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Cao B, Huang Y, Chen L, Jia W, Li D, Jiang Y. Soft bioelectronics for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in neurological diseases. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 259:116378. [PMID: 38759308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Physical and chemical signals in the central nervous system yield crucial information that is clinically relevant under both physiological and pathological conditions. The emerging field of bioelectronics focuses on the monitoring and manipulation of neurophysiological signals with high spatiotemporal resolution and minimal invasiveness. Significant advances have been realized through innovations in materials and structural design, which have markedly enhanced mechanical and electrical properties, biocompatibility, and overall device performance. The diagnostic and therapeutic potential of soft bioelectronics has been corroborated across a diverse array of pre-clinical settings. This review summarizes recent studies that underscore the developments and applications of soft bioelectronics in neurological disorders, including neuromonitoring, neuromodulation, tumor treatment, and biosensing. Limitations and outlooks of soft devices are also discussed in terms of power supply, wireless control, biocompatibility, and the integration of artificial intelligence. This review highlights the potential of soft bioelectronics as a future platform to promote deciphering brain functions and clinical outcomes of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Yewei Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Liangpeng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China.
| | - Deling Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China.
| | - Yuanwen Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.
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2
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Chen J, Chen X, Su Y, Shen B, Zheng W. Multifunctional strain-activated liquid-metal composite films with electromechanical decoupling for stretchable electromagnetic shielding. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39129493 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00774c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The increasing miniaturization and intelligence of flexible electronic devices pose a challenge to the facile and scalable fabrication of multifunctional stretchable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding films with strain-stable shielding effectiveness (SE). This paper presents a highly stretchable liquid metal/thermoplastic polyurethane (LM/TPU) composite film produced via a facile method of scraping and pre-stretching induced activation. The TPU matrix endows the activated LM/TPU (ALMT) film with excellent tensile properties (elongation at break >700%), and the stable and malleable three-dimensional conductive LM network enables the ALMT film to exhibit almost negligible resistance changes and strain-enhanced conductivity during stretching, resulting in excellent strain-insensitive far-field and near-field shielding capabilities. Moreover, the high EMI SE up to ∼60 dB in the tensile state (0-400%) and reduced thickness from ∼75 to ∼50 μm during stretching allow the SE/thickness values of the ALMT film to increase from ∼700 to ∼1200 dB mm-1, outperforming most of the reported LM/polymer composites. Furthermore, the stretchability of the ALMT film provides efficient Joule-heating performance even under substantial deformation, and it can also serve as a strain sensor for real-time monitoring of human motion. The strain-insensitive EMI shielding behavior as well as the outstanding Joule heating and sensing performance of the ALMT film renders it a promising candidate for next-generation flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Chen
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, 315201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuezhe Chen
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, 315201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaozhuo Su
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, 315201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Shen
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, 315201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, 315201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Guo Q, Zhang H, Zhao H, Ding Y, Hu Y, Zhu S, Wen X, Deng S, Wang T, Du W. Electrically Driven Deterministic Plasmon Light Sources Based on Arrays of Molecular Tunnel Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:9720-9726. [PMID: 39051601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Surface plasmons excited via inelastic tunnelling have led to plasmon light sources with small footprints and ultrafast response speeds, which are favored by integrated optical circuits. Self-assembled monolayers of organic molecules function as highly tunable tunnel barriers with novel functions. However, limited by the low effective contact between the liquid metal electrode and the self-assembled monolayers, it is quite challenging to obtain molecular plasmon light sources with high density and uniform emission. Here, by combining lithographic patterning with a solvent treatment method, we have demonstrated electrically driven deterministic plasmon emission from arrays of molecular tunnel junctions. The solvent treatment could largely improve the effective contact from 9.6% to 48% and simultaneously allow the liquid metal to fill into lithographically patterned micropore structures toward deterministic plasmon emission with desired patterns. Our findings open up new possibilities for tunnel junction-based plasmon light sources, laying the foundation for electrically driven light-emitting metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Huilin Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Haijun Zhao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Youyi Ding
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yidan Hu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Shikai Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
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Jiang H, Yuan B, Guo H, Pan F, Meng F, Wu Y, Wang X, Ruan L, Zheng S, Yang Y, Xiu Z, Li L, Wu C, Gong Y, Yang M, Lu W. Malleable, printable, bondable, and highly conductive MXene/liquid metal plasticine with improved wettability. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6138. [PMID: 39033166 PMCID: PMC11271265 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Integration of functional fillers into liquid metals (LM) induces rheology modification, enabling the free-form shaping of LM at the micrometer scale. However, integrating non-chemically modified low-dimensional materials with LM to form stable and uniform dispersions remain a great challenge. Herein, we propose a solvent-assisted dispersion (SAD) method that utilizes the fragmentation and reintegration of LM in volatile solvents to engulf and disperse fillers. This method successfully integrates MXene uniformly into LM, achieving better internal connectivity than the conventional dry powder mixing (DPM) method. Consequently, the MXene/LM (MLM) coating exhibits high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance (105 dB at 20 μm, which is 1.6 times that of coatings prepared by DPM). Moreover, the rheological characteristic of MLM render it malleable and facilitates direct printing and adaptation to diverse structures. This study offers a convenient method for assembling LM with low-dimensional materials, paving the way for the development of multifunctional soft devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Jiang
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Hongtao Guo
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Fei Pan
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Fanmao Meng
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Yongpeng Wu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Lingyang Ruan
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Shuhuai Zheng
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Zheng Xiu
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Lixin Li
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Yongqing Gong
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Menghao Yang
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China.
