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Kumar R, Dohi T, Zhdankin VV. Organohypervalent heterocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4786-4827. [PMID: 38545658 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes the structural and synthetic aspects of heterocyclic molecules incorporating an atom of a hypervalent main-group element. The term "hypervalent" has been suggested for derivatives of main-group elements with more than eight valence electrons, and the concept of hypervalency is commonly used despite some criticism from theoretical chemists. The significantly higher thermal stability of hypervalent heterocycles compared to their acyclic analogs adds special features to their chemistry, particularly for bromine and iodine. Heterocyclic compounds of elements with double bonds are not categorized as hypervalent molecules owing to the zwitterionic nature of these bonds, resulting in the conventional 8-electron species. This review is focused on hypervalent heterocyclic derivatives of nonmetal main-group elements, such as boron, silicon, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, chlorine, iodine(III) and iodine(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, J C Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, 121006, Haryana, India.
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1038 University Drive, 126 HCAMS University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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2
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Clamor N, Damrath M, Kuczmera TJ, Duvinage D, Nachtsheim BJ. Synthesis of N-acyl carbazoles, phenoxazines and acridines from cyclic diaryliodonium salts. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:12-16. [PMID: 38213840 PMCID: PMC10777325 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
N-Acyl carbazoles can be efficiently produced through a single-step process using amides and cyclic diaryliodonium triflates. This convenient reaction is facilitated by copper iodide in p-xylene, using the commonly found activating ligand diglyme. We have tested this method with a wide range of amides and iodonium triflates, proving its versatility with numerous substrates. Beyond carbazoles, we also produced a variety of other N-heterocycles, such as acridines, phenoxazines, or phenazines, showcasing the robustness of our technique. In a broader sense, this new method creates two C-N bonds simultaneously based on a mono-halogenated starting material, thus allowing heterocycle formation with diminished halogen waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Clamor
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Mattis Damrath
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas J Kuczmera
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institute for Inorganic and Crystallographic Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Boris J Nachtsheim
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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3
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Singhal R, Choudhary SP, Malik B, Pilania M. Cyclic diaryliodonium salts: applications and overview. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:4358-4378. [PMID: 37161758 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00134b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the recent renewed interest and groundbreaking advances in hypervalent chemistry, cyclic diaryliodonium salts have had a myriad of unique applications in the past decade. Their numerous properties, such as an efficient dual arylation mechanism, straightforward one-pot synthesis compatibility, wide substrate scope, and functionalization tolerance, have made them appropriate starting materials for many bioactive compounds. Fluorenes, thiophenes, carbazoles, phenanthrenes, and many other useful cyclic bioactive molecules that are essential for pharmaceutical synthesis can be readily accessed from cyclic diaryliodonium salts. Particular focus has been given to the high optical activity and good enantiomeric excess of the products that facilitate the easy formation of many difficult-to-obtain optical isomers, such as atropisomers. This review aims to compile and summarize all the recent advances in synthesizing methodologies to prepare the important compounds where cyclic diaryliodonium salt is an integral part of the methodologies and would hopefully provide a good foundation for further research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshanda Singhal
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, VPO-Dehmi-Kalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India.
| | - Satya Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, VPO-Dehmi-Kalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India.
| | - Babita Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, VPO-Dehmi-Kalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India.
| | - Meenakshi Pilania
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, VPO-Dehmi-Kalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India.
