1
|
Wang Z, Li B, Liu B, Lee JW, Bai Q, Yang W, Wang J, Yang J, Zhang X, Sun H, Yang X, Kim BJ, Guo X. Facilely Modified Nickel-Based Hole Transporting Layers for Organic Solar Cells with 19.12% Efficiency and Enhanced Stability. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2400915. [PMID: 38597683 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Hole transporting layers (HTLs), strategically positioned between electrode and light absorber, play a pivotal role in shaping charge extraction and transport in organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the commonly used poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) HTL, with its hygroscopic and acidic nature, undermines the operational durability of OSC devices. Herein, an environmentally friendly approach is developed utilizing nickel acetate tetrahydrate (NiAc·4H2O) and [2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl] phosphonic acid (2PACz) as the NiAc·4H2O/2PACz HTL, aiming at overcoming the limitations posed by the conventional PEDOT:PSS one. Encouragingly, a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.12% is obtained for the OSCs employing NiAc·4H2O/2PACz as the HTL, surpassing that of devices with the PEDOT:PSS HTL (17.59%), which is ranked among the highest ones of OSCs. This improvement is attributed to the appropriate work function, enhanced hole mobility, facilitated exciton dissociation efficiency, and lower recombination loss of NiAc·4H2O/2PACz-based devices. Furthermore, the NiAc·4H2O/2PACz-based OSCs exhibit superior operational stability compared to their PEDOT:PSS-based counterparts. Of significant note, the NiAc·4H2O/2PACz HTL demonstrates a broad generality, boosting the PCE of the PM6:PY-IT and PM6:Y6-based OSCs from 16.47% and 16.79% (with PEDOT:PSS-based analogs as HTLs) to 17.36% and 17.57%, respectively. These findings underscore the substantial potential of the NiAc·4H2O/2PACz HTL in advancing OSCs, offering improved performance and stability, thereby opening avenue for highly efficient and reliable solar energy harvesting technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bolin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Qingqing Bai
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xiage Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Huiliang Sun
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Xi Yang
- 506, Building C1, Grand Tech Park, Huangpu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510700, China
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guan S, Li Y, Xu C, Yin N, Xu C, Wang C, Wang M, Xu Y, Chen Q, Wang D, Zuo L, Chen H. Self-Assembled Interlayer Enables High-Performance Organic Photovoltaics with Power Conversion Efficiency Exceeding 20. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400342. [PMID: 38511521 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial layers (ILs) are prerequisites to form the selective charge transport for high-performance organic photovoltaics (OPVs) but mostly result in considerable parasitic absorption loss. Trimming the ILs down to a mono-molecular level via the self-assembled monolayer is an effective strategy to mitigate parasitic absorption loss. However, such a strategy suffers from inferior electrical contact with low surface coverage on rough surfaces and poor producibility. To address these issues, here, the self-assembled interlayer (SAI) strategy is developed, which involves a thin layer of 2-6 nm to form a full coverage on the substrate via both covalent and van der Waals bonds by using a self-assembled molecule of 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl) (2PACz). Via the facile spin coating without further rinsing and annealing process, it not only optimizes the electrical and optical properties of OPVs, which enables a world-record efficiency of 20.17% (19.79% certified) but also simplifies the tedious processing procedure. Moreover, the SAI strategy is especially useful in improving the absorbing selectivity for semi-transparent OPVs, which enables a record light utilization efficiency of 5.34%. This work provides an effective strategy of SAI to optimize the optical and electrical properties of OPVs for high-performance and solar window applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yaokai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Semiconductor Research, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310022, P. R. China
| | - Chang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ni Yin
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceSuzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chenran Xu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Congxu Wang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Mengting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceSuzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Lijian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Semiconductor Research, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310022, P. R. China
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Semiconductor Research, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310022, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duan X, Yang Y, Yu J, Liu C, Li X, Jee MH, Gao J, Chen L, Tang Z, Woo HY, Lu G, Sun Y. Solid Additive Dual-Regulates Spectral Response Enabling High-Performance Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308750. [PMID: 38289228 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Semi-transparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) possess significant potential for applications in vehicles and buildings due to their distinctive visual transparency. Conventional device engineering strategies are typically used to optimize photon selection and utilization at the expense of power conversion efficiency (PCE); moreover, the fixed spectral utilization range always imposes an unsatisfactory upper limit to its light utilization efficiency (LUE). Herein, a novel solid additive named 1,3-diphenoxybenzene (DB) is employed to dual-regulate donor/acceptor molecular aggregation