1
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Lai RY, Wong CK, Stenzel MH. Streamlined Formation and Manipulation of Charged Polymersomes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310202. [PMID: 38822711 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Charged polymersomes are attractive for advanced material applications due to their versatile encapsulation capabilities and charge-induced functionality. Although desirable, the pH-sensitivity of charged block copolymers adds complexity to its self-assembly process, making it challenging to produce charged polymersomes in a reliable manner. In this work, a flow approach to control and strike a delicate balance between solvent composition and pH for self-assembly is used. This allows for the identification of a phase window to reliably produce of charged polymersomes. The utility of this approach to streamline downstream processes, such as morphological transformation or in-line purification is further demonstrated. As proof-of-concept, it is shown that the processed polymersomes can be used for surface modifications facilitated by charge complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Y Lai
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Chin Ken Wong
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, 2052, Australia
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2
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Koball A, Obst F, Gaitzsch J, Voit B, Appelhans D. Boosting Microfluidic Enzymatic Cascade Reactions with pH-Responsive Polymersomes by Spatio-Chemical Activity Control. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400282. [PMID: 38989686 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic flow reactors permit the implementation of sensitive biocatalysts in polymeric environments (e.g., hydrogel dots), mimicking nature through the use of diverse microstructures within defined confinements. However, establishing complex hybrid structures to mimic biological processes and functions under continuous flow with optimal utilization of all components involved in the reaction process represents a significant scientific challenge. To achieve spatial, chemical, and temporal control for any microfluidic application, compartmentalization is required, as well as the unification of different sensitive compartments in the reaction chamber for the microfluidic flow design. This study presents a self-regulating microfluidic system fabricated by a sequential photostructuring process with an intermediate chemical process step to realize pH-sensitive hybrid structures for the fabrication of a microfluidic double chamber reactor for controlled enzymatic cascade reaction (ECR). The key point is the adaptation and retention of the function of pH-responsive horseradish peroxidase-loaded polymersomes in a microfluidic chip under continuous flow. ECR is successfully triggered and controlled by an interplay between glucose oxidase-converted glucose, the membrane state of pH-responsive polymersomes, and other parameters (e.g., flow rate and fluid composition). This study establishes a promising noninvasive regulatory platform for extended spatio-chemical control of current and future ECR and other cascade reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Koball
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie der Polymere, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Obst
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Nöthnitzer Straße 64, D-01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Gaitzsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie der Polymere, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Perin GB, Moreno S, Zhou Y, Günther M, Boye S, Voit B, Felisberti MI, Appelhans D. Construction of Membraneless and Multicompartmentalized Coacervate Protocells Controlling a Cell Metabolism-like Cascade Reaction. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5807-5822. [PMID: 37984848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing attention to designing synthetic protocells, capable of mimicking micrometric and multicompartmental structures and highly complex physicochemical and biological processes with spatiotemporal control. Controlling metabolism-like cascade reactions in coacervate protocells is still challenging since signal transduction has to be involved in sequential and parallelized actions mediated by a pH change. Herein, we report the hierarchical construction of membraneless and multicompartmentalized protocells composed of (i) a cytosol-like scaffold based on complex coacervate droplets stable under flow conditions, (ii) enzyme-active artificial organelles and a substrate nanoreservoir capable of triggering a cascade reaction between them in response to a pH increase, and (iii) a signal transduction component based on the urease enzyme capable of the conversion of an exogenous biological fuel (urea) into an endogenous signal (ammonia and pH increase). Overall, this strategy allows a synergistic communication between their components within the membraneless and multicompartment protocells and, thus, metabolism-like enzymatic cascade reactions. This signal communication is transmitted through a scaffold protocell from an "inactive state" (nonfluorescent protocell) to an "active state" (fluorescent protocell capable of consuming stored metabolites).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni B Perin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yang Zhou
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Günther
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria I Felisberti
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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4
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Sun Q, Shi J, Sun H, Zhu Y, Du J. Membrane and Lumen-Compartmentalized Polymersomes for Biocatalysis and Cell Mimics. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4587-4604. [PMID: 37842883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalization is a crucial feature of a natural cell, manifested in cell membrane and inner lumen. Inspired by the cellular structure, multicompartment polymersomes (MCPs), including membrane-compartmentalized polymersomes and lumen-compartmentalized polymersomes (polymersomes-in-polymersomes), have aroused great expectations for biological applications such as biocatalysis and cell mimics in the past decades. Compared with traditional polymersomes, MCPs have advantages in encapsulating multiple enzymes separately for multistep enzymatic cascade reactions. In this review, first, the design principles and preparation methods of membrane-compartmentalized and lumen-compartmentalized polymersomes are summarized. Next, recent advances of MCPs as nanoreactors and cell mimics to mimic subcellular organelles or artificial cells are discussed. Finally, the future research directions of MCPs are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmei Sun
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Junqiu Shi
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yunqing Zhu
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Jianzhong Du
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
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5
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Wang R, Yu Y, Gai M, Mateos-Maroto A, Morsbach S, Xia X, He M, Fan J, Peng X, Landfester K, Jiang S, Sun W. Liposomal Enzyme Nanoreactors Based on Nanoconfinement for Efficient Antitumor Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308761. [PMID: 37496129 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic reactions can consume endogenous nutrients of tumors and produce cytotoxic species and are therefore promising tools for treating malignant tumors. Inspired by nature where enzymes are compartmentalized in membranes to achieve high reaction efficiency and separate biological processes with the environment, we develop liposomal nanoreactors that can perform enzymatic cascade reactions in the aqueous nanoconfinement of liposomes. The nanoreactors effectively inhibited tumor growth in vivo by consuming tumor nutrients (glucose and oxygen) and producing highly cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH). Co-compartmentalization of glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in liposomes could increase local concentration of the intermediate product hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) as well as the acidity due to the generation of gluconic acid by GOx. Both H2 O2 and acidity accelerate the second-step reaction by HRP, hence improving the overall efficiency of the cascade reaction. The biomimetic compartmentalization of enzymatic tandem reactions in biocompatible liposomes provides a promising direction for developing catalytic nanomedicines in antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yingjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Meiyu Gai
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ana Mateos-Maroto
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Svenja Morsbach
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Maomao He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, No. 26 Yucai Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315016, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, No. 26 Yucai Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315016, China
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6
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Lueckheide M, Marin A, Tagad HD, Posey ND, Prabhu VM, Andrianov AK. Monitoring Protein Complexation with Polyphosphazene Polyelectrolyte Using Automated Dynamic Light Scattering Titration and Asymmetric Flow Field Flow Fractionation and Protein Recognition Immunoassay. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:354-364. [PMID: 37841951 PMCID: PMC10571102 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphazenes represent a class of intrinsically flexible polyelectrolytes with potent immunoadjuvant activity, which is enabled through non-covalent self-assembly with antigenic proteins by charge complexation. The formation of supramolecular complexes between polyphosphazene adjuvant, poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP), and a model vaccine antigen, hen egg lysozyme, was studied under physiological conditions using automated dynamic light scattering titration, asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (AF4), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and fluorescent quenching methods. Three regimes of self-assembly were observed covering complexation of PCPP with lysozyme in the nano-scale range, multi-chain complexes, and larger aggregates with complexes characterized by a maximum loading of over six hundred protein molecules per PCPP chain and dissociation constant in the micromolar range (Kd = 7 × 10-6 mol/L). The antigenicity of PCPP bound lysozyme, when compared to equivalent lysozyme solutions, was largely retained for all complexes, but observed a dramatic reduction for heavily aggregated systems. Routes to control the complexation regimes with elevated NaCl or KCl salt concentrations indicate ion-specific effects, such that more smaller-size complexes are present at higher NaCl, counterintuitive with respect to PCPP solubility arguments. While the order of mixing shows a prominent effect at lower stoichiometries of mixing, higher NaCl salt reduces the effect all together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lueckheide
- Materials
Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Alexander Marin
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Harichandra D. Tagad
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Posey
- Materials
Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Vivek M. Prabhu
- Materials
Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Alexander K. Andrianov
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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7
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Feng M, Niu Z, Xing C, Jin Y, Feng X, Zhang Y, Wang B. Covalent Organic Framework Based Crosslinked Porous Microcapsules for Enzymatic Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306621. [PMID: 37310867 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The design of porous microcapsules with selective mass transfer and mechanical robustness for enzyme encapsulation is highly desired for biocatalysis, yet the construction remains challenging. Herein, we report the facile fabrication of porous microcapsules by assembling covalent organic framework (COF) spheres at the interfaces of emulsion droplets followed by interparticle crosslinking. The COF microcapsules could offer an enclosed aqueous environment for enzymes, with size-selective porous shells that allow for the fast diffusion of substrates and products while excluding larger molecules such as protease. Crosslinking of COF spheres not only enhances the structural stability of capsules but also imparts enrichment effects. The enzymes encased in the COF microcapsules show enhanced activity and durability in organic media as verified in both batch reaction and continuous-flow reaction. The COF microcapsules offer a promising platform for the encapsulation of biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchu Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ziru Niu
