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Murphy L, Kwabiah R, Rouah A, Wade R, Osmond T, Tucker D, Boyce D, Vance J, Cao T, Machimbirike VI, Gnanagobal H, Vasquez I, Santander J, Gendron RL. Systematic analysis of ocular features and responses of cultured spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13959. [PMID: 38706441 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
A better understanding of unique anatomical and functional features of the visual systems of teleost fish could provide key knowledge on how these systems influence the health and survival of these animals in both wild and culture environments. We took a systematic approach to assess some of the visual systems of spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor), a species of increasing importance in North Atlantic aquaculture initiatives. The lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) was included in these studies in a comparative manner to provide reference. Histology, light and electron microscopy were used to study the spatial distribution and occurrence of cone photoreceptor cells and the nature of the retinal tissues, while immunohistochemistry was used to explore the expression patterns of two photoreceptor markers, XAP-1 and XAP-2, in both species. A marine bacterial infection paradigm in lumpfish was used to assess how host-pathogen responses might impact the expression of these photoreceptor markers in these animals. We define a basic photoreceptor mosaic and present an ultrastructural to macroscopic geographical configuration of the retinal pigment tissues in both animals. Photoreceptor markers XAP-1 and XAP-2 have novel distribution patterns in spotted wolffish and lumpfish retinas, and exogenous pathogenic influences can affect the normal expression pattern of XAP-1 in lumpfish. Live tank-side ophthalmoscopy and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) revealed that normal cultured spotted wolffish display novel variations in the shape of the retinal tissue. These two complementary imaging findings suggest that spotted wolffish harbour unique ocular features not yet described in marine teleosts and that visual function might involve specific retinal tissue shape dynamics in these animals. Finally, extensive endogenous biofluorescence is present in the retinal tissues of both animals, which raises questions about how these animals might use retinal tissue in novel ways for visual perception and/or communication. This work advances fundamental knowledge on the visual systems of two economically important but now threatened North Atlantic teleosts and provides a basic foundation for further research on the visual systems of these animals in health versus disease settings. This work could also be useful for understanding and optimizing the health and welfare of lumpfish and spotted wolffish in aquaculture towards a one health or integrative perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Murphy
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Rebecca Kwabiah
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ayla Rouah
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ryan Wade
- Dalhousie Department of Family Medicine, St. John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Thomas Osmond
- MUN MED 3D, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Denise Tucker
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building (JBARB), Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Danny Boyce
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building (JBARB), Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | | | - Trung Cao
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Vimbai I Machimbirike
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Hajarooba Gnanagobal
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vasquez
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Robert L Gendron
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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2
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Addadi L, Kronik L, Leiserowitz L, Oron D, Weiner S. Organic Crystals and Optical Functions in Biology: Knowns and Unknowns. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2408060. [PMID: 39087402 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202408060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Organic crystals are widely used by animals to manipulate light for producing structural colors and for improving vision. To date only seven crystal types are known to be used, and among them β-guanine crystals are by far the most widespread. The fact that almost all these crystals have unusually high refractive indices (RIs) is consistent with their light manipulation function. Here, the physical, structural, and optical principles of how light interacts with the polarizable free-electron-rich environment of these quasiaromatic molecules are addressed. How the organization of these molecules into crystalline arrays introduces optical anisotropy and finally how organisms control crystal morphology and superstructural organization to optimize functions in light reflection and scattering are also discussed. Many open questions remain in this fascinating field, some of which arise out of this in-depth analysis of the interaction of light with crystal arrays. More types of organic crystals will probably be discovered, as well as other organisms that use these crystals to manipulate light. The insights gained from biological systems can also be harnessed for improving synthetic light-manipulating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Addadi
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Leslie Leiserowitz
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Dan Oron
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Stephen Weiner
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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3