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5
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Wu A, Fan Y, Tao C, Chen X, Dappe YJ, Du J, Zhang Q. Molecular Diodes Induced by a Schottky Barrier with a Gold-Silicon Doped Electrode. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7011-7019. [PMID: 38949616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
To create complementary metal oxide semiconductor compatible molecular devices, more insights into the electrode property regarding its metal/semiconductor doping level and creating a functional molecular device are required. In this work, we constructed an EGaIn/alkanethiol/Au-Si molecular diode (with a rectification ratio R of 50.70) induced by Schottky barriers within a gold-silicon doped electrode instead of the functional property of molecules. The relationship between the rectification ratio and the number of methylene units in alkanethiol was analyzed, revealing a gradual increase in the ratio from 3.33 for C6H14S to 50.70 for C16H34S. The rectification ratio of the junction is well modulated by the temperature due to the change in the Schottky barrier. Such a mechanism is explained by the energy band diagrams of the surface space charge region and a combination of density functional theory and Keldysh-Green formalism calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yidan Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Changyuan Tao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Yannick J Dappe
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91191, France
| | - Jun Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Jiang J, Li C, Chen C, Shi C, Song J. Tunable and Reversible Adhesive of Liquid Metal Ferrofluid Pillars for Magnetically Actuated Noncontact Transfer Printing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2314004. [PMID: 38760018 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202314004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Transfer printing techniques based on tunable and reversible adhesives enable the heterogeneous integration of materials in desired layouts and are essential for developing both existing and envisioned electronic systems. Here, a novel tunable and reversible adhesive of liquid metal ferrofluid pillars for developing an efficient magnetically actuated noncontact transfer printing is reported. The liquid metal ferrofluid pillars offer the appealing advantages of gentle contact force by minimizing the preload effect and exceptional shape adaptability by maximizing the interfacial contact area due to their inherent fluidity, thus enabling a reliable damage-free pickup. Moreover, the liquid metal ferrofluid pillars harness the rapid stiffness increase and shape change with the magnetic field, generating an instantaneous ejection force to achieve a receiver-independent noncontact printing. Demonstrations of the adhesive of liquid metal ferrofluid pillars in transfer printing of diverse objects with different shapes, materials and dimensions onto various substrates illustrate its great potential in deterministic assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, and State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, and State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chenhong Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, and State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chuanqian Shi
- Center for Mechanics Plus under Extreme Environments, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jizhou Song
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, and State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
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Kim JH, Kim S, Dickey MD, So JH, Koo HJ. Interface of gallium-based liquid metals: oxide skin, wetting, and applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1099-1119. [PMID: 38716614 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (GaLMs) are promising for a variety of applications-especially as a component material for soft devices-due to their fluidic nature, low toxicity and reactivity, and high electrical and thermal conductivity comparable to solid counterparts. Understanding the interfacial properties and behaviors of GaLMs in different environments is crucial for most applications. When exposed to air or water, GaLMs form a gallium oxide layer with nanoscale thickness. This "oxide nano-skin" passivates the metal surface and allows for the formation of stable microstructures and films despite the high-surface tension of liquid metal. The oxide skin easily adheres to most smooth surfaces. While it enables effective printing and patterning of the GaLMs, it can also make the metals challenging to handle because it adheres to most surfaces. The oxide also affects the interfacial electrical resistance of the metals. Its formation, thickness, and composition can be chemically or electrochemically controlled, altering the physical, chemical, and electrical properties of the metal interface. Without the oxide, GaLMs wet metallic surfaces but do not wet non-metallic substrates such as polymers. The topography of the underlying surface further influences the wetting characteristics of the metals. This review outlines the interfacial attributes of GaLMs in air, water, and other environments and discusses relevant applications based on interfacial engineering. The effect of surface topography on the wetting behaviors of the GaLMs is also discussed. Finally, we suggest important research topics for a better understanding of the GaLMs interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Ju-Hee So
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan-si, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Jun Koo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea.
