Polydopamine-Modified Black Phosphorous Nanocapsule with Enhanced Stability and Photothermal Performance for Tumor Multimodal Treatments

Current advances in black phosphorus-based antibacterial nanoplatform for infection therpy

Black phosphorus (BP) has attracted much attention due to its excellent physiochemical properties. However, due to its biodegradability and simple antibacterial mechanism, using only BP nanomaterials to combat bacterial infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens remains a significant challenge. In order to improve the antibacterial efficiency and avoid the emergence of drug resistance, BP nanomaterials have been combined with other functional materials to form black phosphorus-based antibacterial nanoplatform (BPANP), which provides unprecedented opportunities for the treatment of drug-resistant infections. This article reviews the performance of BPANP and its multiple antibacterial mechanisms while emphatically introducing its design direction and latest application progress in antibacterial fields. Moreover, this paper additionally summarizes and discusses the current challenges and inadequacies of BPANP that need to be improved in future research. We believe that this review will provide researchers with an up-to-date and multifaceted reference, and provide new ideas for designing effective strategies against drug-resistant bacteria.

2D Atomic-Molecular Heterojunctions toward Brainoid Applications

Brainoid computing using 2D atomic crystals and their heterostructures, by emulating the human brain's remarkable efficiency and minimal energy consumption in information processing, poses a formidable solution to the energy-efficiency and processing speed constraints inherent in the von Neumann architecture. However, conventional 2D material based heterostructures employed in brainoid devices are beset with limitations, performance uniformity, fabrication intricacies, and weak interfacial adhesion, which restrain their broader application. The introduction of novel 2D atomic-molecular heterojunctions (2DAMH), achieved through covalent functionalization of 2D materials with functional molecules, ushers in a new era for brain-like devices by providing both stability and tunability of functionalities. This review chiefly delves into the electronic attributes of 2DAMH derived from the synergy of polymer materials with 2D materials, emphasizing the most recent advancements in their utilization within memristive devices, particularly their potential in replicating the functionality of biological synapses. Despite ongoing challenges pertaining to precision in modification, scalability in production, and the refinement of underlying theories, the proliferation of innovative research is actively pursuing solutions. These endeavors illuminate the vast potential for incorporating 2DAMH within brain-inspired intelligent systems, highlighting the prospect of achieving a more efficient and energy-conserving computing paradigm.

Photodynamic black phosphorus nanosheets functionalized with polymyxin B for targeted ablation of drug-resistant mixed-species biofilms

Biofilms, particularly those formed by multiple bacterial species, pose significant economic and environmental challenges, especially in the context of medical implants. Addressing the urgent need for effective treatment strategies that do not exacerbate drug resistance, we developed a novel nanoformulation, Ce6&PMb@BPN, based on black phosphorus nanosheets (BPN) for targeted treatment of mixed-species biofilms formed by Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).The formulation leverages polymyxin B (PMb) for bacterial targeting and chlorin e6 (Ce6) for photodynamic action. Upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, Ce6&PMb@BPN efficiently eliminates biofilms by combining chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), reducing biofilm biomass significantly within 30 min. In vivo studies on mice infected with mixed-species biofilm-coated catheters demonstrated the formulation's potent antibacterial and biofilm ablation effects. Moreover, comprehensive biosafety evaluations confirmed the excellent biocompatibility of Ce6&PMb@BPN. Taken together, this intelligently designed nanoformulation holds potential for effectively treating biofilm-associated infections, addressing the urgent need for strategies to combat antibiotic-resistant biofilms, particularly mixed-species biofilm, in medical settings.

Giant manipulation of thermal conductivity anisotropy in black phosphorene under external electric fields

The thermal anisotropy of materials holds significant theoretical and practical implications in the domains of thermal transport and thermoelectricity. Black phosphorene, a novel two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor, is notable for its exceptional chemical and physical properties, attracting substantial attention for its thermal transport characteristics. Similar to other 2D materials, black phosphorene exhibits pronounced in-plane thermal anisotropy. Given its expanding applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and thermoelectrics, there is a growing need to manipulate its anisotropic thermal transport. Current methods for adjusting anisotropy or isotropy typically involve structural engineering or materials processing, which are often costly, time-consuming, and irreversible. In contrast, little progress has been made with methods that are intact, robust, and reversible. Driven by the intrinsic relationship between interatomic interaction-mediated phonon transport and electronic charges, we conduct a comprehensive investigation into the impact of an external electric field on the thermal transport properties of 2D black phosphorene using first-principles calculations and the phonon Boltzmann transport equation. Our findings reveal that applying an electric field in the Zigzag direction reduces the lattice thermal conductivity of black phosphorene, with the Zigzag direction being more responsive to the electric field than the Armchair direction. By adjusting the electric field to a maximum of E(f_xx) = 0.2 V Å-1, the anisotropic thermal conductivity of black phosphorene decreases by more than 28%, demonstrating effective manipulation of anisotropy. This significant transition in anisotropic thermal transport arises from the substantial reduction in thermal conductivity along the Zigzag direction at moderate electric field strengths. The underlying cause of this variation in anisotropy can be attributed to changes in group velocity, with the phonon lifetime serving as a scaling factor for reducing anisotropy. Analysis of the electronic structures shows that stronger electric fields induce more charges, enhancing the screening effect. The electric field significantly alters thermal conductivity by affecting bond ionicity and anharmonicity. Our study introduces a robust approach for tuning the anisotropy of phonon transport in materials using an external electric field, without altering the atomic structure, thus offering considerable advantages for applications in nanoelectronics and thermoelectric energy conversion.

Fabrication of polydopamine-modified cellulose hydrogel for controlled release of α-mangostin

Hydrogels are notable for their outstanding absorbent qualities, satisfactory compatibility with biological systems, ability to degrade, and inherent safety, all of which contribute to their high demand in the field of biomedicine. This study focuses on the fabrication of hydrogels using environmentally friendly cellulosic material. Cellulose hydrogel beads were prepared by physical cross-linking in a NaOH/urea medium. Furthermore, nano polydopamine was integrated into the hydrogel matrix as functional polymers and α-mangostin was employed as an active pharmaceutical ingredient. The physicochemical properties were comprehensively analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer, 13C cross-polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscope. The drug delivery properties, including water content, swelling ratio, and drug release profiles, were evaluated. In vitro cytotoxicity against MC3T3-E1 cells was assessed using sulforhodamine B staining. All test hydrogels exhibited inhibitory activity against the growth of MC3T3-E1 cells. These results indicated the potential use of these hydrogels as a drug delivery carrier for α-mangostin in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Multifunctional Responsive Core-Shell Microneedles for Dermatosis Treatment

Microneedles have demonstrated value in targeted treatment of dermatosis. Current investigation aims to enhance the functions and optimize substance delivery to improve therapeutic effects. Here, we present innovative shell-core microneedles with light-pH dual responsiveness for spatiotemporal sequential release of multiple Chinese herb drugs to treat scleroderma. By using a stepwise template-assisted method, we effectively prepare a hydrogel-based core layer containing polydopamine-MXene (P-MXene) loaded with triptolide (TP), and a shell layer composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) encapsulating paeoniflorin (Pae). P-MXene can adsorb the sparingly soluble TP to ensure its encapsulation efficiency and contribute to the synergistic photothermal effect benefitting from its excellent photothermal conversion ability. Besides, PVA can rapidly dissolve upon microneedle piercing into the skin and quickly release the anti-inflammatory and detoxifying Pae, establishing a favorable low-acid subcutaneous environment. In response to pH changes and near-infrared effects, TP is sustainably released from P-MXene and delivered through the swollen pores of the hydrogel. On the basis of these characteristics, we demonstrate that these microneedles could effectively reduce profibrotic key cytokines interleukin-1β and transforming growth factor-β, thereby reducing collagen deposition and decreasing epidermal thickness, ameliorating skin fibrosis and capillary lesion in scleroderma mouse models. These findings highlight the important clinical potential of these microneedles in the treatment of skin diseases.

