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Fan XY, Yu Y, Yao Y, Li WD, Tao FY, Wang N. Applications of Ene-Reductases in the Synthesis of Flavors and Fragrances. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38966982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Flavors and fragrances (F&F) are interesting organic compounds in chemistry. These compounds are widely used in the food, cosmetic, and medical industries. Enzymatic synthesis exhibits several advantages over natural extraction and chemical preparation, including a high yield, stable quality, mildness, and environmental friendliness. To date, many oxidoreductases and hydrolases have been used to biosynthesize F&F. Ene-reductases (ERs) are a class of biocatalysts that can catalyze the asymmetric reduction of α,β-unsaturated compounds and offer superior specificity and selectivity; therefore, ERs have been increasingly considered an ideal alternative to their chemical counterparts. This review summarizes the research progress on the use of ERs in F&F synthesis over the past 20 years, including the achievements of various scholars, the differences and similarities among the findings, and the discussions of future research trends related to ERs. We hope this review can inspire researchers to promote the development of biotechnology in the F&F industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Fan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Dian Li
- Harmful Components and Tar Reduction in Cigarette Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Company, Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan 610066, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Sanlian New Material Company, Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Yan Tao
- Harmful Components and Tar Reduction in Cigarette Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Company, Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan 610066, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Sanlian New Material Company, Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People's Republic of China
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2
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Lonardi G, Parolin R, Licini G, Orlandi M. Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216649. [PMID: 36757599 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective reduction reactions are privileged transformations for the construction of trisubstituted stereogenic centers. While these include established synthetic strategies, such as asymmetric hydrogenation, methods based on the enantioselective addition of hydridic reagents to electrophilic prochiral substrates have also gained importance. In this context, the asymmetric conjugate reduction (ACR) of α,β-unsaturated compounds has become a convenient approach for the synthesis of chiral compounds with trisubstituted stereocenters in α-, β-, or γ-position to electron-withdrawing functional groups. Because such activating groups are diverse and amenable of further derivatizations, ACRs provide a general and powerful synthetic entry towards a variety of valuable chiral building blocks. This Review provides a comprehensive collection of catalytic ACR methods involving transition-metal, organic, and enzymatic catalysis since its first versions dating back to the late 1970s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lonardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Parolin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Licini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuel Orlandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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3
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Kang SW, Antoney J, Frkic RL, Lupton DW, Speight R, Scott C, Jackson CJ. Asymmetric Ene-Reduction of α,β-Unsaturated Compounds by F 420-Dependent Oxidoreductases A Enzymes from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Biochemistry 2023; 62:873-891. [PMID: 36637210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective reduction of alkenes conjugated to electron-withdrawing groups by ene-reductases has been extensively applied to the commercial preparation of fine chemicals. Although several different enzyme families are known to possess ene-reductase activity, the old yellow enzyme (OYE) family has been the most thoroughly investigated. Recently, it was shown that a subset of ene-reductases belonging to the flavin/deazaflavin oxidoreductase (FDOR) superfamily exhibit enantioselectivity that is generally complementary to that seen in the OYE family. These enzymes belong to one of several FDOR subgroups that use the unusual deazaflavin cofactor F420. Here, we explore several enzymes of the FDOR-A subgroup, characterizing their substrate range and enantioselectivity with 20 different compounds, identifying enzymes (MSMEG_2027 and MSMEG_2850) that could reduce a wide range of compounds stereoselectively. For example, MSMEG_2027 catalyzed the complete conversion of both isomers of citral to (R)-citronellal with 99% ee, while MSMEG_2850 catalyzed complete conversion of ketoisophorone to (S)-levodione with 99% ee. Protein crystallography combined with computational docking has allowed the observed stereoselectivity to be mechanistically rationalized for two enzymes. These findings add further support for the FDOR and OYE families of ene-reductases displaying general stereocomplementarity to each other and highlight their potential value in asymmetric ene-reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Woo Kang
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory2601, Australia.,Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung25451, Republic of Korea
| | - James Antoney
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory2601, Australia.,School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland4000, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland4000, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Frkic
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory2601, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory2601, Australia
| | - David W Lupton
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria3800, Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland4000, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland4000, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria3168, Australia.,CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory2601, Australia
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory2601, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory2601, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory2601, Australia
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4
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Livada J, Vargas AM, Martinez CA, Lewis RD. Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction Enhances Gene Mining Efforts for Industrial Ene Reductases by Expanding Enzyme Panels with Thermostable Catalysts. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Livada
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chemical Research Development, MS 4073 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ariana M. Vargas
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chemical Research Development, MS 4073 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Carlos A. Martinez
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chemical Research Development, MS 4073 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Russell D. Lewis
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chemical Research Development, MS 4073 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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5
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Asymmetric Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Dimethyl 2-Methylsuccinate by the Ene-Reductase-Catalyzed Reduction at High Substrate Concentration. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate (1) is a very important building block for the manufacturing of many active pharmaceutical ingredients and fine chemicals. The asymmetric reduction of C=C double bond of dimethyl citraconate (2), dimethyl mesaconate (3) or dimethyl itaconate (4) by ene-reductases (ERs) represents an attractive straightforward approach, but lack of high-performance ERs, especially (S)-selective ones, has limited implementing this method to prepare the optically pure dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate. Herein, three ERs (Bac-OYE1 from Bacillus sp., SeER from Saccharomyces eubayanus and AfER from Aspergillus flavus) with high substrate tolerance and stereoselectivity towards 2, 3 and 4 have been identified. Up to 500 mM of 3 was converted to (S)-dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate ((S)-1) by SeER in high yields (80%) and enantioselectivity (98% ee), and 700 mM of 2 and 400 mM of 4 were converted to (R)-1 by Bac-OYE1 and AfER, respectively, in high yields (86% and 77%) with excellent enantioselectivity (99% ee). The reductions of diethyl citraconate (5), diethyl mesaconate (6) and diethyl itaconate (7) were also tested with the three ERs. Although up to 500 mM of 5 was completely converted to (R)-diethyl 2-methylsuccinate ((R)-8) by Bac-OYE1 with excellent enantioselectivity (99% ee), the alcohol moiety of the esters had a great effect on the activity and enantioselectivity of ERs. This work provides an efficient methodology for the enantiocomplementary production of optically pure dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate from dimethyl itaconate and its isomers at high titer.