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Gur D, Moore AS, Deis R, Song P, Wu X, Pinkas I, Deo C, Iyer N, Hess HF, Hammer JA, Lippincott-Schwartz J. The physical and cellular mechanism of structural color change in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2308531121. [PMID: 38805288 PMCID: PMC11161791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308531121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Many animals exhibit remarkable colors that are produced by the constructive interference of light reflected from arrays of intracellular guanine crystals. These animals can fine-tune their crystal-based structural colors to communicate with each other, regulate body temperature, and create camouflage. While it is known that these changes in color are caused by changes in the angle of the crystal arrays relative to incident light, the cellular machinery that drives color change is not understood. Here, using a combination of 3D focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), micro-focused X-ray diffraction, superresolution fluorescence light microscopy, and pharmacological perturbations, we characterized the dynamics and 3D cellular reorganization of crystal arrays within zebrafish iridophores during norepinephrine (NE)-induced color change. We found that color change results from a coordinated 20° tilting of the intracellular crystals, which alters both crystal packing and the angle at which impinging light hits the crystals. Importantly, addition of the dynein inhibitor dynapyrazole-a completely blocked this NE-induced red shift by hindering crystal dynamics upon NE addition. FIB-SEM and microtubule organizing center (MTOC) mapping showed that microtubules arise from two MTOCs located near the poles of the iridophore and run parallel to, and in between, individual crystals. This suggests that dynein drives crystal angle change in response to NE by binding to the limiting membrane surrounding individual crystals and walking toward microtubule minus ends. Finally, we found that intracellular cAMP regulates the color change process. Together, our results provide mechanistic insight into the cellular machinery that drives structural color change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvir Gur
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | | | - Rachael Deis
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Pang Song
- HHMI, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA20147
| | - Xufeng Wu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Chemical Research Support, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Claire Deo
- HHMI, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA20147
| | | | | | - John A. Hammer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
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4
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Zhou Z, Sun Y, Yang J, Abliz Z. Mapping the Metabolic Characteristics and Perturbation of Adult Casper Zebrafish by Ambient Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Metabolites 2024; 14:204. [PMID: 38668332 PMCID: PMC11051737 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Casper, a type of transparent mutant-line zebrafish, was generated to overcome the opaque trunk of an adult zebrafish for tumor modeling to realize real-time visualization of transplanted cells in vivo. However, the molecular information at the metabolic level has not received much attention. Herein, a spatially resolved metabolomics method based on an airflow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (AFADESI-MSI) system for whole-body zebrafish was used to investigate small molecules and the distribution of adult casper (Mitfaw2/w2, roya9/a9) and the differences from wild-type zebrafish. Finally, the spatial distribution information of more than 1500 endogenous ions was obtained in positive and negative detection modes, and 186 metabolites belonging to a variety of structural categories were identified or annotated. Compared with wild-type samples, 85 variables, including 37 known metabolites, were screened out. In addition, the disordered metabolic pathways caused by the genetic mutation were excavated, involving downregulation of purine metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism, upregulation of glycerophospholipid metabolism, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. All these results were observed in the most intuitive way through MSI. This study revealed important metabolic characteristics of and perturbation in adult casper zebrafish, and provides indispensable fundamental knowledge for tumor research based on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China;
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ji Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Zeper Abliz
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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5
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Pavan ME, Movilla F, Pavan EE, Di Salvo F, López NI, Pettinari MJ. Guanine crystal formation by bacteria. BMC Biol 2023; 21:66. [PMID: 37013555 PMCID: PMC10071637 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guanine crystals are organic biogenic crystals found in many organisms. Due to their exceptionally high refractive index, they contribute to structural color and are responsible for the reflective effect in the skin and visual organs in animals such as fish, reptiles, and spiders. Occurrence of these crystals in animals has been known for many years, and they have also been observed in eukaryotic microorganisms, but not in prokaryotes. RESULTS In this work, we report the discovery of extracellular crystals formed by bacteria and reveal that they are composed of guanine monohydrate. This composition differs from that of biogenic guanine crystals found in other organisms, mostly composed of β anhydrous guanine. We demonstrate the formation of these crystals by Aeromonas and other bacteria and investigate the metabolic traits related to their synthesis. In all cases studied, the presence of the bacterial guanine crystals correlates with the absence of guanine deaminase, which could lead to guanine accumulation providing the substrate for crystal formation. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of the hitherto unknown guanine crystal occurrence in prokaryotes extends the range of organisms that produce these crystals to a new domain of life. Bacteria constitute a novel and more accessible model to study the process of guanine crystal formation and assembly. This discovery opens countless chemical and biological questions, including those about the functional and adaptive significance of their production in these microorganisms. It also paves the road for the development of simple and convenient processes to obtain biogenic guanine crystals for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elisa Pavan