Emerging 2D Nanomaterials-Integrated Hydrogels: Advancements in Designing Theragenerative Materials for Bone Regeneration and Disease Therapy

This review highlights recent advancements in the synthesis, processing, properties, and applications of 2D-material integrated hydrogels, with a focus on their performance in bone-related applications. Various synthesis methods and types of 2D nanomaterials, including graphene, graphene oxide, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, and MXene are discussed, along with strategies for their incorporation into hydrogel matrices. These composite hydrogels exhibit tunable mechanical properties, high surface area, strong near-infrared (NIR) photon absorption and controlled release capabilities, making them suitable for a range of regeneration and therapeutic applications. In cancer therapy, 2D-material-based hydrogels show promise for photothermal and photodynamic therapies, and drug delivery (chemotherapy). The photothermal properties of these materials enable selective tumor ablation upon NIR irradiation, while their high drug-loading capacity facilitates targeted and controlled release of chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, 2D-materials -infused hydrogels exhibit potent antibacterial activity, making them effective against multidrug-resistant infections and disruption of biofilm generated on implant surface. Moreover, their synergistic therapy approach combines multiple treatment modalities such as photothermal, chemo, and immunotherapy to enhance therapeutic outcomes. In bio-imaging, these materials serve as versatile contrast agents and imaging probes, enabling their real-time monitoring during tumor imaging. Furthermore, in bone regeneration, most 2D-materials incorporated hydrogels promote osteogenesis and tissue regeneration, offering potential solutions for bone defects repair. Overall, the integration of 2D materials into hydrogels presents a promising platform for developing multifunctional theragenerative biomaterials.

NIR light-activated nanocomposites combat biofilm formation and enhance antibacterial efficacy for improved wound healing

Nanoparticle-based therapies are emerging as a pivotal frontier in biomedical research, showing their potential in combating infections and facilitating wound recovery. Herein, selenium-tellurium dopped copper oxide nanoparticles (SeTe-CuO NPs) with dual photodynamic and photothermal properties were synthesized, presenting an efficient strategy for combating bacterial infections. In vitro evaluations revealed robust antibacterial activity of SeTe-CuO NPs, achieving up to 99% eradication of bacteria and significant biofilm inhibition upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. Moreover, in vivo studies demonstrated accelerated wound closure upon treatment with NIR-activated SeTe-CuO NPs, demonstrating their efficacy in promoting wound healing. Furthermore, SeTe-CuO NPs exhibited rapid bacterial clearance within wounds, offering a promising solution for wound care. Overall, this versatile platform holds great promise for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria and advancing therapeutic interventions in wound management.

Multifunctional Biodegradable Conductive Hydrogel Regulating Microenvironment for Stem Cell Therapy Enhances the Nerve Tissue Repair

The nerve guidance conduits incorporated with stem cells, which can differentiate into the Schwann cells (SCs) to facilitate myelination, shows great promise for repairing the severe peripheral nerve injury. The innovation of advanced hydrogel materials encapsulating stem cells, is highly demanded for generating supportive scaffolds and adaptive microenvironment for nerve regeneration. Herein, this work demonstrates a novel strategy in regulating regenerative microenvironment for peripheral nerve repair with a biodegradable conductive hydrogel scaffold, which can offer multifunctional capabilities in immune regulation, enhancing angiogenesis, driving SCs differentiation, and promoting axon regrowth. The biodegradable conductive hydrogel is constructed by incorporation of polydopamine-modified silicon phosphorus (SiP@PDA) nanosheets into a mixture of methacryloyl gelatin and decellularized extracellular matrix (GelMA/ECM). The biomimetic electrical microenvironment performs an efficacious strategy to facilitate macrophage polarization toward a pro-healing phenotype (M2), meanwhile the conductive hydrogel supports vascularization in regenerated tissue through sustained Si element release. Furthermore, the MSCs 3D-cultured in GelMA/ECM-SiP@PDA conductive hydrogel exhibits significantly increased expression of genes associated with SC-like cell differentiation, thus facilitating the myelination and axonal regeneration. Collectively, both the in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrates that the rationally designed biodegradable multifunctional hydrogel significantly enhances nerve tissues repair.

Fructose-mineralized black phosphorus for syncretic bone regeneration and tumor suppression

Black phosphorus (BPs) nanosheets with their inherent and selective chemotherapeutic effects have recently been identified as promising cancer therapeutic agents, but challenges in surface functionalization hinder satisfactory enhancement of their selectivity between tumors and normal cells. To address this issue, we developed a novel biomineralization-inspired strategy to synthesize CaBPs-Na2FDP@CaCl2 nanosheets, aiming to achieve enhanced and selective anticancer bioactivity along with accelerated osteoblast activity. Benefiting from the in situ mineralization and fructose modification, CaBPs-Na2FDP@CaCl2 exhibited improved pH-responsive degradation behavior and targeted therapy for osteosarcoma. The in vitro results indicated that CaBPs-Na2FDP@CaCl2 exhibited efficient uptake and quick degradation by GLUT5-positive 143B osteosarcoma cells, enhancing BPs-driven chemotherapeutic effects through ATP level disturbance-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells. Moreover, CaBPs-Na2FDP@CaCl2 underwent gradual degradation into PO43-, Ca2+ and fructose in MC3T3-E1 cells, eliminating systemic toxicity. Intracellular Ca2+ bound to calmodulin (CaM), activating Ca2+/CaM-dependent signaling cascades, thereby enhancing osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in pro-osteoblastic cells. In vivo experiments affirmed the anti-tumor capability, inhibition of tumor recurrence and bone repair promotion of CaBPs-Na2FDP@CaCl2. This study not only broadens the application of BPs in bone tumor therapy but also provides a versatile surface functionalization strategy for nanotherapeutic agents.

Nitrodopamine modified MnO2 NS-MoS2QDs hybrid nanocomposite for the extracellular and intracellular detection of glutathione

We have developed a highly sensitive and reliable fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe using nitro-dopamine (ND) and dopamine (DA) coated MnO2 nanosheet (ND@MnO2 NS and DA@MnO2 NS) as an energy acceptor and MoS2 quantum dots (QDs) as an energy donor. By employing surface-modified MnO2 NS, we can effectively reduce the fluorescence intensity of MoS2 QDs through FRET. It can reduce MnO2 NS to Mn2+ and facilitate the fluorescence recovery of the MoS2 QDs. This ND@MnO2 NS@MoS2 QD-based nanoprobe demonstrates excellent sensitivity to GSH, achieving an LOD of 22.7 nM in an aqueous medium while exhibiting minimal cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility. Moreover, our sensing platform shows high selectivity to GSH towards various common biomolecules and electrolytes. Confocal fluorescence imaging revealed that the nanoprobe can image GSH in A549 cells. Interestingly, the ND@MnO2 NS nanoprobe demonstrates no cytotoxicity in living cancer cells, even at concentrations up to 100 μg mL-1. Moreover, the easy fabrication and eco-friendliness of ND@MnO2 NS make it a rapid and simple method for detecting GSH. We envision the developed nanoprobe as an incredible platform for real-time monitoring of GSH levels in both extracellular and intracellular mediums, proving valuable for biomedical research and clinical diagnostics.

Eudragit S100 coated nanodiamond-based nanoparticles as an oral chemo-photothermal delivery system for local treatment of colon cancer

Oral colonic nano-drug delivery system has received more and more attention in the treatment of colon cancer due to local precision treatment and reduction of drug system distribution. However, the complex and harsh gastrointestinal environment and the retention of nanoparticles in the colon limit its development. To this end, we designed Eudragit S100 (ES) coated nanoparticles (ES@PND-PEG-TPP/DOX). Polydopamine coated nanodiamond (PND) was modified with amino-functionalized polyethylene glycol (NH2-PEG-NH2) and triphenylphosphine (TPP) successively. Due to the high specific surface area of PND, it can efficiently load the model drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). In addition, PND also has high photothermal conversion efficiency, generating heat to kill cancer cells under near infrared (NIR) laser, realizing the combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy (CT-PTT). TPP modification enhanced nanoparticle uptake by colon cancer cells and prolonged preparations retention time at the colon. ES shell protected the drug from being destroyed and prevented the nanoparticles from sticking to the small intestine. Ex vitro fluorescence imaging showed that TPP modification can enhance the residence time of nanoparticles in the colon. In vivo pharmacodynamics demonstrated that CT-PTT group has the greatest inhibitory effect on tumor growth, which means that the nanocarrier has potential clinical value in the in-situ treatment of colon cancer.

