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He Y, Han S, Li H, Wu Y, Jia W, Chen Z, Pan Y, Cai N, Wen J, Li G, Liang J, Zhao J, Liu Q, Liang H, Ding Z, Huang Z, Zhang B. CREB3 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression by depressing AKT signaling through competitively binding with insulin receptor and transcriptionally activating RNA-binding motif protein 38. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e633. [PMID: 38952575 PMCID: PMC11215284 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 (CREB3), belonging to bZIP family, was reported to play multiple roles in various cancers, but its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 3 (CREB3L3), another member of bZIP family, was thought to be transcription factor (TF) to regulate hepatic metabolism. Nevertheless, except for being TFs, other function of bZIP family were poorly understood. In this study, we found CREB3 inhibited growth and metastasis of HCC in vitro and in vivo. RNA sequencing indicated CREB3 regulated AKT signaling to influence HCC progression. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed CREB3 interacted with insulin receptor (INSR). Mechanistically, CREB3 suppressed AKT phosphorylation by inhibiting the interaction of INSR with insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). In our study, CREB3 was firstly proved to affect activation of substrates by interacting with tyrosine kinase receptor. Besides, CREB3 could act as a TF to transactivate RNA-binding motif protein 38 (RBM38) expression, leading to suppressed AKT phosphorylation. Rescue experiments further confirmed the independence between the two functional manners. In conclusion, CREB3 acted as a tumor suppressor in HCC, which inhibited AKT phosphorylation through independently interfering interaction of INSR with IRS1, and transcriptionally activating RBM38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Shenqi Han
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Han Li
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yu Wu
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Wenlong Jia
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yonglong Pan
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ning Cai
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ganxun Li
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Junnan Liang
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jianping Zhao
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Qiumeng Liu
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zeyang Ding
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhao Huang
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery CenterTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‐Pancreatic‐Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Zhou M, Gao Y, Wu S, Wang Y, Yang J. USP22 is required for human endometrial stromal cell proliferation and decidualization by deubiquitinating FoxM1. Cell Signal 2024; 121:111265. [PMID: 38897527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in assisted reproductive technology (ART), recurrent implantation failure (RIF) still occurs in some patients. Poor endometrial receptivity and abnormal human endometrial stromal cell (HESC) proliferation and decidualization have been identified as the major causes. Ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22) has been reported to participate in the decidualization of endometrial stromal cells in mice. However, the role of USP22 in HESC function and RIF development remains unknown. In this study, clinical endometrial tissue samples were gathered to investigate the involvement of USP22 in RIF, and HESCs were utilized to examine the molecular mechanisms of USP22 and Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1). The findings indicated a high expression of USP22 in the secretory phase of the endometrium. Knockdown of USP22 led to a notable reduction in the proliferation and decidualization of HESCs, along with a decrease in FoxM1 expression, while overexpression of USP22 yielded opposite results. Furthermore, USP22 was found to deubiquitinate FoxM1 in HESCs. Moreover, both USP22 and FoxM1 were downregulated in the endometria of patients with RIF. In conclusion, these results suggest that USP22 may have a significant impact on HESCs proliferation and decidualization through its interaction with FoxM1, potentially contributing to the underlying mechanisms of RIF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhou
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China; Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shujuan Wu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China; Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China; Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China; Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China.
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Gao H, Xi Z, Dai J, Xue J, Guan X, Zhao L, Chen Z, Xing F. Drug resistance mechanisms and treatment strategies mediated by Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases (USPs) in cancers: new directions and therapeutic options. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:88. [PMID: 38702734 PMCID: PMC11067278 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance represents a significant obstacle in cancer treatment, underscoring the need for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), a subclass of deubiquitinating enzymes, play a pivotal role in protein deubiquitination. As scientific research advances, USPs have been recognized as key regulators of drug resistance across a spectrum of treatment modalities, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. This comprehensive review examines the complex relationship between USPs and drug resistance mechanisms, focusing on specific treatment strategies and highlighting the influence of USPs on DNA damage repair, apoptosis, characteristics of cancer stem cells, immune evasion, and other crucial biological functions. Additionally, the review highlights the potential clinical significance of USP inhibitors as a means to counter drug resistance in cancer treatment. By inhibiting particular USP, cancer cells can become more susceptible to a variety of anti-cancer drugs. The integration of USP inhibitors with current anti-cancer therapies offers a