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Movilla
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física e INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban E Pavan
- Biomedical Technologies Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Florencia Di Salvo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física e INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy I López
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Julia Pettinari
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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6
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Shavit K, Wagner A, Schertel L, Farstey V, Akkaynak D, Zhang G, Upcher A, Sagi A, Yallapragada VJ, Haataja J, Palmer BA. A tunable reflector enabling crustaceans to see but not be seen. Science 2023; 379:695-700. [PMID: 36795838 DOI: 10.1126/science.add4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Many oceanic prey animals use transparent bodies to avoid detection. However, conspicuous eye pigments, required for vision, compromise the organisms' ability to remain unseen. We report the discovery of a reflector overlying the eye pigments in larval decapod crustaceans and show how it is tuned to render the organisms inconspicuous against the background. The ultracompact reflector is constructed from a photonic glass of crystalline isoxanthopterin nanospheres. The nanospheres' size and ordering are modulated to tune the reflectance from deep blue to yellow, enabling concealment in different habitats. The reflector may also function to enhance the acuity or sensitivity of the minute eyes by acting as an optical screen between photoreceptors. This multifunctional reflector offers inspiration for constructing tunable artificial photonic materials from biocompatible organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshet Shavit
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Avital Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Lukas Schertel
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.,Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Viviana Farstey
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat 8810302, Israel
| | - Derya Akkaynak
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat 8810302, Israel.,Hatter Department of Marine Technologies, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Gan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Alexander Upcher
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheba 8410501, Israel
| | - Amir Sagi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | | | - Johannes Haataja
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Benjamin A Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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7
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Wagner A, Upcher A, Maria R, Magnesen T, Zelinger E, Raposo G, Palmer BA. Macromolecular sheets direct the morphology and orientation of plate-like biogenic guanine crystals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:589. [PMID: 36737617 PMCID: PMC9898273 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals precisely control the morphology and assembly of guanine crystals to produce diverse optical phenomena in coloration and vision. However, little is known about how organisms regulate crystallization to produce optically useful morphologies which express highly reflective crystal faces. Guanine crystals form inside iridosome vesicles within chromatophore cells called iridophores. By following iridosome formation in developing scallop eyes, we show that pre-assembled, fibrillar sheets provide an interface for nucleation and direct the orientation of the guanine crystals. The macromolecular sheets cap the (100) faces of immature guanine crystals, inhibiting growth along the π-stacking growth direction. Crystal growth then occurs preferentially along the sheets to generate highly reflective plates. Despite their different physical properties, the morphogenesis of iridosomes bears a striking resemblance to melanosome morphogenesis in vertebrates, where amyloid sheets template melanin deposition. The common control mechanisms for melanin and guanine formation inspire new approaches for manipulating the morphologies and properties of molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Alexander Upcher
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Raquel Maria
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Thorolf Magnesen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Postbox 7803, Bergen, N-5020, Norway
| | - Einat Zelinger
- The CSI Center for Scientific Imaging, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin A Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel.
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8
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Eyal Z, Deis R, Varsano N, Dezorella N, Rechav K, Houben L, Gur D. Plate-like Guanine Biocrystals Form via Templated Nucleation of Crystal Leaflets on Preassembled Scaffolds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22440-22445. [PMID: 36469805 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the morphology of crystalline materials is challenging, as crystals have a strong tendency toward thermodynamically stable structures. Yet, organisms form crystals with distinct morphologies, such as the plate-like guanine crystals produced by many terrestrial and aquatic species for light manipulation. Regulation of crystal morphogenesis was hypothesized to entail physical growth restriction by the surrounding membrane, combined with fine-tuned interactions between organic molecules and the growing crystal. Using cryo-electron tomography of developing zebrafish larvae, we found that guanine crystals form via templated nucleation of thin leaflets on preassembled scaffolds made of 20-nm-thick amyloid fibers. These leaflets then merge and coalesce into a single plate-like crystal. Our findings shed light on the biological regulation of crystal morphogenesis, which determines their optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Eyal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rachael Deis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Neta Varsano
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nili Dezorella