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Xing
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yehao Jin
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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8
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Zhu Y, Cao S, Huo M, van Hest JCM, Che H. Recent advances in permeable polymersomes: fabrication, responsiveness, and applications. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7411-7437. [PMID: 37449076 PMCID: PMC10337762 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01707a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymersomes are vesicular nanostructures enclosed by a bilayer-membrane self-assembled from amphiphilic block copolymers, which exhibit higher stability compared with their biological analogues (e.g. liposomes). Due to their versatility, polymersomes have found various applications in different research fields such as drug delivery, nanomedicine, biological nanoreactors, and artificial cells. However, polymersomes prepared with high molecular weight components typically display low permeability to molecules and ions. It hence remains a major challenge to balance the opposing features of robustness and permeability of polymersomes. In this review, we focus on the design and strategies for fabricating permeable polymersomes, including polymersomes with intrinsic permeability, the formation of nanopores in the membrane bilayers by protein insertion, and the construction of stimuli-responsive polymersomes. Then, we highlight the applications of permeable polymersomes in the fields of biomimetic nanoreactors, artificial cells and organelles, and nanomedicine, to underline the challenges in the development of polymersomes as soft matter with biomedical utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineerin, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Meng Huo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Hailong Che
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineerin, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
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9
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Xu X, Moreno S, Boye S, Wang P, Voit B, Appelhans D. Artificial Organelles with Digesting Characteristics: Imitating Simplified Lysosome- and Macrophage-Like Functions by Trypsin-Loaded Polymersomes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207214. [PMID: 37076948 PMCID: PMC10265080 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Defects in cellular protein/enzyme encoding or even in organelles are responsible for many diseases. For instance, dysfunctional lysosome or macrophage activity results in the unwanted accumulation of biomolecules and pathogens implicated in autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a medical treatment that replaces an enzyme that is deficient or absent in the body but suffers from short lifetime of the enzymes. Here, this work proposes the fabrication of two different pH-responsive and crosslinked trypsin-loaded polymersomes as protecting enzyme carriers mimicking artificial organelles (AOs). They allow the enzymatic degradation of biomolecules to mimic simplified lysosomal function at acidic pH and macrophage functions at physiological pH. For optimal working of digesting AOs in different environments, pH and salt composition are considered the key parameters, since they define the permeability of the membrane of the polymersomes and the access of model pathogens to the loaded trypsin. Thus, this work demonstrates environmentally controlled biomolecule digestion by trypsin-loaded polymersomes also under simulated physiological fluids, allowing a prolonged therapeutic window due to protection of the enzyme in the AOs. This enables the application of AOs in the fields of biomimetic therapeutics, specifically in ERT for dysfunctional lysosomal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Xu
- Deaprtment Bioactive and Responsive PolymersLeibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6D‐01069DresdenGermany
- Organic Chemistry of PolymersTechnische Universität DresdenD‐01062DresdenGermany
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Deaprtment Bioactive and Responsive PolymersLeibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6D‐01069DresdenGermany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Center Macromolecular Structure AnalysisLeibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6D‐01069DresdenGermany
| | - Peng Wang
- Deaprtment Bioactive and Responsive PolymersLeibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6D‐01069DresdenGermany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Deaprtment Bioactive and Responsive PolymersLeibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6D‐01069DresdenGermany
- Organic Chemistry of PolymersTechnische Universität DresdenD‐01062DresdenGermany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Deaprtment Bioactive and Responsive PolymersLeibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6D‐01069DresdenGermany
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10
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Lo CH, Zeng J. Application of polymersomes in membrane protein study and drug discovery: Progress, strategies, and perspectives. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10350. [PMID: 36684106 PMCID: PMC9842050 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins (MPs) play key roles in cellular signaling pathways and are responsible for intercellular and intracellular interactions. Dysfunctional MPs are directly related to the pathogenesis of various diseases, and they have been exploited as one of the most sought-after targets in the pharmaceutical industry. However, working with MPs is difficult given that their amphiphilic nature requires protection from biological membrane or membrane mimetics. Polymersomes are bilayered nano-vesicles made of self-assembled block copolymers that have been widely used as cell membrane mimetics for MP reconstitution and in engineering of artificial cells. This review highlights the prevailing trend in the application of polymersomes in MP study and drug discovery. We begin with a review on the techniques for synthesis and characterization of polymersomes as well as methods of MP insertion to form proteopolymersomes. Next, we review the structural and functional analysis of the different types of MPs reconstituted in polymersomes, including membrane transport proteins, MP complexes, and membrane receptors. We then summarize the factors affecting reconstitution efficiency and the quality of reconstituted MPs for structural and functional studies. Additionally, we discuss the potential in using proteopolymersomes as platforms for high-throughput screening (HTS) in drug discovery to identify modulators of MPs. We conclude by providing future perspectives and recommendations on advancing the study of MPs and drug development using proteopolymersomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih Hung Lo
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jialiu Zeng
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of ChemistryBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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11
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Rajabasadi F, Moreno S, Fichna K, Aziz A, Appelhans D, Schmidt OG, Medina-Sánchez M. Multifunctional 4D-Printed Sperm-Hybrid Microcarriers for Assisted Reproduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204257. [PMID: 36189842 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Remotely controllable microrobots are appealing for various biomedical in vivo applications. In particular, in recent years, our group has focused on developing sperm-microcarriers to assist sperm cells with motion deficiencies or low sperm count (two of the most prominent male infertility problems) to reach the oocyte toward in-vivo-assisted fertilization. Different sperm carriers, considering their motion in realistic media and confined environments, have been optimized. However, the already-reported sperm carriers have been mainly designed to transport single sperm cell, with limited functionality. Thus, to take a step forward, here, the development of a 4D-printed multifunctional microcarrier containing soft and smart materials is reported. These microcarriers can not only transport and deliver multiple motile sperm cells, but also release heparin and mediate local enzymatic reactions by hyaluronidase-loaded polymersomes (HYAL-Psomes). These multifunctional facets enable in situ sperm capacitation/hyperactivation, and the local degradation of the cumulus complex that surrounds the oocyte, both to facilitate the sperm-oocyte interaction for the ultimate goal of in vivo assisted fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rajabasadi
- Micro- and NanoBiomedical Engineering Group (MNBE), Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Bioactive and Responsive Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Bioactive and Responsive Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristin Fichna
- Bioactive and Responsive Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Azaam Aziz
- Micro- and NanoBiomedical Engineering Group (MNBE), Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Bioactive and Responsive Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Micro- and NanoBiomedical Engineering Group (MNBE), Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, School of Science, Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- Micro- and NanoBiomedical Engineering Group (MNBE), Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Micro- and NanoSystems, Center for Molecular Bioengineering (B CUBE), Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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12
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Boye S, Muza U, Geisler M, Lederer A. Field-Flow Fractionation: Extended Frontiers to Supramolecular and Complex Polymer Materials. LCGC EUROPE 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.eu.lk4689u6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this extended special feature to celebrate the 35th anniversary edition of LCGC Europe, leading figures from the separation science community explore contemporary trends in separation science and identify possible future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Boye
- Leibniz- Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
| | - Upenyu Muza
- Leibniz- Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
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13
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Chountoulesi M, Perinelli DR, Forys A, Chrysostomou V, Kaminari A, Bonacucina G, Trzebicka B, Pispas S, Demetzos C. Development of stimuli-responsive lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles targeting lysosomes: Physicochemical, morphological and drug release studies. Int J Pharm 2022; 630:122440. [PMID: 36436746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The abilities of sub-cellular targeting and stimuli-responsiveness are critical challenges in pharmaceutical nanotechnology. In the present study, glyceryl monooleate (GMO)-based non-lamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles were stabilized by the poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-b-poly(lauryl methacrylate) block copolymer carrying tri-phenyl-phosphine cations (TPP-QPDMAEMA-b-PLMA), either used alone or in combination with other polymers as co-stabilizers. The systems were designed to perform simultaneously sub-cellular targeting, stimuli-responsiveness and to exhibit stealthiness. The physicochemical characteristics and fractal dimensions of the resultant nanosystems were obtained from light scattering techniques, while their micropolarity and microfluidity from fluorescence spectroscopy. Their morphology was assessed by cryo-TEM, while their thermal behavior by microcalorimetry and high-resolution ultrasound spectroscopy. The analyzed properties, including the responsiveness to pH and temperature, were found to be dependent on the combination of the polymeric stabilizers. The subcellular localization was monitored by confocal microscopy, revealing targeting to lysosomes. Subsequently, resveratrol was loaded into the nanosystems, the entrapment efficiency was investigated and in vitro release studies were carried out at different conditions, in which a stimuli-triggered drug release profile was achieved. In conclusion, the proposed multi-functional nanosystems can be considered as potentially stealth, stimuli-responsive drug delivery nanocarriers, with targeting ability to lysosomes and presenting a stimuli-triggered drug release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chountoulesi
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Diego Romano Perinelli
- School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Aleksander Forys
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Varvara Chrysostomou
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece; Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Archontia Kaminari
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Giulia Bonacucina
- School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Demetzos
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece.
