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Rondelli M, Pasán J, Fernández I, Martín T. Predisposition in Dynamic Covalent Chemistry: The Role of Non-Covalent Interactions in the Assembly of Tetrahedral Boronate Cages. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400896. [PMID: 38507133 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Directional bonding strategies guide the design of complex molecular architectures, yet challenges arise due to emergent behavior. Rigid structures face geometric constraints and sensitivity to mismatches, hindering the efficient assembly of molecular organic cages (MOCs). Harnessing intramolecular non-covalent interactions offers a promising solution, broadening geometrical possibilities and enhancing adaptability to boost assembly yields. However, identifying these interactions remains challenging, with their full potential sometimes latent until final assembly. This study explores these challenges by synthesizing boronic acid tripods with varied oxygen positions at the tripodal feet and investigating their role in assembling tetrahedral boronate MOCs. Our results reveal substantial differences in the assembly efficiency among tripods. While the building blocks with oxygen in the benzylic position relative to the central aromatic ring form the MOCs in high yields, those with the oxygen atom directly bound to the central aromatic ring, only yield traces. Through X-ray crystallography and DFT analyses, we elucidate how intramolecular interactions profoundly influence the geometry of the building blocks and cages in a relay-like fashion, highlighting the importance of considering intramolecular interactions in the rational design of (supra)molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rondelli
- Molecular Science Department, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientícas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jorge Pasán
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL) Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Martín
- Molecular Science Department, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientícas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Rondelli M, Delgado-Hernández S, Daranas AH, Martín T. Conformational control enables boroxine-to-boronate cage metamorphosis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12953-12960. [PMID: 38023528 PMCID: PMC10664459 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02920d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of molecular organic cages (MOCs) is inhibited by the limited organic-chemical space of the building blocks designed to fulfill strict geometric requirements for efficient assembly. Using intramolecular attractive or repulsive non-covalent interactions to control the conformation of flexible systems can effectively augment the variety of building blocks, ultimately facilitating the exploration of new MOCs. In this study, we introduce a set of boronic acid tripods that were designed using rational design principles. Conformational control was induced by extending the tripod's arms by a 2,3-dimethylbenzene unit, leading to the efficient formation of a tetrapodal nanometer-sized boroxine cage. The new building block's versatility was demonstrated by performing cage metamorphosis upon adding an aromatic tetraol. This led to a quantitative boroxine-to-boronate transformation and a topological shift from tetrahedral to trigonal bipyramidal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rondelli
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Doctoral and Postgraduate School, University of La Laguna (ULL) 38200 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Samuel Delgado-Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Antonio H Daranas
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", ULL Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 2 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Tomás Martín
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", ULL Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 2 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
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Vaghi F, Facchetti G, Rimoldi I, Bottiglieri M, Contini A, Gelmi ML, Bucci R. Highly efficient morpholine-based organocatalysts for the 1,4-addition reaction between aldehydes and nitroolefins: an unexploited class of catalysts. Front Chem 2023; 11:1233097. [PMID: 37638101 PMCID: PMC10451084 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1233097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated how the pyrrolidine nucleus is more efficient than the corresponding piperidine or morpholine as organocatalysts in the condensation of aldehydes with electrophiles via enamine. Focussing on morpholine-enamines, their low reactivity is ascribed to the presence of oxygen on the ring and to the pronounced pyramidalisation of nitrogen, decreasing the nucleophilicity of the enamine. Thus, the selection of efficient morpholine organocatalysts appears to be a difficult challenge. Herein, we reported on the synthesis of new organocatalysts belonging to the class of ß-morpholine amino acids that were tested in a model reaction, i.e., the 1,4-addition reaction of aldehydes to nitroolefins. Starting from commercially available amino acids and epichlorohydrin, we designed an efficient synthesis for the aforementioned catalysts, controlling the configuration and the substitution pattern. Computational studies indeed disclosed the transition state of the reaction, explaining why, despite all the limitations of the morpholine ring for enamine catalysis, our best catalyst works efficiently, affording condensation products with excellent yields, diastereoselection and good-to-exquisite enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raffaella Bucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, DISFARM, Sezione Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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García-Monzón I, Borges-González J, Martín T. Solid‐Supported Tetrahydropyran‐Based Hybrid Dipeptide Catalysts for Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Nitrostyrenes. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomás Martín