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Katya Rechav
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lothar Houben
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dvir Gur
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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9
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Wagner A, Ezersky V, Maria R, Upcher A, Lemcoff T, Aflalo ED, Lubin Y, Palmer BA. The Non-Classical Crystallization Mechanism of a Composite Biogenic Guanine Crystal. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202242. [PMID: 35608485 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spectacular colors and visual phenomena in animals are produced by light interference from highly reflective guanine crystals. Little is known about how organisms regulate crystal morphology to tune the optics of these systems. By following guanine crystal formation in developing spiders, a crystallization mechanism is elucidated. Guanine crystallization is a "non-classical," multistep process involving a progressive ordering of states. Crystallization begins with nucleation of partially ordered nanogranules from a disordered precursor phase. Growth proceeds by orientated attachment of the nanogranules into platelets which coalesce into single crystals, via progressive relaxation of structural defects. Despite their prismatic morphology, the platelet texture is retained in the final crystals, which are composites of crystal lamellae and interlamellar sheets. Interactions between the macromolecular sheets and the planar face of guanine appear to direct nucleation, favoring platelet formation. These findings provide insights on how organisms control the morphology and optical properties of molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Vladimir Ezersky
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Raquel Maria
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Alexander Upcher
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Tali Lemcoff
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Eliahu D Aflalo
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences, Achva Academic College, Mobile Post Shikmim, Beer-Sheba, 79800, Israel
| | - Yael Lubin
- Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Southern Israel, 8499000, Israel
| | - Benjamin A Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
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10
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Zhong J, Song Z, Zhang L, Li X, He Q, Lu Y, Kariko S, Shaw P, Liu L, Ye F, Li L, Shuai J. Assembly of Guanine Crystals as a Low-Polarizing Broadband Multilayer Reflector in a Spider, Phoroncidia rubroargentea. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32982-32993. [PMID: 35834638 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The diminishing of the polarization effect is important in the applications of dielectric multilayer reflectors in many optical systems, such as low-loss broadband waveguides, optical fibers, and LEDs. Low-polarizing broadband reflections were identified from birefringent-guanine-crystal-based multilayer reflectors in the skins of some fish. Previous models for these intriguing natural optical phenomena suggested the combined action of two populations of guanine crystals with an orthogonal low-refractive-index optic axis. Here we report a novel realization of polarization-insensitive broadband reflectivity in a spider, Phoroncidia rubroargentea, based solely on the type of guanine crystals with the low-refractive-index optic axis normal to the crystal plates. We examined the three-dimensional structure of the guanine assembly in the spider and performed finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) optical modeling of the guanine-based multilayer reflector. Comparative modeling studies reveal that the biological selection of the guanine crystal type and specific spatial arrangement work synergistically to optimize the polarization-insensitive broadband reflection. This study demonstrates the importance of both crystallographic characteristics and 3D arrangement of guanine crystals in understanding relevant natural optical effects and also provides new insights into similar broadband, low-polarizing reflections in biological optical systems. Learning from relevant biofunctional assembly of guanine crystals could promote the bioinspired design of nonpolarizing dielectric multilayer reflectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhong
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Zhengyong Song
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Qingzu He
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yuer Lu
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Sarah Kariko
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, United States
| | - Peter Shaw
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Liyu Liu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Jianwei Shuai
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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11
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Antennapedia and optix regulate metallic silver wing scale development and cell shape in Bicyclus anynana butterflies. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111052. [PMID: 35793633 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterfly wing scales can develop intricate cuticular nanostructures that produce silver colors, but the underlying genetic and physical basis of such colors is mostly unexplored. Here, we characterize different types of wild-type silver scales in Bicyclus anynana butterflies and show that the varying thickness of the air layer between two cuticular laminas is most important for producing silvery broadband reflectance. We then address the function of five genes-apterous A, Ultrabithorax, doublesex, Antennapedia, and optix-in silver scale development by examining crispants with either ectopic gains or losses of silver scales. Simultaneous transformations of three parameters-loss of the upper lamina, increased lower lamina thickness, and increased pigmentation-occur when silver scales become brown and vice versa when brown scales become silver. Antennapedia and optix are high-level regulators of different silver scale types and determine cell shape in both sexes. Moreover, Antennapedia is involved in determining ridge and crossrib orientation.