Electrospun Fiber Membrane with the Dual Affinity of Chelation and Covalent Interactions for the Efficient Enrichment of Glycoproteins

As important biomarkers of many diseases, glycoproteins are of great significance to biomedical science. It is essential to develop efficient glycoprotein enrichment platforms and investigate their adsorption mechanism. In this work, a conspicuous enrichment strategy for glycoproteins was developed by using an electrospun fiber membrane wrapped with polydopamine (PDA) and modified with 3-aminophenylboronic acid and nickel ions, named PAN/DA@PDA@APBA/Ni. The enrichment characteristics of PAN/DA@PDA@APBA/Ni toward glycoproteins were explored through adsorption behavior. Thanks to the existence of two sites of interaction (metal ion chelation and boronate affinity), PAN/DA@PDA@APBA/Ni exhibited significant enrichment capacity for glycoproteins, ovalbumin (604.6 mg/g), and human immunoglobulin G (331.0 mg/g). The adsorption kinetic results of glycoprotein ovalbumin on PAN/DA@PDA@APBA/Ni conform to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model in the first adsorption stage, while the second half adsorption stage is more in line with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Moreover, the physical characteristics of PAN/DA@PDA@APBA/Ni and subsequent adsorption experiments on electrospun fiber modified with only phenylboronic acid or nickel ions both confirmed two sites of interaction (metal ion chelation and boronate affinity, respectively). Furthermore, a stepwise elution method with dual-affinity interaction was designed and successfully applied to enrich glycoproteins in real biological samples. This work provides an idea for sample pretreatment, especially for the design of dual-affinity materials in glycoproteins enrichment.

Nanoscale Evaluation of the Degradation Stability of Black Phosphorus Nanosheets Functionalized with PEG and Glutathione-Stabilized Doxorubicin Drug-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles in Real Functionalized System

Two-dimensional black phosphorus (2D BP) has attracted significant research interest in the field of biomedical applications due to its unique characteristics, including high biocompatibility, impressive drug-loading efficiency, phototherapeutic ability, and minimal side effects. However, its puckered honeycomb lattice structure with lone-pair electrons of BP leads to higher sensitivity and chemical reactivity towards H2O and O2 molecules, resulting in the degradation of the structure with physical and chemical changes. In our study, we synthesize polyethylene glycol (PEG) and glutathione-stabilized doxorubicin drug-assembled Au nanoparticle (Au-GSH-DOX)-functionalized BP nanosheets (BP-PEG@Au-GSH-DOX) with improved degradation stability, biocompatibility, and tumor-targeting ability. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy indicate the nanoscale degradation behavior of synthesized nanoconjugates in three different environmental exposure conditions, and the results demonstrate the remarkable nanoscale stability of BP-PEG@Au-GSH-DOX against the degradation of BP, which provides significant interest in employing 2D BP-based nanotherapeutic agents for tumor-targeted cancer phototherapy.

A Ferroptosis-Inducing Arsenene-Iridium Nanoplatform for Synergistic Immunotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer

Due to multidrug resistance and the high risk of recurrence, effective and less toxic alternative pancreatic cancer treatments are urgently needed. Pancreatic cancer cells are highly resistant to apoptosis but sensitive to ferroptosis. In this study, an innovative nanoplatform (AsIr@PDA) was developed by electrostatic adsorption of a cationic iridium complex (IrFN) onto two-dimensional (2D) arsenene nanosheets. This nanoplatform exhibits superior ferroptosis-inducing effects with high drug loading capacity and, importantly, excellent anti-cancer immune activation function, leading to efficient elimination of pancreatic tumors with no observable side effects. Interestingly, AsIr@PDA significantly prevents the recurrence of pancreatic cancer in vivo when compared with a cisplatin-loaded nanoplatform. This designed nanoplatform demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy by synergistic ferroptosis-induced chemotherapy with immunotherapy via an all-in-one strategy, providing new insights for future pancreatic cancer therapy.

Metal-Organic Frameworks Marry Sponge: New Opportunities for Advanced Water Treatment

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered attention across various fields due to their noteworthy features like high specific surface area, substantial porosity, and adjustable performance. In the realm of water treatment, MOFs exhibit great potential for eliminating pollutants such as organics, heavy metals, and oils. Nonetheless, the inherent powder characteristics of MOFs pose challenges in terms of recycling, pipeline blockage, and even secondary pollution in practical applications. Addressing these issues, the incorporation of MOFs into sponges proves to be an effective solution. Strategies like one-pot synthesis, in situ growth, and impregnation are commonly employed for loading MOFs onto sponges. This review comprehensively explores the synthesis strategies of MOFs and sponges, along with their applications in water treatment, aiming to contribute to the ongoing advancement of MOF materials.

Ozone-Induced Rapid and Green Synthesis of Polydopamine Coatings with High Uniformity and Enhanced Stability

The development of green, controllable, and simplified pathways for rapid dopamine polymerization holds significant importance in the field of polydopamine (PDA) surface chemistry. In this study, a green strategy is successfully devised to accelerate and control the polymerization of dopamine through the introduction of ozone (O3 ). The findings reveal that ozone serves as an eco-friendly trigger, significantly accelerating the dopamine polymerization process across a broad pH range, spanning from 4.0 to 10.0. Notably, the deposition rate of PDA coatings on a silicon wafer reaches an impressive value of ≈64.8 nm h-1 (pH 8.5), which is 30 times higher than that of traditional air-assisted PDA and comparable to the fastest reported method. Furthermore, ozone exhibits the ability to accelerate dopamine polymerization even under low temperatures. It also enables control over the inhibition-initiation of the polymerization process by regulating the "ON/OFF" mode of the ozone gas. Moreover, the ozone-induced PDA coatings demonstrate exceptional characteristics, including high homogeneity, good hydrophilicity, and remarkable chemical and mechanical stability. Additionally, the ozone-induced PDA coatings can be rapidly and effectively deposited onto a wide range of substrates, particularly those that are adhesion-resistant, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

Two-dimensional nanomaterials induced nano-bio interfacial effects and biomedical applications in cancer treatment

Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D NMs), characterized by a large number of atoms or molecules arranged in one dimension (typically thickness) while having tiny dimensions in the other two dimensions, have emerged as a pivotal class of materials with unique properties. Their flat and sheet-like structure imparts distinctive physical, chemical, and electronic attributes, which offers several advantages in biomedical applications, including enhanced surface area for efficient drug loading, surface-exposed atoms allowing precise chemical modifications, and the ability to form hierarchical multilayer structures for synergistic functionality. Exploring their nano-bio interfacial interactions with biological components holds significant importance in comprehensively and systematically guiding safe applications. However, the current lack of in-depth analysis and comprehensive understanding of interfacial effects on cancer treatment motivates our ongoing efforts in this field. This study provides a comprehensive survey of recent advances in utilizing 2D NMs for cancer treatment. It offers insights into the structural characteristics, synthesis methods, and surface modifications of diverse 2D NMs. The investigation further delves into the formation of nano-bio interfaces during their in vivo utilization. Notably, the study discusses a wide array of biomedical applications in cancer treatment. With their potential to revolutionize therapeutic strategies and outcomes, 2D NMs are poised at the forefront of cancer treatment, holding the promise of transformative advancements.