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14
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Meng L, Liao X, Wang Y, Chen L, Gao W, Wang M, Dai H, Yan N, Gao Y, Wu X, Wang K, Liu Q. Pharmacologic therapies of ARDS: From natural herb to nanomedicine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:930593. [PMID: 36386221 PMCID: PMC9651133 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.930593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common critical illness in respiratory care units with a huge public health burden. Despite tremendous advances in the prevention and treatment of ARDS, it remains the main cause of intensive care unit (ICU) management, and the mortality rate of ARDS remains unacceptably high. The poor performance of ARDS is closely related to its heterogeneous clinical syndrome caused by complicated pathophysiology. Based on the different pathophysiology phases, drugs, protective mechanical ventilation, conservative fluid therapy, and other treatment have been developed to serve as the ARDS therapeutic methods. In recent years, there has been a rapid development in nanomedicine, in which nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles have been extensively studied in the treatment of ARDS. This study provides an overview of pharmacologic therapies for ARDS, including conventional drugs, natural medicine therapy, and nanomedicine. Particularly, we discuss the unique mechanism and strength of nanomedicine which may provide great promises in treating ARDS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Meng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
| | - Ximing Liao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
| | - Liangzhi Chen
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
| | - Muyun Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
| | - Huiling Dai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
| | - Na Yan
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yixuan Gao
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Wang, ; Qinghua Liu,
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Wang, ; Qinghua Liu,
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15
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Moreno S, Hübner H, Effenberg C, Boye S, Ramuglia A, Schmitt D, Voit B, Weidinger IM, Gallei M, Appelhans D. Redox- and pH-Responsive Polymersomes with Ferrocene Moieties Exhibiting Peroxidase-like, Chemoenzymatic Activity and H 2O 2-Responsive Release Behavior. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4655-4667. [PMID: 36215725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of compartments for the design of cascade reactions in a local space requires a selective spatiotemporal control. The combination of enzyme-loaded polymersomes with enzymelike units shows a great potential in further refining the diffusion barrier and the type of reactions in nanoreactors. Herein, pH-responsive and ferrocene-containing block copolymers were synthesized to realize pH-stable and multiresponsive polymersomes. Permeable membrane, peroxidase-like behavior induced by the redox-responsive ferrocene moieties and release properties were validated using cyclovoltammetry, dye TMB assay, and rupture of host-guest interactions with β-cyclodextrin, respectively. Due to the incorporation of different block copolymers, the membrane permeability of glucose oxidase-loaded polymersomes was changed by increasing extracellular glucose concentration and in TMB assay, allowing for the chemoenzymatic cascade reaction. This study presents a potent synthetic, multiresponsive nanoreactor platform with tunable (e.g., redox-responsive) membrane properties for potential application in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moreno
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Hanna Hübner
- Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Christiane Effenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Anthony Ramuglia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Deborah Schmitt
- Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Inez M Weidinger
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken C4 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany.,Saarene, Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability, Campus C4 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
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16
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Wang P, Moreno S, Janke A, Boye S, Wang D, Schwarz S, Voit B, Appelhans D. Probing Crowdedness of Artificial Organelles by Clustering Polymersomes for Spatially Controlled and pH-Triggered Enzymatic Reactions. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3648-3662. [PMID: 35981858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most sophisticated biological functions and features of cells are based on self-organization, and the coordination and connection between their cell organelles determines their key functions. Therefore, spatially ordered and controllable self-assembly of polymersomes to construct clusters to simulate complex intracellular biological functions has attracted widespread attention. Here, we present a simple one-step copper-free click strategy to cross-link nanoscale pH-responsive and photo-cross-linked polymersomes (less than 100 nm) to micron-level clusters (more than 90% in 0.5-2 μm range). Various influencing factors in the clustering process and subsequent purification methods were studied to obtain optimal clustered polymeric vesicles. Even when polymeric vesicles separately loaded with different enzymes (glucose oxidase and myoglobin) are coclustered, the overall permeability of the clusters can still be regulated through tuning the pH values on demand. Compared with simple blending of those enzyme-loaded polymersomes, the rate of enzymatic cascade reaction increased significantly due to the interconnected complex microstructure established. The connection of catalytic nanocompartments into clusters confining different enzymes of a cascade reaction provides an excellent platform for the development of artificial systems mimicking natural organelles or cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.,Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Janke
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dishi Wang
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.,Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Simona Schwarz
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.,Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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17
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Chao H, Zhou Z, He W, Li M, Yuan X, Su P, Song J, Yang Y. Template-Free In Situ Encapsulation of Enzymes in Hollow Covalent Organic Framework Capsules for the Electrochemical Analysis of Biomarkers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20641-20651. [PMID: 35481761 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although capsule-like materials as host carriers for enzyme encapsulation have been a hot topic in recent years, creating an ideal microenvironment for enhanced enzymatic performance is still a formidable challenge. Herein, we created a template-free method to in situ encapsulate natural enzymes in hollow covalent organic framework (COF) capsules at room temperature. The COF crystallites migrated from the inner core and self-assembled at the outside walls during the inside-out Ostwald ripening process, retaining the enzymes in the cavity. The adjustable hollow structure of the enzyme@COF capsule allowed the basic vibration of the enzyme to maintain a certain degree of freedom, thus significantly enhancing the enzymatic bioactivity. The hollow enzyme@COF capsule has large mesoporous tunnels allowing the efficient transport. In addition, the enzyme encapsulated in the capsule showed superior activity and ultrahigh stability under various extreme conditions that may lead to enzyme inactivation, such as high temperature, organic solvents, chelates, and the denaturing agent. Finally, the prepared hollow GOx@COF capsule was used for electrochemical sensing of glucose in human serum, and the electrochemical sensor exhibited high selectivity and satisfactory test results. This research not only provides a new way for COFs to encapsulate enzymes but also has potential applications in biocatalysis and biosensing, making artificial organelles possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Zixin Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Wenting He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Ping Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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18
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Aghamolaei M, Landarani-Isfahani A, Bahadori M, Nori ZZ, Rezaei S, Moghadam M, Tangestaninejad S, Mirkhani V, Mohammadpoor-Baltork I. Preparation and characterization of stable core/shell Fe 3O 4@Au decorated with an amine group for immobilization of lipase by covalent attachment. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5971-5977. [PMID: 35424559 PMCID: PMC8982027 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08147k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly approach was used for amine decoration of core/shell Fe3O4@Au with 4-aminothiophenol. This structure was used for covalent immobilization of lipase using a Ugi 4-component reaction. The amine group on the structure and carboxylic group from lipase can react in the Ugi reaction and a firm and stable covalent bond is created between enzyme and support. The synthesized structure was fully characterized and its activity was explored in different situations. The results showed the pH and temperature stability of immobilized lipase compared to free lipase in a wide range of pH and temperature. Also after 60 days, it showed excellent activity while residual activity for the free enzyme was only 10%. The synthesized structure was conveniently separated using an external magnetic field and reused 6 times without losing the activity of the immobilized enzyme. The self-assembly approach was used for amine decoration of core/shell Fe3O4@Au with 4-aminothiophenol.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Aghamolaei
- Catalysis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | | | - Mehrnaz Bahadori
- Catalysis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Zahra Zamani Nori
- Catalysis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Saghar Rezaei
- Catalysis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Majid Moghadam
- Catalysis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | | | - Valiollah Mirkhani
- Catalysis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
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19