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Zhang LL, Fan G, Li X, Ren JN, Huang W, Pan SY, He J. Identification of functional genes associated with the biotransformation of limonene to trans-dihydrocarvone in Klebsiella sp. O852. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:3297-3307. [PMID: 34800295 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural dihydrocarvone has been widely used in the food, cosmetics, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals industries because of its sensory properties and physiological effects. In our previous study, Klebsiella sp. O852 was shown to be capable of converting limonene to trans-dihydrocarvone with high catalytic efficiency. Thus, it was essential to identify and characterize the functional genes involved in limonene biotransformation using genome sequencing and heterologous expression. RESULTS The 5.49-Mb draft genome sequence of Klebsiella sp. O852 contained 5218 protein-encoding genes. Seven candidate genes participating in the biotransformation of limonene to trans-dihydrocarvone were identified by genome analysis. Heterologous expression of these genes in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) indicated that 0852_GM005124 and 0852_GM003417 could hydroxylate limonene in the six position to yield carveol, carvone and trans-dihydrocarvone. 0852_GM002332 and 0852_GM001602 could catalyze the oxidation of carveol to carvone and trans-dihydrocarvone. 0852_GM000709, 0852_GM001600 and 0852_GM000954 had high carvone reductase activity toward the hydrogenation of carvone to trans-dihydrocarvone. CONCLUSION The results obtained in the present study suggest that the seven genes described above were responsible for converting limonene to trans-dihydrocarvone. The present study contributes to providing a foundation for the industrial production of trans-dihydrocarvone in microbial chassis cells using synthetic biology strategies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Nan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Si-Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Ribeaucourt D, Höfler GT, Yemloul M, Bissaro B, Lambert F, Berrin JG, Lafond M, Paul CE. Tunable Production of ( R)- or ( S)-Citronellal from Geraniol via a Bienzymatic Cascade Using a Copper Radical Alcohol Oxidase and Old Yellow Enzyme. ACS Catal 2022; 12:1111-1116. [PMID: 35096467 PMCID: PMC8787751 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic pathways for the synthesis of (-)-menthol, the most sold flavor worldwide, are highly sought-after. To access the key intermediate (R)-citronellal used in current major industrial production routes, we established a one-pot bienzymatic cascade from inexpensive geraniol, overcoming the problematic biocatalytic reduction of the mixture of (E/Z)-isomers in citral by harnessing a copper radical oxidase (CgrAlcOx) and an old yellow enzyme (OYE). The cascade using OYE2 delivered 95.1% conversion to (R)-citronellal with 95.9% ee, a 62 mg scale-up affording high yield and similar optical purity. An alternative OYE, GluER, gave (S)-citronellal from geraniol with 95.3% conversion and 99.2% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ribeaucourt
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
- V. Mane Fils, 620 route de Grasse, 06620 Le Bar sur Loup, France
| | - Georg T. Höfler
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mehdi Yemloul
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Lambert
- V. Mane Fils, 620 route de Grasse, 06620 Le Bar sur Loup, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Mickael Lafond
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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8
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Zhang B, Du H, Zheng Y, Sun J, Shen Y, Lin J, Wei D. Design and engineering of whole-cell biocatalyst for efficient synthesis of (R)-citronellal. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:1486-1498. [PMID: 34729922 PMCID: PMC9049607 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioproduction of optical pure (R)‐citronellal from (E/Z)‐citral at high substrate loading remains challenging. Low catalytic efficiency of (R)‐stereoselective ene reductases towards crude citral mixture is one of the major bottlenecks. Herein, a structure‐based engineering strategy was adopted to enhance the catalytic efficiency and stereoselectivity of an ene reductase (OYE2p) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJM1341 towards (E/Z)‐citral. On basis of homologous modelling, molecular docking analysis and alanine scanning at the binding pocket of OYE2p, a mutant Y84A was obtained with simultaneous increase in catalytic efficiency and stereoselectivity. Furthermore, site‐saturation mutagenesis of Y84 yielded seven mutants with improved activity and stereoselectivity in the (E/Z)‐citral reduction. Among them, the variant Y84V exhibited an 18.3% and 71.3% rise in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for (Z)‐citral and (E)‐citral respectively. Meanwhile, the stereoselectivity of Y84V was improved from 89.2% to 98.0% in the reduction in (E/Z)‐citral. The docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulation of OYE2p and its variants revealed that the substitution Y84V enabled (E)‐citral and (Z)‐citral to bind with a smaller distance to the key hydrogen donors at a modified (R)‐selective binding mode. The variant Y84V was then co‐expressed with glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus megaterium in E. coli D4, in which competing prim‐alcohol dehydrogenase genes were deleted to prevent the undesired reduction in the aldehyde moiety of citral and citronellal. Employing this biocatalyst, 106 g l−1 (E/Z)‐citral was completely converted into (R)‐citronellal with 95.4% ee value and a high space‐time yield of 121.6 g l−1 day−1. The work highlights the synthetic potential of Y84V, which enabled the highest productivity of (R)‐citronellal from (E/Z)‐citral in high enantiopurity so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Han Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yanqiu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jiale Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jinping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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9
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LuxAB-Based Microbial Cell Factories for the Sensing, Manufacturing and Transformation of Industrial Aldehydes. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of genetically encoded biosensors enables the detection of small molecules in living cells and has facilitated the characterization of enzymes, their directed evolution and the engineering of (natural) metabolic pathways. In this work, the LuxAB biosensor system from Photorhabdus luminescens was implemented in Escherichia coli to monitor the enzymatic production of aldehydes from primary alcohols and carboxylic acid substrates. A simple high-throughput assay utilized the bacterial luciferase—previously reported to only accept aliphatic long-chain aldehydes—to detect structurally diverse aldehydes, including aromatic and monoterpene aldehydes. LuxAB was used to screen the substrate scopes of three prokaryotic oxidoreductases: an alcohol dehydrogenase (Pseudomonas putida), a choline oxidase variant (Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus) and a carboxylic acid reductase (Mycobacterium marinum). Consequently, high-value aldehydes such as cinnamaldehyde, citral and citronellal could be produced in vivo in up to 80% yield. Furthermore, the dual role of LuxAB as sensor and monooxygenase, emitting bioluminescence through the oxidation of aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylates, promises implementation in artificial enzyme cascades for the synthesis of carboxylic acids. These findings advance the bio-based detection, preparation and transformation of industrially important aldehydes in living cells.