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12
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Pinsk N, Wagner A, Cohen L, Smalley CJ, Hughes CE, Zhang G, Pavan MJ, Casati N, Jantschke A, Goobes G, Harris KDM, Palmer BA. Biogenic Guanine Crystals Are Solid Solutions of Guanine and Other Purine Metabolites. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5180-5189. [PMID: 35255213 PMCID: PMC8949762 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly reflective crystals of the nucleotide base guanine are widely distributed in animal coloration and visual systems. Organisms precisely control the morphology and organization of the crystals to optimize different optical effects, but little is known about how this is achieved. Here we examine a fundamental question that has remained unanswered after over 100 years of research on guanine: what are the crystals made of? Using solution-state and solid-state chemical techniques coupled with structural analysis by powder XRD and solid-state NMR, we compare the purine compositions and the structures of seven biogenic guanine crystals with different crystal morphologies, testing the hypothesis that intracrystalline dopants influence the crystal shape. We find that biogenic "guanine" crystals are not pure crystals but molecular alloys (aka solid solutions and mixed crystals) of guanine, hypoxanthine, and sometimes xanthine. Guanine host crystals occlude homogeneous mixtures of other purines, sometimes in remarkably large amounts (up to 20% of hypoxanthine), without significantly altering the crystal structure of the guanine host. We find no correlation between the biogenic crystal morphology and dopant content and conclude that dopants do not dictate the crystal morphology of the guanine host. The ability of guanine crystals to host other molecules enables animals to build physiologically "cheaper" crystals from mixtures of metabolically available purines, without impeding optical functionality. The exceptional levels of doping in biogenic guanine offer inspiration for the design of mixed molecular crystals that incorporate multiple functionalities in a single material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Pinsk
- Department
of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Be’er
Sheba 8410501, Israel
| | - Avital Wagner
- Department
of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Be’er
Sheba 8410501, Israel
| | - Lilian Cohen
- Department
of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Colan E. Hughes
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales United Kingdom
| | - Gan Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Be’er
Sheba 8410501, Israel
| | - Mariela J. Pavan
- Ilse
Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheba 8410501, Israel
| | - Nicola Casati
- Paul
Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anne Jantschke
- Institute
of Geosciences, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gil Goobes
- Department
of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Benjamin A. Palmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Be’er
Sheba 8410501, Israel
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13
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Galeb HA, Wilkinson EL, Stowell AF, Lin H, Murphy ST, Martin‐Hirsch PL, Mort RL, Taylor AM, Hardy JG. Melanins as Sustainable Resources for Advanced Biotechnological Applications. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000102. [PMID: 33552556 PMCID: PMC7857133 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are a class of biopolymers that are widespread in nature and have diverse origins, chemical compositions, and functions. Their chemical, electrical, optical, and paramagnetic properties offer opportunities for applications in materials science, particularly for medical and technical uses. This review focuses on the application of analytical techniques to study melanins in multidisciplinary contexts with a view to their use as sustainable resources for advanced biotechnological applications, and how these may facilitate the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A. Galeb
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Department of ChemistryScience and Arts CollegeRabigh CampusKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21577Saudi Arabia
| | - Emma L. Wilkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Alison F. Stowell
- Department of Organisation, Work and TechnologyLancaster University Management SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YXUK
| | - Hungyen Lin
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Samuel T. Murphy
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
| | - Pierre L. Martin‐Hirsch
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustRoyal Preston HospitalSharoe Green LanePrestonPR2 9HTUK
| | - Richard L. Mort
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Adam M. Taylor
- Lancaster Medical SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
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14
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Gur D, Bain EJ, Johnson KR, Aman AJ, Pasoili HA, Flynn JD, Allen MC, Deheyn DD, Lee JC, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Parichy DM. In situ differentiation of iridophore crystallotypes underlies zebrafish stripe patterning. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6391. [PMID: 33319779 PMCID: PMC7738553 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin color patterns are ubiquitous in nature, impact social behavior, predator avoidance, and protection from ultraviolet irradiation. A leading model system for vertebrate skin patterning is the zebrafish; its alternating blue stripes and yellow interstripes depend on light-reflecting cells called iridophores. It was suggested that the zebrafish’s color pattern arises from a single type of iridophore migrating differentially to stripes and interstripes. However, here we find that iridophores do not migrate between stripes and interstripes but instead differentiate and proliferate in-place, based on their micro-environment. RNA-sequencing analysis further reveals that stripe and interstripe iridophores have different transcriptomic states, while cryogenic-scanning-electron-microscopy and micro-X-ray diffraction identify different crystal-arrays architectures, indicating that stripe and interstripe iridophores are different cell types. Based on these results, we present an alternative model of skin patterning in zebrafish in which distinct iridophore crystallotypes containing specialized, physiologically responsive, organelles arise in stripe and interstripe by in-situ differentiation. The skin of zebrafish is patterned by alternating blue stripes and yellow interstripes which arises from guanine crystal-containing cells called iridophores that reflect light. Here the authors track iridophores and see that they do not migrate between stripes and interstripes, but instead differentiate and proliferate in place based on their micro-environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvir Gur
