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Zhou Y, Wang S, Yin J, Wang J, Manshaii F, Xiao X, Zhang T, Bao H, Jiang S, Chen J. Flexible Metasurfaces for Multifunctional Interfaces. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2685-2707. [PMID: 38241491 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces, capable of manipulating the properties of light with a thickness at the subwavelength scale, have been the subject of extensive investigation in recent decades. This research has been mainly driven by their potential to overcome the limitations of traditional, bulky optical devices. However, most existing optical metasurfaces are confined to planar and rigid designs, functions, and technologies, which greatly impede their evolution toward practical applications that often involve complex surfaces. The disconnect between two-dimensional (2D) planar structures and three-dimensional (3D) curved surfaces is becoming increasingly pronounced. In the past two decades, the emergence of flexible electronics has ushered in an emerging era for metasurfaces. This review delves into this cutting-edge field, with a focus on both flexible and conformal design and fabrication techniques. Initially, we reflect on the milestones and trajectories in modern research of optical metasurfaces, complemented by a brief overview of their theoretical underpinnings and primary classifications. We then showcase four advanced applications of optical metasurfaces, emphasizing their promising prospects and relevance in areas such as imaging, biosensing, cloaking, and multifunctionality. Subsequently, we explore three key trends in optical metasurfaces, including mechanically reconfigurable metasurfaces, digitally controlled metasurfaces, and conformal metasurfaces. Finally, we summarize our insights on the ongoing challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Zhou
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shaolei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Farid Manshaii
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Hong Bao
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Jiao P, Mueller J, Raney JR, Zheng XR, Alavi AH. Mechanical metamaterials and beyond. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6004. [PMID: 37752150 PMCID: PMC10522661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical metamaterials enable the creation of structural materials with unprecedented mechanical properties. However, thus far, research on mechanical metamaterials has focused on passive mechanical metamaterials and the tunability of their mechanical properties. Deep integration of multifunctionality, sensing, electrical actuation, information processing, and advancing data-driven designs are grand challenges in the mechanical metamaterials community that could lead to truly intelligent mechanical metamaterials. In this perspective, we provide an overview of mechanical metamaterials within and beyond their classical mechanical functionalities. We discuss various aspects of data-driven approaches for inverse design and optimization of multifunctional mechanical metamaterials. Our aim is to provide new roadmaps for design and discovery of next-generation active and responsive mechanical metamaterials that can interact with the surrounding environment and adapt to various conditions while inheriting all outstanding mechanical features of classical mechanical metamaterials. Next, we deliberate the emerging mechanical metamaterials with specific functionalities to design informative and scientific intelligent devices. We highlight open challenges ahead of mechanical metamaterial systems at the component and integration levels and their transition into the domain of application beyond their mechanical capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Jiao
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jochen Mueller
- Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jordan R Raney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Rayne Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amir H Alavi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Ramachandran T, Faruque MRI, Singh MSJ, Khandaker MU, Salman M, Youssef AAF. Reduction of Radar Cross Section by Adopting Symmetrical Coding Metamaterial Design for Terahertz Frequency Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1030. [PMID: 36770037 PMCID: PMC9921188 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This work focused on the novel and compact 1-bit symmetrical coding-based metamaterial for radar cross section reduction in terahertz frequencies. A couple of coding particles were constructed to impersonate the elements '0' and '1', which have phase differences of 180°. All the analytical simulations were performed by adopting Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio 2019 software. Moreover, the transmission coefficient of the element '1' was examined as well by adopting similar software and validated by a high-frequency structure simulator. Meanwhile, the frequency range from 0 to 3 THz was set in this work. The phase response properties of each element were examined before constructing various coding metamaterial designs in smaller and bigger lattices. The proposed unit cells exhibit phase responses at 0.84 THz and 1.54 THz, respectively. Meanwhile, the analysis of various coding sequences was carried out and they manifest interesting monostatic and bistatic radar cross section (RCS) reduction performances. The Coding Sequence 2 manifests the best bistatic RCS reduction values in smaller lattices, which reduced from -69.8 dBm2 to -65.5 dBm2 at 1.54 THz. On the other hand, the monostatic RCS values for all lattices have an inclined line until they reach a frequency of 1.0 THz from more than -60 dBm2. However, from the 1.0 THz to 3.0 THz frequency range the RCS values have moderate discrepancies among the horizontal line for each lattice. Furthermore, two parametric studies were performed to examine the RCS reduction behaviour, for instance, multi-layer structures and as well tilt positioning of the proposed coding metamaterial. Overall it indicates that the integration of coding-based metamaterial successfully reduced the RCS values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayaallen Ramachandran
- Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change (IPI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque
- Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change (IPI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Mandeep Singh Jit Singh
- Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change (IPI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIU Rd., Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Salman
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Ahmed A. F. Youssef
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