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4
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Ju H, Yu C, Liu W, Li HH, Fu Z, Wu YC, Gong PX, Li HJ. Polysaccharides from marine resources exhibit great potential in the treatment of tumor: A review. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
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Peng X, Rahim A, Peng W, Jiang F, Gu Z, Wen S. Recent Progress in Cyclic Aryliodonium Chemistry: Syntheses and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1364-1416. [PMID: 36649301 PMCID: PMC9951228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypervalent aryliodoumiums are intensively investigated as arylating agents. They are excellent surrogates to aryl halides, and moreover they exhibit better reactivity, which allows the corresponding arylation reactions to be performed under mild conditions. In the past decades, acyclic aryliodoniums are widely explored as arylation agents. However, the unmet need for acyclic aryliodoniums is the improvement of their notoriously low reaction economy because the coproduced aryl iodides during the arylation are often wasted. Cyclic aryliodoniums have their intrinsic advantage in terms of reaction economy, and they have started to receive considerable attention due to their valuable synthetic applications to initiate cascade reactions, which can enable the construction of complex structures, including polycycles with potential pharmaceutical and functional properties. Here, we are summarizing the recent advances made in the research field of cyclic aryliodoniums, including the nascent design of aryliodonium species and their synthetic applications. First, the general preparation of typical diphenyl iodoniums is described, followed by the construction of heterocyclic iodoniums and monoaryl iodoniums. Then, the initiated arylations coupled with subsequent domino reactions are summarized to construct polycycles. Meanwhile, the advances in cyclic aryliodoniums for building biaryls including axial atropisomers are discussed in a systematic manner. Finally, a very recent advance of cyclic aryliodoniums employed as halogen-bonding organocatalysts is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Peng
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular
and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province
Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou341000, P.R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou510060, P. R. China
| | - Abdur Rahim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei230026, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Peng
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular
and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province
Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou341000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular
and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province
Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou341000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei230026, P. R. China
| | - Shijun Wen
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou510060, P. R. China
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Peng X, Ren Y, Pan W, Liu J, Chen J. Discovery of Novel Acridane-Based Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors with Anticancer and Potential Immunomodulatory Effects. J Med Chem 2023; 66:627-640. [PMID: 36516438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel acridane-based tubulin polymerization inhibitors were designed, synthesized, and bioevaluated as anticancer agents. The most potent compound NT-6 exhibited high tubulin polymerization inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.5 μM) and remarkable antiproliferative potency against four cancer cell lines with an average IC50 of 30 nM, better than colchicine and the hit compound 1f (IC50 of 65 and 126 nM, respectively). In addition, NT-6 (10 mg/kg) exerted excellent antitumor efficacy in a melanoma tumor model with a tumor growth inhibition (TGI) of 65.1% without apparent toxicity. Importantly, the combination of NT-6 with a small-molecule PD-L1 inhibitor NP-19 decreased tumor burden significantly (TGI% = 77.6%). Moreover, the combination of NT-6 with NP-19 enhanced the antitumor immune response, mediated by a decrease of PD-L1 expression levels and increased infiltration of antitumor CD8+ effector T cells in tumor tissues. Collectively, NT-6 represents a novel tubulin polymerization inhibitor with immunopotentiating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 314000, China
| | - Yichang Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 516000, China
| | - Wanyi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 314000, China
| | - Jin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 516000, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 516000, China
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Deng B, Sun Z, Wang Y, Mai R, Yang Z, Ren Y, Liu J, Huang J, Ma Z, Chen T, Zeng C, Chen J. Design, synthesis, and bioevaluation of imidazo [1,2-a] pyrazine derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors with potent anticancer activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 76:117098. [PMID: 36455508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Through structural optimization and ring fusion strategy, we designed a series of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives as potential tubulin inhibitors. These compounds displayed potent anti-proliferative activities (micromolar to nanomolar) against a panel of cancer cell lines (including HepG-2, HCT-116, A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells). Among them, compound TB-25 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effects against HCT-116 cells with an IC50 of 23 nM. Mechanism studies revealed that TB-25 could effectively inhibit tubulin polymerization in vitro, and destroy the dynamic equilibrium of microtubules in HCT-116 cells. In addition, TB-25 dose-dependently induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HCT-116 cells. Furthermore, TB-25 suppressed HCT-116 cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, molecular docking showed that TB-25 fitted well in the colchicine binding site of tubulin and overlapped nicely with CA-4. Collectively, these results suggest that TB-25 represents a promising tubulin inhibitor deserving further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulian Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Research Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruiyao Mai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zichao Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yichang Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junli Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zeli Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Canjun Zeng
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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8
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel acridine and quinoline derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors with anticancer activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116376. [PMID: 34455231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of acridine and quinoline derivatives were designed and synthesized based on our previous work as novel tubulin inhibitors targeting the colchicine binding site. Among them, compound 3b exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity with an IC50 of 261 nM against HepG-2 cells (the most sensitive cell line). In addition, compound 3b was able to suppress the formation of HepG-2 colonies. Mechanism studies revealed that compound 3b effectively inhibited tubulin polymerization in vitro and disrupted microtubule dynamics in HepG-2 cells. Furthermore, compound 3b inhibited the migration of cancer cells in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, compound 3b induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and led to cell apoptosis. Finally, docking studies demonstrated that compound 3b fitted nicely in the colchicine binding site of tubulin and overlapped well with CA-4. Collectively, these results suggested that compound 3b represents a novel tubulin inhibitor deserving further investigation.