promising strategy to circumvent drug resistance. Therefore, this review emphasizes the importance of USPs as viable therapeutic targets and offers insight into fruitful directions for future research and drug development. Targeting USPs presents an effective method to combat drug resistance across various cancer types, leading to enhanced treatment strategies and better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Zhuo Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jingwei Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jinqi Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Zhiguang Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Zhu L, Cheng C, Liu S, Yang L, Han P, Cui T, Zhang Y. Advancements and application prospects of three-dimensional models for primary liver cancer: a comprehensive review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1343177. [PMID: 38188493 PMCID: PMC10771299 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1343177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer (PLC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. However, traditional liver cancer models fail to replicate tumor heterogeneity and the tumor microenvironment, limiting the study and personalized treatment of liver cancer. To overcome these limitations, scientists have introduced three-dimensional (3D) culture models as an emerging research tool. These 3D models, utilizing biofabrication technologies such as 3D bioprinting and microfluidics, enable more accurate simulation of the in vivo tumor microenvironment, replicating cell morphology, tissue stiffness, and cell-cell interactions. Compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) models, 3D culture models better mimic tumor heterogeneity, revealing differential sensitivity of tumor cell subpopulations to targeted therapies or immunotherapies. Additionally, these models can be used to assess the efficacy of potential treatments, providing guidance for personalized therapy. 3D liver cancer models hold significant value in tumor biology, understanding the mechanisms of disease progression, and drug screening. Researchers can gain deeper insights into the impact of the tumor microenvironment on tumor cells and their interactions with the surrounding milieu. Furthermore, these models allow for the evaluation of treatment responses, offering more accurate guidance for clinical interventions. In summary, 3D models provide a realistic and reliable tool for advancing PLC research. By simulating tumor heterogeneity and the microenvironment, these models contribute to a better understanding of the disease mechanisms and offer new strategies for personalized treatment. Therefore, 3D models hold promising prospects for future PLC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Zhu
- First Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Sen Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Long Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Pinsheng Han
- Nankai University of Medicine College, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Druggability Evaluation and Systematic Translational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
- Research Unit for Drug Metabolism, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Wu Y, Li C, Khan AA, Chen K, Su R, Xu S, Sun Y, Gao F, Wang K, Wang X, Lian Z, Wang S, Yu M, Hu X, Yang F, Zheng S, Qiu N, Liu Z, Xu X. Insulin-induced gene 2 protects against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury via metabolic remodeling. J Transl Med 2023; 21:739. [PMID: 37858181 PMCID: PMC10585752 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is the primary reason for complications following hepatectomy and liver transplantation (LT). Insulin-induced gene 2 (Insig2) is one of several proteins that anchor the reticulum in the cytoplasm and is essential for metabolism and inflammatory responses. However, its function in IR injury remains ambiguous. METHODS Insig2 global knock-out (KO) mice and mice with adeno-associated-virus8 (AAV8)-delivered Insig2 hepatocyte-specific overexpression were subjected to a 70% hepatic IR model. Liver injury was assessed by monitoring hepatic histology, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis. Hypoxia/reoxygenation stimulation (H/R) of primary hepatocytes and hypoxia model induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl2) were used for in vitro experiments. Multi-omics analysis of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics was used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying Insig2. RESULTS Hepatic Insig2 expression was significantly reduced in clinical samples undergoing LT and the mouse IR model. Our findings showed that Insig2 depletion significantly aggravated IR-induced hepatic inflammation, cell death and injury, whereas Insig2 overexpression caused the opposite phenotypes. The results of in vitro H/R experiments were consistent with those in vivo. Mechanistically, multi-omics analysis revealed that Insig2 is associated with increased antioxidant pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) activity. The inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD), a rate-limiting enzyme of PPP, rescued the protective effect of Insig2 overexpression, exacerbating liver injury. Finally, our findings indicated that mouse IR injury could be attenuated by developing a nanoparticle delivery system that enables liver-targeted delivery of substrate of PPP (glucose 6-phosphate). CONCLUSIONS Insig2 has a protective function in liver IR by upregulating the PPP activity and remodeling glucose metabolism. The supplementary glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) salt may serve as a viable therapeutic target for alleviating hepatic IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Wu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Changbiao Li
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Abid Ali Khan
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Kangchen Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Renyi Su
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Shengjun Xu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yiyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Fengqiang Gao
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, 311112, China
| | - Mengyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, 311112, China
| | - Nasha Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Zhikun Liu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Xiao Xu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Liu T, Liu L, Li L, Cai J. Exploiting targeted nanomedicine for surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100766. [PMID: 37636988 PMCID: PMC10457457 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the cancers that has the highest morbidity and mortality rates. In clinical practice, there are still many limitations in surveilling, diagnosing, and treating HCC, such as the poor detection of early HCC, the frequent post-surgery recurrence, the low local tumor control rate, the therapy resistance and side effects. Therefore, improved, or innovative modalities are urgently required for early diagnosis as well as refined and effective management. In recent years, nanotechnology research in the field of HCC has received great attention, with various aspects of diagnosis and treatment including biomarkers, ultrasound, diagnostic imaging, intraoperative imaging, ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy. Different from previous reviews that discussed from the perspective of nanoparticles' structure, design and function, this review systematically summarizes the methods and limitations of diagnosing and treating HCC in clinical guidelines and practices, as well as nanomedicine applications. Nanomedicine can overcome the limitations to improve diagnosis accuracy and therapeutic effect via enhancement of targeting, biocompatibility, bioavailability, controlled releasing, and combination of different clinical treatment modalities. Through an in-depth understanding of the logic of nanotechnology to conquer clinical limitations, the main research directions of nanotechnology in HCC are sorted out in this review. It is anticipated that nanomedicine will play a significant role in the future clinical practices of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Medical Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
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7
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Yuan S, Mu W, Liu S, Liu M, Xia Z, Liang S, Gao T, Fu S, Liu J, Huang X, Liu Y, Zhang N. Transforming Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Barrier into Drug Depots to Boost Chemo-Immunotherapy in "Shooting Fish in a Barrel" Pattern. ACS NANO 2023; 17:13611-13626. [PMID: 37326384 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) barrier in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) greatly restricts clinical outcomes. Major obstacles to PDAC treatment include restricted immune cell infiltration and drug penetration and the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Here, we reported a "shooting fish in a barrel" strategy by preparing a lipid-polymer hybrid drug delivery system (PI/JGC/L-A) that could overcome the CAF barrier by turning it into a "barrel" with antitumor drug depot properties to alleviate the immunosuppressive microenvironment and increase immune cell infiltration. PI/JGC/L-A is composed of a pIL-12-loaded polymeric core (PI) and a JQ1 and gemcitabine elaidate coloaded liposomal shell (JGC/L-A) that has the ability to stimulate exosome secretion. By normalizing the CAF barrier to create a CAF "barrel" with JQ1, stimulating the secretion of gemcitabine-loaded exosomes from the CAF "barrel" to the deep tumor site, and leveraging the CAF "barrel" to secrete IL-12, PI/JGC/L-A realized effective drug delivery to the deep tumor site, activated antitumor immunity at the tumor site, and produced significant antitumor effects. In summary, our strategy of transforming the CAF barrier into antitumor drug depots represents a promising strategy against PDAC and might benefit the treatment of any tumors facing a drug delivery barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Yuan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Weiwei Mu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shujun Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Meichen Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhenxing Xia
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Tong Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shunli Fu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jinhu Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xinyan Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Na Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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8
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USP22 upregulates ZEB1-mediated VEGFA transcription in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:194. [PMID: 36906615 PMCID: PMC10008583 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common solid tumor with high rate of recurrence and mortality. Anti-angiogenesis drugs have been used for the therapy of HCC. However, anti-angiogenic drug resistance commonly occurs during HCC treatment. Thus, identification of a novel VEGFA regulator would be better understanding for HCC progression and anti-angiogenic therapy resistance. Ubiquitin specific protease 22 (USP22) as a deubiquitinating enzyme, participates in a variety of biological processes in numerous tumors. While the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of USP22 on angiogenesis is still needed to be clarified. Here, our results demonstrated that USP22 acts as a co-activator of VEGFA transcription. Importantly, USP22 is involved in maintenance of ZEB1 stability via its deubiquitinase activity. USP22 was recruited to ZEB1-binding elements on the promoter of VEGFA, thereby altering histone H2Bub levels, to enhance ZEB1-mediated VEGFA transcription. USP22 depletion decreased cell proliferation, migration, Vascular Mimicry (VM) formation, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, we provided the evidence to show that knockdown of USP22 inhibited HCC growth in tumor-bearing nude mice. In addition, the expression of USP22 is positively correlated with that of ZEB1 in clinical HCC samples. Our findings suggest that USP22 participates in the promotion of HCC progression, if not all, at least partially via up-regulation of VEGFA transcription, providing a novel therapeutic target for anti-angiogenic drug resistance in HCC.