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Jiao P, Zhang H, Li W. Origami Tribo-Metamaterials with Mechanoelectrical Multistability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2873-2880. [PMID: 36595717 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The emerging mechanical functional metamaterials reported with promising mechanoelectrical characteristics bring increasing attention to structurally functional materials. It is essential to deploy mechanical metamaterials in energy materials for effective triggering and controllable mechanoelectrical response. This study reports origami tribo-metamaterials (OTMs) that design triboelectric materials in the origami-enabled, tubular metamaterials. The octagonal, hexagonal, and conical origami units are deployed as the metamaterial substrates to trigger the triboelectric pairs for mechanoelectrical multistability. For the octagonal OTM configuration with the triboelectric pair of fluorinated ethylene propylene-paper, the peak open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and transferred charge are obtained as 206.4 V, 4.66 μA, and 0.38 μC, respectively, and the maximum instantaneous output power density is 0.96 μW/cm2 with the load resistance of 20 MΩ. The OTM takes advantage of the origami metamaterials to obtain the multistable force-displacement response as effective stimuli for the triboelectric materials, which leads to tunable mechanoelectrical performance for speed and weight sensing and energy harvesting. The proposed OTM not only offers a strategy to structurally design energy materials to achieve desirable mechanoelectrical response, but also provides a guideline for the applications of mechanical functional metamaterials in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Jiao
- Institute of Port, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan316021, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan316021, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310000, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Port, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan316021, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Li
- Interdisciplinary Student Training Platform for Marine Areas, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310027, P. R. China
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Liu Y, Ding H, Li J, Lou X, Yang M, Zheng Y. Light-driven single-cell rotational adhesion frequency assay. ELIGHT 2022; 2:13. [PMID: 35965781 DOI: 10.1186/s43593-022-00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The interaction between cell surface receptors and extracellular ligands is highly related to many physiological processes in living systems. Many techniques have been developed to measure the ligand-receptor binding kinetics at the single-cell level. However, few techniques can measure the physiologically relevant shear binding affinity over a single cell in the clinical environment. Here, we develop a new optical technique, termed single-cell rotational adhesion frequency assay (scRAFA), that mimics in vivo cell adhesion to achieve label-free determination of both homogeneous and heterogeneous binding kinetics of targeted cells at the subcellular level. Moreover, the scRAFA is also applicable to analyze the binding affinities on a single cell in native human biofluids. With its superior performance and general applicability, scRAFA is expected to find applications in study of the spatial organization of cell surface receptors and diagnosis of infectious diseases. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43593-022-00020-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoran Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Hongru Ding
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Jingang Li
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Xin Lou
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808 Guangdong China
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
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Zhou Z, Li H, Sun W, He Y, Liberal I, Engheta N, Feng Z, Li Y. Dispersion coding of ENZ media via multiple photonic dopants. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:207. [PMID: 35794087 PMCID: PMC9259670 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) media are opening up exciting opportunities to observe exotic wave phenomena. In this work, we demonstrate that the ENZ medium comprising multiple dielectric photonic dopants would yield a comb-like dispersion of the effective permeability, with each magnetic resonance dominated by one specific dopant. Furthermore, at multiple frequencies of interest, the resonant supercouplings appearing or not can be controlled discretely via whether corresponding dopants are assigned or not. Importantly, the multiple dopants in the ENZ host at their magnetic resonances are demonstrated to be independent. Based on this platform, the concept of dispersion coding is proposed, where photonic dopants serve as "bits" to program the spectral response of the whole composite medium. As a proof of concept, a compact multi-doped ENZ cavity is fabricated and experimentally characterized, whose transmission spectrum is manifested as a multi-bit reconfigurable frequency comb. The dispersion coding is demonstrated to fuel a batch of innovative applications including dynamically tunable comb-like dispersion profiled filters, radio-frequency identification tags, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Zhou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wangyu Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yijing He
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Iñigo Liberal
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, 31006, Spain
| | - Nader Engheta
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhenghe Feng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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Ge P, Zhang Y, Xiao L, Xiao B. Broadband tunable coding metasurfaces based on a metal patch and graphene for beam control at the terahertz frequencies. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:5152-5160. [PMID: 36256197 DOI: 10.1364/ao.459343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a broadband tunable coding metasurfaces structure using a cruciate metal patch and circular graphene on a multilayer substrate. By changing the Fermi level of the graphene, we can achieve obvious reflection phase variation to design multi-bit coding metasurfaces. In the research of 1-bit coding metasurfaces, we combine the advantages of graphene and copper to realize the real-time adjustment of the reflected waves in four broadband frequency bands. In this case, we can control the number of far-field reflected waves in the frequency range of 5.45-6.45 THz. Then, we create 2-bit and 3-bit coding modes on the basis of 1-bit coding metasurfaces to obtain a single beam of reflected waves. Finally, we use the convolution calculation to realize the real-time adjustment of the single beam reflection direction from 0° to 360° in the azimuthal plane. Research of the 2-bit and 3-bit coding modes also provides a way to control the number and direction of the reflected beam, specifically in the 1-bit coding mode. The present coding metasurfaces structure provides inspiration for the design of functional devices in future-oriented intelligent communication.