Multifunctional Nanoplatform for Single NIR Laser-Regulated Efficient PDT/PTT/Chemotherapy

The combination of phototherapy and chemotherapy with superior advantages is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. However, combination therapy is generally regulated by two different wavelengths of light or other stimuli, which results in complex operations and inevitable systemic side effects, even affecting therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we design a signal NIR light-regulated nanoplatform via the self-assembly process of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive prodrug (DTD), human serum albumin (HSA), and IR780 for combined photothermal/photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy. Upon 808 nm laser irradiation, IR780 in nanoparticles generates abundant ROS and a significant photothermal effect to achieve photothermal/photodynamic therapy. Meanwhile, the generating ROS further cleans up the thioketal link to release DOX for chemotherapy. Hence, signal NIR light can effectively control the process of combination therapy. In vivo and in vitro experiment results demonstrate that the multifunctional nanoparticles exhibit excellent antitumor efficacy via the combination of phototherapy and chemotherapy controlled by a signal NIR laser. Overall, the signal NIR light-regulated nanoparticles with combination therapy performance provide a versatile platform for enhancing antitumor efficacy.

Polydopamine-Modified 2D Iron (II) Immobilized MnPS3 Nanosheets for Multimodal Imaging-Guided Cancer Synergistic Photothermal-Chemodynamic Therapy

Manganese phosphosulphide (MnPS3 ), a newly emerged and promising member of the 2D metal phosphorus trichalcogenides (MPX3 ) family, has aroused abundant interest due to its unique physicochemical properties and applications in energy storage and conversion. However, its potential in the field of biomedicine, particularly as a nanotherapeutic platform for cancer therapy, has remained largely unexplored. Herein, a 2D "all-in-one" theranostic nanoplatform based on MnPS3 is designed and applied for imaging-guided synergistic photothermal-chemodynamic therapy. (Iron) Fe (II) ions are immobilized on the surface of MnPS3 nanosheets to facilitate effective chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Upon surface modification with polydopamine (PDA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), the obtained Fe-MnPS3 /PDA-PEG nanosheets exhibit exceptional photothermal conversion efficiency (η = 40.7%) and proficient pH/NIR-responsive Fenton catalytic activity, enabling efficient photothermal therapy (PTT) and CDT. Importantly, such nanoplatform can also serve as an efficient theranostic agent for multimodal imaging, facilitating real-time monitoring and guidance of the therapeutic process. After fulfilling the therapeutic functions, the Fe-MnPS3 /PDA-PEG nanosheets can be efficiently excreted from the body, alleviating the concerns of long-term retention and potential toxicity. This work presents an effective, precise, and safe 2D "all-in-one" theranostic nanoplatform based on MnPS3 for high-efficiency tumor-specific theranostics.

Gene and Photothermal Combination Therapy: Principle, Materials, and Amplified Anticancer Intervention

Gene therapy (GT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) have emerged as promising alternatives to chemotherapy and radiotherapy for cancer treatment, offering noninvasiveness and reduced side effects. However, their efficacy as standalone treatments is limited. GT exhibits slow response rates, while PTT is confined to local tumor ablation. The convergence of GT and PTT, known as GT-PTT, facilitated by photothermal gene nanocarriers, has attracted considerable attention across various disciplines. In this integrated approach, GT reciprocates PTT by sensitizing cellular response to heat, while PTT benefits GT by improving gene translocation, unpacking, and expression. Consequently, this integration presents a unique opportunity for cancer therapy with rapid response and improved effectiveness. Extensive efforts over the past few years have been dedicated to the development of GT-PTT, resulting in notable achievements and rapid progress from the laboratory to potential clinical applications. This comprehensive review outlines recent advances in GT-PTT, including synergistic mechanisms, material systems, imaging-guided therapy, and anticancer applications. It also explores the challenges and future prospects in this nascent field. By presenting innovative ideas and insights into the implementation of GT-PTT for enhanced cancer therapy, this review aims to inspire further progress in this promising area of research.

Black Phosphorus Flake-Enabled Wireless Neuromodulation for Epilepsy Treatment

Epilepsy is a prevalent and severe neurological disorder and generally requires prolonged electrode implantation and tether brain stimulation in refractory cases. However, implants may cause potential chronic immune inflammation and permanent tissue damage due to material property mismatches with soft brain tissue. Here, we demonstrated a nanomaterial-enabled near-infrared (NIR) neuromodulation approach to provide nongenetic and nonimplantable therapeutic benefits in epilepsy mouse models. Our study showed that crystal-exfoliated photothermal black phosphorus (BP) flakes could enhance neural activity by altering the membrane capacitive currents in hippocampus neurons through NIR photothermal neuromodulation. Optical stimulation facilitated by BP flakes in hippocampal slices evoked action potentials with a high spatiotemporal resolution. Furthermore, BP flake-enabled NIR neuromodulation of hippocampus neural circuits can suppress epileptic signals in epilepsy model mice with minimal invasiveness and high biocompatibility. Consequently, nanomaterial-enabled NIR neuromodulation may open up opportunities for nonimplantable optical therapy of epilepsy in nontransgenic organisms.

Mn2+/CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Codecorated Black Phosphorus Nanosheet Platform for Enhanced Antitumor Potency in Multimodal Therapy

Manganese ions (Mn2+)-coordinated nanoparticles have emerged as a promising class of antitumor nanotherapeutics, capable of simultaneously disrupting the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and triggering the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway-dependent antitumor immunity. However, the activation of STING signaling by Mn2+-based monotherapies is suboptimal for comprehensive stimulation of antigen presenting cells and reversal of immunosuppression in the TME. Here, we report the design of a Mn2+/CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) codecorated black phosphorus nanosheet (BPNS@Mn2+/CpG) platform based on the Mn2+ modification of BPNS and subsequent adsorption of synthetic CpG ODNs. The coordination of Mn2+ significantly improved the stability of BPNS and the adsorption of CpG ODNs. The acidic TME and endosomal compartments can disrupt the Mn2+ coordination, triggering pH-responsive release of CpG ODNs and Mn2+ to effectively activate the Toll-like receptor 9 and STING pathways. As a result, M2-type macrophages and immature dendritic cells were strongly stimulated in the TME, thereby increasing T lymphocyte infiltration and reversing the immunosuppression within the TME. Phototherapy and chemodynamic therapy, utilizing the BPNS@Mn2+/CpG platform, have demonstrated efficacy in inducing immunogenic cell death upon 808 nm laser irradiation. Importantly, the treatment of BPNS@Mn2+/CpG with laser irradiation exhibited significant therapeutic efficacy against the irradiated primary tumor and effectively suppressed the growth of nonirradiated distant tumor. Moreover, it induced a robust immune memory, providing long-lasting protection against tumor recurrence. This study demonstrated the enhanced antitumor potency of BPNS@Mn2+/CpG in multimodal therapy, and its proof-of-concept application as a metal ion-modified BPNS material for effective DNA/drug delivery and immunotherapy.

Recent Advances in Phosphorene: Structure, Synthesis, and Properties

Phosphorene is a 2D phosphorus atomic layer arranged in a honeycomb lattice like graphene but with a buckled structure. Since its exfoliation from black phosphorus in 2014, phosphorene has attracted tremendous research interest both in terms of synthesis and fundamental research, as well as in potential applications. Recently, significant attention in phosphorene is motivated not only by research on its fundamental physical properties as a novel 2D semiconductor material, such as tunable bandgap, strong in-plane anisotropy, and high carrier mobility, but also by the study of its wide range of potential applications, such as electronic, optoelectronic, and spintronic devices, energy conversion and storage devices. However, a lot of avenues remain to be explored including the fundamental properties of phosphorene and its device applications. This review recalls the current state of the art of phosphorene and its derivatives, touching upon topics on structure, synthesis, characterization, properties, stability, and applications. The current needs and future opportunities for phosphorene are also discussed.