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9
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Chen Y, Zhao D, Xiao F, Li X, Li J, Su Z, Jiang X. Microfluidics-enabled Serial Assembly of Lipid-siRNA-sorafenib Nanoparticles for Synergetic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209672. [PMID: 36749980 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multi-component nanoparticles (mNPs) hold great potential for disease prevention and treatment. However, a major barrier is the lack of versatile platforms to accommodate steps of assembly processes of mNPs. Here the microfluidics-enabled serial assembly (MESA) of mNPs is presented. The microfluidic chip, as a mini-conveyor of initial materials, sequentially enables the assembly of sorafenib supramolecule, electrostatic adsorption of siRNA, and surface assembly of protective lipids. The produced lipid-siRNA-sorafenib nanoparticles (LSS NPs) have ultrahigh encapsulation efficiencies for sorafenib (≈100%) and siRNA (≈95%), which benefit from the accommodation of both fast and slow processes on the chip. Although carrying negative charges, LSS NPs enable cytosolic delivery of agents and high gene silencing efficiency within tumor cells. In vivo, the LSS NPs delivering hypoxia-induced factor (HIF1α)-targeted siRNA efficiently regress tumors of Hep3B xenograft and hepatocellular carcinoma patient-derived primary cells xenograft (PDCX) and finally extend the average survival of PDCX mice to 68 days. Thus, this strategy is promising as a sorafenib/siRNA combination therapy, and MESA can be a universal platform for fabricating complex nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Division of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation Center, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518112, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Xuanyu Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Jia'an Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwei Su
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P.R. China
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10
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Zhang J, Hong Z, Lu W, Fang T, Ren Y, Yin S, Xuan Q, Li D, Xi JJ, Yao B. Assessment of Drug Susceptibility for Patient-Derived Tumor Models through Lactate Biosensing and Machine Learning. ACS Sens 2023; 8:803-810. [PMID: 36787531 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A patient-derived tumor model (PDM) is a practical tool to rapidly screen chemotherapeutics for individual patients. The evaluation method of cell viability directly determines the application of PDMs for drug susceptibility testing. As one of the metabolites of "glycosis", the lactate content was used to evaluate cell viability, but these assays were not specific for tumor cells. Based on the "Warburg effect", wherein tumor cells preferentially rely on "aerobic glycolysis" to produce lactate instead of pyruvate in "anaerobic glycolysis" of normal cells, we reported a gold lactate sensor (GLS) to estimate the cell viability of PDMs in drug susceptibility testing. It demonstrated high consistency between the GLS and commercial cell viability assay. Unlike either imaging or cell viability assay, the GLS characterizes the cell viability, enables dynamic monitoring, and distinguishes tumor cells from other cells. Moreover, machine learning (ML) was employed to perform a multi-index assessment for drug susceptibility of PDMs, which proved to be accurate and practical for clinical application. Therefore, the GLS provides an ideal drug susceptibility testing tool for individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zichen Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Lu
- GeneX (Zhejiang) Precision Medicine Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Tianyuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yongan Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shenyi Yin
- College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qijia Xuan
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Dezhi Li
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Jianzhong Jeff Xi
- College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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11
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Ming H, Li B, Jiang J, Qin S, Nice EC, He W, Lang T, Huang C. Protein degradation: expanding the toolbox to restrain cancer drug resistance. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:6. [PMID: 36694209 PMCID: PMC9872387 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in clinical management, drug resistance remains a major obstacle. Recent research based on protein degradation to restrain drug resistance has attracted wide attention, and several therapeutic strategies such as inhibition of proteasome with bortezomib and proteolysis-targeting chimeric have been developed. Compared with intervention at the transcriptional level, targeting the degradation process seems to be a more rapid and direct strategy. Proteasomal proteolysis and lysosomal proteolysis are the most critical quality control systems responsible for the degradation of proteins or organelles. Although proteasomal and lysosomal inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib and chloroquine) have achieved certain improvements in some clinical application scenarios, their routine application in practice is still a long way off, which is due to the lack of precise targeting capabilities and inevitable side effects. In-depth studies on the regulatory mechanism of critical protein degradation regulators, including E3 ubiquitin ligases, deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs), and chaperones, are expected to provide precise clues for developing targeting strategies and reducing side effects. Here, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of protein degradation in regulating drug efflux, drug metabolism, DNA repair, drug target alteration, downstream bypass signaling, sustaining of stemness, and tumor microenvironment remodeling to delineate the functional roles of protein degradation in drug resistance. We also highlight specific E3 ligases, DUBs, and chaperones, discussing possible strategies modulating protein degradation to target cancer drug resistance. A systematic summary of the molecular basis by which protein degradation regulates tumor drug resistance will help facilitate the development of appropriate clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ming
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Weifeng He