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Liu G, Tan J, Cen J, Zhang G, Hu J, Liu S. Oscillating the local milieu of polymersome interiors via single input-regulated bilayer crosslinking and permeability tuning. Nat Commun 2022; 13:585. [PMID: 35102153 PMCID: PMC8803951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique permselectivity of cellular membranes is of crucial importance to maintain intracellular homeostasis while adapting to microenvironmental changes. Although liposomes and polymersomes have been widely engineered to mimic microstructures and functions of cells, it still remains a considerable challenge to synergize the stability and permeability of artificial cells and to imitate local milieu fluctuations. Herein, we report concurrent crosslinking and permeabilizing of pH-responsive polymersomes containing Schiff base moieties within bilayer membranes via enzyme-catalyzed acid production. Notably, this synergistic crosslinking and permeabilizing strategy allows tuning of the mesh sizes of the crosslinked bilayers with subnanometer precision, showing discriminative permeability toward maltooligosaccharides with molecular sizes of ~1.4-2.6 nm. The permselectivity of bilayer membranes enables intravesicular pH oscillation, fueled by a single input of glucose. This intravesicular pH oscillation can further drive the dissipative self-assembly of pH-sensitive dipeptides. Moreover, the permeabilization of polymersomes can be regulated by intracellular pH gradient as well, enabling the controlled release of encapsulated payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guhuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiajia Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Cen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Shiyong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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20
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Kaupbayeva B, Murata H, Matyjaszewski K, Russell AJ, Boye S, Lederer A. A comprehensive analysis in one run - in-depth conformation studies of protein-polymer chimeras by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13848-13856. [PMID: 34760170 PMCID: PMC8549772 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03033g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer-based protein engineering has enabled the synthesis of a variety of protein-polymer conjugates that are widely applicable in therapeutic, diagnostic and biotechnological industries. Accurate characterizations of physical-chemical properties, in particular, molar masses, sizes, composition and their dispersities are critical parameters that determine the functionality and conformation of protein-polymer conjugates and are important for creating reproducible manufacturing processes. Most of the current characterization techniques suffer from fundamental limitations and do not provide an accurate understanding of a sample's true nature. In this paper, we demonstrate the advantage of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled with multiple detectors for the characterization of a library of complex, zwitterionic and neutral protein-polymer conjugates. This method allows for determination of intrinsic physical properties of protein-polymer chimeras from a single, rapid measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibifatima Kaupbayeva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Alan J Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Susanne Boye
- Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 Dresden 01069 Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 Dresden 01069 Germany
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
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21
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Huang J, Li C, Gao Y, Cai Y, Guo X, Cohen Stuart MA, Wang J. Dendrimer-Based Polyion Complex Vesicles: Loops Make Loose. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100594. [PMID: 34699665 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Associations of amphiphiles assume their various morphologies according to the so-called packing parameter under thermodynamic control. However, one may raise the question of whether polymers can always relax fast enough to obey thermodynamic control, and how this may be checked. Here, a case of polyion complex (PIC) assemblies where the morphology appears to be subject to kinetic control is discussed. Poly (ethylene oxide)-b-(styrene sulfonate) block copolymers are combined with cationic PAMAM dendrimers of various generations (2-7). The PEO-PSS diblocks, and the corresponding PSS-PEO-PSS triblocks should have nearly identical packing parameters, but surprisingly creat different assemblies, namely core-shell micelles and vesicles, respectively. Moreover, the micelles are very stable against added salt, whereas the vesicles are not only much more sensitive to added salt, but also appear to exchange matter on relevant time scales. The small and largely quenched early-stage precursor complexes are responsible for the morphological and dynamic differences, implying that kinetic control may also be a way to obtain particles with well-defined and useful properties. The exciting new finding that triblocks produce more "active" vesicles will hopefully trigger the exploration of more pathways, and so learn how to tune PICsomes toward specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chendan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ying Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xuhong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Martien A Cohen Stuart
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Junyou Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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22
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Zhang X, Huang Q, Wang F, Sun H, Xiao J, Cornel EJ, Zhu Y, Du J. Giant Polymer Vesicles with a Latticelike Membrane. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1015-1022. [PMID: 35549122 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical self-assembly offers great possibilities to mimic biological systems with finely arranged complex structures. Herein, we demonstrate the preparation and formation mechanism of an unusual giant polymer vesicle with a latticelike membrane (GVLM). This GVLM is formed by fusion-induced particle assembly (FIPA) of small vesicles that are self-assembled from poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly[(2-(tetrahydrofuranyloxy)ethyl methacrylate)-stat-(6-(3,3-diphenylnaphthopyranyloxy)hexyl methacrylate)] [PEO43-b-P(TMA22-stat-NMA4)]. Flexible TMA units with high chain mobility and relatively rigid NMA units with intrinsic π-π stacking form the hydrophobic block. These units act as "antifusion" and "profusion" components, respectively. The latticelike membrane of the final GVLM consists of hundreds of small polymer vesicles that are interconnected via multiple interactions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies show that the diameter of the GVLMs is 800-1000 nm. Overall, we provide a new insight into the judicious preparation of hierarchical nanostructures via chemical synthesis and FIPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Qiutong Huang
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Fangyingkai Wang
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Jiangang Xiao
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Erik Jan Cornel
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Yunqing Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Jianzhong Du
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
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23
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Wang D, Moreno S, Boye S, Voit B, Appelhans D. Detection of subtle extracellular glucose changes by artificial organelles in protocells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8019-8022. [PMID: 34287435 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03422g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Feedback-controlled detection of subtle changes of extracellular biomolecules as known from cells is also needed in protocells. Artificial organelles, located in protocells, detect the small variation in pH which is triggered by different amounts of invading glucose, converted by glucose-oxidase into gluconic acid. The approach paves the way for using pH fluctuations-detecting artificial organelles in the lumen of protocells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dishi Wang
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
- Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
- Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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24
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Moreno S, Boye S, Ajeilat HGA, Michen S, Tietze S, Voit B, Lederer A, Temme A, Appelhans D. Multivalent Protein-Loaded pH-Stable Polymersomes: First Step toward Protein Targeted Therapeutics. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100102. [PMID: 34355506 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic platforms for mimicking artificial organelles or for designing multivalent protein therapeutics for targeting cell surface, extracellular matrix, and tissues are in the focus of this study. Furthermore, the availability of a multi-functionalized and stimuli-responsive carrier system is required that can be used for sequential in situ and/or post loading of different proteins combined with post-functionalization steps. Until now, polymersomes exhibit excellent key characteristics to fulfill those requirements, which allow specific transport of proteins and the integration of proteins in different locations of polymeric vesicles. Herein, different approaches to fabricate multivalent protein-loaded, pH-responsive, and pH-stable polymersomes are shown, where a combination of therapeutic action and targeting can be achieved, by first choosing two model proteins such as human serum albumin and avidin. Validation of the molecular parameters of the multivalent biohybrids is performed by dynamic light scattering, cryo-TEM, fluorescence spectroscopy, and asymmetrical flow-field flow fractionation combined with light scattering techniques. To demonstrate targeting functions of protein-loaded polymersomes, avidin post-functionalized polymersomes are used for the molecular recognition of biotinylated cell surface receptors. These versatile protein-loaded polymersomes present new opportunities for designing sophisticated biomolecular nanoobjects in the field of (extracellular matrix) protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moreno
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Michen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery/Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tietze
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery/Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Achim Temme
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery/Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
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25
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Wang X, Moreno S, Boye S, Wang P, Liu X, Lederer A, Voit B, Appelhans D. Artificial Organelles with Orthogonal-Responsive Membranes for Protocell Systems: Probing the Intrinsic and Sequential Docking and Diffusion of Cargo into Two Coexisting Avidin-Polymersomes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004263. [PMID: 34105298 PMCID: PMC8188225 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The challenge of effective integration and use of artificial organelles with orthogonal-responsive membranes and their communication in eukaryotic protocells is to understand the intrinsic membrane characteristics. Here, a novel photo-crosslinked and pH-responsive polymersome (Psome B) with 2-(N,N'-diisopropylamino)ethyl units in the membrane and its respective Avidin-Psome B hybrids, are reported as good candidates for artificial organelles. Biotinylated (macro)molecules are able to dock and diffuse into Avidin-Psome B to carry out biological activity in a pH- and size-dependent manner. Combined with another polymersome (Psome A) with 2-(N,N'-diethylamino)ethyl units in the membrane, two different pH-responsive polymersomes for mimicking different organelles in one protocell system are reported. The different intrinsic docking and diffusion processes of cargo (macro)molecules through the membranes of coexisting Psome A and B are pH-dependent as confirmed using pH titration-dynamic light scattering (DLS). Psome A and B show separated "open", "closing/opening", and "closed" states at various pH ranges with different membrane permeability. The results pave the way for the construction of multicompartmentalized protocells with controlled communications between different artificial organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Wang