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Abstract
Thirteen Non-Conventional Yeasts (NCYs) have been investigated for their ability to reduce activated C=C bonds of chalcones to obtain the corresponding dihydrochalcones. A possible correlation between bioreducing capacity of the NCYs and the substrate structure was estimated. Generally, whole-cells of the NCYs were able to hydrogenate the C=C double bond occurring in (E)-1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one, while worthy bioconversion yields were obtained when the substrate exhibited the presence of a deactivating electron-withdrawing Cl substituent on the B-ring. On the contrary, no conversion was generally found, with a few exceptions, in the presence of an activating electron-donating substituent OH. The bioreduction aptitude of the NCYs was apparently correlated to the logP value: Compounds characterized by a higher logP exhibited a superior aptitude to be reduced by the NCYs than compounds with a lower logP value.
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Thorpe TW, France SP, Hussain S, Marshall JR, Zawodny W, Mangas-Sanchez J, Montgomery SL, Howard RM, Daniels DSB, Kumar R, Parmeggiani F, Turner NJ. One-Pot Biocatalytic Cascade Reduction of Cyclic Enimines for the Preparation of Diastereomerically Enriched N-Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19208-19213. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Thorpe
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Scott P. France
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shahed Hussain
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - James R. Marshall
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Wojciech Zawodny
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Juan Mangas-Sanchez
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Sarah L. Montgomery
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Roger M. Howard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David S. B. Daniels
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Discovery Park, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
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12
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Iorgu AI, Hedison TM, Hay S, Scrutton NS. Selectivity through discriminatory induced fit enables switching of NAD(P)H coenzyme specificity in Old Yellow Enzyme ene-reductases. FEBS J 2019; 286:3117-3128. [PMID: 31033202 PMCID: PMC6767020 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most ene‐reductases belong to the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) family of flavin‐dependent oxidoreductases. OYEs use nicotinamide coenzymes as hydride donors to catalyze the reduction of alkenes that contain an electron‐withdrawing group. There have been many investigations of the structures and catalytic mechanisms of OYEs. However, the origin of coenzyme specificity in the OYE family is unknown. Structural NMR and X‐ray crystallographic data were used to rationally design variants of two OYEs, pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase (PETNR) and morphinone reductase (MR), to discover the basis of coenzyme selectivity. PETNR has dual‐specificity and reacts with NADH and NADPH; MR accepts only NADH as hydride donor. Variants of a β‐hairpin motif in an active site loop of both these enzymes were studied using stopped‐flow spectroscopy. Specific attention was placed on the potential role of arginine residues within the β‐hairpin motif. Mutagenesis demonstrated that Arg130 governs the preference of PETNR for NADPH, and that Arg142 interacts with the coenzyme pyrophosphate group. These observations were used to switch coenzyme specificity in MR by replacing either Glu134 or Leu146 with arginine residues. These variants had increased (~15‐fold) affinity for NADH. Mutagenesis enabled MR to accept NADPH as a hydride donor, with E134R MR showing a significant (55‐fold) increase in efficiency in the reductive half‐reaction, when compared to the essentially unreactive wild‐type enzyme. Insight into the question of coenzyme selectivity in OYEs has therefore been addressed through rational redesign. This should enable coenzyme selectivity to be improved and switched in other OYEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea I Iorgu
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Tobias M Hedison
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
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13
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Peters C, Frasson D, Sievers M, Buller R. Novel Old Yellow Enzyme Subclasses. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1569-1577. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Peters
- Competence Center for BiocatalysisInstitute of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of Life Sciences and Facility ManagementZurich University of Applied Sciences Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
| | - David Frasson
- Molecular BiologyInstitute of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of Life Sciences and Facility ManagementZurich University of Applied Sciences Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
| | - Martin Sievers
- Molecular BiologyInstitute of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of Life Sciences and Facility ManagementZurich University of Applied Sciences Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Buller
- Competence Center for BiocatalysisInstitute of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of Life Sciences and Facility ManagementZurich University of Applied Sciences Einsiedlerstrasse 31 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
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The transcription factor NemR is an electrophile-sensing regulator important for the detoxification of reactive electrophiles in Acinetobacter nosocomialis. Res Microbiol 2019; 170:123-130. [PMID: 30797834 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
NemR is an electrophile-sensing regulator which controls two enzymes required for the detoxification of reactive electrophiles: N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) reductase and glyoxalase I in Escherichia coli. Both enzymes are essential for bacterial survival in the presence of toxic reactive electrophiles, such as N-ethylmaleimide and methyl glyoxal. Here, we report the identification and characterization of NemR from Acinetobacter nosocomialis, a nosocomial pathogen. We confirmed that nemR and the nemA gene which encodes N-ethylmaleimide reductase form a single operon, which is in accordance with the reports from E. coli. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the presence of an NemR binding motif in the promoter regions of nemRA operon and gloA (encoding glyoxalase I) and the binding was confirmed by gel mobility shift assay. The deletion of nemR resulted in increased biofilm/pellicle formation in A. nosocomialis. mRNA expression analysis revealed that NemR acts as a repressor of the nemRA operon and gloA, and that the repressor function is inactivated by the addition of toxic Cys modification agents, contributing to bacterial survival. In addition, it was demonstrated that the nemRA operon is positively regulated by the quorum sensing regulator, AnoR and the operon plays a role in biofilm/pellicle formation in A. nosocomialis.