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Tingyuan Lang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China. .,Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Canhua Huang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Tong Q, Qin W, Li Z, Liu C, Wang Z, Chu Y, Xu X. SLC12A5 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma growth and ferroptosis resistance by inducing ER stress and cystine transport changes. Cancer Med 2023; 12:8526-8541. [PMID: 36645171 PMCID: PMC10134347 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor prognosis and new effective treatments are needed. SLC12A5 plays important roles in multiple complex pathological states and is overexpressed in a variety of malignancies. However, the effects of SLC12A5 in HCC have not been determined. METHODS SLC12A5 expression was assessed by immunostaining and western blotting. A cell viability assay was used to detect cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the intracellular calcium concentration and cell cycle. Ferroptosis was detected by transmission electron microscopy, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione assays. Subcutaneous tumor formation experiments were used to validate the tumorigenic effect of SLC12A5 in vivo. RNA-seq was used to evaluate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of SLC12A5. The therapeutic efficacy of targeting SLC12A5 was assessed in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. RESULTS High SLC12A5 expression was strongly associated with a poor clinical prognosis and promoted HCC growth. Mechanistically, SLC12A5 promoted ER stress to enhance calcium release and upregulated PNCK expression levels. Concomitantly, PNCK was significantly activated by calcium ions released from the ER. PNCK activated and induced the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway components. Furthermore, SLC12A5 inhibited ferroptosis in HCC by upregulating the expression of xCT, a cystine transporter. CONCLUSION High SLC12A5 levels were correlated with a poor prognosis, promoted tumorigenesis, and inhibited ferroptosis in HCC. These findings suggested that SLC12A5 is a therapeutic target and provide insight into the link between ER stress and ferroptosis in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryThe 3rd Affiliated Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Cancer Hospital)UrumqiChina
| | - Wei Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Zheng‐Hao Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Chun Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Zi‐Cheng Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yuan Chu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xun‐Di Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of General SurgeryThe South China Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
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13
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Su Y, Zhang Z, Lee LTO, Peng L, Lu L, He X, Zhang X. Amphiphilic Dendrimer Doping Enhanced pH-Sensitivity of Liposomal Vesicle for Effective Co-delivery toward Synergistic Ferroptosis-Apoptosis Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202663. [PMID: 36653312 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, characterized by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides, has emerged as an attractive strategy to reverse drug resistance. Of particular interest is the ferroptosis-apoptosis combination therapy for cancer treatment. Herein, a nanoplatform is reported for effective co-delivery of the anticancer drug sorafenib (S) and the ferroptosis inducer hemin (H), toward synergistic ferroptosis-apoptosis therapy of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a proof-of-concept study. Liposome is an excellent delivery system; however, it is not sufficiently responsive to the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) for tumor-targeted drug delivery. The pH-sensitive vesicles are therefore developed (SH-AD-L) by incorporating amphiphilic dendrimers (AD) into liposomes for controlled and pH-stimulated release of sorafenib and hemin in the acidic TME, thanks to the protonation of numerous amine functionalities in AD. Importantly, SH-AD-L not only blocked glutathione synthesis to disrupt the antioxidant system, but also increased intracellular Fe2+ and ·OH concentrations to amplify oxidative stress, both of which contribute to enhanced ferroptosis. Remarkably, high levels of ·OH also augmented sorafenib-mediated apoptosis in tumor cells. This study demonstrates the efficacy of ferroptosis-apoptosis combination therapy, as well as the promise of the AD-doped TME-responsive vesicles for drug delivery in combination therapy to treat advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Su
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, 999078, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Leo Tsz On Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, 999078, P. R. China.,MOE Frontiers Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Ling Peng
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), UMR 7325, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Ligong Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, P. R. China
| | - Xu He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, P. R. China
| | - Xuanjun Zhang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, 999078, P. R. China.,MOE Frontiers Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, 999078, P. R. China
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14
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Multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor nanoparticle delivery systems for cancer therapy. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100358. [PMID: 35880099 PMCID: PMC9307458 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-target Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (MTKIs) have drawn substantial attention in tumor therapy. MTKIs could inhibit tumor cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by blocking the activity of tyrosine kinase. However, the toxicity and drug resistance of MTKIs severely restrict their further clinical application. The nano pharmaceutical technology based on MTKIs has attracted ever-increasing attention in recent years. Researchers deliver MTKIs through various types of nanocarriers to overcome drug resistance and improve considerably therapeutic efficiency. This review intends to summarize comprehensive applications of MTKIs nanoparticles in malignant tumor treatment. Firstly, the mechanism and toxicity were introduced. Secondly, various nanocarriers for MTKIs delivery were outlined. Thirdly, the combination treatment schemes and drug resistance reversal strategies were emphasized to improve the outcomes of cancer therapy. Finally, conclusions and perspectives were summarized to guide future research.