and crystallinity, which effectively broadens the spectral response of ST-OSCs in near-infrared region. Besides, more visible light is allowed to pass through the devices, which enables ST-OSCs to possess satisfactory photocurrent and high average visible transmittance (AVT) simultaneously. Consequently, the optimal ST-OSC based on PP2+DB/BTP-eC9+DB achieves a superior LUE of 4.77%, representing the highest value within AVT range of 40-50%, which also correlates with the formation of multi-scale phase-separated morphology. Such results indicate that the ST-OSCs can simultaneously meet the requirements for minimum commercial efficiency and plant photosynthesis when integrated with the roofs of agricultural greenhouses. This work emphasizes the significance of additives to tune the spectral response in ST-OSCs, and charts the way for organic photovoltaics in economically sustainable agricultural development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Duan
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yinuo Yang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jifa Yu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Min Hun Jee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiaxin Gao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Lingyu Chen
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Guanghao Lu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Sun
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu T, Deng B, Zheng K, Li H, Wang Z, Zhong Y, Zhang C, Lévêque G, Grandidier B, Bachelot R, Treguer-Delapierre M, Qi Y, Wang S. Boosting the Performances of Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics via Synergetic Near-Infrared Light Management. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311305. [PMID: 38270280 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Semitransparent organic photovoltaics (ST-OPVs) offer promising prospects for application in building-integrated photovoltaic systems and greenhouses, but further improvement of their performance faces a delicate trade-off between the two competing indexes of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average visible transmittance (AVT). Herein, the authors take advantage of coupling plasmonics with the optical design of ST-OPVs to enhance near-infrared absorption and hence simultaneously improve efficiency and visible transparency to the maximum extent. By integrating core-bishell PdCu@Au@SiO2 nanotripods that act as optically isotropic Lambertian sources with near-infrared-customized localized surface plasmon resonance in an optimal ternary PM6:BTP-eC9:L8-BO-based ST-OPV, it is shown that their interplay with a multilayer optical coupling layer, consisting of ZnS(130 nm)/Na3AlF6(60 nm)/WO3(100 nm)/LaF3(50 nm) identified from high-throughput optical screening, leads to a record-high PCE of 16.14% (certified as 15.90%) along with an excellent AVT of 33.02%. The strong enhancement of the light utilization efficiency by ≈50% as compared to the counterpart device without optical engineering provides an encouraging and universal pathway for promoting breakthroughs in ST-OPVs from meticulous optical design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- School of Microelectronics and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Baozhong Deng
- School of Microelectronics and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Kaiwen Zheng
- School of Microelectronics and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Microelectronics and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- School of Microelectronics and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yunbo Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Chengxi Zhang
- School of Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Gaëtan Lévêque
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Bruno Grandidier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Light, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS ERL 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, Troyes, F-10004, France
- EEE School, Nanyang Technological University, CNRS IRL, CINTRA, 3288, Singapore
| | | | - Yabing Qi
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Shenghao Wang
- School of Microelectronics and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alam S, Sim S, Li MQ, Chang BJ, Lee J. Recent Progress in Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells: Photoabsorbent Materials and Design Strategies. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:493. [PMID: 38675304 PMCID: PMC11051828 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The increasing energy demands of the global community can be met with solar energy. Solution-processed organic solar cells have seen great progress in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) have made enormous progress in recent years and have been considered one of the most promising solar cell technologies for applications in building-integrated windows, agricultural greenhouses, and wearable energy resources. Therefore, through the synergistic efforts of transparent electrodes, engineering in near-infrared photoabsorbent materials, and device engineering, high-performance ST-OSCs have developed, and PCE and average visible transmittance reach over 10% and 40%, respectively. In this review, we present the recent progress in photoabsorbent material engineering and strategies for enhancing the performance of ST-OSCs to help researchers gain a better understanding of structure-property-performance relationships. To conclude, new design concepts in material engineering and outlook are proposed to facilitate the further development of high-performance ST-OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabaz Alam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (S.A.); (S.S.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Suhui Sim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (S.A.); (S.S.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Meng Qiang Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (S.A.); (S.S.); (M.Q.L.)