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6Dresden01069Germany
- Organic Chemistry of PolymersTechnische Universität DresdenDresden01062Germany
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6Dresden01069Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6Dresden01069Germany
| | - Peng Wang
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6Dresden01069Germany
- Organic Chemistry of PolymersTechnische Universität DresdenDresden01062Germany
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065P. R. China
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6Dresden01069Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceStellenbosch UniversityMatieland7602South Africa
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6Dresden01069Germany
- Organic Chemistry of PolymersTechnische Universität DresdenDresden01062Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6Dresden01069Germany
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26
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Li X, Zhao X, Lv R, Hao L, Huo F, Yao X. Polymeric Nanoreactors as Emerging Nanoplatforms for Cancer Precise Nanomedicine. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000424. [PMID: 33811465 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
How to precisely detect and effectively cure cancer which is defined as precise nanomedicine has drawn great attention worldwide. Polymeric nanoreactors which can in situ catalyze inert species into activated ones, can greatly increase imaging quality and enhance therapeutic effects along with decreased background interference and reduced serious side effects. After a brief introduction, the design and preparation of polymeric nanoreactors are discussed from the following aspects, that is, solvent-switch, pH-tuning, film rehydration, hard template, electrostatic interaction, and polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Subsequently, the biomedical applications of these nanoreactors in the fields of cancer imaging, cancer therapy, and cancer theranostics are highlighted. The last but not least, conclusions and future perspectives about polymeric nanoreactors are given. It is believed that polymeric nanoreactors can bring a great opportunity for future fabrication and clinical translation of precise nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Runkai Lv
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Linhui Hao
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Fengwei Huo
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xikuang Yao
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
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27
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Quattrini F, Berrecoso G, Crecente-Campo J, Alonso MJ. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation as a multifunctional technique for the characterization of polymeric nanocarriers. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:373-395. [PMID: 33521866 PMCID: PMC7987708 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The importance of polymeric nanocarriers in the field of drug delivery is ever-increasing, and the accurate characterization of their properties is paramount to understand and predict their behavior. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a fractionation technique that has gained considerable attention for its gentle separation conditions, broad working range, and versatility. AF4 can be hyphenated to a plurality of concentration and size detectors, thus permitting the analysis of the multifunctionality of nanomaterials. Despite this potential, the practical information that can be retrieved by AF4 and its possible applications are still rather unfamiliar to the pharmaceutical scientist. This review was conceived as a primer that clearly states the "do's and don'ts" about AF4 applied to the characterization of polymeric nanocarriers. Aside from size characterization, AF4 can be beneficial during formulation optimization, for drug loading and drug release determination and for the study of interactions among biomaterials. It will focus mainly on the advances made in the last 5 years, as well as indicating the problematics on the consensus, which have not been reached yet. Methodological recommendations for several case studies will be also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Quattrini
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Singular Research Centers, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Germán Berrecoso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Singular Research Centers, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), IDIS Research Institute, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Crecente-Campo
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Singular Research Centers, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), IDIS Research Institute, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - María José Alonso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Singular Research Centers, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), IDIS Research Institute, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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28
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Kaupbayeva B, Boye S, Munasinghe A, Murata H, Matyjaszewski K, Lederer A, Colina CM, Russell AJ. Molecular Dynamics-Guided Design of a Functional Protein-ATRP Conjugate That Eliminates Protein-Protein Interactions. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:821-832. [PMID: 33784809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Even the most advanced protein-polymer conjugate therapeutics do not eliminate antibody-protein and receptor-protein recognition. Next-generation bioconjugate drugs will need to replace stochastic selection with rational design to select desirable levels of protein-protein interaction while retaining function. The "Holy Grail" for rational design would be to generate functional enzymes that are fully catalytic with small molecule substrates while eliminating interaction between the protein surface and larger molecules. Using chymotrypsin, an important enzyme that is used to treat pancreatic insufficiency, we have designed a series of molecular chimeras with varied grafting densities and shapes. Guided by molecular dynamic simulations and next-generation molecular chimera characterization with asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation chromatography, we grew linear, branched, and comb-shaped architectures from the surface of the protein by atom-transfer radical polymerization. Comb-shaped polymers, grafted from the surface of chymotrypsin, completely prevented enzyme inhibition with protein inhibitors without sacrificing the ability of the enzyme to catalyze the hydrolysis of a peptide substrate. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation coupled with multiangle laser light scattering including dynamic light scattering showed that nanoarmor designed with comb-shaped polymers was particularly compact and spherical. The polymer structure significantly increased protein stability and reduced protein-protein interactions. Atomistic molecular dynamic simulations predicted that a dense nanoarmor with long-armed comb-shaped polymer would act as an almost perfect molecular sieve to filter large ligands from substrates. Surprisingly, a conjugate that was composed of 99% polymer was needed before the elimination of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibifatima Kaupbayeva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Aravinda Munasinghe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.,Stellenbosch University, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Coray M Colina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Alan J Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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29
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Geervliet E, Moreno S, Baiamonte L, Booijink R, Boye S, Wang P, Voit B, Lederer A, Appelhans D, Bansal R. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 decorated polymersomes, a surface-active extracellular matrix therapeutic, potentiates collagen degradation and attenuates early liver fibrosis. J Control Release 2021; 332:594-607. [PMID: 33737203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis affects millions of people worldwide and is rising vastly over the past decades. With no viable therapies available, liver transplantation is the only curative treatment for advanced diseased patients. Excessive accumulation of aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, mostly collagens, produced by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), is a hallmark of liver fibrosis. Several studies have suggested an inverse correlation between collagen-I degrading matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) serum levels and liver fibrosis progression highlighting reduced MMP-1 levels are associated with poor disease prognosis in patients with liver fibrosis. We hypothesized that delivery of MMP-1 might potentiate collagen degradation and attenuate fibrosis development. In this study, we report a novel approach for the delivery of MMP-1 using MMP-1 decorated polymersomes (MMPsomes), as a surface-active vesicle-based ECM therapeutic, for the treatment of liver fibrosis. The storage-stable and enzymatically active MMPsomes were fabricated by a post-loading of Psomes with MMP-1. MMPsomes were extensively characterized for the physicochemical properties, MMP-1 surface localization, stability, enzymatic activity, and biological effects. Dose-dependent effects of MMP-1, and effects of MMPsomes versus MMP-1, empty polymersomes (Psomes) and MMP-1 + Psomes on gene and protein expression of collagen-I, MMP-1/TIMP-1 ratio, migration and cell viability were examined in TGFβ-activated human HSCs. Finally, the therapeutic effects of MMPsomes, compared to MMP-1, were evaluated in vivo in carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced early liver fibrosis mouse model. MMPsomes exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, MMP-1 surface localization and improved therapeutic efficacy in TGFβ-activated human HSCs in vitro. In CCl4-induced early liver fibrosis mouse model, MMPsomes inhibited intra-hepatic collagen-I (ECM marker, indicating early liver fibrosis) and F4/80 (marker for macrophages, indicating liver inflammation) expression. In conclusion, our results demonstrate an innovative approach of MMP-1 delivery, using surface-decorated MMPsomes, for alleviating liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Geervliet
- Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell Biophysics, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Luca Baiamonte
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Richell Booijink
- Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell Biophysics, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peng Wang
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Organic Chemistry of Polymers, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Organic Chemistry of Polymers, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell Biophysics, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands.