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Novel concurrent redox cascades of (R)- and (S)-carvones enables access to carvo-lactones with distinct regio- and enantioselectivity. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Iorgu AI, Baxter NJ, Cliff MJ, Waltho JP, Hay S, Scrutton NS. 1H, 15N and 13C backbone resonance assignments of pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase from Enterobacter cloacae PB2. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2018; 12:79-83. [PMID: 29168057 PMCID: PMC5869876 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-017-9791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase (PETNR) is a flavoenzyme possessing a broad substrate specificity and is a member of the Old Yellow Enzyme family of oxidoreductases. As well as having high potential as an industrial biocatalyst, PETNR is an excellent model system for studying hydrogen transfer reactions. Mechanistic studies performed with PETNR using stopped-flow methods have shown that tunneling contributes towards hydride transfer from the NAD(P)H coenzyme to the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor and fast protein dynamics have been inferred to facilitate this catalytic step. Herein, we report the near-complete 1H, 15N and 13C backbone resonance assignments of PETNR in a stoichiometric complex with the FMN cofactor in its native oxidized form, which were obtained using heteronuclear multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. A total of 97% of all backbone resonances were assigned, with 333 out of a possible 344 residues assigned in the 1H-15N TROSY spectrum. This is the first report of an NMR structural study of a flavoenzyme from the Old Yellow Enzyme family and it lays the foundation for future investigations of functional dynamics in hydride transfer catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea I Iorgu
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nicola J Baxter
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
- Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Matthew J Cliff
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Jonathan P Waltho
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
- Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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17
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Structural and functional characterisation of the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP268A2 from Mycobacterium marinum. Biochem J 2018; 475:705-722. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family CYP268 are found across a broad range of Mycobacterium species including the pathogens Mycobacterium avium, M. colombiense, M. kansasii, and M. marinum. CYP268A2, from M. marinum, which is the first member of this family to be studied, was purified and characterised. CYP268A2 was found to bind a variety of substrates with high affinity, including branched and straight chain fatty acids (C10–C12), acetate esters, and aromatic compounds. The enzyme was also found to bind phenylimidazole inhibitors but not larger azoles, such as ketoconazole. The monooxygenase activity of CYP268A2 was efficiently reconstituted using heterologous electron transfer partner proteins. CYP268A2 hydroxylated geranyl acetate and trans-pseudoionone at a terminal methyl group to yield (2E,6E)-8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl acetate and (3E,5E,9E)-11-hydroxy-6,10-dimethylundeca-3,5,9-trien-2-one, respectively. The X-ray crystal structure of CYP268A2 was solved to a resolution of 2.0 Å with trans-pseudoionone bound in the active site. The overall structure was similar to that of the related phytanic acid monooxygenase CYP124A1 enzyme from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which shares 41% sequence identity. The active site is predominantly hydrophobic, but includes the Ser99 and Gln209 residues which form hydrogen bonds with the terminal carbonyl group of the pseudoionone. The structure provided an explanation on why CYP268A2 shows a preference for shorter substrates over the longer chain fatty acids which bind to CYP124A1 and the selective nature of the catalysed monooxygenase activity.
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Brenna E, Crotti M, Gatti FG, Monti D, Parmeggiani F, Santangelo S. Asymmetric Bioreduction of β-Acylaminonitroalkenes: Easy Access to Chiral Building Blocks with Two Vicinal Nitrogen-Containing Functional Groups. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7, I- 20131 Milano Italy
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; C.N.R.; Via Mario Bianco 9, I- 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Michele Crotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7, I- 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7, I- 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; C.N.R.; Via Mario Bianco 9, I- 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7, I- 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Sara Santangelo
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7, I- 20131 Milano Italy
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19
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Old Yellow Enzyme-Catalysed Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Linking Family Roots with Improved Catalysis. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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20
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Nett N, Duewel S, Richter AA, Hoebenreich S. Revealing Additional Stereocomplementary Pairs of Old Yellow Enzymes by Rational Transfer of Engineered Residues. Chembiochem 2017; 18:685-691. [PMID: 28107586 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Every year numerous protein engineering and directed evolution studies are published, increasing the knowledge that could be used by protein engineers. Here we test a protein engineering strategy that allows quick access to improved biocatalysts with very little screening effort. Conceptually it is assumed that engineered residues previously identified by rational and random methods induce similar improvements when transferred to family members. In an application to ene-reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) family, the newly created variants were tested with three compounds, revealing more stereocomplementary OYE pairs with potent turnover frequencies (up to 660 h-1 ) and excellent stereoselectivities (up to >99 %). Although systematic prediction of absolute enantioselectivity of OYE variants remains a challenge, "scaffold sampling" was confirmed as a promising addition to protein engineers' collection of strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Nett
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Duewel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Annelis Richter
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hoebenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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Castiglione K, Fu Y, Polte I, Leupold S, Meo A, Weuster-Botz D. Asymmetric whole-cell bioreduction of ( R )-carvone by recombinant Escherichia coli with in situ substrate supply and product removal. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Zhang B, Zheng L, Lin J, Wei D. Characterization of an ene-reductase from Meyerozyma guilliermondii for asymmetric bioreduction of α,β-unsaturated compounds. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1527-34. [PMID: 27193896 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize a novel ene-reductase from Meyerozyma guilliermondii and achieve the ene-reductase-mediated reduction of activated C=C bonds. RESULTS The gene encoding an ene-reductase was cloned from M. guilliermondii. Sequence homology analysis showed that MgER shared the maximal amino acid sequence identity of 57 % with OYE2.6 from Scheffersomyces stipitis. MgER showed the highest specific activity at 30 °C and pH 7 (100 mM sodium phosphate buffer), and excellent stereoselectivities were achieved for the reduction of (R)-carvone and ketoisophorone. Under the reaction conditions (30 °C and pH 7.0), 150 mM (R)-carvone could be completely converted to (2R,5R)-dihydrocarvone within 22 h employing purified MgER as catalyst, resulting in a yield of 98.9 % and an optical purity of >99 % d.e. CONCLUSION MgER was characterized as a novel ene-reductase from yeast and showed great potential for the asymmetric reduction of activated C=C bonds of α,β-unsaturated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Liandan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