| | - Bong-Jun Chang
- Interface Materials and Chemical Engineering Research Center, Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (S.A.); (S.S.); (M.Q.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yeop J, Park KH, Rasool S, Lee HM, Jeon S, Kim Y, Lee W, Kim S, Yang C, Lim B, Kim JY. Thickness Tolerance in Large-Area Organic Photovoltaics with Fluorine-Substituted Regioregular Conjugated Polymer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:704-711. [PMID: 38148320 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Large areas and simple processing methods are necessary for the commercialization of organic photovoltaics (OPVs). However, the efficiency drop due to the variation in thickness of OPVs limits their large-scale applications. Regioregular polymers with good crystallinity and packing properties that exhibit high charge mobility and extraction ability can help overcome these limitations. In this study, a regioregular polymer named PDBD-2FBT was synthesized. The crystallinity and packing properties of PDBD-2FBT were enhanced by a simple thermal treatment. Using PDBD-2FBT material as a donor and Y6-HU as an acceptor, we fabricated binary blend OPV devices. The devices with optimized active layer thickness achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.14%. A PCE of 13.18% was maintained even in thick-film conditions (400 nm), and thickness tolerance was observed. Based on the thickness tolerance, a 5-line module measuring 36 cm2 was fabricated via the bar-coating method, and a PCE of approximately 10% was achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoo Yeop
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Kwang Hun Park
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, South Korea
| | - Shafket Rasool
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Hye Min Lee
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, South Korea
| | - Seungju Jeon
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, South Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, South Korea
| | - Woojin Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Seoyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Changduk Yang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Bogyu Lim
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Chungbuk National University (CBNU), Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng X, Wu X, Wu Q, Han Y, Ding G, Wang Y, Kong Y, Chen T, Wang M, Zhang Y, Xue J, Fu W, Luo Q, Ma C, Ma W, Zuo L, Shi M, Chen H. Thorough Optimization for Intrinsically Stretchable Organic Photovoltaics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2307280. [PMID: 38100730 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of intrinsically stretchable organic photovoltaics (is-OPVs) with a high efficiency is of significance for practical application. However, their efficiencies lag far behind those of rigid or even flexible counterparts. To address this issue, an advanced top-illuminated OPV is designed and fabricated, which is intrinsically stretchable and has a high performance, through systematic optimizations from material to device. First, the stretchability of the active layer is largely increased by adding a low-elastic-modulus elastomer of styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene tri-block copolymer (SEPS). Second, the stretchability and conductivity of the opaque electrode are enhanced by a conductive polymer/metal (denoted as M-PH1000@Ag) composite electrode strategy. Third, the optical and electrical properties of a sliver nanowire transparent electrode are improved by a solvent vapor annealing strategy. High-performance is-OPVs are successfully fabricated with a top-illuminated structure, which provides a record-high efficiency of 16.23%. Additionally, by incorporating 5-10% elastomer, a balance between the efficiency and stretchability of the is-OPVs is achieved. This study provides valuable insights into material and device optimizations for high-efficiency is-OPVs, with a low-cost production and excellent stretchability, which indicates a high potential for future applications of OPVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Han
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Guanyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yibo Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Mengting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yiqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Weifei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Qun Luo
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Changqi Ma
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Lijian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Minmin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheng Y, Wang X, Pei Z, Chen YN, Lu H, Liu Y, Bo Z. Spontaneously spreading film process to improve the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells with PHJ structure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14273-14276. [PMID: 37961868 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04568d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient charge transport and extraction within the active layer plays a major role in the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). In this work, the spontaneously spreading (SS) process was utilized to achieve sequential deposition of the active layer with a planar heterojunction (PHJ) structure. The SS process avoids the damage of the upper layer solution to the lower layer film by the spin coating process. The film with PHJ structure exhibits notable vertical phase separation compared to the bulk heterojunction (BHJ). Moreover, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PHJ device (12.00%) is significantly higher than that of the BHJ (10.84%) due to the efficient charge transport. This work offers a novel fabrication method and device structure to enhance the photovoltaic performance of OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yetai Cheng
- College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zengliang Pei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Chen
- College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Hao Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China.
