large-scale single central experience of locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma. The recurrence time of the PN group is shorter than that of the RN group. For patients after PN surgery, median recurrence time is longer for patients with T1a stage tumor when compared with those with stage beyond T1a. Patients can obtain relative long-term survival after complete secondary surgery resection.

Identification and Expression Profiling of Odorant Receptor Protein Genes in Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Using RT-qPCR

This study aimed to identify ORs (odorant receptors) and Orco (odorant receptor coreceptor) genes in Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea), to explore the relative expression levels of these genes in different adult tissues and obtain information on highly expressed receptor proteins. Putative OR and Orco genes were identified from transcriptomic data previously obtained for S. zeamais using bioinformatics methods. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to compare the differences in expression in seven adult tissues (male antennae, female antennae, heads, thoraxes, abdomens, wings, and legs). The candidate OR and Orco gene sequences were analyzed, and the protein physicochemical properties were predicted. We identified 64 OR genes including the Orco gene. Forty-seven OR genes, including Orco, were over expressed in male or female antennae. Seventeen OR genes appeared to be expressed at elevated levels in male antennae. Twenty-nine genes were expressed at significantly elevated levels in female antennae. In total, 11 OR genes were selected for further sequence analysis. The selected proteins were structurally characterized, and bioinformatics analysis was performed. Overall, in this study, candidate ORs of S. zeamais have been identified for the first time, and these ORs could be molecular targets for interference in the insect olfactory system.

Vegetarians have a lower fasting insulin level and higher insulin sensitivity than matched omnivores: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Potential associations of vegetarian diet patterns with fasting insulin (FI) and insulin sensitivity remain unclear. We aimed to investigate whether vegetarian diets were associated with FI and insulin sensitivity in a cross-sectional study in Chinese vegetarians and matched omnivores and then to test whether it is independent of body mass index (BMI).

METHODS AND RESULTS

This study included 279 vegetarians (73 vegans, 206 lacto-ovo-vegetarians) and 279 age- and sex-matched omnivores. Fasting blood glucose (FG) and FI concentrations were measured, and β-cell function (HOMA-β) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were used to evaluate insulin sensitivity. All blood glucose and insulin sensitivity indices were naturally log-transformed, and multiple-linear regression was used to determine the association between vegetarian diet patterns and insulin sensitivity after adjusting for confounders including BMI, visceral fat area, physical activity, sedentary time, income, alcohol consumption, and daily dietary intakes of macronutrients. Compared to omnivores, both vegan diet [β = -0.25, 95% CI: (-0.38, -0.14)] and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet [β = -0.10, 95% CI: (-0.18, -0.01)] were negatively associated with HOMA-IR after adjusting for BMI. Vegan diet remained negatively associated with FI [β = -0.16, 95% CI: (-0.30, -0.01)] and HOMA-IR [β = -0.17, 95% CI: (-0.32, -0.03)] after adjusting for all confounders.

CONCLUSION

Vegetarian diet, especially vegan diet, is negatively associated with FI and IR, independent of BMI.