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15
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Chen H, Chen J, Yuan H, Li X, Li W. Hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α: A critical target for inhibiting the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 24:284. [PMID: 35814827 PMCID: PMC9260738 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is one of the major reasons for patient mortality in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the progression of HCC to a metastatic state depends on the local microenvironment. Hypoxia is a key condition affecting the microenvironment of HCC. Currently, various studies have shown that the expression of hypoxia-ainducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is associated with the invasion and metastasis of HCC. High expression of HIF-1α often leads to poor prognosis in patients with HCC. In this review, the molecular structure of HIF-1α is described, and the expression pattern of HIF-1α in HCC under hypoxia, which is associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in HCC, is explained. The molecular mechanisms of HIF-1α function and the metastasis of HCC are further discussed. The modulation of HIF-1α can reduce sorafenib resistance and improve the prognosis of patients after TACE. Therefore, HIF-1α may be a critical target for inhibiting HCC metastasis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Huixin Yuan
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xiuhui Li
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Li
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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16
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Zhao J, Guo J, Wang Y, Ma Q, Shi Y, Cheng F, Lu Q, Fu W, Ouyang G, Zhang J, Xu Q, Hu X. Research Progress of DUB Enzyme in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:920287. [PMID: 35875077 PMCID: PMC9303014 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.920287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to GLOBOCAN 2021 cancer incidence and mortality statistics compiled by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy in the human liver and one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Although there have been great advances in the treatment of HCC, such as regofenib, sorafenib, and lomvatinib, which have been developed and approved for the clinical treatment of advanced or metastatic HCC. However, they only prolong survival by a few months, and patients with advanced liver cancer are susceptible to tumor invasion metastasis and drug resistance. Ubiquitination modification is a type of post-translational modification of proteins. It can affect the physiological activity of cells by regulating the localization, stability and activity of proteins, such as: gene transcription, DNA damage signaling and other pathways. The reversible process of ubiquitination is called de-ubiquitination: it is the process of re-releasing ubiquitinated substrates with the participation of de-ubiquitinases (DUBs) and other active substances. There is growing evidence that many dysregulations of DUBs are associated with tumorigenesis. Although dysregulation of deuquitinase function is often found in HCC and other cancers, The mechanisms of action of many DUBs in HCC have not been elucidated. In this review, we focused on several deubiquitinases (DUBs) associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, including their structure, function, and relationship to hepatocellular carcinoma. hepatocellular carcinoma was highlighted, as well as the latest research reports. Among them, we focus on the USP family and OTU family which are more studied in the HCC. In addition, we discussed the prospects and significance of targeting DUBs as a new strategy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. It also briefly summarizes the research progress of some DUB-related small molecule inhibitors and their clinical application significance as a treatment for HCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Guo
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiancheng Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiliang Lu
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen Fu
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Ji Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuran Xu
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoge Hu, ; Qiuran Xu,
| | - Xiaoge Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoge Hu, ; Qiuran Xu,
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17
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Xiang J, Liu J, Liu X, Zhou Q, Zhao Z, Piao Y, Shao S, Zhou Z, Tang J, Shen Y. Enzymatic drug release cascade from polymeric prodrug nanoassemblies enables targeted chemotherapy. J Control Release 2022; 348:444-455. [PMID: 35691498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer drug delivery systems often suffer from premature drug leakage during transportation and/or inefficient drug release within cancer cells. We present here a polymeric prodrug nanoassembly that addresses these problems simultaneously. This nanoassembly comprises a polymeric prodrug with novel trivalent phenylboronate moieties for drug conjugation via ether linkages, as well as β-lapachone (Lapa). While the ether linkage enables nearly no drug release under physiological conditions, the Lapa molecules can induce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst specifically in cancer cells via NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 catalysis, which triggers the cleavage of the ether bonds and thus cascade amplification drug release in cancer cells. As a result, the nanoassemblies exhibit much higher cytotoxicity against cancer cells than normal cells, and also increased therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects compared to the clinically used irinotecan. We anticipate that this strategy can be applied to other drug delivery platforms to enable more precise drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Xiang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311215, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhihao Zhao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ying Piao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shiqun Shao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311215, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311215, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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18
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Yao M, Wang X, Huang K, Jia X, Xue J, Guo B, Chen J. Fluorescence-Reporting-Guided Tumor Acidic Environment-Activated Triple Photodynamic, Chemodynamic, and Chemotherapeutic Reactions for Efficient Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Ablation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5381-5391. [PMID: 35467866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor acidic environment-activated combination therapy holds great promise to significantly decrease side effects, circumvent multiple drug resistance, and improve therapeutic outcomes for cancer treatment. Herein, Sorafenib/ZnPc(PS)4@FeIII-TA nanoparticles (SPFT) are designed with acid-environment turned-on fluorescence to report the activation of triple therapy including photodynamic, chemodynamic, and chemotherapy on hepatocellular carcinoma. The SPFT are composed of SP cores formulated via self-assembly of sorafenib and ZnPc(PS)4, with high drug loading efficiency, and FeIII-TA shells containing FeCl3 and tannic acid. Importantly, the nanoparticles suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation of ZnPc(PS)4 due to their formation in nanoparticles, while assisting simultaneous uptake of the uploaded drugs in cancer cells. The tumor acidic environment initiates FeIII-TA decomposition and accelerates a chemodynamic reaction between FeII and H2O2 to generate toxic •OH. Then, the SP core is decomposed to separate ZnPc(PS)4 and sorafenib, which leads to fluorescence turning-on of ZnPc(PS)4, expedited photodynamic reactions, and burst release of sorafenib. Notably, SPFT shows low dark cytotoxicity to normal cells but exerts high potency on hepatocellular carcinoma cells under near-infrared light irradiation, which is much more potent than either sorafenib or ZnPc(PS)4 alone. This research offers a facile nanomedicine design strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Yao