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Development and Analysis of Coding and Tailored Metamaterial for Terahertz Frequency Applications. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082777. [PMID: 35454470 PMCID: PMC9030775 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study represents the development and analysis of the types of metamaterial structures for terahertz frequency. Recently, investigations about unique coding metamaterial have become well-known among the scientific community since it can manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves by utilizing various coding sequences. Therefore, several coding and tailored metamaterial designs were compared and numerically analyzed the performances in this research work. The 1-bit coding metamaterial made up of only “0” and “1” elements by adopting two types of unit cells with 0 and π phase responses were analyzed for the coding metamaterial. Moreover, for the numerical simulation analyses, the well-known Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software was adopted. This investigation focused on the frequency ranges from 0 to 5 THz. On the other hand, the proposed designs were simulated to find their scattering parameter behavior. The comparison of coding and tailored metamaterial revealed slight differences in the RCS values. The coding metamaterial designs manifested RCS values less than −50 dBm2, while tailored metamaterial designs exhibited less than −60 dBm2. Furthermore, the proposed designs displayed various transmission coefficient result curves for both types of metamaterial. Moreover, the bistatic far-field scattering patterns of both metamaterial designs were presented in this work. In a nutshell, the 1-bit coding metamaterial with a unique sequence can influence the EM waves and realize different functionalities.
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Gou Y, Ma HF, Wu LW, Wang ZX, Xu P, Cui TJ. Broadband Spin-Selective Wavefront Manipulations Based on Pancharatnam-Berry Coding Metasurfaces. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:30019-30026. [PMID: 34778673 PMCID: PMC8582030 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spin-selective reflection metadevices are usually realized by using chiral metamirrors that can reflect one state of circularly polarized (CP) waves and restrain the other one. However, most of the chiral metamirrors only exhibit chirality in a narrow band, which may impede their potential applications. Here, we propose a Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) coding metasurface composed of the spin-decoupled elements to realize broadband spin-selective reflections with arbitrary wavefront manipulations. The spin-selective anomalous reflection is designed and measured to validate the performance of the proposed PB coding metasurface. Both simulation and experiment results show that the designated CP wave can be efficiently reflected without reversing the spin state, while at the same time, its orthogonally polarized wave is suppressed by random diffusion, in a broad band from 16 to 24 GHz. The results also reveal that the proposed PB coding metasurface has the chiral-like characteristics, even though it is composed of nonchiral meta-elements.