| | - Yahui Liu
- College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhishan Bo
- College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kong W, Wang J, Hu Y, Cui N, Yan C, Cai X, Cheng P. P-type Polymers in Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307622. [PMID: 37395558 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
P-type polymers are polymeric semiconducting materials that conduct holes and have extensive applications in optoelectronics such as organic photovoltaics. Taking the advantage of intrinsic discontinuous light absorption of organic semiconductors, semitransparent organic photovoltaics (STOPVs) present compelling opportunities in various potential applications such as building-integrated photovoltaics, agrivoltaics, automobiles, and wearable electronics. The characteristics of p-type polymers, including optical, electronic, and morphological properties, determine the performance of STOPVs, and the requirements for p-type polymers differ between opaque organic photovoltaics and STOPVs. Hence, in this Minireview, recent advances of p-type polymers used in STOPVs are systematically summarized, with emphasis on the effects of chemical structures, conformation structures, and aggregation structures of p-type polymers on the performance of STOPVs. Furthermore, new design concepts and guidelines are also proposed for p-type polymers to facilitate the future development of high-performance STOPVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Kong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yingyue Hu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ningbo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering & College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Cenqi Yan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xufu Cai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Pei Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun S, Zha W, Tian C, Wei Z, Luo Q, Ma CQ, Liu W, Zhu X. Solution Processed Semi-Transparent Organic Solar Cells Over 50% Visible Transmittance Enabled by Silver Nanowire Electrode with Sandwich Structure. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305092. [PMID: 37487579 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Photovoltaic windows with easy installation for the power supply of household appliances have long been a desire of energy researchers. However, due to the lack of top electrodes that offer both high transparency and low sheet resistance, the development of high-transparency photovoltaic windows for indoor lighting scenarios has lagged significantly behind photovoltaic windows where privacy issues are involved. Addressing this issue, this work develops a solution-processable transparent top electrode using sandwich structure silver nanowires, realizing high transparency in semi-transparent organic solar cells. The wettability and conducting properties of the electrode are improved by a modified hole-transport layer named HP. The semi-transparent solar cell exhibits good see-through properties at a high average visible transmittance of 50.8%, with power conversion efficiency of 7.34%, and light utilization efficiency of 3.73%, which is the highest without optical modulations. Moreover, flexible devices based on the above-mentioned architecture also show excellent mechanical tolerance compared with Ag electrode counterparts, which retains 94.5% of their original efficiency after 1500 bending cycles. This work provides a valuable approach for fabricating solution-processed high transparency organic solar cells, which is essential in future applications in building integrated photovoltaics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wusong Zha
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
- i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Tian
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qun Luo
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
- i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Qi Ma
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
- i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wuyue Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jeon SJ, Yang NG, Kim JY, Kim YC, Lee HS, Moon DK. A 3-Fluoropyridine Manipulating the Aggregation and Fibril Network of Donor Polymers for Eco-Friendly Solution-Processed Versatile Organic Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301803. [PMID: 37222123 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of eco-friendly solvent-processed organic solar cells (OSCs) suitable for industrial-scale production should be now considered the imperative research. Herein, asymmetric 3-fluoropyridine (FPy) unit is used to control the aggregation and fibril network of polymer blends. Notably, terpolymer PM6(FPy = 0.2) incorporating 20% FPy in a well-known donor polymer poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl-3-fluoro)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione)] (PM6) can reduce the regioregularity of the polymer backbone and endow them with much-enhanced solubility in eco-friendly solvents. Accordingly, the excellent adaptability for fabricating versatile devices based on PM6(FPy = 0.2) by toluene processing is demonstrated. The resulting OSCs exhibit a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.1% (17.0% by processed with chloroform) and low batch-to-batch variation. Moreover, by controlling the donor-to-acceptor weight ratio at 0.5:1.0 and 0.25:1.0, semi-transparent OSCs (ST-OSCs) yield significant light utilization efficiencies of 3.61% and 3.67%, respectively. For large-area (1.0 cm2 ) indoor OSC (I-OSC), a high PCE of 20.6% is achieved with an appropriate energy loss of 0.61 eV under a warm white light-emitting diode (3,000 K) with the illumination of 958 lux. Finally, the long-term stability of the devices is evaluated by investigating their structure-performance-stability relationship. This work provides an effective approach to realizing eco-friendly, efficient, and stable OSCs/ST-OSCs/I-OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jae Jeon