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA.,National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily J Bain
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Biology and Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kory R Johnson
- Bioinformatics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andy J Aman
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Biology and Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Jessica D Flynn
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael C Allen
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dimitri D Deheyn
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Department of Biology and Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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15
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Foldvik A, Jakobsen F, Ulvan EM. Individual Recognition of Atlantic Salmon Using Iris Biometry. COPEIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1643/ci2020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Foldvik
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, PO Box 5685, Sluppen, N-7485 Trondheim, Norway; (AF) ; and (EMU) . Send reprint requests to AF
| | - Frank Jakobsen
- Frid Tech AS, Hammarvollveien 7, N-7263 Hamarvik, Norway;
| | - Eva Marita Ulvan
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, PO Box 5685, Sluppen, N-7485 Trondheim, Norway; (AF) ; and (EMU) . Send reprint requests to AF
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16
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Cassar S, Dunn C, Ramos MF. Zebrafish as an Animal Model for Ocular Toxicity Testing: A Review of Ocular Anatomy and Functional Assays. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:438-454. [PMID: 33063651 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320964748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotics make their way into organisms from diverse sources including diet, medication, and pollution. Our understanding of ocular toxicities from xenobiotics in humans, livestock, and wildlife is growing thanks to laboratory animal models. Anatomy and physiology are conserved among vertebrate eyes, and studies with common mammalian preclinical species (rodent, dog) can predict human ocular toxicity. However, since the eye is susceptible to toxicities that may not involve a histological correlate, and these species rely heavily on smell and hearing to navigate their world, discovering visual deficits can be challenging with traditional animal models. Alternative models capable of identifying functional impacts on vision and requiring minimal amounts of chemical are valuable assets to toxicology. Human and zebrafish eyes are anatomically and functionally similar, and it has been reported that several common human ocular toxicants cause comparable toxicity in zebrafish. Vision develops rapidly in zebrafish; the tiny larvae rely on visual cues as early as 4 days, and behavioral responses to those cues can be monitored in high-throughput fashion. This article describes the comparative anatomy of the zebrafish eye, the notable differences from the mammalian eye, and presents practical applications of this underutilized model for assessment of ocular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Cassar
- Preclinical Safety, 419726AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christina Dunn
- Preclinical Safety, 419726AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Wenz R, Conibear E, Bugeon L, Dallman M. Fast, easy and early (larval) identification of transparent mutant zebrafish using standard fluorescence microscopy. F1000Res 2020; 9:963. [PMID: 32934809 PMCID: PMC7475958 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22464.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of transparent zebrafish mutants (either TraNac: tra b6/b6; nac w2/w2 or casper: roy a9/a9; nac w2/w2 ) for live imaging studies together with the ease of generating transgenic lines are two of the strengths of the zebrafish model organism. The fact that transparent casper ( roy a9/a9;nac w2/w2) and silver nacre ( nac w2/w2) mutants are indistinguishable by eye at early stages (1-5 days post-fertilization; dpf) means many fish must be raised and later culled if they are not transparent. To identify translucent mutants early and easily at the early larval stage (≤5 dpf) before they are classified as protected animals, we developed a simple screening method using standard fluorescence microscopy. We estimate that this procedure could annually save 60,000 animals worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Wenz
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, Greater London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Emily Conibear
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, Greater London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Laurence Bugeon
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, Greater London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Maggie Dallman
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, Greater London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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18
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Gordon L, Blechman J, Shimoni E, Gur D, Anand-Apte B, Levkowitz G. The fenestrae-associated protein Plvap regulates the rate of blood-borne protein passage into the hypophysis. Development 2019; 146:dev.177790. [PMID: 31740533 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To maintain body homeostasis, endocrine systems must detect and integrate blood-borne peripheral signals. This is mediated by fenestrae, specialized permeable pores in the endothelial membrane. Plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (Plvap) is located in the fenestral diaphragm and is thought to play a role in the passage of proteins through the fenestrae. However, this suggested function has yet to be demonstrated directly. We studied the development of fenestrated capillaries in the hypophysis, a major neuroendocrine interface between the blood and brain. Using a transgenic biosensor to visualize the vascular excretion of the genetically tagged plasma protein DBP-EGFP, we show that the developmental acquisition of vascular permeability coincides with differential expression of zebrafish plvap orthologs in the hypophysis versus brain. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that plvapb mutants display deficiencies in fenestral diaphragms and increased density of hypophyseal fenestrae. Measurements of DBP-EGFP extravasation in plvapb mutants provided direct proof that Plvap limits the rate of blood-borne protein passage through fenestrated endothelia. We present the regulatory role of Plvap in the development of blood-borne protein detection machinery at a neuroendocrine interface through which hormones are released to the general circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Gordon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Janna Blechman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eyal Shimoni