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Kunshan Huang
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao Jia
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Jinping Xue
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Bing Guo
- School of Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
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19
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Chen D, Liu J, Zang L, Xiao T, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhu H, Gao W, Yu X. Integrated Machine Learning and Bioinformatic Analyses Constructed a Novel Stemness-Related Classifier to Predict Prognosis and Immunotherapy Responses for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:360-373. [PMID: 34975338 PMCID: PMC8692161 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.66913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has made great progress in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet there is still a lack of biomarkers for predicting response to it. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the primary cause of the tumorigenesis, metastasis, and multi-drug resistance of HCC. This study aimed to propose a novel CSCs-related cluster of HCC to predict patients' response to immunotherapy. Based on RNA-seq datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Progenitor Cell Biology Consortium (PCBC), one-class logistic regression (OCLR) algorithm was applied to compute the stemness index (mRNAsi) of HCC patients. Unsupervised consensus clustering was performed to categorize HCC patients into two stemness subtypes which further proved to be a predictor of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) status, immunogenomic expressions and sensitivity to neoadjuvant therapies. Finally, four machine learning algorithms (LASSO, RF, SVM-RFE and XGboost) were applied to distinguish different stemness subtypes. Thus, a five-hub-gene based classifier was constructed in TCGA and ICGC HCC datasets to predict patients' stemness subtype in a more convenient and applicable way, and this novel stemness-based classification system could facilitate the prognostic prediction and guide clinical strategies of immunotherapy and targeted therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jixing Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - Longjun Zang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Tijun Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Shaoyang University Affiliated Second Hospital, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xianlin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhe Gao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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20
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Li T, Shi W, Yao J, Hu J, Sun Q, Meng J, Wan J, Song H, Wang H. Combinatorial nanococktails via self-assembling lipid prodrugs for synergistically overcoming drug resistance and effective cancer therapy. Biomater Res 2022; 26:3. [PMID: 35101154 PMCID: PMC8805243 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Combinatorial systemic chemotherapy is a powerful treatment paradigm against cancer, but it is fraught with problems due to the emergence of chemoresistance and additive systemic toxicity. In addition, coadministration of individual drugs suffers from uncontrollable pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, resulting in suboptimal combination synergy. Methods Toward the goal of addressing these unmet medical issues, we describe a unique strategy to integrate multiple structurally disparate drugs into a self-assembling nanococktail platform. Conjugation of a polyunsaturated fatty acid (e.g., linoleic acid) with two chemotherapies generated prodrug entities that were miscible with tunable drug ratios for aqueous self-assembly. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to investigate the mechanism of combinatorial nanococktails in mitigating chemoresistance and the efficacy of nanotherapy. Results The coassembled nanoparticle cocktails were feasibly fabricated and further refined with an amphiphilic matrix to form a systemically injectable and PEGylated nanomedicine with minimal excipients. The drug ratio incorporated into the nanococktails was optimized and carefully examined in lung cancer cells to maximize therapeutic synergy. Mechanistically, subjugated resistance by nanococktail therapy was achieved through the altered cellular uptake pathway and compromised DNA repair via the ATM/Chk2/p53 cascade. In mice harboring cisplatin-resistant lung tumor xenografts, administration of the nanococktail outperformed free drug combinations in terms of antitumor efficacy and drug tolerability. Conclusion Overall, our study provides a facile and cost-effective approach for the generation of cytotoxic nanoparticles to synergistically treat chemoresistant cancers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40824-022-00249-7.
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21
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Pan B, Wei X, Xu X. Patient-derived xenograft models in hepatopancreatobiliary cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:41. [PMID: 35090441 PMCID: PMC8796540 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are crucial tools for evaluating the biological progress of human cancers and for the preclinical investigation of anticancer drugs and cancer prevention. Various animals are widely used in hepatopancreatobiliary cancer research, and mouse models are the most popular. Generally, genetic tools, graft transplantation, and chemical and physical measures are adopted to generate sundry mouse models of hepatopancreatobiliary cancer. Graft transplantation is commonly used to study tumour progression. Over the past few decades, subcutaneous or orthotopic cell-derived tumour xenograft models (CDX models) have been developed to simulate distinct tumours in patients. However, two major limitations exist in CDX models. One model poorly simulates the microenvironment of tumours in humans, such as the vascular, lymphatic and immune environments. The other model loses genetic heterogeneity compared with the corresponding primary tumour. Increased efforts have focused on developing better models for hepatopancreatobiliary cancer research. Hepatopancreatobiliary cancer is considered a tumour with high molecular heterogeneity, making precision medicine challenging in cancer treatment. Developing a new animal model that can better mimic tumour tissue and more accurately predict the efficacy of anticancer treatments is urgent. For the past several years, the patient-derived xenograft model (PDX model) has emerged as a promising tool for translational research. It can retain the genetic and histological stability of their originating tumour at limited passages and shed light on precision cancer medicine. In this review, we summarize the methodology, advantages/disadvantages and applications of PDX models in hepatopancreatobiliary cancer research.