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Patil D, Liu S, Ravichandran D, Thummalapalli SV, Zhu Y, Tang T, Golan Y, Miquelard-Garnier G, Asadi A, Li X, Chen X, Song K. Versatile Patterning of Liquid Metal via Multiphase 3D Printing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402432. [PMID: 38850181 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents a scalable and straightforward technique for the immediate patterning of liquid metal/polymer composites via multiphase 3D printing. Capitalizing on the polymer's capacity to confine liquid metal (LM) into diverse patterns. The interplay between distinctive fluidic properties of liquid metal and its self-passivating oxide layer within an oxidative environment ensures a resilient interface with the polymer matrix. This study introduces an inventive approach for achieving versatile patterns in eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn), a gallium alloy. The efficacy of pattern formation hinges on nozzle's design and internal geometry, which govern multiphase interaction. The interplay between EGaIn and polymer within the nozzle channels, regulated by variables such as traverse speed and material flow pressure, leads to periodic patterns. These patterns, when encapsulated within a dielectric polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), exhibit an augmented inherent capacitance in capacitor assemblies. This discovery not only unveils the potential for cost-effective and highly sensitive capacitive pressure sensors but also underscores prospective applications of these novel patterns in precise motion detection, including heart rate monitoring, and comprehensive analysis of gait profiles. The amalgamation of advanced materials and intricate patterning techniques presents a transformative prospect in the domains of wearable sensing and comprehensive human motion analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanush Patil
- School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Siying Liu
- School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Dharneedar Ravichandran
- School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | | | - Yuxiang Zhu
- School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Tengteng Tang
- The School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), Ira Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Yuval Golan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Guillaume Miquelard-Garnier
- Laboratoire PIMM, CNRS, Arts at Métiers Institute of Technology, Cnam, HESAM Universite, 151 Boulevard de l'Hopital, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Amir Asadi
- Department of Engineering Technology and Industrial Distribution, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3367, USA
| | - Xiangjia Li
- The School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy (SEMTE), Ira Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Xiangfan Chen
- School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Kenan Song
- School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks (MSN), Ira Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
- School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural and Mechanical (ECAM), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Nam S, Cha GD, Sunwoo SH, Jeong JH, Kang H, Park OK, Lee KY, Oh S, Hyeon T, Choi SH, Lee SP, Kim DH. Needle-Like Multifunctional Biphasic Microfiber for Minimally Invasive Implantable Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404101. [PMID: 38842504 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Implantable bioelectronics has attracted significant attention in electroceuticals and clinical medicine for precise diagnosis and efficient treatment of target diseases. However, conventional rigid implantable devices face challenges such as poor tissue-device interface and unavoidable tissue damage during surgical implantation. Despite continuous efforts to utilize various soft materials to address such issues, their practical applications remain limited. Here, a needle-like stretchable microfiber composed of a phase-convertible liquid metal (LM) core and a multifunctional nanocomposite shell for minimally invasive soft bioelectronics is reported. The sharp tapered microfiber can be stiffened by freezing akin to a conventional needle to penetrate soft tissue with minimal incision. Once implanted in vivo where the LM melts, unlike conventional stiff needles, it regains soft mechanical properties, which facilitate a seamless tissue-device interface. The nanocomposite incorporating with functional nanomaterials exhibits both low impedance and the ability to detect physiological pH, providing biosensing and stimulation capabilities. The fluidic LM embedded in the nanocomposite shell enables high stretchability and strain-insensitive electrical properties. This multifunctional biphasic microfiber conforms to the surfaces of the stomach, muscle, and heart, offering a promising approach for electrophysiological recording, pH sensing, electrical stimulation, and radiofrequency ablation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghyeon Nam
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Doo Cha
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hyejeong Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Kyu Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Yeon Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seil Oh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hong Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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10
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Khakse P, Dangers F, Elsersawy R, Khondoker MAH. Scalable Microwires through Thermal Drawing of Co-Extruded Liquid Metal and Thermoplastic Elastomer. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2770. [PMID: 38894032 PMCID: PMC11173905 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This article demonstrates scalable production of liquid metal (LM)-based microwires through the thermal drawing of extrudates. These extrudates were first co-extruded using a eutectic alloy of gallium and indium (EGaIn) as a core element and a thermoplastic elastomer, styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS), as a shell material. By varying the feed speed of the co-extruded materials and the drawing speed of the extrudate, it was possible to control the dimensions of the microwires, such as core diameter and shell thickness. How the extrusion temperature affects the dimensions of the microwire was also analyzed. The smallest microwire (core diameter: 52 ± 14 μm and shell thickness: 46 ± 10 μm) was produced from a drawing speed of 300.1 mm s-1 (the maximum attainable speed of the apparatus used), SEBS extrusion speed of 1.50 mm3 s-1, and LM injection rate of 5 × 105 μL s-1 at 190 °C extrusion temperature. The same extrusion condition without thermal drawing generated significantly large extrudates with a core diameter of 278 ± 26 μm and shell thickness of 430 ± 51 μm. The electrical properties of the microwires were also characterized under different degrees of stretching and wire kinking deformation which proved that these LM-based microwires change electrical resistance as they are deformed and fully self-heal once the load is removed. Finally, the sewability of these microwires was qualitatively tested by using a manual sewing machine to pattern microwires on a traditional cotton fabric.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohammad Abu Hasan Khondoker
- Industrial Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada; (P.K.); (F.D.); (R.E.)