Polydopamine/Fe3O4 modified wood-based evaporator for efficient and continuous water purification

Solar interfacial evaporation is a highly promising technology for seawater desalination and wastewater treatment, while the simple preparation processes and efficient production of clean water based on biomass interfacial evaporators still need further exploration and development. Here, we reported a wood-based evaporator (PFDW) loaded with Fe3O4 and polydopamine (PDA) after simple immersion treatment at room temperature for efficient and continuous water purification. The synergistic photothermal effect of PDA coating and Fe3O4 particles enables the evaporator to achieve high photothermal conversion efficiency in the longer wavelength range, while combined with the rapid water transport capacity endowed by the vertically aligned microporous structure of natural wood, it achieved an evaporation rate of 1.70 kg m-2h-1 and an energy efficiency of 98.0% under 1 kW m-2 irradiation. In addition, the prepared PFDW exhibited sustainable desalination stability and excellent removal efficiency for different water sources including organic dye wastewater, heavy metal effluent, oil-water emulsion and river water. This work provides a new avenue for efficient salt-tolerant portable evaporators.

Hybrid AuNPs-3MPS-MTX nanosystem and its evaluation for treating cervical cancer and melanoma

This research presents an evaluation of a hybrid material based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), stabilized with the thiol 3-mercapto-propanesulfonate (3MPS) and loaded with the methotrexate drug (MTX). The AuNPs-3MPS-MTX nanosystem was tested for the treatment of cervical cancer and melanoma, using the B16-F10 melanoma and HeLa cell lines. The tests performed on cell cultures assessed the efficiency of the studied nanosystem on tumor cells, as well as its toxicology.

Surface engineering Salmonella with pH-responsive polyserotonin and self-activated DNAzyme for better microbial therapy of tumor

Bacteria-based microbial immunotherapy shows various unique properties for tumor therapy owing to their active tropism to tumor and multiple anti-tumor mechanisms. However, its clinical benefit is far from satisfactory, which is limited by rapid systemic clearance and neutrophils-mediated immune restriction to compromise the efficacy, as well as non-specific distribution to cause toxicity. To address all these limitations, herein we reported a polyserotonin (PST) coated Salmonella (Sal) with surface adsorption of DNAzyme (Dz)-functionalized MnO2 nanoparticles (DzMN) for tumor therapy. PST could facilely coat on Sal surface via oxidation and self-polymerization of its serotonin monomer, which enabled surface stealth to avoid rapid systemic clearance while maintaining the tumor homing effect. Upon targeting to tumor, the PST was degraded and exfoliated in response to acidic tumor microenvironment, thus liberating Sal to recover its anti-tumor activities. Meanwhile, the DzMN was also delivered into tumor via hitchhiking Sal, which could release Dz and Mn2+ after tumor cells internalization. The Dz was then activated by its cofactor of Mn2+ to cleave target PD-L1 mRNA, thus serving as a self-activated system for gene silencing. Combining Sal and Dz for immune activation and PD-L1 knockdown, respectively, anti-tumor immunotherapy was achieved with enhanced efficacy. Notably, PST coating could significantly decrease infection potential and non-specific colonization of Sal at normal organs, achieving high in vivo biosafety. This work addresses the key limitations of Sal for in vivo application via biomaterials modification, and provides a promising platform for better microbial immunotherapy.

HER2-targeting two-dimensional black phosphorus as a nanoplatform for chemo-photothermal therapy in breast cancer

Trastuzumab (Tmab) targeted therapy or its combination with chemotherapy is normally insufficient to elicit a comprehensive therapeutic response owing to the inherent or acquired drug resistance and systemic toxicity observed in highly invasive HER2-positive breast cancer. In this study, we propose a novel approach that integrates photothermal therapy (PTT) with targeted therapy and chemotherapy, thereby achieving additive or synergistic therapeutic outcomes. We utilize PEGylated two-dimensional black phosphorus (2D BP) as a nanoplatform and photothermal agent to load chemotherapeutic drug mitoxantrone (MTO) and conjugate with Tmab (BP-PEG-MTO-Tmab). The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the HER2-targeting BP-PEG-MTO-Tmab complexes exhibited desirable biocompatibility, safety and enhanced cancer cell uptake efficiency, resulting in increased accumulation and prolonged retention of BP and MTO within tumors. Consequently, the complex improved photothermal and chemotherapy treatment efficacy in HER2-positive cells in vitro and a subcutaneous tumor model in vivo, while minimized harm to normal cells and showed desirable organ compatibility. Collectively, our study provides compelling evidence for the remarkable efficacy of targeted and synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy utilizing all-in-one nanoparticles as a delivery system for BP and chemotherapeutic drug in HER2-positive breast cancer.

Mussel-inspired "plug-and-play" hydrogel glue for postoperative tumor recurrence and wound infection inhibition

Currently, clinical tumor resection is faced with two options: open and minimally invasive surgery. Open surgery is easy to completely remove the lesion but is prone to infection, while minimally invasive surgery recovers faster but may cause tumor recurrence. To fill the shortcomings of the two surgical modes and make the choice for tumor resection more effortlessly, we developed a postoperative black phosphorus-Ag nanocomposites-loaded dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid-Pluronic® F127 (BP-Ag@HA-DA-Plu) hydrogel implantation system that can prevent tumor recurrence and wound infection simultaneously. Experiments have shown that the hydrogel system combined with 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) irradiation has excellent anti-tumor, antibacterial, and wound healing abilities. Additionally, unlike existing surgical hydrogel products that require inconvenient in-situ cross-linking, the BP-Ag@HA-DA-Plu hydrogel system offers "plug-and-play" functionality during surgery due to its thermo-responsiveness, injectability, and adhesion, thereby greatly improving the efficiency of surgery.

2D Nanomaterials and Their Drug Conjugates for Phototherapy and Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy of Cancer and Infections

Photothermal therapy (PTT) and magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) using 2D nanomaterials (2DnMat) have recently emerged as promising alternative treatments for cancer and bacterial infections, both important global health challenges. The present review intends to provide not only a comprehensive overview, but also an integrative approach of the state-of-the-art knowledge on 2DnMat for PTT and MHT of cancer and infections. High surface area, high extinction coefficient in near-infra-red (NIR) region, responsiveness to external stimuli like magnetic fields, and the endless possibilities of surface functionalization, make 2DnMat ideal platforms for PTT and MHT. Most of these materials are biocompatible with mammalian cells, presenting some cytotoxicity against bacteria. However, each material must be comprehensively characterized physiochemically and biologically, since small variations can have significant biological impact. Highly efficient and selective in vitro and in vivo PTTs for the treatment of cancer and infections are reported, using a wide range of 2DnMat concentrations and incubation times. MHT is described to be more effective against bacterial infections than against cancer therapy. Despite the promising results attained, some challenges remain, such as improving 2DnMat conjugation with drugs, understanding their in vivo biodegradation, and refining the evaluation criteria to measure PTT or MHT effects.

Black Phosphorus as a Targeting PPAR-γ Agonist to Reverse Chemoresistance in Patient-derived Organoids, Mice, and Pancreatic Tumor Cells

Black phosphorus (BP) exhibits significant potential for clinical applications. However, further research is necessary to uncover the unknown biological functions of BP and broaden its applications across various fields. This study investigates the potential of BP as a targeting PPAR-γ agonist to overcome chemoresistance in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) using 2D and 3D cell lines, patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and mouse models. RNA-sequencing analysis shows that BP treatment enriches differentially expressed genes in the PPAR pathway, and molecular modeling predicts the potential docking site between BP and PPAR-γ. Transcriptional activity assays are further to verify the activation of PPAR-γ. BP-activated PPAR-γ inhibits cancer stem cell (CSC) properties and expression of biomarkers such as CD44 and c-Myc, which are involved in chemoresistance. Notably, CD44 overexpression in tumor cells renders them susceptible to BP while insensitive to gemcitabine. This indicates that BP preferentially targets stem-like cells, which exhibit heightened resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. A combination treatment strategy involving BP and gemcitabine is developed, demonstrating enhanced treatment efficacy of PAAD in both in vitro and in vivo models. Thus, BP serves as a PPAR-γ agonist capable of reversing chemoresistance, establishing it as a potent anti-tumor approach for the treatment of PAAD.