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23
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Reich S, Nestl BM, Hauer B. Loop-Grafted Old Yellow Enzymes in the Bienzymatic Cascade Reduction of Allylic Alcohols. Chembiochem 2016; 17:561-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Reich
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; Universität Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Bettina M. Nestl
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; Universität Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; Universität Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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24
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Bertolotti M, Brenna E, Crotti M, Gatti FG, Monti D, Parmeggiani F, Santangelo S. Substrate Scope Evaluation of the Enantioselective Reduction of β-Alkyl-β-arylnitroalkenes by Old Yellow Enzymes 1-3 for Organic Synthesis Applications. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bertolotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; C.N.R.; Via Mario Bianco, 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Michele Crotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; C.N.R.; Via Mario Bianco, 9 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Sara Santangelo
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
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25
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Riedel A, Mehnert M, Paul CE, Westphal AH, van Berkel WJH, Tischler D. Functional characterization and stability improvement of a 'thermophilic-like' ene-reductase from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1073. [PMID: 26483784 PMCID: PMC4589676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ene-reductases (ERs) are widely applied for the asymmetric synthesis of relevant industrial chemicals. A novel ER OYERo2 was found within a set of 14 putative old yellow enzymes (OYEs) obtained by genome mining of the actinobacterium Rhodococcus opacus 1CP. Multiple sequence alignment suggested that the enzyme belongs to the group of 'thermophilic-like' OYEs. OYERo2 was produced in Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized. The enzyme is strongly NADPH dependent and uses non-covalently bound FMNH2 for the reduction of activated α,β-unsaturated alkenes. In the active form OYERo2 is a dimer. Optimal catalysis occurs at pH 7.3 and 37°C. OYERo2 showed highest specific activities (45-50 U mg(-1)) on maleimides, which are efficiently converted to the corresponding succinimides. The OYERo2-mediated reduction of prochiral alkenes afforded the (R)-products with excellent optical purity (ee > 99%). OYERo2 is not as thermo-resistant as related OYEs. Introduction of a characteristic intermolecular salt bridge by site-specific mutagenesis raised the half-life of enzyme inactivation at 32°C from 28 to 87 min and improved the tolerance toward organic co-solvents. The suitability of OYERo2 for application in industrial biocatalysis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Riedel
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg Freiberg, Germany ; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marika Mehnert
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg Freiberg, Germany
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Delft, Netherlands
| | - Adrie H Westphal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk Tischler
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg Freiberg, Germany ; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
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26
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Hardman SJO, Pudney CR, Hay S, Scrutton NS. Excited state dynamics can be used to probe donor-acceptor distances for H-tunneling reactions catalyzed by flavoproteins. Biophys J 2014; 105:2549-58. [PMID: 24314085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In enzyme systems where fast motions are thought to contribute to H-transfer efficiency, the distance between hydrogen donor and acceptor is a very important factor. Sub-ångstrom changes in donor-acceptor distance can have a large effect on the rate of reaction, so a sensitive probe of these changes is a vital tool in our understanding of enzyme function. In this study we use ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy to investigate the photoinduced electron transfer rates, which are also very sensitive to small changes in distance, between coenzyme analog, NAD(P)H4, and the isoalloxazine center in the model flavoenzymes morphinone reductase (wild-type and selected variants) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase (wild-type). It is shown that upon addition of coenzyme to the protein the rate of photoinduced electron transfer is increased. By comparing the magnitude of this increase with existing values for NAD(P)H4-FMN distances, based on charge-transfer complex absorbance and experimental kinetic isotope effect reaction data, we show that this method can be used as a sensitive probe of donor-acceptor distance in a range of enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J O Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Photon Science Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Zhang H, Gao X, Ren J, Feng J, Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhu D. Enzymatic hydrogenation of diverse activated alkenes. Identification of two Bacillus old yellow enzymes with broad substrate profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Jovanovic P, Jeremic S, Djokic L, Savic V, Radivojevic J, Maslak V, Ivkovic B, Vasiljevic B, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Chemoselective biocatalytic reduction of conjugated nitroalkenes: new application for an Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) expression strain. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 60:16-23. [PMID: 24835095 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemoselective reduction of activated carbon-carbon double bond in conjugated nitroalkenes was achieved using Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) whole cells. Nine different substrates have been used furnishing the reduced products in moderate to good yields. 1-Nitro-4-phenyl-1,3-butadiene and (2-nitro-1-propenyl)benzene were successfully biotransformed with corresponding product yields of 54% and 45% respectively. Using this simple and environmentally friendly system 2-(2-nitropropyl)pyridine and 2-(2-nitropropyl)naphthalene were synthesized and characterized for the first time. High substrate conversion efficiency was coupled with low enantioselectivity, however 29% enantiomeric excess was detected in the case of 2-(2-nitropropyl)pyridine. It was shown that electronic properties of the aromatic ring, which affected polarity of the double bond, were not highly influential factors in the reduction process, but the presence of the nitro functionality was essential for the reaction to proceed. 1-Phenyl-4-nitro-1,3-butadiene could not be biotransformed by whole cells of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 or Bacillus subtilis 168 while it was successfully reduced by E. coli DH5α but with lower efficiency in comparison to E. coli BL21(DE3). Knockout mutant affected in nemA gene coding for N-ethylmaleimide reductase (BL21ΔnemA) could still catalyze bioreductions suggesting multiple active reductases within E. coli BL21(DE3) biocatalyst. The described biocatalytic reduction of substituted nitroalkenes provides an efficient route for the preparation of the corresponding nitroalkanes and introduces the new application of the strain traditionally utilized for recombinant protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Jovanovic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Jeremic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Djokic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Radivojevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Veselin Maslak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Ivkovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Vasiljevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Winkler CK, Clay D, Turrini NG, Lechner H, Kroutil W, Davies S, Debarge S, O'Neill P, Steflik J, Karmilowicz M, Wong JW, Faber K. Nitrile as Activating Group in the Asymmetric Bioreduction of β-Cyanoacrylic Acids Catalyzed by Ene-Reductases. Adv Synth Catal 2014; 356:1878-1882. [PMID: 26190962 PMCID: PMC4498475 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201301055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric bioreduction of an (E)-β-cyano-2,4-dienoic acid derivative by ene-reductases allowed a shortened access to a precursor of pregabalin [(S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid] possessing the desired configuration in up to 94% conversion and >99% ee. Deuterium labelling studies showed that the nitrile moiety was the preferred activating/anchor group in the active site of the enzyme over the carboxylic acid or the corresponding methyl ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph K Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, ; phone: (+43)-316-380-5332 ; e-mail:
| | - Dorina Clay
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, ; phone: (+43)-316-380-5332 ; e-mail:
| | - Nikolaus G Turrini
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, ; phone: (+43)-316-380-5332 ; e-mail:
| | - Horst Lechner
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, ; phone: (+43)-316-380-5332 ; e-mail:
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, ; phone: (+43)-316-380-5332 ; e-mail:
| | - Simon Davies
- Pfizer Global Supply, Process Development Centre Loughbeg, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Sebastien Debarge
- Pfizer Global Supply, Process Development Centre Loughbeg, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Pat O'Neill
- Pfizer Global Supply, Process Development Centre Loughbeg, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Jeremy Steflik
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Chemical R&D Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Mike Karmilowicz
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Chemical R&D Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - John W Wong
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Chemical R&D Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, ; phone: (+43)-316-380-5332 ; e-mail:
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Hickling C, Toogood HS, Saiani A, Scrutton NS, Miller AF. Nanofibrillar Peptide hydrogels for the immobilization of biocatalysts for chemical transformations. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:868-74. [PMID: 24604676 PMCID: PMC4316184 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are attractive, "green" alternatives to chemical catalysts within the industrial sector, but their robustness to environmental conditions needs optimizing. Here, an enzyme is tagged chemically and recombinantly with a self-assembling peptide that allows the conjugate to spontaneously assemble with pure peptide to form β-sheet-rich nanofibers decorated with tethered enzyme. Above a critical concentration, these fibers entangle and form a 3D hydrogel. The immobilized enzyme catalyzes chemical transformations and critically its stability is increased significantly where it retains activity after exposure to high temperatures (90 °C) and long storage times (up to 12 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hickling
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1, 7DN, UK
| | - Helen S Toogood
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1, 7DN, UK
| | - Alberto Saiani
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Materials, University of ManchesterManchester, M1, 3 9PL, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1, 7DN, UK
| | - Aline F Miller
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1, 7DN, UK
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31
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Abstract
Reduction of C = C bonds by reductases, found in a variety of microorganisms (e.g. yeasts, bacteria, and lower fungi), animals, and plants has applications in the production of metabolites that include pharmacologically active drugs and other chemicals. Therefore, the reductase enzymes that mediate this transformation have become important therapeutic targets and biotechnological tools. These reductases are broad-spectrum, in that, they can act on isolation/conjugation C = C-bond compounds, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, acid derivatives, and nitro compounds. In addition, several mutations in the reductase gene have been identified, some associated with diseases. Several of these reductases have been cloned and/or purified, and studies to further characterize them and determine their structure in order to identify potential industrial biocatalysts are still in progress. In this study, crucial reductases for bioreduction of C = C bonds have been reviewed with emphasis on their principal substrates and effective inhibitors, their distribution, genetic polymorphisms, and implications in human disease and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China and
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32
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Oberleitner N, Peters C, Rudroff F, Bornscheuer UT, Mihovilovic MD. In vitro characterization of an enzymatic redox cascade composed of an alcohol dehydrogenase, an enoate reductases and a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase. J Biotechnol 2014; 192 Pt B:393-9. [PMID: 24746588 PMCID: PMC4263279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An artificial enzyme cascade composed of an alcohol dehydrogenase, an enoate reductase and a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase was investigated in vitro to gain deeper mechanistic insights and understand the assets and drawbacks of this multi-step biocatalysis. Several substrates composed of different structural motifs were examined and provided access to functionalized chiral compounds in high yields (up to >99%) and optical purities (up to >99%). Hence, the applicability of the presented enzymatic cascade was exploited for the synthesis of biorenewable polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolin Oberleitner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christin Peters
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marko D Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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33
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Peters C, Kölzsch R, Kadow M, Skalden L, Rudroff F, Mihovilovic MD, Bornscheuer UT. Identification, Characterization, and Application of Three Enoate Reductases fromPseudomonas putidain In Vitro Enzyme Cascade Reactions. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Winkler CK, Clay D, Entner M, Plank M, Faber K. NAD(P)H-independent asymmetric C=C bond reduction catalyzed by ene reductases by using artificial co-substrates as the hydrogen donor. Chemistry 2014; 20:1403-9. [PMID: 24382795 PMCID: PMC4413776 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To develop a nicotinamide-independent single flavoenzyme system for the asymmetric bioreduction of C=C bonds, four types of hydrogen donor, encompassing more than 50 candidates, were investigated. Six highly potent, cheap, and commercially available co-substrates were identified that (under the optimized conditions) resulted in conversions and enantioselectivities comparable with, or even superior to, those obtained with traditional two-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H)-recycling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph K Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Dorina Clay
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Marcello Entner
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Markus Plank
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria) Fax: (+43) 316-380-9840
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35