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Nam Gyu Yang
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Ji Youn Kim
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Ye Chan Kim
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Seok Lee
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Doo Kyung Moon
- Nano and Information Materials (NIMs) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wan J, Wang T, Sun R, Wu X, Wang S, Zhang M, Min J. Enabling Highly Efficient and Thermal-Stable Polymer Solar Cells through Semi-Alloy Acceptors Composed of a Hinge-Like Dimer: A Versatile Doping Protocol. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302592. [PMID: 37211895 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous improvement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and thermal stability is a critical scientific challenge in advancing the commercial applications of polymer solar cells. To address this challenge, a dumbbell-shaped dimeric acceptor, DT19, is successfully designed and synthesized. It is incorporated as a third component into the PM1:BTP-eC9 system. This ternary strategy demonstrates a synergistic enhancement of the PCE and thermal stability of the host binary system. In particular, the PM1:BTP-eC9:DT19 system maintains a PCE of over 90% even after heating at 120 °C for 200 h. Additionally, the dimer-doping ternary strategy exhibits excellent generality for the other four Y-series systems and outperforms ternary systems containing alloy-like acceptors in terms of thermal stability. It is because DT19, with its hinge-like structure, can form a semi-alloy acceptor with the host acceptor, leading to strong interchain entanglement with the polymer donor, thus overcoming phase separation and excessive aggregation under thermal stress. This new type of dimeric material, which can synergistically enhance the device efficiency and thermal stability of active layers, presents promising application prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tao Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaohei Wu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Meimei Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Min
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Duan X, Liu C, Cai Y, Ye L, Xue J, Yang Y, Ma W, Sun Y. Longitudinal Through-Hole Architecture for Efficient and Thickness-Insensitive Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302927. [PMID: 37178458 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Semi-transparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) have great potential for application in vehicle- or building-integrated solar energy harvesting. Ultrathin active layers and electrodes are typically utilized to guarantee high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and high average visible transmittance (AVT) simultaneously; however, such ultrathin parts are unsuitable for industrial high-throughput manufacturing. In this study, ST-OSCs are fabricated using a longitudinal through-hole architecture to achieve functional region division and to eliminate the dependence on ultrathin films. A complete circuit that vertically corresponds to the silver grid is responsible for obtaining high PCE, and the longitudinal through-holes embedded in it allow most of the light to pass through,where the overall transparency is associated with the through-hole specification rather than the thicknesses of active layer and electrode. Excellent photovoltaic performance over a wide range of transparency (9.80-60.03%), with PCEs ranging from 6.04% to 15.34% is achieved. More critically, this architecture allows printable 300-nm-thick devices to achieve a record-breaking light utilization efficiency (LUE) of 3.25%, and enables flexible ST-OSCs to exhibit better flexural endurance by dispersing the extrusion stress into the through-holes. This study paves the way for fabricating high-performance ST-OSCs and shows great promise for the commercialization of organic photovoltaics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Duan
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yunhao Cai
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Linglong Ye
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yinuo Yang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Sun