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9
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Cheng HC, Zhou L, Zhou X, Ma JL, Guo P, Zhang Y, Ji HB. Ligand-free copper-catalyzed direct amidation of diaryliodonium salts using nitriles as amidation reagents. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Waltemate J, Ivanov I, Ghasemi JB, Aghaee E, Daniliuc CG, Müller K, Prinz H. 10-(4-Phenylpiperazine-1-carbonyl)acridin-9(10H)-ones and related compounds: Synthesis, antiproliferative activity and inhibition of tubulin polymerization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 32:127687. [PMID: 33212157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As part of our continuing search for potent inhibitors of tubulin polymerization, two novel series of 42 10-(4-phenylpiperazine-1-carbonyl)acridin-9(10H)-ones and N-benzoylated acridones were synthesized on the basis of a retrosynthetic approach. All newly synthesized compounds were tested for antiproliferative activity and interaction with tubulin. Several analogs potently inhibited tumor cell growth. Among the compounds tested, 10-(4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carbonyl)acridin-9(10H)-one (17c) exhibited excellent growth inhibitory effects on 93 tumor cell lines, with an average GI50 value of 5.4 nM. We were able to show that the strong cytotoxic effects are caused by disruption of tubulin polymerization, as supported by the EBI (N,N'-Ethylenebis(iodoacetamide)) assay and the fact that the most potent inhibitors of cancer cell growth turned out to be the most efficacious tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Potencies were nearly comparable or superior to those of the antimitotic reference compounds. Closely related to this, the most active analogs inhibited cell cycling at the G2/M phase at concentrations down to 30 nM and induced apoptosis in K562 leukemia cells. We believe that our work not only proves the excellent suitability of the acridone scaffold for the design of potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors but also enables synthetic access to further potentially interesting N-acylated acridones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Waltemate
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Igor Ivanov
- Oncolead GmbH & Co. KG, Zugspitzstraße 5, D-85757 Karlsfeld, Germany
| | - Jahan B Ghasemi
- Drug Design in Silico Lab, Chemistry Faculty, School of Sciences, University of Tehran, Teheran, Iran
| | - Elham Aghaee
- Drug Design in Silico Lab, Chemistry Faculty, School of Sciences, University of Tehran, Teheran, Iran
| | | | - Klaus Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Prinz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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Peng X, Yang Y, Luo B, Wen S, Huang P. Modular Tandem Mizoroki‐Heck/Reductive Heck Reactions to Construct Fluorenes from Cyclic Diaryliodoniums. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhaoqing Medical College Zhaoqing 526000 People's Republic of China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510060 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510060 People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Bingling Luo
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510060 People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Wen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510060 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510060 People's Republic of China
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12
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Boelke A, Kuczmera TJ, Caspers LD, Lork E, Nachtsheim BJ. Iodolopyrazolium Salts: Synthesis, Derivatizations, and Applications. Org Lett 2020; 22:7261-7266. [PMID: 32880463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of iodolopyrazolium triflates via an oxidative cyclization of 3-(2-iodophenyl)-1H-pyrazoles is described. The reaction is characterized by a broad substrate scope, and various applications of these novel cyclic iodolium salts acting as useful synthetic intermediates are demonstrated, in particular in site-selective ring openings. This was finally applied to generate derivatives of the anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib. Their application as highly active halogen-bond donors is shown as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Boelke
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas J Kuczmera
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lucien D Caspers
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Boris J Nachtsheim
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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Bukowski K, Kciuk M, Kontek R. Mechanisms of Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3233. [PMID: 32370233 PMCID: PMC7247559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 179.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide. Despite the significant development of methods of cancer healing during the past decades, chemotherapy still remains the main method for cancer treatment. Depending on the mechanism of action, commonly used chemotherapeutic agents can be divided into several classes (antimetabolites, alkylating agents, mitotic spindle inhibitors, topoisomerase inhibitors, and others). Multidrug resistance (MDR) is responsible for over 90% of deaths in cancer patients receiving traditional chemotherapeutics or novel targeted drugs. The mechanisms of MDR include elevated metabolism of xenobiotics, enhanced efflux of drugs, growth factors, increased DNA repair capacity, and genetic factors (gene mutations, amplifications, and epigenetic alterations). Rapidly increasing numbers of biomedical studies are focused on designing chemotherapeutics that are able to evade or reverse MDR. The aim of this review is not only to demonstrate the latest data on the mechanisms of cellular resistance to anticancer agents currently used in clinical treatment but also to present the mechanisms of action of novel potential antitumor drugs which have been designed to overcome these resistance mechanisms. Better understanding of the mechanisms of MDR and targets of novel chemotherapy agents should provide guidance for future research concerning new effective strategies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Bukowski
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.); (R.K.)
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