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11
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Yang L, Zhang Y, Cai W, Tan J, Hansen H, Wang H, Chen Y, Zhu M, Mu J. Electrochemically-driven actuators: from materials to mechanisms and from performance to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5956-6010. [PMID: 38721851 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00906h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Soft actuators, pivotal for converting external energy into mechanical motion, have become increasingly vital in a wide range of applications, from the subtle engineering of soft robotics to the demanding environments of aerospace exploration. Among these, electrochemically-driven actuators (EC actuators), are particularly distinguished by their operation through ion diffusion or intercalation-induced volume changes. These actuators feature notable advantages, including precise deformation control under electrical stimuli, freedom from Carnot efficiency limitations, and the ability to maintain their actuated state with minimal energy use, akin to the latching state in skeletal muscles. This review extensively examines EC actuators, emphasizing their classification based on diverse material types, driving mechanisms, actuator configurations, and potential applications. It aims to illuminate the complicated driving mechanisms of different categories, uncover their underlying connections, and reveal the interdependencies among materials, mechanisms, and performances. We conduct an in-depth analysis of both conventional and emerging EC actuator materials, casting a forward-looking lens on their trajectories and pinpointing areas ready for innovation and performance enhancement strategies. We also navigate through the challenges and opportunities within the field, including optimizing current materials, exploring new materials, and scaling up production processes. Overall, this review aims to provide a scientifically robust narrative that captures the current state of EC actuators and sets a trajectory for future innovation in this rapidly advancing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yiyao Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Wenting Cai
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Junlong Tan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Heather Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
- Shanghai Dianji University, 201306, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Jiuke Mu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
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12
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Wang X, Zheng S, Xiong J, Liu Z, Li Q, Li W, Yan F. Stretch-Induced Conductivity Enhancement in Highly Conductive and Tough Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313845. [PMID: 38452373 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The resistance of gels and elastomers increases significantly with tensile strain, which reduces conductive stability and restricts their use in stable and reliable electronics. Here, highly conductive tough hydrogels composed of silver nanowires (AgNWs), liquid metal (LM), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) are fabricated. The stretch-induced orientations of AgNWs, deformable LM, and PVA nanocrystalline create conductive pathways, enhancing the mechanical properties of the hydrogels, including increased ultimate fracture stress (13-33 MPa), strain (3000-5300%), and toughness (390.9-765.1 MJ m-3). Notably, the electrical conductivity of the hydrogels is significantly improved from 4.05 × 10-3 to 24 S m-1 when stretched to 4200% strain, representing a 6000-fold enhancement. The incorporation of PVA nanocrystalline, deformable LM, and AgNWs effectively mitigates stress concentration at the crack tip, thereby conferring crack propagation insensitivity and fatigue resistance to the hydrogels. Moreover, the hydrogels are designed with a reversible crosslinking network, allowing for water-induced recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Sijie Zheng
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiaofeng Xiong
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ziyang Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qingning Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Weizheng Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 200051, China
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13
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Zeng Z, Wang C, Zeng M, Fu L. Gallium-Based Liquid Metals in Rechargeable Batteries: From Properties to Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311099. [PMID: 38282054 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based (Ga-based) liquid metals have attracted considerable interest due to their low melting points, enabling them to feature both liquid properties and metallic properties at room temperature. In light of this, Ga-based liquid metals also possess excellent deformability, high electrical and thermal conductivity, superior metal affinity, and unique self-limited surface oxide, making them popular functional materials in energy storage. This provides a possibility to construct high-performance rechargeable batteries that are deformable, free of dendrite growth, and so on. This review primarily starts with the property of Ga-based liquid metal, and then focuses on the potential applications in rechargeable batteries by exploiting these advantages, aiming to construct the correlation between properties and structures. The glorious applications contain interface protection, self-healing electrode construction, thermal management, and flexible batteries. Finally, the opportunities and obstacles for the applications of liquid metal in batteries are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mengqi Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 410013, China
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14
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Zhan H, Wen B, Tian B, Zheng K, Li Q, Wu W. Printed Self-Healing Stretchable Electronics for Bio-signal Monitoring and Intelligent Packaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400740. [PMID: 38693082 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Integrating self-healing capabilities into printed stretchable electronic devices is important for improving performance and extending device life. However, achieving printed self-healing stretchable electronic devices with excellent device-level healing ability and stretchability while maintaining outstanding electrical performance remains challenging. Herein, a series of printed device-level self-healing stretchable electronic devices is achieved by depositing liquid metal/silver fractal dendrites/polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene (LM/Ag FDs/SIS) conductive inks onto a self-healing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film via screen printing method. Owing to the fluidic properties of the LM and the interfacial hydrogen bonding and disulfide bonds of TPU, the as-obtained stretchable electronic devices maintain good electronic properties under strain and exhibit device-level self-healing properties without external stimulation. Printed self-healing stretchable electrodes possess high electrical conductivity (1.6 × 105 S m-1), excellent electromechanical properties, and dynamic stability, with only a 2.5-fold increase in resistance at 200% strain, even after a complete cut and re-healing treatment. The printed self-healing capacitive stretchable strain sensor shows good linearity (R2 ≈0.9994) in a wide sensing range (0%-200%) and is successfully applied to bio-signal detection. Furthermore, the printed self-healing electronic smart label is designed and can be used for real-time environmental monitoring, which exhibits promising potential for practical application in food preservation packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoye Zhan
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wen
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Bin Tian
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Quancai Li
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Materials and Printed Electronics, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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15