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Qiu Y, Tang S, Cai T, Xu H, Ding F. Fundamentals and applications of spin-decoupled Pancharatnam-Berry metasurfaces. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2021; 14:134-147. [PMID: 36637669 PMCID: PMC9743867 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-021-1220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating circularly polarized (CP) electromagnetic (EM) waves at will is significantly important for a wide range of applications ranging from chiral-molecule manipulations to optical communication. However, conventional EM devices based on natural materials suffer from limited functionalities, bulky configurations, and low efficiencies. Recently, Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase metasurfaces have shown excellent capabilities in controlling CP waves in different frequency domains, thereby allowing for multi-functional PB meta-devices that integrate distinct functionalities into single and flat devices. Nevertheless, the PB phase has intrinsically opposite signs for two spins, resulting in locked and mirrored functionalities for right CP and left CP beams. Here we review the fundamentals and applications of spin-decoupled metasurfaces that release the spin-locked limitation of PB metasurfaces by combining the orientation-dependent PB phase and the dimension-dependent propagation phase. This provides a general and practical guideline toward realizing spin-decoupled functionalities with a single metasurface for orthogonal circular polarizations. Finally, we conclude this review with a short conclusion and personal outlook on the future directions of this rapidly growing research area, hoping to stimulate new research outputs that can be useful in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcheng Qiu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shiwei Tang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Tong Cai
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, China
| | - Hexiu Xu
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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Lu F, Ou H, Lin YS. Reconfigurable terahertz switch using flexible L-shaped metamaterial. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6482-6485. [PMID: 33258842 DOI: 10.1364/ol.402949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The design of a reconfigurable terahertz (THz) switch by using flexible L-shaped metamaterial (FLM), which is composed of dual-layer L-shaped metamaterials on polydimethylsiloxane substrate, which has three resonances at 0.57, 1.05, and 1.52 THz, is presented. By stretching the FLM along the x-axis direction, the transmission intensity is increased gradually at the transverse electric mode (TE) and reduced at the transverse magnetic (TM) mode, respectively. Reversely, by stretching the FLM along the y-axis direction, the transmission intensity is reduced gradually at the TE mode and increased at the TM mode, respectively. These electromagnetic responses of FLM provide the optical-logic behaviors with programmable characteristics by stretching FLM at different polarized light. It indicates that the proposed FLM could be used for the dual/triple-band switching, polarization switching, and programmable switching applications.
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Phon R, Lim S. Dynamically Self-Reconfigurable Multifunctional All-Passive Metasurface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42393-42402. [PMID: 32845599 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable metasurfaces have shown their great potentials and are needed in multiple applications, such as radar, wireless communication systems, and security. To date, however, it is challenging to realize low-cost and simple reconfigurable and multifunctional metasurfaces. In this proposed work, we present a low-cost and simple multifunctional all-passive metasurface that achieves a self-switching characteristic relying on a modulating incident wave without additional supporting devices. As proof-of-principle application examples, we realize a prototype of the proposed all-passive metasurface with an antenna for radome applications, that can achieve self-switching operation between a high directional antenna at the transmitting mode, and radar absorbing structure and reflector at the receiving mode. The reported strategy will open up a new avenue for future smart devices and could extend to some smarter applications such as high-power pulse skin protection for electronic devices and self-reconfigurable beam switching metasurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratanak Phon
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoon Lim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Cui TJ, Li L, Liu S, Ma Q, Zhang L, Wan X, Jiang WX, Cheng Q. Information Metamaterial Systems. iScience 2020; 23:101403. [PMID: 32777776 PMCID: PMC7415848 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamaterials have great capabilities and flexibilities in controlling electromagnetic (EM) waves because their subwavelength meta-atoms can be designed and tailored in desired ways. However, once the structure-only metamaterials (i.e., passive metamaterials) are fabricated, their functions will be fixed. To control the EM waves dynamically, active devices are integrated into the meta-atoms, yielding active metamaterials. Traditionally, the active metamaterials include tunable metamaterials and reconfigurable metamaterials, which have either small-range tunability or a few numbers of reconfigurability. Recently, a special kind of active metamaterials, digital coding and programmable metamaterials, have been presented, which can realize a large number of distinct functionalities and switch them in real time with the aid of field programmable gate array (FPGA). More importantly, the digital coding representations of metamaterials make it possible to bridge the digital world and physical world using the metamaterial platform and make the metamaterials process digital information directly, resulting in information metamaterials. In this review article, we firstly introduce the evolution of metamaterials and then present the concepts and basic principles of digital coding metamaterials and information metamaterials. With more details, we discuss a series of information metamaterial systems, including the programmable metamaterial systems, software metamaterial systems, intelligent metamaterial systems, and space-time-coding metamaterial systems. Finally, we introduce the current progress and predict the future trends of information metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Lianlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Liu GY, Li L, Han JQ, Liu HX, Gao XH, Shi Y, Cui TJ. Frequency-Domain and Spatial-Domain Reconfigurable Metasurface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23554-23564. [PMID: 32338501 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The recently proposed digital reconfigurable metasurfaces make it possible to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves flexibly. However, most existing reconfigurable metasurfaces can only exhibit a relatively single performance in the spatial domain. Here, we propose a general frequency- and spatial-domain reconfigurable metasurface (FSRM) that can manipulate the EM waves and realize reconfigurable functions in multifrequency bands. In the frequency domain, FSRM can convert different linearly polarized (LP) incident waves into left- and right-hand circularly polarized reflected waves, in which PIN diodes are used to switch the polarization conversions in different frequency bands. When the polarization direction of the incident LP wave is 45° from the +x-axis, the FSRM modulates the incident waves as a 1-bit programmable metasurface in the spatial domain. Two-dimensional beam scanning, vortex beams with orbital angular momentums, and specific beams with desired transmission directions are demonstrated via real-time adjustment of the digital coding state. To validate the modulation methodology, an FSRM prototype is fabricated and measured, which could respond to different functions for different polarization incidences. The measured results agree well with the theoretical analyses. The proposed FSRM will provide new opportunities for smart material designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Long Li