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología SPAIN
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Wojaczyńska E, Steppeler F, Iwan D, Scherrmann MC, Marra A. Synthesis and Applications of Carbohydrate-Based Organocatalysts. Molecules 2021; 26:7291. [PMID: 34885873 PMCID: PMC8659088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organocatalysis is a very useful tool for the asymmetric synthesis of biologically or pharmacologically active compounds because it avoids the use of noxious metals, which are difficult to eliminate from the target products. Moreover, in many cases, the organocatalysed reactions can be performed in benign solvents and do not require anhydrous conditions. It is well-known that most of the above-mentioned reactions are promoted by a simple aminoacid, l-proline, or, to a lesser extent, by the more complex cinchona alkaloids. However, during the past three decades, other enantiopure natural compounds, the carbohydrates, have been employed as organocatalysts. In the present exhaustive review, the detailed preparation of all the sugar-based organocatalysts as well as their catalytic properties are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wojaczyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50 370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Franz Steppeler
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50 370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dominika Iwan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50 370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marie-Christine Scherrmann
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Alberto Marra
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM-UMR 5247), Université de Montpellier, Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Gorde AB, Ansari A, Ramapanicker R. Asymmetric Michael addition reactions of aldehydes to β-nitrostyrenes catalyzed by (S)–N-(D-prolyl-L-prolyl)-1 -triflicamido-3 -phenylpropan-2-amine. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Rodríguez‐López J, Brovetto M, Martín VS, Martín T. Enantiodivergent Cyclization by Inversion of the Reactivity in Ambiphilic Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Rodríguez‐López
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González Universidad de La Laguna Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Margarita Brovetto
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González Universidad de La Laguna Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Víctor S. Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González Universidad de La Laguna Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad de La Laguna Francisco Sánchez s/n. Facultad de Farmacia 38200 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Tomás Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González Universidad de La Laguna Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología CSIC Francisco Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
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Rodríguez-López J, Brovetto M, Martín VS, Martín T. Enantiodivergent Cyclization by Inversion of the Reactivity in Ambiphilic Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17077-17083. [PMID: 32573884 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inverting the reactivity of the functional groups in ambiphilic molecules provides a new synthetic strategy to perform late-stage enantiodivergence. Both enantiomers of the final compound can be obtained from a common chiral precursor. As a proof of concept, the synthesis of substituted five- and six-membered oxacycles is described. The key step is the cyclization of an ambiphilic linear precursor bearing a propargylic alcohol and an epoxide linked through an alkyl chain. Through a slight modification of these linear precursors and employing different reaction conditions, these functional groups can inverse their chemical reactivity, producing one enantiomer or another of the final product. This enantiodivergent cyclization involves three stereogenic centers that can undergo fully controlled retention or inversion of their configuration depending on the cyclization pathway that is activated. The cyclization provides late-stage enantiodivergence, enabling the synthesis of either enantiomers of the oxacycles from a common chiral substrate with total transfer of the enantiomeric purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Rodríguez-López
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Margarita Brovetto
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Víctor S Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Francisco Sánchez s/n. Facultad de Farmacia, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Tomás Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Gorde AB, Ramapanicker R. Enantioselective Michael Addition of Aldehydes to β-Nitrostyrenes Catalyzed by (S)- N
-(D-Prolyl)-1-triflicamido-3-phenylpropan-2-amine. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amol B. Gorde
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208016 India
| | - Ramesh Ramapanicker
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208016 India
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208016 India
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