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Oberleitner N, Peters C, Muschiol J, Kadow M, Saß S, Bayer T, Schaaf P, Iqbal N, Rudroff F, Mihovilovic MD, Bornscheuer UT. An Enzymatic Toolbox for Cascade Reactions: A Showcase for an In Vivo Redox Sequence in Asymmetric Synthesis. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Burda E, Reß T, Winkler T, Giese C, Kostrov X, Huber T, Hummel W, Gröger H. Highly Enantioselective Reduction of α-Methylated Nitroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9323-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Burda E, Reß T, Winkler T, Giese C, Kostrov X, Huber T, Hummel W, Gröger H. Hochenantioselektive Reduktion von α‐methylierten Nitroalkenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Burda
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen (Deutschland)
| | - Tina Reß
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen (Deutschland)
- Aktuelle Adresse: Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld (Deutschland)
| | - Till Winkler
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie der Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich (Deutschland)
| | - Carolin Giese
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen (Deutschland)
- Aktuelle Adresse: Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld (Deutschland)
| | - Xenia Kostrov
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen (Deutschland)
| | - Tobias Huber
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen (Deutschland)
| | - Werner Hummel
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie der Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich (Deutschland)
| | - Harald Gröger
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen (Deutschland)
- Aktuelle Adresse: Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld (Deutschland)
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38
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Zhao Q, Li S, Huang K, Wang R, Zhang X. A Novel Chiral Bisphosphine-Thiourea Ligand for Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β,β-Disubstituted Nitroalkenes. Org Lett 2013; 15:4014-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol401816y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, and Department of Chemistry &Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Shengkun Li
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, and Department of Chemistry &Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kexuan Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, and Department of Chemistry &Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, and Department of Chemistry &Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Xumu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, and Department of Chemistry &Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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39
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Winkler CK, Clay D, van Heerden E, Faber K. Overcoming co-product inhibition in the nicotinamide independent asymmetric bioreduction of activated C=C-bonds using flavin-dependent ene-reductases. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:3085-92. [PMID: 23794404 PMCID: PMC4034509 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eleven flavoproteins from the old yellow enzyme family were found to catalyze the disproportionation (“dismutation”) of conjugated enones. Incomplete conversions, which were attributed to enzyme inhibition by the co-product phenol could be circumvented via in situ co-product removal by scavenging the phenol using the polymeric adsorbent MP-carbonate. The optimized system allowed to reduce an alkene activated by ester groups in a “coupled-substrate” approach via nicotinamide-free hydrogen transfer with >90% conversion and complete stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph K Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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40
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Li S, Huang K, Zhang J, Wu W, Zhang X. Rh-catalyzed highly enantioselective hydrogenation of nitroalkenes under basic conditions. Chemistry 2013; 19:10840-4. [PMID: 23818425 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Li
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
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41
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Oberdorfer G, Binter A, Wallner S, Durchschein K, Hall M, Faber K, Macheroux P, Gruber K. The structure of glycerol trinitrate reductase NerA from Agrobacterium radiobacter reveals the molecular reason for nitro- and ene-reductase activity in OYE homologues. Chembiochem 2013; 14:836-45. [PMID: 23606302 PMCID: PMC3659409 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs) and their homologues have found broad application in the efficient asymmetric hydrogenation of activated C=C bonds with high selectivities and yields. Members of this class of enzymes have been found in many different organisms and are rather diverse on the sequence level, with pairwise identities as low as 20 %, but they exhibit significant structural similarities with the adoption of a conserved (αβ)8-barrel fold. Some OYEs have been shown not only to reduce C=C double bonds, but also to be capable of reducing nitro groups in both saturated and unsaturated substrates. In order to understand this dual activity we determined and analyzed X-ray crystal structures of NerA from Agrobacterium radiobacter, both in its apo form and in complex with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and with 1-nitro-2-phenylpropene. These structures, together with spectroscopic studies of substrate binding to several OYEs, indicate that nitro-containing substrates can bind to OYEs in different binding modes, one of which leads to C=C double bond reduction and the other to nitro group reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Oberdorfer
- ACIB--Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petergasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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42
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Gray MJ, Wholey WY, Parker BW, Kim M, Jakob U. NemR is a bleach-sensing transcription factor. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13789-98. [PMID: 23536188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.454421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about how bacteria sense or respond to reactive chlorine species, such as bleach. RESULTS NemR is a redox-regulated transcription factor which senses bleach. CONCLUSION NemR controls expression of genes encoding electrophile detoxification enzymes, which increase bleach resistance. SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrate a bleach-sensing bacterial response system and a new mechanism contributing to bacterial bleach survival. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the active component of household bleach, also functions as a powerful antimicrobial during the innate immune response. Despite its widespread use, surprisingly little is known about how cells sense or respond to HOCl. We now demonstrate that Escherichia coli NemR is a redox-regulated transcriptional repressor, which uses the oxidation status of HOCl-sensitive cysteine residues to respond to bleach and related reactive chlorine species. NemR controls bleach-mediated expression of two enzymes required for detoxification of reactive electrophiles: glyoxalase I and N-ethylmaleimide reductase. Both enzymes contribute to bacterial bleach survival. These results provide evidence that bleach resistance relies on the capacity of organisms to specifically sense reactive chlorine species and respond with the up-regulation of enzymes dedicated to detoxification of methylglyoxal and other reactive electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gray
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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43
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Winkler CK, Clay D, Davies S, O'Neill P, McDaid P, Debarge S, Steflik J, Karmilowicz M, Wong JW, Faber K. Chemoenzymatic asymmetric synthesis of pregabalin precursors via asymmetric bioreduction of β-cyanoacrylate esters using ene-reductases. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1525-33. [PMID: 23316696 PMCID: PMC3579311 DOI: 10.1021/jo302484p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The asymmetric bioreduction of a library of β-cyanoacrylate
esters using ene-reductases was studied with the aim to provide a
biocatalytic route to precursors for GABA analogues, such as pregabalin.