Subtractive Nanopore Engineered MXene Photonic Nanomedicine with Enhanced Capability of Photothermia and Drug Delivery for Synergistic Treatment of Osteosarcoma

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials as drug carriers and photosensitizers have emerged as a promising antitumor strategy. However, our understanding of 2D antitumor nanomaterials is limited to intrinsic properties or additive modification of different materials. Subtractive structural engineering of 2D nanomaterials for better antitumor efficacy is largely overlooked. Here, subtractively engineered 2D MXenes with uniformly distributed nanopores are synthesized. The nanoporous defects endowed MXene with enhanced surface plasmon resonance effect for better optical absorbance performance and strong exciton-phonon coupling for higher photothermal conversion efficiency. In addition, porous structure improves the binding ability between drug and unsaturated bonds, thus promoting drug-loading capacity and reducing uncontrolled drug release. Furthermore, the porous structure provides adhesion sites for filopodia, thereby promoting the cellular internalization of the drug. Clinically, osteosarcoma is the most common bone malignancy routinely treated with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. There have been no significant treatment advances in the past decade. As a proof-of-concept, nanoporous MXene loaded with doxorubicin is developed for treating human osteosarcoma cells. The porous MXene platform results in a higher amount of doxorubicin-loading, faster near-infrared (NIR)-controlled doxorubicin release, higher photothermal efficacy under NIR irradiation, and increased cell adhesion and internalization. This facile method pioneers a new paradigm for enhancing 2D material functions and is attractive for tumor treatment.

Polyphenol-Based Nanosystems for Next-Generation Cancer Therapy: Multifunctionality, Design, and Challenges

With the continuous updating of cancer treatment methods and the rapid development of precision medicine in recent years, there are higher demands for advanced and versatile drug delivery systems. Scientists are committed to create greener and more effective nanomedicines where the carrier is no longer limited to a single function of drug delivery. Polyphenols, which can act as both active ingredients and fundamental building blocks, are being explored as potential multifunctional carriers that are efficient and safe for design purposes. Due to their intrinsic anticancer activity, phenolic compounds have shown surprising expressiveness in ablation of tumor cells, overcoming cancer multidrug resistance (MDR), and enhancing immunotherapeutic efficacy. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the design, synthesis, and application of versatile polyphenol-based nanosystems for cancer therapy in various modes. Moreover, the merits of polyphenols and the challenges for their clinical translation are also discussed, and it is pointed out that the novel polyphenol delivery system requires further optimization and validation.

Polydopamine-Based Nanoprobes Application in Optical Biosensing

Polydopamine (PDA), the synthetic counterpart of melanin, is a widely investigated bio-inspired material for its chemical and photophysical properties, and in the last few years, bio-application of PDA and PDA-based materials have had a dramatic increase. In this review, we described PDA application in optical biosensing, exploring its multiple roles as a nanomaterial. In optical sensing, PDA can not only be used for its intrinsic fluorescent and photoacoustic properties as a probe: in some cases, a sample optical signal can be derived by melanin generation in situ or it can be enhanced in another material thanks to PDA modification. The various possibilities of PDA use coupled with its biocompatibility will indeed widen even more its application in optical bioimaging.

NIR-dye bridged human serum albumin reassemblies for effective photothermal therapy of tumor

Human serum albumin (HSA) based drug delivery platforms that feature desirable biocompatibility and pharmacokinetic property are rapidly developed for tumor-targeted drug delivery. Even though various HSA-based platforms have been established, it is still of great significance to develop more efficient preparation technology to broaden the therapeutic applications of HSA-based nano-carriers. Here we report a bridging strategy that unfastens HSA to polypeptide chains and subsequently crosslinks these chains by a bridge-like molecule (BPY-Mal2) to afford the HSA reassemblies formulation (BPY@HSA) with enhanced loading capacity, endowing the BPY@HSA with uniformed size, high photothermal efficacy, and favorable therapeutic features. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that the BPY@HSA presents higher delivery efficacy and more prominent photothermal therapeutic performance than that of the conventionally prepared formulation. The feasibility in preparation, stability, high photothermal conversion efficacy, and biocompatibility of BPY@HSA may facilitate it as an efficient photothermal agents (PTAs) for tumor photothermal therapy (PTT). This work provides a facile strategy to enhance the loading capacity of HSA-based crosslinking platforms in order to improve delivery efficacy and therapeutic effect.

N,S co-doped porous carbon with Co9S8 prepared with a Co-FF-derived Co3O4 template: a bi-functional electrocatalyst for rechargeable zinc-air batteries

To achieve broad commercialization of rechargeable metal-air batteries, the development of non-precious metal-based bi-functional oxygen electrocatalysts is critical. In this study, we prepared N,S co-doped porous carbon materials containing Co9S8 nanoparticles (Co9S8/NSC) through a one-step pyrolysis process. The process involved the pyrolysis of a polydopamine (PDA) coated Co-formic acid framework (Co-FF) derived Co3O4 and thiourea. The improved catalyst Co9S8/NSC-1 exhibited satisfactory long-term durability and superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity, the half-wave potential (E1/2) of the ORR reached 0.83 V, and the OER overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 (η10) was 300 mV. The zinc-air battery (ZAB) based on Co9S8/NSC-1 assembly had a maximum power density of 102.0 mW cm-2 and the cycle life reached 500 cycles. The material preparation method was simple, environmentally friendly and inexpensive, providing a feasible strategy for the development of non-precious metal-based electrocatalysts.

Black Phosphorus Nanosheets Assist Nanoerythrosomes for Efficient mRNA Vaccine Delivery and Immune Activation

Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines have enormous potential in infectious disease prevention and tumor neoantigen application. However, developing an advanced delivery system for efficient mRNA delivery and intracellular release for protein translation remains a challenge. Herein, a biocompatible biomimetic system is designed using red blood cell-derived nanoerythrosomes (NER) and black phosphorus nanosheets (BP) for mRNA delivery. BP is covalently modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI), serving as a core to efficiently condense mRNA via electrostatic interactions. To facilitate the spleen targeting of the mRNA-loaded BP (BPmRNA ), NER is co-extruded with BPmRNA to construct a stable "core-shell" nanovaccine (NER@BPmRNA ). The mRNA nanovaccine exhibits efficient protein expression and immune activation via BP-mediated adjuvant effect and enhanced lysosomal escape. In vivo evaluation demonstrates that the system delivery of mRNA encoding coronavirus receptor-binding domain (RBD) significantly increases the antibody titer and pseudovirus neutralization effect compared with that of NER without BP assistance. Furthermore, the mRNA extracted from mouse melanoma tissues is utilized to simulate tumor neoantigen delivered by NER@BPmRNA . In the vaccinated mice, BP-assisted NER for the delivery of melanoma mRNA can induce more antibodies that specifically recognize tumor antigens. Thus, BP-assisted NER can serve as a safe and effective delivery vehicle in mRNA-based therapy.

Bivalent Gadolinium Ions Forming Injectable Hydrogels for Simultaneous In Situ Vaccination Therapy and Imaging of Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Doxorubicin (DOX) is the classic soft tissue sarcomas (STS) first-line treatment drug, while dose-dependent myelosuppression and cardiotoxicity limit its application in clinic. This research intends to apply DOX, which is also an inducer of immunogenic cell death as a part for "in situ vaccination" and conjointly uses PD-1 inhibitors to enhance antitumor efficacy. In order to achieve the sustained vaccination effect and real-time monitoring of distribution in vivo, the in situ forming and injectable hydrogel platform with the function of visualization is established for local delivery. The hydrogel platform is synthesized by hyaluronic acid-dopamine coordinated with gadolinium ions (Gd2+ ). Gd2+ provides the ability of magnetic resonance imaging, meanwhile further cross-linking the hydrogel network. Experiments show excellent ability of sustained release and imaging tracking for the hydrogel platform. In mouse STS models, the "in situ vaccination" hydrogels show the best effect of inhibiting tumor growth. Further analysis of tumor tissues show that "in situ vaccination" group can increase T cell infiltration, promote M1-type macrophage polarization and block elevated PD-1/PD-L1 pathway caused by DOX. These results are expected to prove the potential for synthesized hydrogels to achieve a universal platform for "in situ vaccination" strategies on STS treatments.