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Zhang X, Li Z, Ji S, Xu W, Chen L, Xiao Z, Liu J, Hong W. Plasmon-Molecule Interactions in Single-Molecule Junctions. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300556. [PMID: 38050755 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule optoelectronics offers opportunities for advancing integrated photonics and electronics, which also serves as a tool to elucidate the underlying mechanism of light-matter interaction. Plasmonics, which plays pivotal role in the interaction of photons and matter, have became an emerging area. A comprehensive understanding of the plasmonic excitation and modulation mechanisms within single-molecule junctions (SMJs) lays the foundation for optoelectronic devices. Consequently, this review primarily concentrates on illuminating the fundamental principles of plasmonics within SMJs, delving into their research methods and modulation factors of plasmon-exciton. Moreover, we underscore the interaction phenomena within SMJs, including the enhancement of molecular fluorescence by plasmonics, Fano resonance and Rabi splitting caused by the interaction of plasmon-exciton. Finally, by emphasizing the potential applications of plasmonics within SMJs, such as their roles in optical tweezers, single-photon sources, super-resolution imaging, and chemical reactions, we elucidate the future prospects and current challenges in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Zhengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Shurui Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Lijue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Zongyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
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16
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Yan J, Zhou T, Peng J, Wang H, Jiang L, Cheng Q. Sustainable liquid metal-induced conductive nacre. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:913-921. [PMID: 38320895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Nacre has inspired research to fabricate tough bulk composites for practical applications using inorganic nanomaterials as building blocks. However, with the considerable pressure to reduce global carbon emissions, preparing nacre-inspired composites remains a significant challenge using more economical and environmentally friendly building blocks. Here we demonstrate tough and conductive nacre by assembling aragonite platelets exfoliated from natural nacre, with liquid metal and sodium alginate used as the "mortar". The formation of GaOC coordination bonding between the gallium ions and sodium alginate molecules reduces the voids and improves compactness. The resultant conductive nacre exhibits much higher mechanical properties than natural nacre. It also shows excellent impact resistance attributed to the synergistic strengthening and toughening fracture mechanisms induced by liquid metal and sodium alginate. Furthermore, our conductive nacre exhibits exceptional self-monitoring sensitivity for maintaining structural integrity. The proposed strategy provides a novel avenue for turning natural nacre into a valuable green composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yan
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tianzhu Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jingsong Peng
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huagao Wang
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China; Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qunfeng Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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17
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Kang SB, Huang G, Singhal G, Xie D, Hsieh DH, Lee Y, Kulkarni AA, Smith JW, Chen Q, Thornton K, Sinha S, Braun PV. Highly Ordered Eutectic Mesostructures via Template-Directed Solidification within Thermally Engineered Templates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308720. [PMID: 38189549 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Template-directed self-assembly of solidifying eutectics results in emergence of unique microstructures due to diffusion constraints and thermal gradients imposed by the template. Here, the importance of selecting the template material based on its conductivity to control heat transfer between the template and the solidifying eutectic, and thus the thermal gradients near the solidification front, is demonstrated. Simulations elucidate the relationship between the thermal properties of the eutectic and template and the resultant microstructure. The overarching finding is that templates with low thermal conductivities are generally advantageous for forming highly organized microstructures. When electrochemically porosified silicon pillars (thermal conductivity < 0.3 Wm-1K-1) are used as the template into which an AgCl-KCl eutectic is solidified, 99% of the unit cells in the solidified structure exhibit the same pattern. In contrast, when higher thermal conductivity crystalline silicon pillars (≈100 Wm-1K-1) are utilized, the expected pattern is only present in 50% of the unit cells. The thermally engineered template results in mesostructures with tunable optical properties and reflectances nearly identical to the simulated reflectances of perfect structures, indicating highly ordered patterns are formed over large areas. This work highlights the importance of controlling heat flows in template-directed self-assembly of eutectics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bum Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Guanglong Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gaurav Singhal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Dajie Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Daniel H Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Youngmun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ashish A Kulkarni
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - John W Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Katsuyo Thornton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sinha
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Paul V Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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18
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Qi J, Yang S, Jiang Y, Cheng J, Wang S, Rao Q, Jiang X. Liquid Metal-Polymer Conductor-Based Conformal Cyborg Devices. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2081-2137. [PMID: 38393351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metal (LM) exhibits exceptional properties such as high conductivity and biocompatibility, rendering it highly valuable for the development of conformal bioelectronics. When combined with polymers, liquid metal-polymer conductors (MPC) offer a versatile platform for fabricating conformal cyborg devices, enabling functions such as sensing, restoration, and augmentation within the human body. This review focuses on the synthesis, fabrication, and application of MPC-based cyborg devices. The synthesis of functional materials based on LM and the fabrication techniques for MPC-based devices are elucidated. The review provides a comprehensive overview of MPC-based cyborg devices, encompassing their applications in sensing diverse signals, therapeutic interventions, and augmentation. The objective of this review is to serve as a valuable resource that bridges the gap between the fabrication of MPC-based conformal devices and their potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P. R. China
| | - Shuaijian Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Jinhao Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Saijie Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Rao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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Hang T, Chen Y, Yin F, Shen J, Li X, Li Z, Zheng J. Highly stretchable polyvinyl alcohol composite conductive hydrogel sensors reinforced by cellulose nanofibrils and liquid metal for information transmission. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128855. [PMID: 38114002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have received widespread attention in the field of flexible sensors. However, a single network structure inside the hydrogel sensor usually makes it difficult to bear larger mechanical loadings, greatly limiting practical applications. Developing a recoverable conductive hydrogel sensor with high toughness and adaptability is still challenging. Herein, a high-performance polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based conductive composite hydrogel was constructed, assisted by green cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), ethylene glycol (EG), and liquid metal (LM). The synergistic effects between CNFs and LM enhanced the network structure inside the recoverable hydrogel. This resulted in an excellent tensile strength of 3.86 MPa with an elongation at break of as high as 918.4 % and compressive strength of 4.04 MPa at 80 % strain. In addition, the conductive network composed of MgCl2 and LM endowed the hydrogel good electrical conductivity. Moreover, it could be used as a flexible strain sensor for various application scenarios, e.g., micro-stress monitoring (water droplet falling) and information encryption transmission of Morse code. Such uniqueness will provide a design strategy for developing a new generation of hydrogel sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Hang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Fuqiang Yin