The stereochemical outcome could be controlled by substrate-engineering
through size-variation of the ester moiety and by employing stereochemically
pure (E)- or (Z)-isomers, which
allowed to access both enantiomers of each product in up to quantitative
conversion in enantiomerically pure form. In addition, stereoselectivities
and conversions could be improved by mutant variants of OPR1, and
the utility of the system was demonstrated by preparative-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph K Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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44
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Fu Y, Castiglione K, Weuster-Botz D. Comparative characterization of novel ene-reductases from cyanobacteria. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1293-301. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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46
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Fryszkowska A, Toogood HS, Mansell D, Stephens G, Gardiner JM, Scrutton NS. A surprising observation that oxygen can affect the product enantiopurity of an enzyme-catalysed reaction. FEBS J 2012; 279:4160-71. [PMID: 22978386 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are natural catalysts, controlling reactions with typically high stereospecificity and enantiospecificity in substrate selection and/or product formation. This makes them useful in the synthesis of industrially relevant compounds, particularly where highly enantiopure products are required. The flavoprotein pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) reductase is a member of the Old Yellow Enzyme family, and catalyses the asymmetric reduction of β-alkyl-β-arylnitroalkenes. Under aerobic conditions, it additionally undergoes futile cycles of NAD(P)H reduction of flavin, followed by reoxidation by oxygen, which generates the reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. Prior studies have shown that not all reactions catalysed by PETN reductase yield enantiopure products, such as the reduction of (E)-2-phenyl-1-nitroprop-1-ene (PNE) to produce (S)-2-phenyl-1-nitropropane (PNA) with variable enantiomeric excess (ee). Recent independent studies of (E)-PNE reduction by PETN reductase showed that the major product formed could be switched to (R)-PNA, depending on the reaction conditions. We investigated this phenomenon, and found that the presence of oxygen and ROS influenced the overall product enantiopurity. Anaerobic reactions produced consistently higher nitroalkane (S)-PNA product yields than aerobic reactions (64% versus 28%). The presence of oxygen dramatically increased the preference for (R)-PNA formation (up to 52% ee). Conversely, the presence of the ROS superoxide and hydrogen peroxide switched the preference to (S)-PNA product formation. Given that oxygen has no role in the natural catalytic cycle, these findings demonstrate a remarkable ability to manipulate product enantiopurity of this enzyme-catalysed reaction by simple manipulation of reaction conditions. Potential mechanisms of this unusual behaviour are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fryszkowska
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, UK
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47
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Reich S, Hoeffken HW, Rosche B, Nestl BM, Hauer B. Crystal structure determination and mutagenesis analysis of the ene reductase NCR. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2400-7. [PMID: 23033175 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the "ene" nicotinamide-dependent cyclohexenone reductase (NCR) from Zymomonas mobilis (PDB ID: 4A3U) has been determined in complex with acetate ion, FMN, and nicotinamide, to a resolution of 1.95 Å. To study the activity and enantioselectivity of this enzyme in the bioreduction of activated α,β-unsaturated alkenes, the rational design methods site- and loop-directed mutagenesis were applied. Based on a multiple sequence alignment of various members of the Old Yellow Enzyme family, eight single-residue variants were generated and investigated in asymmetric bioreduction. Furthermore, a structural alignment of various ene reductases predicted four surface loop regions that are located near the entrance of the active site. Four NCR loop variants, derived from loop-swapping experiments with OYE1 from Saccharomyces pastorianus, were analysed for bioreduction. The three enzyme variants, P245Q, D337Y and F314Y, displayed increased activity compared to wild-type NCR towards the set of substrates tested. The active-site mutation Y177A demonstrated a clear influence on the enantioselectivity. The loop-swapping variants retained reduction efficiency, but demonstrated decreased enzyme activity compared with the wild-type NCR ene reductase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Reich
- Universitaet Stuttgart, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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48
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Durchschein K, Wallner S, Macheroux P, Zangger K, Fabian WMF, Faber K. Unusual C=C bond isomerization of an α,β-unsaturated γ-butyrolactone catalysed by flavoproteins from the old yellow enzyme family. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2346-51. [PMID: 23024004 PMCID: PMC3533789 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
An unexpected, redox-neutral C=C bond isomerization of a γ-butyrolactone bearing an exo-methylene unit to the thermodynamically more favoured endo isomer (kcat = 0.076 s−1) catalysed by flavoproteins from the Old Yellow Enzyme family was discovered. Theoretical calculations and kinetic data support a mechanism through which the isomerization proceeds through FMN-mediated hydride addition onto exo-Cβ, followed by hydride abstraction from endo-Cβ′, which is in line with the well-established C=C bond bioreduction of OYEs. This new isomerase activity enriches the catalytic versatility of ene-reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Durchschein
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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49
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Li S, Huang K, Cao B, Zhang J, Wu W, Zhang X. Highly enantioselective hydrogenation of β,β-disubstituted nitroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8573-6. [PMID: 22807193 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Building the building blocks: A highly enantioselective hydrogenation of β-aryl-β-alkyl disubstituted nitroalkenes 1 has been developed. This method results in enantiomerically pure nitroalkanes 2, which are versatile precursors for chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Li
- Institute of Pesticide Science and College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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50
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Li S, Huang K, Cao B, Zhang J, Wu W, Zhang X. Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of β,β‐Disubstituted Nitroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Li
- Institute of Pesticide Science and College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 (China)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA) http://rutchem.rutgers.edu/∼xumuweb/
| | - Kexuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA) http://rutchem.rutgers.edu/∼xumuweb/
| | - Bonan Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA) http://rutchem.rutgers.edu/∼xumuweb/
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide Science and College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 (China)
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Institute of Pesticide Science and College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 (China)
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA) http://rutchem.rutgers.edu/∼xumuweb/
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