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liang N, Tian R, Xu Y, Yao H, Yang H, Wei Y, Xin X, Chen R, Zhai T, Wang Z, Hou J. Trans-Reflective Structural Color Filters Assisting Multifunctional-Integrated Semitransparent Photovoltaic Window. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300360. [PMID: 36930466 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Multifunction-integrated semitransparent organic photovoltaic cells (STOPVs), with high power generation, colorful transmittance/reflectance, excellent ultraviolet (UV) protection, and thermal insulation, are fully in line with the concept of architectural aesthetics and photoprotection characteristics for building-integrated photovoltaic-window. For the indelible rainbow color photovoltaic window, one crucial issue is to realize the integration of these photons- and photoelectric-related multifunction. Herein, dynamic transmissive and reflective structural color controllable filters, with asymmetrical metal-insulator-metal (MIM) configurations (20 nm-Ag-HATCN-30 nm-Ag) through machine learning, are deliberately designed for colorful STOPV devices. This endows the resultant integrated devices with ≈5% enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) than the bare-STOPVs, gifted UV (300-400 nm) blocking rates as high as 93.5, 94.1, 90.2, and 94.5%, as well as a superior infrared radiation (IR) (700-1400 nm) rejection approaching 100% for transparent purple-, blue-, green- and red-STOPV cells, respectively. Most importantly, benefiting from the photonic recycling effect beyond microcavity resonance wavelength, a reported quantum utilization efficiency (QUE) as high as 80%, is first presented for the transparent-green-STOPVs with an ultra-narrow bandgap of 1.2 eV. These asymmetrical Febry-Pérot transmissive and reflective structural color filters can also be extended to silicon- and perovskite-based optoelectric devices and make it possible to integrate additional target optical functions for multi-purpose optoelectric devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Liang
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Ruiqi Tian
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Ye Xu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Huifeng Yao
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xia Xin
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Ruixiang Chen
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Tianrui Zhai
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Hou
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Deng B, Lian H, Xue B, Song R, Chen S, Wang Z, Xu T, Dong H, Wang S. Niobium-Carbide MXene Modified Hybrid Hole Transport Layer Enabling High-Performance Organic Solar Cells Over 19. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207505. [PMID: 36890774 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Niobium-carbide (Nb2 C) MXene as a new 2D material has shown great potential for application in photovoltaics due to its excellent electrical conductivity, large surface area, and superior transmittance. In this work, a novel solution-processable poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-Nb2 C hybrid hole transport layer (HTL) is developed to enhance the device performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). By optimizing the doping ratio of Nb2 C MXene in PEDOT:PSS, the best power convention efficiency (PCE) of 19.33% can be achieved for OSCs based on the ternary active layer of PM6:BTP-eC9:L8-BO, which is so far the highest value among those of single junction OSCs using 2D materials. It is found that the addition of Nb2 C MXene can facilitate the phase separation of the PEDOT and PSS segments, thus improving the conductivity and work function of PEDOT:PSS. The significantly enhanced device performance can be attributed to the higher hole mobility and charge extraction capability, as well as lower interface recombination probabilities generated by the hybrid HTL. Additionally, the versatility of the hybrid HTL to improve the performance of OSCs based on different nonfullerene acceptors is demonstrated. These results indicate the promising potential of Nb2 C MXene in the development of high-performance OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baozhong Deng
- Sino-European School of Technology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Hong Lian
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Baotong Xue
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Ruichen Song
- Materials Gerome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Shi Chen
- Materials Gerome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Materials Gerome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- Sino-European School of Technology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Dong