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiahui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Zhaochun Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Jiajia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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20
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Chen LC, Shi J, Lu ZX, Lin RJ, Lu TG, Zou YL, Liang QM, Huang R, Shi J, Xiao ZY, Zhang Y, Liu J, Yang Y, Hong W. Highly Reversible Molecular Photoswitches with Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Electrodes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305607. [PMID: 37817357 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecule-electrode coupling plays an essential role in photoresponsive devices with photochromic molecules, and the strong coupling between the molecule and the conventional electrodes leads to/ the quenching effect and limits the reversibility of molecular photoswitches. In this work, we developed a strategy of using transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) electrodes to fabricate the thiol azobenzene (TAB) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) junctions with the eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) technique. The current-voltage characteristics of the EGaIn/GaOx //TAB/TMDCs photoswitches showed an almost 100% reversible photoswitching behavior, which increased by ∼28% compared to EGaIn/GaOx //TAB/AuTS photoswitches. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed the coupling strength of the TAB-TMDCs electrode decreased by 42% compared to that of the TAB-AuTS electrode, giving rise to improved reversibility. our work demonstrated the feasibility of 2D TMDCs for fabricating SAMs-based photoswitches with unprecedentedly high reversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhi-Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Rong-Jian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Tai-Ge Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qing-Man Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ruiyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zong-Yuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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21
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Xu H, Lu J, Xi Y, Wang X, Liu J. Liquid metal biomaterials: translational medicines, challenges and perspectives. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad302. [PMID: 38213519 PMCID: PMC10776368 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Until now, significant healthcare challenges and growing urgent clinical requirements remain incompletely addressed by presently available biomedical materials. This is due to their inadequate mechanical compatibility, suboptimal physical and chemical properties, susceptibility to immune rejection, and concerns about long-term biological safety. As an alternative, liquid metal (LM) opens up a promising class of biomaterials with unique advantages like biocompatibility, flexibility, excellent electrical conductivity, and ease of functionalization. However, despite the unique advantages and successful explorations of LM in biomedical fields, widespread clinical translations and applications of LM-based medical products remain limited. This article summarizes the current status and future prospects of LM biomaterials, interprets their applications in healthcare, medical imaging, bone repair, nerve interface, and tumor therapy, etc. Opportunities to translate LM materials into medicine and obstacles encountered in practices are discussed. Following that, we outline a blueprint for LM clinics, emphasizing their potential in making new-generation artificial organs. Last, the core challenges of LM biomaterials in clinical translation, including bio-safety, material stability, and ethical concerns are also discussed. Overall, the current progress, translational medicine bottlenecks, and perspectives of LM biomaterials signify their immense potential to drive future medical breakthroughs and thus open up novel avenues for upcoming clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchi Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084,China
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing102218, China
| | - Jincheng Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084,China
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing102218, China
| | - Yikuang Xi
- Shanghai World Foreign Language Academy, Shanghai200233, China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084,China
- Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
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22
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Dong R, Wang L, Li Z, Jiao J, Wu Y, Feng Z, Wang X, Chen M, Cui C, Lu Y, Jiang X. Stretchable, Self-Rolled, Microfluidic Electronics Enable Conformable Neural Interfaces of Brain and Vagus Neuromodulation. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1702-1713. [PMID: 38165231 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Implantable neuroelectronic interfaces have gained significant importance in long-term brain-computer interfacing and neuroscience therapy. However, due to the mechanical and geometrical mismatches between the electrode-nerve interfaces, personalized and compatible neural interfaces remain serious issues for peripheral neuromodulation. This study introduces the stretchable and flexible electronics class as a self-rolled neural interface for neurological diagnosis and modulation. These stretchable electronics are made from liquid metal-polymer conductors with a high resolution of 30 μm using microfluidic printing technology. They exhibit high conformability and stretchability (over 600% strain) during body movements and have good biocompatibility during long-term implantation (over 8 weeks). These stretchable electronics offer real-time monitoring of epileptiform activities with excellent conformability to soft brain tissue. The study also develops self-rolled microfluidic electrodes that tightly wind the deforming nerves with minimal constraint (160 μm in diameter). The in vivo signal recording of the vagus and sciatic nerve demonstrates the potential of self-rolled cuff electrodes for sciatic and vagus neural modulation by recording action potential and reducing heart rate. The findings of this study suggest that the robust, easy-to-use self-rolled microfluidic electrodes may provide useful tools for compatible neuroelectronics and neural modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, No. 369, Dengyun Road, Gaoxin District, Qingdao, Shandong 266013, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zebin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jincheng Jiao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhuowei Feng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xufang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Minglong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, P. R. China
| | - Chang Cui
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, P. R. China
| | - Yi Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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23
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Huang C, Guo B, Wang X, Cao Q, Zhang D, Huang J, Jiang JZ. Alkali-Ion Batteries by Carbon Encapsulation of Liquid Metal Anode. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309732. [PMID: 37971044 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Gallium-based metallic liquids, exhibiting high theoretical capacity, are considered a promising anode material for room-temperature liquid metal alkali-ion batteries. However, electrochemical performances, especially the cyclic stability, of the liquid metal anode for alkali-ion batteries are strongly limited because of the volume expansion and unstable solid electrolyte interphase film of liquid metal. Here, the bottleneck problem is resolved by designing carbon encapsulation on gallium-indium liquid metal nanoparticles (EGaIn@C LMNPs). A superior cycling stability (644 mAh g-1 after 800 cycles at 1.0 A g-1 ) is demonstrated for lithium-ion batteries, and excellent cycle stability (87 mAh g-1 after 2500 cycles at 1.0 A g-1 ) is achieved for sodium-ion batteries by carbon encapsulation of the liquid metal anode. Morphological and phase changes of EGaIn@C LMNPs during the electrochemical reaction process are revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy measurements in real-time. The origin for the excellent performance is uncovered, that is the EGaIn@C core-shell structure effectively suppresses the non-uniform volume expansion of LMNPs from ≈160% to 127%, improves the electrical conductivity of the LMNPs, and exhibits superior electrochemical kinetics and a self-healing phenomenon. This work paves the way for the applications of room-temperature liquid metal anodes for high-performance alkali-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Huang