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Dvir Gur
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Bela Anand-Apte
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland OH 444195, USA
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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19
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Zhang G, Hirsch A, Shmul G, Avram L, Elad N, Brumfeld V, Pinkas I, Feldman Y, Ben Asher R, Palmer BA, Kronik L, Leiserowitz L, Weiner S, Addadi L. Guanine and 7,8-Dihydroxanthopterin Reflecting Crystals in the Zander Fish Eye: Crystal Locations, Compositions, and Structures. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19736-19745. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gan Zhang
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Anna Hirsch
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Guy Shmul
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Liat Avram
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nadav Elad
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yishay Feldman
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Raz Ben Asher
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Benjamin A. Palmer
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Leslie Leiserowitz
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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20
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Animal Eyes: Filtering Out the Background. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R938-R941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Lewis VM, Saunders LM, Larson TA, Bain EJ, Sturiale SL, Gur D, Chowdhury S, Flynn JD, Allen MC, Deheyn DD, Lee JC, Simon JA, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Raible DW, Parichy DM. Fate plasticity and reprogramming in genetically distinct populations of Danio leucophores. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11806-11811. [PMID: 31138706 PMCID: PMC6575160 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901021116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding genetic and cellular bases of adult form remains a fundamental goal at the intersection of developmental and evolutionary biology. The skin pigment cells of vertebrates, derived from embryonic neural crest, are a useful system for elucidating mechanisms of fate specification, pattern formation, and how particular phenotypes impact organismal behavior and ecology. In a survey of Danio fishes, including the zebrafish Danio rerio, we identified two populations of white pigment cells-leucophores-one of which arises by transdifferentiation of adult melanophores and another of which develops from a yellow-orange xanthophore or xanthophore-like progenitor. Single-cell transcriptomic, mutational, chemical, and ultrastructural analyses of zebrafish leucophores revealed cell-type-specific chemical compositions, organelle configurations, and genetic requirements. At the organismal level, we identified distinct physiological responses of leucophores during environmental background matching, and we showed that leucophore complement influences behavior. Together, our studies reveal independently arisen pigment cell types and mechanisms of fate acquisition in zebrafish and illustrate how concerted analyses across hierarchical levels can provide insights into phenotypes and their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Lauren M Saunders
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Tracy A Larson
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Emily J Bain
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | | | - Dvir Gur
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sarwat Chowdhury
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jessica D Flynn
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael C Allen
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Dimitri D Deheyn
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Julian A Simon
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | | - David W Raible
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903;
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
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22
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Palmer BA, Gur D, Weiner S, Addadi L, Oron D. The Organic Crystalline Materials of Vision: Structure-Function Considerations from the Nanometer to the Millimeter Scale. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800006. [PMID: 29888511 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vision mechanisms in animals, especially those living in water, are diverse. Many eyes have reflective elements that consist of multilayers of nanometer-sized crystalline plates, composed of organic molecules. The crystal multilayer assemblies owe their enhanced reflectivity to the high refractive indices of the crystals in preferred crystallographic directions. The high refractive indices are due to the molecular arrangements in their crystal structures. Herein, data regarding these difficult-to-characterize crystals are reviewed. This is followed by a discussion on the function of these crystalline assemblies, especially in visual systems whose anatomy has been well characterized under close to in vivo conditions. Three test cases are presented, and then the relations between the reflecting crystalline components and their functions, including the relations between molecular structure, crystal structure, and reflecting properties are discussed. Some of the underlying mechanisms are also discussed, and finally open questions in the field are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Palmer
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Dvir Gur
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Dan Oron
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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