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Jia Qi Han
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Hai Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Xiao He Gao
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
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Xiao B, Zhang Y, Tong S, Yu J, Xiao L. Novel tunable graphene-encoded metasurfaces on an uneven substrate for beam-steering in far-field at the terahertz frequencies. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:7125-7138. [PMID: 32225947 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a novel tunable graphene coding metasurface structure using a circular graphene patch on an uneven substrate. By changing the Fermi level of graphene or the thickness of the substrate, we can achieve obvious phase variation. Firstly, we put forward two construction methods of 1-bit coding metasurface based on this mechanism. The first method is to change the thickness of the substrate when the Fermi levels of the two-unit cells are the same, so that the two-unit cells exhibit different digital states of '0' and '1'. Furthermore, we change the working frequency band in real-time by switching the Fermi level from 0.05 eV to 0.85 eV. The second method is to change the Fermi level of graphene on the two-unit cells when the physical structure is fixed, so that the two-unit cells exhibit different digital states of '0' and '1'. In this case, we can achieve the regulation of the direction and number of far-field reflected waves in the frequency range of 2.65 THz ∼ 2.85THz. Then, to obtain a single beam of reflected waves deviating from the normal direction, we create a 2-bit method in combination with two 1-bit construction methods. At 1.9 THz, the four-cell structures have a phase difference of approximately 90° and the same reflection coefficient. We also set several coding modes to analyse the control of the reflected wave on the 2-bit coding metasurface. Finally, we realized the real-time regulation of the reflected wave in eight directions from 0° to 360° by controlling the Fermi level of the graphene. Therefore, this article proposes a potentially effective approach to the design of functional devices for beam splitting and beam deflection.
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Ma Q, Bai GD, Jing HB, Yang C, Li L, Cui TJ. Smart metasurface with self-adaptively reprogrammable functions. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:98. [PMID: 31700618 PMCID: PMC6823478 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Intelligence at either the material or metamaterial level is a goal that researchers have been pursuing. From passive to active, metasurfaces have been developed to be programmable to dynamically and arbitrarily manipulate electromagnetic (EM) wavefields. However, the programmable metasurfaces require manual control to switch among different functionalities. Here, we put forth a smart metasurface that has self-adaptively reprogrammable functionalities without human participation. The smart metasurface is capable of sensing ambient environments by integrating an additional sensor(s) and can adaptively adjust its EM operational functionality through an unmanned sensing feedback system. As an illustrative example, we experimentally develop a motion-sensitive smart metasurface integrated with a three-axis gyroscope, which can adjust self-adaptively the EM radiation beams via different rotations of the metasurface. We develop an online feedback algorithm as the control software to make the smart metasurface achieve single-beam and multibeam steering and other dynamic reactions adaptively. The proposed metasurface is extendable to other physical sensors to detect the humidity, temperature, illuminating light, and so on. Our strategy will open up a new avenue for future unmanned devices that are consistent with the ambient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Guo Dong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Bo Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Cyber-Space Science & Technology Co., Ltd., 12 Mozhou East Road, 211111 Nanjing, China
| | - Lianlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
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Jing Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Feng M, Qiu T, Wang H, Han Y, Ma H, Qu S. Achieving circular-to-linear polarization conversion and beam deflection simultaneously using anisotropic coding metasurfaces. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12264. [PMID: 31439917 PMCID: PMC6706409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An anisotropic coding metasurface (CM) is proposed for achieving circular-to-linear polarization conversion and beam deflection. Different phase coding consequences were independently achieved for two orthogonal linear polarized (LP) waves. Thus by elaborately designing coding sequences of the metasurfaces, different functions can be achieved, respectively for waves polarized along two orthogonal directions. More importantly, for circularly polarized (CP) wave, anisotropic CM can achieve circular-to-linear polarization conversion and beam deflection simultaneously. As a proof, a 1-bit anisotropic CM with 0101…/0101… and 0000…/1111… coding sequences respectively for two orthogonal LP waves was designed. The simulation results indicated that the incident CP wave is deflected into two x-polarized waves in x-o-z plane and two y-polarized waves in y-o-z plane. Both the simulation and experimental results verify the circular-to-linear polarization conversion performance of the anisotropic coding metasurfaces. The proposed anisotropic coding metasurfaces have the potential for the applications of multifunctional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jing
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jieqiu Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiafu Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, People's Republic of China
| | - Maochang Feng
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianshuo Qiu
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, People's Republic of China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajuan Han
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Ma
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobo Qu
- Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, People's Republic of China.