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30
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Chidanguro T, Simon YC. Bent out of shape: towards non‐spherical polymersome morphologies. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamuka Chidanguro
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS USA
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS USA
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31
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Wen P, Wang X, Moreno S, Boye S, Voigt D, Voit B, Huang X, Appelhans D. Construction of Eukaryotic Cell Biomimetics: Hierarchical Polymersomes-in-Proteinosome Multicompartment with Enzymatic Reactions Modulated Protein Transportation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005749. [PMID: 33373089 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell is a smart compartment containing an outer permeable membrane, a cytoskeleton, and functional organelles, presenting part structures for life. The integration of membrane-containing artificial organelles (=polymersomes) into a large microcompartment is a key step towards the establishment of exquisite cellular biomimetics with different membrane properties. Herein, an efficient way to construct a hierarchical multicompartment composed of a hydrogel-filled proteinosome hybrid structure with an outer homogeneous membrane, a smart cytoskeleton-like scaffold, and polymersomes is designed. Specially, this hybrid structure creates a micro-environment for pH-responsive polymersomes to execute a desired substance transport upon response to biological stimuli. Within the dynamic pH-stable skeleton of the protein hydrogels, polymersomes with loaded PEGylated insulin biomacromolecules demonstrate a pH-responsive reversible swelling-deswelling and a desirable, on-demand cargo release which is induced by the enzymatic oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid. This stimulus responsive behavior is realized by tunable on/off states through protonation of the polymersomes membrane under the enzymatic reaction of glucose oxidase, integrated in the skeleton of protein hydrogels. The integration of polymersomes-based hybrid structure into the proteinosome compartment and the stimuli-response on enzyme reactions fulfills the requirements of eukaryotic cell biomimetics in complex architectures and allows mimicking cellular transportation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wen
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Xueyi Wang
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dagmar Voigt
- Institute for Botany, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xin Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
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Miller A, Pearce AK, Foster JC, O’Reilly RK. Probing and Tuning the Permeability of Polymersomes. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:30-38. [PMID: 33532567 PMCID: PMC7844851 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes are a class of synthetic vesicles composed of a polymer membrane surrounding an aqueous inner cavity. In addition to their overall size, the thickness and composition of polymersome membranes determine the range of potential applications in which they can be employed. While synthetic polymer chemists have made great strides in controlling polymersome membrane parameters, measurement of their permeability to various analytes including gases, ions, organic molecules, and macromolecules remains a significant challenge. In this Outlook, we compare the general methods that have been developed to quantify polymersome membrane permeability, focusing in particular on their capability to accurately measure analyte flux. In addition, we briefly highlight strategies to control membrane permeability. Based on these learnings, we propose a set of criteria for designing future methods of quantifying membrane permeability such that the passage of a variety of molecules into and out of their lumens can be better understood.
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Lathwal S, Yerneni SS, Boye S, Muza UL, Takahashi S, Sugimoto N, Lederer A, Das SR, Campbell PG, Matyjaszewski K. Engineering exosome polymer hybrids by atom transfer radical polymerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020241118. [PMID: 33384328 PMCID: PMC7812758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020241118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are emerging as ideal drug delivery vehicles due to their biological origin and ability to transfer cargo between cells. However, rapid clearance of exogenous exosomes from the circulation as well as aggregation of exosomes and shedding of surface proteins during storage limit their clinical translation. Here, we demonstrate highly controlled and reversible functionalization of exosome surfaces with well-defined polymers that modulate the exosome's physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Using cholesterol-modified DNA tethers and complementary DNA block copolymers, exosome surfaces were engineered with different biocompatible polymers. Additionally, polymers were directly grafted from the exosome surface using biocompatible photo-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). These exosome polymer hybrids (EPHs) exhibited enhanced stability under various storage conditions and in the presence of proteolytic enzymes. Tuning of the polymer length and surface loading allowed precise control over exosome surface interactions, cellular uptake, and preserved bioactivity. EPHs show fourfold higher blood circulation time without altering tissue distribution profiles. Our results highlight the potential of precise nanoengineering of exosomes toward developing advanced drug and therapeutic delivery systems using modern ATRP methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- The Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | - Susanne Boye
- Polymer Separation Group, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Upenyu L Muza
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Shuntaro Takahashi
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research, Konan University, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Sugimoto
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research, Konan University, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Konan University, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
| | - Albena Lederer
- Polymer Separation Group, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Subha R Das
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
- The Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Phil G Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
- Engineering Research Accelerator, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Rifaie‐Graham O, Galensowske NFB, Dean C, Pollard J, Balog S, Gouveia MG, Chami M, Vian A, Amstad E, Lattuada M, Bruns N. Shear Stress-Responsive Polymersome Nanoreactors Inspired by the Marine Bioluminescence of Dinoflagellates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:904-909. [PMID: 32961006 PMCID: PMC7839717 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Some marine plankton called dinoflagellates emit light in response to the movement of surrounding water, resulting in a phenomenon called milky seas or sea sparkle. The underlying concept, a shear-stress induced permeabilisation of biocatalytic reaction compartments, is transferred to polymer-based nanoreactors. Amphiphilic block copolymers that carry nucleobases in their hydrophobic block are self-assembled into polymersomes. The membrane of the vesicles can be transiently switched between an impermeable and a semipermeable state by shear forces occurring in flow or during turbulent mixing of polymersome dispersions. Nucleobase pairs in the hydrophobic leaflet separate when mechanical force is applied, exposing their hydrogen bonding motifs and therefore making the membrane less hydrophobic and more permeable for water soluble compounds. This polarity switch is used to release payload of the polymersomes on demand, and to activate biocatalytic reactions in the interior of the polymersomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rifaie‐Graham
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700FribourgSwitzerland
- Current address: Department of Materials and Department of BioengineeringInstitute of Biomedical EngineeringImperial College LondonExhibition RoadLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | | | - Charlie Dean
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Jonas Pollard
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Micael G. Gouveia
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeThomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Mohamed Chami
- BioEM labCenter of Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C-CINA)BiozentrumUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 264058BaselSwitzerland
| | - Antoine Vian
- Soft Materials LaboratoryInstitute of MaterialsÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMX-SMALMXC 231 Station 121015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Esther Amstad