Enhanced photothermal therapy performance of D-A conjugated polymers based on [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-g]quinoxaline by manipulating molecular motion

Donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers can favor the nonradiative thermal dissipation process, due to the formation of an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state resulting from the electron cloud delocalization of the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital). Thus, to realize a high extinction coefficient and excellent photothermal conversion ability for a single photothermal agent, donor-acceptor type conjugated polymers PBDT-QTz and PCDT-QTz, comprising a new electron-deficient unit 2-(2-decyltetradecyl)-6,7-dimethyl-2H-[1,2,3]triazolo [4,5-g] quinoxaline (QTz) as the acceptor and 4,8-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) or 4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b'] dithiophene (CDT) as the donor, are designed and synthesized by manipulating intramolecular motion. The high extinction coefficient of 28.5 L g-1 cm-1 at 850 nm and the optimal photothermal conversion efficiency of 64.3% under an 808 nm laser are achieved based on PBDT-QTz. Consequently, PBDT-QTz nanoparticles can be successfully used for both in vitro and in vivo experiments. After intravenous administration and 808 nm laser irradiation, HeLa tumor-bearing mice achieve complete tumor remission without recurrence. The results provide an efficient photothermal agent by manipulating molecular motion.

Facile Synthesis of Basic Copper Carbonate Nanosheets for Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Tumor Apoptosis and Ferroptosis and the Extension Exploration of the Synthesis Method

Elimination of tumor cells using carbonate nanomaterials with tumor microenvironment-responsive capacity has been explored as an effective strategy. However, their therapeutic outcomes are always compromised by the relatively low intratumoral accumulation and limited synthesis method. Herein, a novel kind of basic copper carbonate nanosheets was designed and prepared using a green synthesis method for photoacoustic imaging-guided tumor apoptosis and ferroptosis therapy. These nanosheets were synthesized with the assistance of dopamine and ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) and the loading of glucose oxidase (GOx). NH4HCO3 could not only provide an alkaline environment for the polymerization of dopamine but also supply carbonates for the growth of nanosheets. The formed nanosheets displayed good acid and near-infrared light responsiveness. After intercellular uptake, they could be degraded to release Cu2+ and GOx, generating hydroxyl radicals through a Cu+-mediated Fenton-like reaction, consuming glucose, up-regulating H2O2 levels, and down-regulating GSH levels. Tumor elimination could be achieved by hydroxyl radical-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis. More amusingly, this synthesis method can be extended to several kinds of mono-element and multi-element carbonate nanomaterials (e.g., Fe, Mn, and Co), showing great potential for further tumor theranostics.

PDA-BPs integrated mussel-inspired multifunctional hydrogel coating on PPENK implants for anti-tumor therapy, antibacterial infection and bone regeneration

Currently, many cancer patients with bone defects are still threatened by tumor recurrence, postoperative bacterial infection, and massive bone loss. Many methods have been studied to endow bone implants with biocompatibility, but it is difficult to find an implant material that can simultaneously solve the problems of anticancer, antibacterial and bone promotion. Here, a multifunctional gelatin methacrylate/dopamine methacrylate adhesive hydrogel coating containing 2D black phosphorus (BP) nanoparticle protected by polydopamine (pBP) is prepared by photocrosslinking to modify the surface of poly (aryl ether nitrile ketone) containing phthalazinone (PPENK) implant. The multifunctional hydrogel coating works in conjunction with pBP, which can deliver drug through photothermal mediation and kill bacteria through photodynamic therapy at the initial phase followed by promotion of osteointegration. In this design, photothermal effect of pBP control the release of doxorubicin hydrochloride loaded via electrostatic attraction. Meanwhile, pBP can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to eliminate bacterial infection under 808 nm laser. In the slow degradation process, pBP not only effectively consumes excess ROS and avoid apoptosis induced by ROS in normal cells, but also degrade into PO₄^3- to promote osteogenesis. In summary, nanocomposite hydrogel coatings provide a promising strategy for treatment of cancer patients with bone defects.

Polydopamine-containing nano-systems for cancer multi-mode diagnoses and therapies: A review

Polydopamine (PDA) has fascinating properties such as inherent biocompatibility, simple preparation, strong near-infrared absorption, high photothermal conversion efficiency, and strong metal ion chelation, which have catalyzed extensive research in PDA-containing multifunctional nano-systems particularly for biomedical applications. Thus, it is imperative to overview synthetic strategies of various PDA-containing nanoparticles (NPs) for state-of-the-art cancer multi-mode diagnoses and therapies applications, and offer a timely and comprehensive summary. In this review, we will focus on the synthetic approaches of PDA NPs, and summarize the construction strategies of PDA-containing NPs with different structure forms. Additionally, the application of PDA-containing NPs in bioimaging such as photoacoustic imaging, fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging and other imaging modalities will be reviewed. We will especially offer an overview of their therapeutic applications in tumor chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, photocatalytic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, radionuclide therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy and combination therapy. At the end, the current trends, limitations and future prospects of PDA-containing nano-systems will be discussed. This review aims to provide guidelines for new scientists in the field of how to design PDA-containing NPs and what has been achieved in this area, while offering comprehensive insights into the potential of PDA-containing nano-systems used in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Emerging 2D pnictogens: a novel multifunctional photonic nanoplatform for cutting-edge precision treatment

The elements of the pnictogen group, known as the 15th (VA) family in the periodic table, including phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) and bismuth (Bi), have been widely used by alchemists to treat various diseases since ancient times and hold a pivotal position in the history of medicine, owing to their diverse pharmacological activities. Recently, with the development of modern nanotechnology, pnictogen group elements appear in a more innovative form, namely two-dimensional (2D) pnictogens (i.e. phosphorene, arsenene, and bismuthene) with a unique layered crystal structure and extraordinary optoelectronic characteristics, which endow them with significant superiority as a novel multifunctional photonic nanoplatform for cutting-edge precision treatment of various diseases. The puckered layer structure with ultralarge surface area make them ideal drug and gene delivery vectors that can avoid degradation and reduce target effects. The anisotropic morphology allows their easier internalization by cells and may improve gene transfection efficiency. Tunable optoelectronic characteristics endow them with excellent phototherapy performance as well as the ability to act as an optical switch to initiate subsequent therapeutic events. This review provides a brief overview of the properties, preparation and surface modifications of 2D pnictogens, and then focuses on its applications in cutting-edge precision treatment as a novel multifunctional photonic nanoplatform, such as phototherapy, photonic medicine, photo-adjuvant immunotherapy and photo-assisted gene therapy. Finally, the challenges and future development trends for 2D pnictogens are provided. With a focus on 2D pnictogen-based multifunctional photonic nanoplatforms, this review may also provide profound insights for the next generation innovative precision therapy.

A General and Efficient Strategy for Gene Delivery Based on Tea Polyphenols Intercalation and Self-Polymerization

Gene therapy that employs therapeutic nucleic acids to modulate gene expression has shown great promise for diseases therapy, and its clinical application relies on the development of effective gene vector. Herein a novel gene delivery strategy by just using natural polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) as raw material is reported. EGCG first intercalates into nucleic acids to yield a complex, which then oxidizes and self-polymerizes to form tea polyphenols nanoparticles (TPNs) for effective nucleic acids encapsulation. This is a general method to load any types of nucleic acids with single or double strands and short or long sequences. Such TPNs-based vector achieves comparable gene loading capacity to commonly used cationic materials, but showing lower cytotoxicity. TPNs can effectively penetrate inside cells, escape from endo/lysosomes, and release nucleic acids in response to intracellular glutathione to exert biological functions. To demonstrate the in vivo application, an anti-caspase-3 small interfering ribonucleic acid is loaded into TPNs to treat concanavalin A-induced acute hepatitis, and excellent therapeutic efficacy is obtained in combination with the intrinsic activities of TPNs vector. This work provides a simple, versatile, and cost-effective gene delivery strategy. Given the biocompatibility and intrinsic biofunctions, this TPNs-based gene vector holds great potential to treat various diseases.