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Le DH, Lim S. Four-Mode Programmable Metamaterial Using Ternary Foldable Origami. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28554-28561. [PMID: 31310501 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Designing a multifunctional metamaterial with programmable feature has become a new trend in mechanical, acoustic, and electromagnetic research fields due to the controllability of their structural behaviors and functionalities. The codable or reconfigurable structures have shown more remarkable characteristics than the traditional and conventional metamaterials to implement functional programmability. However, structural complexity and hi-tech requirement are the biggest constraints to their practical applications. This paper numerically and experimentally investigates a programmable metamaterial based on ternary foldable origami in the gigahertz-frequency regime. The proposed metamaterial provides four transformable modes corresponding to four different functions of electromagnetic reflector and frequency-selectable absorbers by programming unique ternary foldable origami coded as "0", "1", and "2" for different folding levels. Interestingly, the proposed foldable origami consists of a simple dielectric paper and a bottom conductor, while there is no conductive pattern on the top. Therefore, the proposed programmable metamaterial is extremely robust and can be extended to a multiresonance mode and origami computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Hai Le
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Chung-Ang University , 221 Heukseok-Dong , Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoon Lim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Chung-Ang University , 221 Heukseok-Dong , Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
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Liu S, Zhang L, Bai GD, Cui TJ. Flexible controls of broadband electromagnetic wavefronts with a mechanically programmable metamaterial. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1809. [PMID: 30755667 PMCID: PMC6372690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coding and programmable metamaterials have experienced a rapid development since 2014, leading to many physical phenomena and engineering applications from microwave to terahertz frequencies, and even in the acoustic regime. The major challenge for current programmable metamaterials based on switching diodes is the experimental realization of a huge number of feeding lines for independent control of each digital unit. In this work, we provide an alternative approach for the experimental realization of the programmable metamaterial by developing a mechanical system, which consists of an array of metal blocks with adjustable height. The system supports the combination with conventional coding metamaterials to take full controls of both the phase and polarization of EM waves. As a theoretical byproduct of this work, we propose group delay code to achieve diffraction-limited achromatic redirection of linearly polarized broadband beam from 4 to 6 GHz by combining the group-delay code with the conventional phase code, a feat that traditionally requires complex structural design of unit cell. In view of the multifunctional performance afforded by the full-control of the phase, polarization and group delay, the mechanically controllable metamaterial in the microwave region may benefit different applications, such as imaging, communication, and radar detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Guo Dong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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Zhang Q, Liu C, Wan X, Zhang L, Liu S, Yang Y, Cui TJ. Machine‐Learning Designs of Anisotropic Digital Coding Metasurfaces. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Che Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Xiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Shuo Liu
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Yan Yang
- Centre of Intelligent Acoustics and Immersive Communications and School of Marine Science and TechnologyNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xian 710072 China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
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21
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Zhang XG, Tang WX, Jiang WX, Bai GD, Tang J, Bai L, Qiu C, Cui TJ. Light-Controllable Digital Coding Metasurfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1801028. [PMID: 30479931 PMCID: PMC6247069 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of digital coding metamaterials, a new paradigm is unfolded to sample, compute and program electromagnetic waves in real time with one physical configuration. However, one inconvenient truth is that actively tunable building blocks such as diodes, varactors, and biased lines must be individually controlled by a computer-assisted field programmable gate array and physically connected by electrical wires to the power suppliers. This issue becomes more formidable when more elements are needed for more advanced and multitasked metadevices and metasystems. Here, a remote-mode metasurface is proposed and realized that is addressed and tuned by illuminating light. By tuning the intensity of light-emitting diode light, a digital coding metasurface composed of such light-addressable elements enables dynamically reconfigurable radiation beams in a control-circuitry-free way. Experimental demonstration is validated at microwave frequencies. The proposed dynamical remote-tuning metasurface paves a way for constructing unprecedented digital metasurfaces in a noncontact remote fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Wen Xuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Guo Dong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Jian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Lin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Cheng‐Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore119620Singapore