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Materials Gerome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen T, Li S, Li Y, Chen Z, Wu H, Lin Y, Gao Y, Wang M, Ding G, Min J, Ma Z, Zhu H, Zuo L, Chen H. Compromising Charge Generation and Recombination of Organic Photovoltaics with Mixed Diluent Strategy for Certified 19.4% Efficiency. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300400. [PMID: 36863938 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ternary blend is demonstrated as an effective strategy to promote the device performance of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) due to the dilution effect. While the compromise between the charge generation and recombination remains a challenge. Here, a mixed diluent strategy for further improving the device efficiency of OPV is proposed. Specifically, the high-performance OPV system with a polymer donor, i.e., PM6, and a nonfullerene acceptor (NFA), i.e., BTP-eC9, is diluted by the mixed diluents, which involve a high bandgap NFA of BTP-S17 and a low bandgap NFA of BTP-S16 (similar with that of the BTP-eC9). The BTP-S17 of better miscibility with BTP-eC9 can dramatically enhance the open-circuit voltage (VOC ), while the BTP-S16 maximizes the charge generation or the short-circuit current density (JSC ). The interplay of BTP-17 and BTP-S16 enables better compromise between charge generation and recombination, thus leading to a high device performance of 19.76% (certified 19.41%), which is the best among single-junction OPVs. Further analysis on carrier dynamics validates the efficacy of mixed diluents for balancing charge generation and recombination, which can be further attributed to the more diverse energetic landscapes and improved morphology. Therefore, this work provides an effective strategy for high-performance OPV for further commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shuixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yaokai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yi Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Gao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Mengting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Guanyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jie Min
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zaifei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Lijian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ding G, Chen T, Wang M, Xia X, He C, Zheng X, Li Y, Zhou D, Lu X, Zuo L, Xu Z, Chen H. Solid Additive-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Processing for 19% Efficiency Binary Organic Solar Cells. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:92. [PMID: 37036549 PMCID: PMC10086087 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Morphology is of great significance to the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs), since appropriate morphology could not only promote the exciton dissociation, but also reduce the charge recombination. In this work, we have developed a solid additive-assisted layer-by-layer (SAA-LBL) processing to fabricate high-efficiency OSCs. By adding the solid additive of fatty acid (FA) into polymer donor PM6 solution, controllable pre-phase separation forms between PM6 and FA. This intermixed morphology facilitates the diffusion of acceptor Y6 into the donor PM6 during the LBL processing, due to the good miscibility and fast-solvation of the FA with chloroform solution dripping. Interestingly, this results in the desired morphology with refined phase-separated domain and vertical phase-separation structure to better balance the charge transport /collection and exciton dissociation. Consequently, the binary single junction OSCs based on PM6:Y6 blend reach champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.16% with SAA-LBL processing, which can be generally applicable to diverse systems, e.g., the PM6:L8-BO-based devices and thick-film devices. The efficacy of SAA-LBL is confirmed in binary OSCs based on PM6:L8-BO, where record PCEs of 19.02% and 16.44% are realized for devices with 100 and 250 nm active layers, respectively. The work provides a simple but effective way to control the morphology for high-efficiency OSCs and demonstrates the SAA-LBL processing a promising methodology for boosting the industrial manufacturing of OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xia
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaokai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhikang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao N, Zhen T, Wu Y, Wei B, Liao Y, Liu Y. Efficient Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Ag Grid Electrodes and Optical Coupling Layers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1308. [PMID: 37110893 PMCID: PMC10142083 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) show great promise for building integrated photovoltaic systems. The balance between power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average visible transmittance (AVT) is a key point of ST-OSCs. We developed a novel semitransparent organic solar cell (ST-OSC) with high PCE and AVT for building integrated renewable energy applications. We used photolithography to fabricate Ag grid bottom electrodes with high figures of merit of 292.46. We also used an optimized active layer of PM6 and Y6, achieving a PCE of 10.65% and an AVT of 22.78% for our ST-OSCs. By adding optical coupling layers of CBP and LiF alternately, we further increased the AVT to 27.61% and the PCE to 10.87%. Importantly, the balance of PCE and AVT can be achieved by the integrated optimization of the active and optical coupling layers, which leads to a significant increase in light utilization efficiency (LUE). These results are of great importance for particle applications of ST-OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Tao Zhen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yizhou Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Bin Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yingjie Liao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu C, Wu