- Soft Materials LaboratoryInstitute of MaterialsÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMX-SMALMXC 231 Station 121015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FribourgChemin du Musée 91700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700FribourgSwitzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeThomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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Zhou K, Tian T, Wang C, Zhao H, Gao N, Yin H, Wang P, Ravoo BJ, Li G. Multifunctional Integrated Compartment Systems for Incompatible Cascade Reactions Based on Onion-Like Photonic Spheres. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20605-20615. [PMID: 33245854 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the central aims of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering is to mimic the integrality of eukaryotic cells to construct a multifunctional compartment system to perform multistep incompatible cascade reactions in a one-pot, controlled, and selective fashion. The key challenge is how to address the coexistence of antagonistic reagents and to incorporate these functionalities into an integrated system in a smart and efficient way. A novel strategy called "iterative etching-grafting" is proposed here based on monodispersed photonic spheres (PSs) prepared by microfluidics, which constructs a universal platform for incompatible cascade reactions. As a proof of concept, we spatiotemporally regulated the degree of etching of PSs, then grafted precursory groups of acid and base onto PSs, and incorporated a photocleavage method, which were capable of compartmentalizing the acid and base inside PSs. Utilizing the band-gap offsets of PSs could track the progress of cascade reactions in situ, and grafting various charged polymers on the surface of the pores by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) achieved the selectivity of the substrates, which flexibly constructed a multifunctional and integrated acid-base photonic multicompartment system (PMCS). The created PMCS shows excellent catalytic performance, convenient monitoring, and efficient substrate selectivity in the deacetalization-Knoevenagel cascade reaction. Furthermore, two types of electrophile/nucleophile PMCSs have also been accessibly constructed, demonstrating the facile generation of other incompatible systems with the versatility as well as the advancement and extensibility of the developed strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ning Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Guangtao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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36
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Rifaie‐Graham O, Galensowske NFB, Dean C, Pollard J, Balog S, Gouveia MG, Chami M, Vian A, Amstad E, Lattuada M, Bruns N. Shear Stress‐Responsive Polymersome Nanoreactors Inspired by the Marine Bioluminescence of Dinoflagellates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rifaie‐Graham
- Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
- Current address: Department of Materials and Department of Bioengineering Institute of Biomedical Engineering Imperial College London Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
| | | | - Charlie Dean
- Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Jonas Pollard
- Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Micael G. Gouveia
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Mohamed Chami
- BioEM lab Center of Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (C-CINA) Biozentrum University of Basel Mattenstrasse 26 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Antoine Vian
- Soft Materials Laboratory Institute of Materials École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMX-SMAL MXC 231 Station 12 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Esther Amstad
- Soft Materials Laboratory Institute of Materials École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IMX-SMAL MXC 231 Station 12 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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Moreno S, Boye S, Lederer A, Falanga A, Galdiero S, Lecommandoux S, Voit B, Appelhans D. Avidin Localizations in pH-Responsive Polymersomes for Probing the Docking of Biotinylated (Macro)molecules in the Membrane and Lumen. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:5162-5172. [PMID: 33180486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To mimic organelles and cells and to construct next-generation therapeutics, asymmetric functionalization and location of proteins for artificial vesicles is thoroughly needed to emphasize the complex interplay of biological units and systems through spatially separated and spatiotemporal controlled actions, release, and communications. For the challenge of vesicle (= polymersome) construction, the membrane permeability and the location of the cargo are important key characteristics that determine their potential applications. Herein, an in situ and post loading process of avidin in pH-responsive and photo-cross-linked polymersomes is developed and characterized. First, loading efficiency, main location (inside, lumen, outside), and release of avidin under different conditions have been validated, including the pH-stable presence of avidin in polymersomes' membrane outside and inside. This advantageous approach allows us to selectively functionalize the outer and inner membranes as well as the lumen with several bio(macro)molecules, generally suited for the construction of asymmetrically functionalized artificial organelles. In addition, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect was used to study the permeability or uptake of the polymersome membrane against a broad range of biotinylated (macro)molecules (different typology, sizes, and shapes) under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moreno
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Annarita Falanga
- Department of Pharmacy, CiRPEB, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, CiRPEB, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Sébastien Lecommandoux
- Universite de Bordeaux, ENSCPB, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac, Cedex, France.,CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymeres Organiques, UMR, 5629 Pessac, France
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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38
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Nghiem TL, Coban D, Tjaberings S, Gröschel AH. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Application of Polymer Compartments for Catalysis. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2190. [PMID: 32987965 PMCID: PMC7600123 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalysis is one of the most important processes in nature, science, and technology, that enables the energy efficient synthesis of essential organic compounds, pharmaceutically active substances, and molecular energy sources. In nature, catalytic reactions typically occur in aqueous environments involving multiple catalytic sites. To prevent the deactivation of catalysts in water or avoid unwanted cross-reactions, catalysts are often site-isolated in nanopockets or separately stored in compartments. These concepts have inspired the design of a range of synthetic nanoreactors that allow otherwise unfeasible catalytic reactions in aqueous environments. Since the field of nanoreactors is evolving rapidly, we here summarize-from a personal perspective-prominent and recent examples for polymer nanoreactors with emphasis on their synthesis and their ability to catalyze reactions in dispersion. Examples comprise the incorporation of catalytic sites into hydrophobic nanodomains of single chain polymer nanoparticles, molecular polymer nanoparticles, and block copolymer micelles and vesicles. We focus on catalytic reactions mediated by transition metal and organocatalysts, and the separate storage of multiple catalysts for one-pot cascade reactions. Efforts devoted to the field of nanoreactors are relevant for catalytic chemistry and nanotechnology, as well as the synthesis of pharmaceutical and natural compounds. Optimized nanoreactors will aid in the development of more potent catalytic systems for green and fast reaction sequences contributing to sustainable chemistry by reducing waste of solvents, reagents, and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - André H. Gröschel
- Physical Chemistry and Centre for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (T.-L.N.); (D.C.); (S.T.)
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Moreno S, Sharan P, Engelke J, Gumz H, Boye S, Oertel U, Wang P, Banerjee S, Klajn R, Voit B, Lederer A, Appelhans D. Light-Driven Proton Transfer for Cyclic and Temporal Switching of Enzymatic Nanoreactors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002135. [PMID: 32783385 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Temporal activation of biological processes by visible light and subsequent return to an inactive state in the absence of light is an essential characteristic of photoreceptor cells. Inspired by these phenomena, light-responsive materials are very attractive due to the high spatiotemporal control of light irradiation, with light being able to precisely orchestrate processes repeatedly over many cycles. Herein, it is reported that light-driven proton transfer triggered by a merocyanine-based photoacid can be used to modulate the permeability of pH-responsive polymersomes through cyclic, temporally controlled protonation and deprotonation of the polymersome membrane. The membranes can undergo repeated light-driven swelling-contraction cycles without losing functional effectiveness. When applied to enzyme loaded-nanoreactors, this membrane responsiveness is used for the reversible control of enzymatic reactions. This combination of the merocyanine-based photoacid and pH-switchable nanoreactors results in rapidly responding and versatile supramolecular systems successfully used to switch enzymatic reactions ON and OFF on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moreno
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Priyanka Sharan
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Johanna Engelke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Hannes Gumz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Ulrich Oertel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Peng Wang
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Susanta Banerjee
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden, 01069, Germany
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40
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The chemistry of cross-linked polymeric vesicles and their functionalization towards biocatalytic nanoreactors. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04681-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSelf-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers into polymersomes continues to be a hot topic in modern research on biomimetics. Their well-known and valued mechanical strength can be increased even further if they are cross-linked. These additional bonds prevent a collapse or disassembly of the polymersomes and open the way towards smart nanoreactors. A variety of chemistries have been applied to obtain the desired cross-linked polymersomes, and therefore, the chemical approaches performed over time will be highlighted in this mini-review. Due to the large number of studies, a selected set of photo-cross-linked and pH-sensitive polymersomes will be specifically highlighted. This system has proven to be a very potent candidate for the formation of nanoreactors and drug delivery systems, and even for the formation of functional multicompartment cell mimics.