Ultrasound Triggered Tumor Metabolism Suppressor Induces Tumor Starvation for Enhanced Sonodynamic Immunotherapy of Breast Cancer

Introduction

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) as an emerging tumor treatment gained wide attention. However, tumor vascular destruction and oxygen depletion in SDT process may lead to further hypoxia. This may lead to enhanced glycolysis, lactate accumulation, and immunosuppression.

Methods

A glycolysis inhibitor (3PO) loaded and PEG modified black phosphorus nanosheets (BO) is constructed for potent starvation therapy and efficient immune activation.

Results

Under ultrasound irradiation, the BO can produce ROS to destroy tumors and tumor blood vessels and lead to further hypoxia and nutrients block. Then, the released 3PO inhibits tumor glycolysis and prevents the hypoxia-induced glycolysis and lactate accumulation. Both SDT and 3PO can cut off the source of lactic acid, as well as achieve antitumor starvation therapy through the blockade of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply. In addition, the combination of starvation treatment and SDT further facilitates dendritic cells (DC) maturation, promotes antigen presentation by DCs, and eventually propagates the antitumor immunity and inhibition of abscopal tumor growth.

Conclusion

This is the first time that combines SDT with inhibition of glycolysis, achieving admirable tumor treatment and decreasing adverse events caused by SDT process and that has caused good immune activation. Our system provides a new idea for the future design of anti-tumor nanomedicines.

Injectable nano-composite hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid-chitosan derivatives for simultaneous photothermal-chemo therapy of cancer with anti-inflammatory capacity

Nowadays, the photothermal therapy (PTT) has received widespread attention and research by rapidly killing tumors with local high temperature. However, due to the irregular edges of tumor and the blurred boundary between normal and necrotic tissues, the desirable treatment cannot be achieved by the single PTT, and excessive heat will cause serious inflammation in local tissues. Herein, an injectable composite hydrogel is prepared by the oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA) and hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS) via the imine bonds, which is employed as the delivery substrate for functional substances. In the gel medium, the mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA) nanoparticles are incorporated as the high efficiency photothermal agent and a reservoir of DOX, which can achieve the good photothermal conversion performance and pulsed drug release. Besides, the addition of the curcumin-cyclodextrin host-guest inclusion complex (CUR@NH₂-CD) in the composite hydrogel could reduce the inflammation caused by PTT. The composite hydrogel shows favorable the Hepa1-6 tumor inhibition in vivo by virtue of the comprehensive effect of the admired photothermal efficacy of MPDA, chemotherapy of DOX and anti-inflammatory of CUR. It can be predicted that the composite hydrogel has a broad prospect in the field of comprehensive therapy for tumor.

Light-initiated aggregation of gold nanoparticles for synergistic chemo-photothermal tumor therapy

The combination of chemotherapy with photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted extensive attention due to its excellent synergetic effect attributing to the fact that hyperthermia can effectively promote the tumor uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs. Herein, we propose a light-initiated gold nanoparticle (AuNP) aggregation boosting the uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs for enhanced chemo-photothermal tumor therapy. Novel light-responsive AuNPs (tm-AuNPs) were rationally designed and fabricated by conjugating both 2,5-diphenyltetrazole (Tz) and methacrylic acid (Ma) onto the surface of AuNPs with small size (∼20 nm). Upon the irradiation of 405 nm laser, AuNPs could be initiated to form aggregates specifically within tumors through the covalent cycloaddition reaction between Tz and Ma. Taking advantage of the controllable photothermal effect of Au aggregates under NIR excitation, improved enrichment of doxorubicin (DOX) in tumor tissues was realized, combined with PTT, resulting in outstanding synergetic anti-tumor efficacy in living mice. We thus believe that this light-initiated AuNP aggregation approach would offer a valuable and powerful tool for precisely synergistic chemo-photothermal tumor therapy.

Mitochondria-Targeting Pyroptosis Amplifier of Lonidamine-Modified Black Phosphorus Nanosheets for Glioblastoma Treatments

Pyroptosis is accompanied by immunogenic mediators' release and serves as an innovative strategy to reprogram tumor microenvironments. However, damaged mitochondria, the origin of pyroptosis, are frequently eliminated by mitophagy, which will severely impair pyroptosis-elicited immune activation. Herein, black phosphorus nanosheets (BP) are employed as a pyroptosis inducer delivery and mitophagy flux blocking system since the degradation of BP could impair lysosomal function by altering the pH within lysosomes. The pyroptosis inducer of lonidamine (LND) was precoupled with the mitochondrial target moiety of triphenylphosphonium to facilitate the occurrence of pyroptosis. The mitochondria-targeting LND-modified BP (BP_TLD) were further encapsulated into the macrophage membrane to endow the BP_TLD with blood-brain barrier penetration and tumor-targeting capability. The antitumor activities of membrane-encapsulated BP_TLD (M@BP_TLD) were investigated using a murine orthotopic glioblastoma model. The results demonstrated that the engineered nanosystem of M@BP_TLD could target the mitochondria, and induce as well as reinforce pyroptosis via mitophagy flux blocking, thereby boosting the release of immune-activated factors to promote the maturation of dendritic cells. Furthermore, upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, M@BP_TLD induced stronger mitochondrial oxidative stress, which further advanced robust immunogenic pyroptosis in glioblastoma cells. Thus, this study utilized the autophagy flux inhibition and phototherapy performance of BP to amplify LND-mediated pyroptosis, which might greatly contribute to the development of pyroptosis nanomodulators.

Polydopamine surface-modified hyperbranched polymeric nanoparticles for synergistic chemo/photothermal therapy of oral cancer

A novel drug delivery system for the treatment of oral cancer was developed using a facile polydopamine (PDA)-based surface modification and a binding mechanism linking folic acid-targeting ligands. The system was able to achieve the following objectives: loading of chemotherapeutic agents, active targeting, pH responsiveness, and prolonged in vivo blood circulation. DOX-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (DOX/H20-PLA@PDA NPs) were functionalized with amino-poly (ethylene glycol)-folic acid (H₂N-PEG-FA) after coating them with PDA to form the targeting combination, DOX/H20-PLA@PDA-PEG-FA NPs. The novel NPs exhibited drug delivery characteristics similar to DOX/H20-PLA@ PDA NPs. Meanwhile, the incorporated H₂N-PEG-FA contributed to active targeting, as illustrated in cellular uptake assays and animal studies. In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo anti-tumor studies have shown that the novel nanoplatforms exhibit extremely effective therapeutic effects. In conclusion, the multifunctional PDA-modified H20-PLA@PDA-PEG-FA NPs offer a promising chemotherapeutic strategy to improve the treatment of oral cancer.

Sialic acid-targeting multi-functionalized silicon quantum dots for synergistic photodynamic and photothermal cancer therapy

To explore the potential of silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) in combined photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), we engineered the surface of SiQDs with the photosensitizer Ce6 and the tumor-cell-targeting ligand phenylboronic acid (PBA) via polydopamine-mediated chemistry. Upon irradiation with light of specific wavelengths, SiQDs@Ce6/PBA could generate high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and trigger effective photo-to-thermal conversion. PBA-conjugation could not only increase the cellular uptake and transcellular transport capability of nanoparticles, but also enhance their tumor accumulation. In the presence of a 635 nm laser, SiQDs@Ce6/PBA was able to trigger intracellular ROS production, which further altered the mitochondrial membrane potential and promoted apoptosis of tumor cells. Finally, combined PDT/PTT treatments led to synergistically enhanced cancer cell killing and tumor-growth inhibition effects. This study demonstrates the surface engineering of silicon quantum dots for synergistic PDT/PTT cancer therapy.