Z, Qiu N, Li C, Lu Y. Selenophene-Containing Small-Molecule Donor with a Medium Band Gap Enables High-Efficiency Ternary Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:9764-9772. [PMID: 36752273 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To construct efficient donor:donor:acceptor (D1:D2:A)-type ternary devices, two new selenophene-containing small-molecule (SM) donors named FSBTSeEHR and FSBTSeHR have been designed and synthesized that show broader and red-shifted absorption spectra than the thiophene analogues. With the introduction of SM donors into the D18:CH-6F host system, enhanced light harvesting and charge transport were achieved, benefiting from more complementary absorptions and cascaded energy levels. Furthermore, the doping of the SM donor could effectively modulate the micromorphology and enable a more suitable phase separation size in the active layer. After systematic optimization, the FSBTSeEHR-based ternary organic solar cell (TOSC) exhibited an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.02% with a high open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.905 V, short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 26.41 mA cm-2, and fill factor (FF) of 0.754. By contrast, the FSBTSeHR counterpart showed a superior efficiency of 18.55% due to the higher Jsc (26.91 mA cm-2) and FF (0.761). The outstanding PCEs of D1:D2:A-type TOSCs based on our SM donors, FSBTSeEHR and FSBTSeHR, are significantly higher than those of the corresponding binary host system (16.86%) and among the highest values reported to date. This work demonstrates that D1:D2:A-type TOSCs have tremendous potential to achieve superior performances through elaborate design of the SM donor guest and reasonable combination of D and A ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhihui Wu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Nailiang Qiu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu 273155, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Lu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pompilio M, Ierides I, Cacialli F. Biomimetic Approaches to "Transparent" Photovoltaics: Current and Future Applications. Molecules 2022; 28:180. [PMID: 36615373 PMCID: PMC9822409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a surge in the interest for (semi)transparent photovoltaics (sTPVs) in recent years, since the more traditional, opaque, devices are not ideally suited for a variety of innovative applications spanning from smart and self-powered windows for buildings to those for vehicle integration. Additional requirements for these photovoltaic applications are a high conversion efficiency (despite the necessary compromise to achieve a degree of transparency) and an aesthetically pleasing design. One potential realm to explore in the attempt to meet such challenges is the biological world, where evolution has led to highly efficient and fascinating light-management structures. In this mini-review, we explore some of the biomimetic approaches that can be used to improve both transparent and semi-transparent photovoltaic cells, such as moth-eye inspired structures for improved performance and stability or tunable, coloured, and semi-transparent devices inspired by beetles' cuticles. Lastly, we briefly discuss possible future developments for bio-inspired and potentially bio-compatible sTPVs.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee JW, Seo S, Lee SW, Kim GU, Han S, Phan TNL, Lee S, Li S, Kim TS, Lee JY, Kim BJ. Intrinsically Stretchable, Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Polymer Donors Featuring Hydrogen-Bonding Spacers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2207544. [PMID: 36153847 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically stretchable organic solar cells (IS-OSCs), consisting of all stretchable layers, are attracting significant attention as a future power source for wearable electronics. However, most of the efficient active layers for OSCs are mechanically brittle due to their rigid molecular structures designed for high electrical and optical properties. Here, a series of new polymer donors (PD s, PhAmX) featuring phenyl amide (N1 ,N3 -bis((5-bromothiophen-2-yl)methyl)isophthalamide, PhAm)-based flexible spacer (FS) inducing hydrogen-bonding (H-bonding) interactions is developed. These PD s enable IS-OSCs with a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.73% and excellent stretchability (PCE retention of >80% of the initial value at 32% strain), representing the best performances among the reported IS-OSCs to date. The incorporation of PhAm-based FS enhances the molecular ordering of PD s as well as their interactions with a Y7 acceptor, enhancing the mechanical stretchability and electrical properties simultaneously. It is also found that in rigid OSCs, the PhAm5:Y7 blend achieves a much higher PCE of 17.5% compared to that of the reference PM6:Y7 blend. The impact of the PhAm-FS linker on the mechanical and photovoltaic properties of OSCs is thoroughly investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soodeok Seo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-U Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungseok Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tan Ngoc-Lan Phan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|