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41
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Zartner L, Muthwill MS, Dinu IA, Schoenenberger CA, Palivan CG. The rise of bio-inspired polymer compartments responding to pathology-related signals. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6252-6270. [PMID: 32452509 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00475h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Self-organized nano- and microscale polymer compartments such as polymersomes, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), polyion complex vesicles (PICsomes) and layer-by-layer (LbL) capsules have increasing potential in many sensing applications. Besides modifying the physicochemical properties of the corresponding polymer building blocks, the versatility of these compartments can be markedly expanded by biomolecules that endow the nanomaterials with specific molecular and cellular functions. In this review, we focus on polymer-based compartments that preserve their structure, and highlight the key role they play in the field of medical diagnostics: first, the self-assembling abilities that result in preferred architectures are presented for a broad range of polymers. In the following, we describe different strategies for sensing disease-related signals (pH-change, reductive conditions, and presence of ions or biomolecules) by polymer compartments that exhibit stimuli-responsiveness. In particular, we distinguish between the stimulus-sensitivity contributed by the polymer itself or by additional compounds embedded in the compartments in different sensing systems. We then address necessary properties of sensing polymeric compartments, such as the enhancement of their stability and biocompatibility, or the targeting ability, that open up new perspectives for diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Zartner
- Chemistry Department, University of Basel, Mattenstr. 24a, BPR1096, Basel, Switzerland.
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Ma Q, Song Y, Sun W, Cao J, Yuan H, Wang X, Sun Y, Shum HC. Cell-Inspired All-Aqueous Microfluidics: From Intracellular Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation toward Advanced Biomaterials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903359. [PMID: 32274317 PMCID: PMC7141073 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Living cells have evolved over billions of years to develop structural and functional complexity with numerous intracellular compartments that are formed due to liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Discovery of the amazing and vital roles of cells in life has sparked tremendous efforts to investigate and replicate the intracellular LLPS. Among them, all-aqueous emulsions are a minimalistic liquid model that recapitulates the structural and functional features of membraneless organelles and protocells. Here, an emerging all-aqueous microfluidic technology derived from micrometer-scaled manipulation of LLPS is presented; the technology enables the state-of-art design of advanced biomaterials with exquisite structural proficiency and diversified biological functions. Moreover, a variety of emerging biomedical applications, including encapsulation and delivery of bioactive gradients, fabrication of artificial membraneless organelles, as well as printing and assembly of predesigned cell patterns and living tissues, are inspired by their cellular counterparts. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for further advancing the cell-inspired all-aqueous microfluidics toward a more powerful and versatile platform are discussed, particularly regarding new opportunities in multidisciplinary fundamental research and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Ma
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyQingdao UniversityQingdao266021China
| | - Yang Song
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology & Emory School of MedicineAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Wentao Sun
- Center for Basic Medical ResearchTEDA International Cardiovascular HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjin300457China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyQingdao UniversityQingdao266021China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Institute of Applied MechanicsNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Institute of Thermal Science and TechnologyShandong UniversityJinan250061China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyQingdao UniversityQingdao266021China
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong Kong
- HKU‐Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU‐SIRI)Shenzhen518000China
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Ai Y, Xie R, Xiong J, Liang Q. Microfluidics for Biosynthesizing: from Droplets and Vesicles to Artificial Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903940. [PMID: 31603270 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of artificial biomimetic materials has attracted abundant attention. As one of the subcategories of biomimetic materials, artificial cells are highly significant for multiple disciplines and their synthesis has been intensively pursued. In order to manufacture robust "alive" artificial cells with high throughput, easy operation, and precise control, flexible microfluidic techniques are widely utilized. Herein, recent advances in microfluidic-based methods for the synthesis of droplets, vesicles, and artificial cells are summarized. First, the advances of droplet fabrication and manipulation on the T-junction, flow-focusing, and coflowing microfluidic devices are discussed. Then, the formation of unicompartmental and multicompartmental vesicles based on microfluidics are summarized. Furthermore, the engineering of droplet-based and vesicle-based artificial cells by microfluidics is also reviewed. Moreover, the artificial cells applied for imitating cell behavior and acting as bioreactors for synthetic biology are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future trends in microfluidic-based artificial cells are discussed. This review should be helpful for researchers in the fields of microfluidics, biomaterial fabrication, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Ai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ruoxiao Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Ming Z, Pang Y, Liu J. Mechanical Deformation Mediated Transmembrane Transport. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900518. [PMID: 31885137 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane transport is essential and plays critical roles for molecule exchange for cell survival. Methods capable of mimicking and regulating transmembrane transport have transformed the ability to create biosensors, separation membranes, and drug carriers. However, artificial channels have been largely restricted by their complicated chemical fabrication and inefficiency to dynamically manipulate the transport process. Here, a novel approach to regulate transmembrane transport is described by simply adjusting the mechanical deformation of liposomal bilayers which are covalently embedded in a crosslinked hydrogel network. This new approach is able to dynamically control transmembrane transport by stretching and loosening. The transmembrane diffusion of molecules can be switched on and off, and precisely tuned by varying strain. A potential of this method to programmably regulate cell growth is demonstrated by tuning external mechanical force. Given its unique characteristics, this method allows the development of innovative systems for controlled transmembrane transport of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunzhen Ming
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Institute of Cancer, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yan Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jinyao Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Institute of Cancer, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
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Liu X, Wang X, Voit B, Appelhans D. Control of Nanoparticle Release by Membrane Composition for Dual‐Responsive Nanocapsules. Chemistry 2019; 25:13694-13700. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liu
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University 610065 Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Xueyi Wang
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Organic Chemistry of PolymersTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Organic Chemistry of PolymersTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
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Viscosity of Plasma as a Key Factor in Assessment of Extracellular Vesicles by Light Scattering. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091046. [PMID: 31500151 PMCID: PMC6769602 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from biological samples are a promising material for use in medicine and technology. However, the assessment methods that would yield repeatable concentrations, sizes and compositions of the harvested material are missing. A plausible model for the description of EV isolates has not been developed. Furthermore, the identity and genesis of EVs are still obscure and the relevant parameters have not yet been identified. The purpose of this work is to better understand the mechanisms taking place during harvesting of EVs, in particular the role of viscosity of EV suspension. The EVs were harvested from blood plasma by repeated centrifugation and washing of samples. Their size and shape were assessed by using a combination of static and dynamic light scattering. The average shape parameter of the assessed particles was found to be ρ ~ 1 (0.94–1.1 in exosome standards and 0.7–1.2 in blood plasma and EV isolates), pertaining to spherical shells (spherical vesicles). This study has estimated the value of the viscosity coefficient of the medium in blood plasma to be 1.2 mPa/s. It can be concluded that light scattering could be a plausible method for the assessment of EVs upon considering that EVs are a dynamic material with a transient identity.
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Gorzkiewicz M, Appelhans D, Boye S, Lederer A, Voit B, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Effect of the Structure of Therapeutic Adenosine Analogues on Stability and Surface Electrostatic Potential of their Complexes with Poly(propyleneimine) Dendrimers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900181. [PMID: 31136015 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly(propyleneimine) glycodendrimers are proposed as nanocarriers for triphosphate forms of anticancer adenosine analogues to improve the efficiency of chemotherapy and to overcome drug resistance mechanisms. This approach has proven successful for fludarabine administration-an autonomous way of cellular entry of a nucleotide-dendrimer noncovalent complex enables an increase in the intracellular accumulation and cytotoxic activity of the active metabolite of the drug. However, the attempt to apply an analogous strategy for clofarabine results in the inhibition of drug activity. To better understand this phenomenon, characterization and comparison of drug-dendrimer complexes were needed to indicate the differences in their surface properties and the strengths of fludarabine-dendrimer and clofarabine-dendrimer interactions. Here, zeta potential measurements, ultrafiltration, and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation are applied to determine the surface electrostatic potential and stability of nucleotide-dendrimer formulations. This approach significantly extends the authors' research on the complexation potential of perfectly branched macromolecules, ultimately explaining previously observed differences and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Gorzkiewicz
- Department of General Biophysics Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Department of General Biophysics Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236, Lodz, Poland
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