- International Center for New-Structured Materials (ICNSM), State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P.R. China
| | - Baiyu Guo
- Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- International Center for New-Structured Materials (ICNSM), State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P.R. China
| | - Qingping Cao
- International Center for New-Structured Materials (ICNSM), State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P.R. China
| | - Dongxian Zhang
- International Center for New-Structured Materials (ICNSM), State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P.R. China
| | - Jianyu Huang
- Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Jiang
- International Center for New-Structured Materials (ICNSM), State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuyao University of Science and Technology, Fuzhou, 350109, P.R. China
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24
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Wu H, Luo R, Li Z, Tian Y, Yuan J, Su B, Zhou K, Yan C, Shi Y. Additively Manufactured Flexible Liquid Metal-Coated Self-Powered Magnetoelectric Sensors with High Design Freedom. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2307546. [PMID: 38145802 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Although additive manufacturing enables controllable structural design and customized performance for magnetoelectric sensors, their design and fabrication still require careful matching of the size and modulus between the magnetic and conductive components. Achieving magnetoelectric integration remains challenging, and the rigid coils limit the flexibility of the sensors. To overcome these obstacles, this study proposes a composite process combining selective laser sintering (SLS) and 3D transfer printing for fabricating flexible liquid metal-coated magnetoelectric sensors. The liquid metal forms a conformal conductive network on the SLS-printed magnetic lattice structure. Deformation of the structure alters the magnetic flux passing through it, thereby generating voltage. A reverse model segmentation and summation method is established to calculate the theoretical magnetic flux. The impact of the volume fraction, unit size, and height of the sensors on the voltage is studied, and optimization of these factors yields a maximum voltage of 45.6 µV. The sensor has excellent sensing performance with a sensitivity of 10.9 kPa-1 and a minimum detection pressure of 0.1 kPa. The voltage can be generated through various external forces. This work presents a significant advancement in fabricating liquid metal-based magnetoelectric sensors by improving their structural flexibility, magnetoelectric integration, and design freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ruiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhuofan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yujia Tian
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiayi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Bin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chunze Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
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Zhang J, Wang X, Yang Z, Wang J, Cao J, Chen Q, Yu S, Zhang J, Guo T, Li H, Huang X. Enabling High-Performance Pressure and Proximity Dual-Mode Sensing with EGaIn/Ag/ZnO Egg-Shell Ternary Composite Particles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:58623-58630. [PMID: 38055862 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Eutectic gallium-indium alloy (EGaIn) is a biocompatible liquid metal, promising for wearable electronics. Through functionalization and formation of composites, EGaIn-based materials have shown potential in multifunctional sensing devices. Here, egg-shell EGaIn/Ag/ZnO ternary composite particles were prepared through an ultrasound-assisted displacement reaction combined with room-temperature hydrolysis. The composite was further constructed as a wearable sensor capable of both pressure and proximity detection. For pressure sensing, due to the decrease in the Young's modulus of the egg-shell structure and the presence of the electrical double layers between Ag and ZnO, which enriched surface charges, the sensor showed excellent sensitivity at low pressures (2.17 KPa-1, <0.4 KPa) and thus the ability to sense body movements. For proximity sensing, the composite sensor was able to detect approaching objects that were up to 20 cm away. By combining and fitting the sensing curves for both the touchless and touching modes, the extracted parameters were used to create fingerprints for different objects, demonstrating the great potential of our sensor in the differentiation and identification of unknown objects for future robotics and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiacheng Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Shilong Yu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tianwen Guo
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hai Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
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26
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Morita L, Jalali S, Vaheb A, Elsersawy R, Golwala K, Asad A, Dolez PI, Hogan JD, Khondoker MAH, Sameoto D. Towards High Efficiency and Rapid Production of Room-Temperature Liquid Metal Wires Compatible with Electronic Prototyping Connectors. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2227. [PMID: 38138396 PMCID: PMC10745818 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
We present in this work new methodologies to produce, refine, and interconnect room-temperature liquid-metal-core thermoplastic elastomer wires that have extreme extendibility (>500%), low production time and cost at scale, and may be integrated into commonly used electrical prototyping connectors like a Japan Solderless Terminal (JST) or Dupont connectors. Rather than focus on the development of a specific device, the aim of this work is to demonstrate strategies and processes necessary to achieve scalable production of liquid-metal-enabled electronics and address several key challenges that have been present in liquid metal systems, including leak-free operation, minimal gallium corrosion of other electrode materials, low liquid metal consumption, and high production rates. The ultimate goal is to create liquid-metal-enabled rapid prototyping technologies, similar to what can be achieved with Arduino projects, where modification and switching of components can be performed in seconds, which enables faster iterations of designs. Our process is focused primarily on fibre-based liquid metal wires contained within thermoplastic elastomers. These fibre form factors can easily be integrated with wearable sensors and actuators as they can be sewn or woven into fabrics, or cast within soft robotic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Morita
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; (L.M.); (S.J.); (K.G.); (A.A.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Shima Jalali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; (L.M.); (S.J.); (K.G.); (A.A.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Abolfazl Vaheb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; (L.M.); (S.J.); (K.G.); (A.A.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Rawan Elsersawy
- Industrial Systems Engineering, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
| | - Kunj Golwala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; (L.M.); (S.J.); (K.G.); (A.A.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Asad Asad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; (L.M.); (S.J.); (K.G.); (A.A.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Patricia I. Dolez
- Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N1, Canada;
| | - James D. Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; (L.M.); (S.J.); (K.G.); (A.A.); (J.D.H.)
| | | | - Dan Sameoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; (L.M.); (S.J.); (K.G.); (A.A.); (J.D.H.)