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
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Ma P, Gao L, Ginzburg P, Noskov RE. Ultrafast cryptography with indefinitely switchable optical nanoantennas. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:77. [PMID: 30345035 PMCID: PMC6191419 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bistability is widely exploited to demonstrate all-optical signal processing and light-based computing. The standard paradigm of switching between two steady states corresponding to "0" and "1" bits is based on the rule that a transition occurs when the signal pulse intensity overcomes the bistability threshold, and otherwise, the system remains in the initial state. Here, we break with this concept by revealing the phenomenon of indefinite switching in which the eventual steady state of a resonant bistable system is transformed into a nontrivial function of signal pulse parameters for moderately intense signal pulses. The essential nonlinearity of the indefinite switching allows realization of well-protected cryptographic algorithms with a single bistable element in contrast to software-assisted cryptographic protocols that require thousands of logic gates. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate stream deciphering of the word "enigma" by means of an indefinitely switchable optical nanoantenna. An extremely high bitrate ranging from ~0.1 to 1 terabits per second and a small size make such systems promising as basic elements for all-optical cryptographic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pujuan Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Physical Science and Technology of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 China
| | - Pavel Ginzburg
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Roman E. Noskov
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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Zhang XG, Jiang WX, Tian HW, Cui TJ. Controlling Radiation Beams by Low-Profile Planar Antenna Arrays with Coding Elements. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10601-10611. [PMID: 31459183 PMCID: PMC6645525 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Beam diversity enables antenna arrays to play important roles in radar, communications, imaging, and next-generation wireless systems. However, achieving flexible control of beams in a low-cost way is still very challenging. Here, we propose low-profile planar antenna arrays with coding elements to control and engineer radiation patterns more freely and flexibly. The proposed planar antenna array consists of binary radiating elements which are characterized by digital codes "0" and "1". By designing spatial coding patterns of the radiating elements, multifarious functionalities can be well realized, such as beam splitting, beam scanning, and beam deflection. More importantly, coding metasurfaces can be properly arranged around the digital radiating elements to reduce the radar cross section of the antenna, while the radiation performance is well preserved. The low-profile, high-gain, lightweight digital antenna arrays are verified numerically and experimentally in the microwave band. The proposed digital coding planar antenna arrays derive a new paradigm to control the radiation patterns in low-overhead and advanced digital design fashions and offer promising applications in multitasked and intelligent antenna devices and new information systems.
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Cao M, Wang X, Cao W, Fang X, Wen B, Yuan J. Thermally Driven Transport and Relaxation Switching Self-Powered Electromagnetic Energy Conversion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800987. [PMID: 29882284 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic energy radiation is becoming a "health-killer" of living bodies, especially around industrial transformer substation and electricity pylon. Harvesting, converting, and storing waste energy for recycling are considered the ideal ways to control electromagnetic radiation. However, heat-generation and temperature-rising with performance degradation remain big problems. Herein, graphene-silica xerogel is dissected hierarchically from functions to "genes," thermally driven relaxation and charge transport, experimentally and theoretically, demonstrating a competitive synergy on energy conversion. A generic approach of "material genes sequencing" is proposed, tactfully transforming the negative effects of heat energy to superiority for switching self-powered and self-circulated electromagnetic devices, beneficial for waste energy harvesting, conversion, and storage. Graphene networks with "well-sequencing genes" (w = Pc /Pp > 0.2) can serve as nanogenerators, thermally promoting electromagnetic wave absorption by 250%, with broadened bandwidth covering the whole investigated frequency. This finding of nonionic energy conversion opens up an unexpected horizon for converting, storing, and reusing waste electromagnetic energy, providing the most promising way for governing electromagnetic pollution with self-powered and self-circulated electromagnetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosheng Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyong Fang
- School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Bo Wen
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, China
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