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Ai L, Lin W, Cao C, Li P, Wang X, Lv D, Li X, Yang Z, Yao X. Tough soldering for stretchable electronics by small-molecule modulated interfacial assemblies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7723. [PMID: 38001116 PMCID: PMC10673831 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid-developing soft robots and wearable devices require flexible conductive materials to maintain electric functions over a large range of deformations. Considerable efforts are made to develop stretchable conductive materials; little attention is paid to the frequent failures of integrated circuits caused by the interface mismatch of soft substrates and rigid silicon-based microelectronics. Here, we present a stretchable solder with good weldability that can strongly bond with electronic components, benefiting from the hierarchical assemblies of liquid metal particles, small-molecule modulators, and non-covalently crosslinked polymer matrix. Our self-solder shows high conductivity (>2×105 S m-1), extreme stretchability (~1000%, and >600% with chip-integrated), and high toughness (~20 MJ m-3). Additionally, the dynamic interactions within our solder's surface and interior enable a range of unique features, including ease of integration, component substitution, and circuit recyclability. With all these features, we demonstrated an application as thermoforming technology for three-dimensional (3D) conformable electronics, showing potential in reducing the complexity of microchip interfacing, as well as scalable fabrication of chip-integrated stretchable circuits and 3D electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Ai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Weikang Lin
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chunyan Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pengyu Li
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Dong Lv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Zhengbao Yang
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Xi Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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Wang S, Liu C, Liu J, Li S, Xu F, Xu D, Zhang W, Wu Y, Shang J, Liu Y, Li RW. Highly Stable Liquid Metal Conductors with Superior Electrical Stability and Tough Interface Bonding for Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:22291-22300. [PMID: 37127569 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ga-based liquid metal stretchable conductors have recently gained interest in flexible electronic devices such as electrodes, antennas, and sensors. It is essential to maintain electrical stability under strain or cyclic strain for reliable data acquisition and exhibit tough interfacial bonding between liquid metal and polymers to prevent performance loss and device failure. Herein, a highly stable conductor with superior electrical stability and tough interface bonding is introduced by casting curable polymers and a peeling-activated process from liquid metal particles. Based on the compensating effect of liquid metal, similar to the recharge relationship of water between rivers and lakes in nature, the conductor is not only strain-insensitive (ΔR/R0 < 10% for 100% strain) but also immune to cyclic deformation (ΔR/R0 < 7% with 5000 stretching cycles at 50% strain). Embedding liquid metal within the elastomer to create stretchable conductors effectively improves interfacial adhesion properties (the fluid-solid interfacial adhesion force increases from 0.48 to 0.62 mN/mm2). The constructed tough interface could even withstand sonication treatment. Finally, by combining strategies in material design and fabrication, an integrated array composed of vertical interconnect access and robust electrodes is fabricated, which simultaneously holds tough interfacial bonding with the upper and lower layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengding Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shiying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wuxu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Likholetova MV, Charnaya EV, Shevchenko EV, Lee MK, Chang LJ, Kumzerov YA, Fokin AV. Magnetic Studies of Superconductivity in the Ga-Sn Alloy Regular Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13020280. [PMID: 36678033 PMCID: PMC9863285 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
For applications of nanolattices in low-temperature nanoelectronics, the inter-unit space can be filled with superconducting metallic alloys. However, superconductivity under nanoconfinement is expected to be strongly affected by size-effects and other factors. We studied the magnetic properties and structure of the Ga-Sn eutectic alloy within regular nanopores of an opal template, to understand the specifics of the alloy superconductivity. Two superconducting transitions were observed, in contrast to the bulk alloy. The transitions were ascribed to the segregates with the structures of tetragonal tin and a particular gallium polymorph. The superconducting-phase diagram was constructed, which demonstrated crossovers from the positive- to the common negative-curvature of the upper critical-field lines. Hysteresis was found between the susceptibilities obtained at cooling and warming in the applied magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena V. Charnaya
- Physics Department, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Min Kai Lee
- Instrument Center of Ministry of Science and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Lieh-Jeng Chang
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Estimating the Number of Molecules in Molecular Junctions Merely Based on the Low Bias Tunneling Conductance at Variable Temperature. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314985. [PMID: 36499309 PMCID: PMC9737784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature (T) dependent conductance G=G(T) data measured in molecular junctions are routinely taken as evidence for a two-step hopping mechanism. The present paper emphasizes that this is not necessarily the case. A curve of lnG versus 1/T decreasing almost linearly (Arrhenius-like regime) and eventually switching to a nearly horizontal plateau (Sommerfeld regime), or possessing a slope gradually decreasing with increasing 1/T is fully compatible with a single-step tunneling mechanism. The results for the dependence of G on T presented include both analytical exact and accurate approximate formulas and numerical simulations. These theoretical results are general, also in the sense that they are not limited, e.g., to the (single molecule electromigrated (SET) or large area EGaIn) fabrication platforms, which are chosen for exemplification merely in view of the available experimental data needed for analysis. To be specific, we examine in detail transport measurements for molecular junctions based on ferrocene (Fc). As a particularly important finding, we show how the present analytic formulas for G=G(T) can be utilized to compute the ratio f=Aeff/An between the effective and nominal areas of large area Fc-based junctions with an EGaIn top electrode. Our estimate of f≈0.6×10-4 is comparable with previously reported values based on completely different methods for related large area molecular junctions.
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