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22
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Kong H, Yi K, Zheng C, Lao YH, Zhou H, Chan HF, Wang H, Tao Y, Li M. Membrane-fusogenic biomimetic particles: a new bioengineering tool learned from nature. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:6841-6858. [PMID: 35781483 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fusion, a fundamental biological process of the fusion of the membrane composition between cells within natural organisms, is vital for cell-cell communication and cargo transport between the living cells....
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Kong
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Ke Yi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Chunxiong Zheng
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Yeh-Hsing Lao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Huicong Zhou
- College of Science, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou 510630, China
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23
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Tang X, Liu B, Zhang C, Tang W, Liang S, Xiao Y, Deng R, Li Z. SENP2 Reduces Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stemness and Improves Sorafenib Sensitivity Through Inactivating the AKT/GSK3β/CTNNB1 Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 11:773045. [PMID: 34950583 PMCID: PMC8688154 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.773045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small ubiquitin-like modifier specific peptidase 2 (SENP2) suppresses the progression and chemoresistance of several cancers, while few studies report its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of SENP2 on stemness, sorafenib sensitivity, and downstream pathway in HCC, with validation of its molecular mechanisms by compensation experiment. Methods SENP2 was regulated by plasmid transfection; meanwhile, in a compensation experiment, protein kinase B (AKT) was activated by SC79 treatment and β-catenin (CTNNB1) was overexpressed by plasmid transfection. After modification, sorafenib sensitivity was detected by cell counting kit-8 assay; stemness was evaluated by CD133+ cell proportion and sphere formation assay. Results SENP2 was decreased in HCC cell lines (including Hep3B, Li7, and Huh7) compared with normal human liver epithelial cell lines, which was further reduced in HCC stem cells than in normal HCC cells. Subsequently, SENP2 overexpression inhibited CD133+ cell proportion, decreased sphere formation ability, promoted sorafenib sensitivity, suppressed AKT and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation, and reduced CTNNB1 expression in Huh7 and Hep3B cells, while SENP2 knockdown showed the reverse effects. The following compensation experiment revealed that activating AKT or overexpressing CTNNB1 promoted CD133+ cell proportion and sphere formation ability but suppressed sorafenib sensitivity in Huh7 and Hep3B cells. Moreover, activating AKT or overexpressing CTNNB1 attenuated the effect of SENP2 overexpression on stemness and sorafenib sensitivity in Huh7 and Hep3B cells. Conclusion SENP2 suppresses HCC stemness and increases sorafenib sensitivity through inactivating the AKT/GSK3β/CTNNB1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Bohao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbin Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Shitian Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yadan Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ruoyu Deng
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China.,The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
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24
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Zheng S, Wang J, Ding N, Chen W, Chen H, Xue M, Chen F, Ni J, Wang Z, Lin Z, Jiang H, Liu X, Wang L. Prodrug polymeric micelles integrating cancer-associated fibroblasts deactivation and synergistic chemotherapy for gastric cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:381. [PMID: 34802453 PMCID: PMC8607732 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognosis of patients with advanced gastric cancer (GC) remains unsatisfactory owing to distant metastasis and resistance to concurrent systemic therapy. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as essential participators in the tumor microenvironment (TME), play a vital role in tumor progression. Thus, CAFs-targeting therapy is appealing for remodeling TME and sensitizing GC to conventional systemic therapy. Methods Amphiphilic SN38 prodrug polymeric micelles (PSN38) and encapsulated the hydrophobic esterase-responsive prodrug of Triptolide (TPL), triptolide-naphthalene sulfonamide (TPL-nsa), were synthesized to form PSN38@TPL-nsa nanoparticles. Then, CAFs were isolated from fresh GC tissues and immortalized. TPL at low dose concentration was used to investigate its effect on CAFs and CAFs-induced GC cells proliferation and migration. The synergistic mechanism and antitumor efficiency of SN38 and TPL co-delivery nanoparticle were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Results Fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a marker of CAFs, was highly expressed in GC tissues and indicated poorer prognosis. TPL significantly reduced CAFs activity and inhibited CAFs-induced proliferation, migration and chemotherapy resistance of GC cells. In addition, TPL sensitized GC cells to SN38 treatment through attenuated NF-κB activation in both CAFs and GC cells. PSN38@TPL-nsa treatment reduced the expression of collagen, FAP, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in tumors. Potent inhibition of primary tumor growth and vigorous anti-metastasis effect were observed after systemic administration of PSN38@TPL-nsa to CAFs-rich peritoneal disseminated tumor and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of GC. Conclusion TPL suppressed CAFs activity and CAFs-induced cell proliferation, migration and chemotherapy resistance to SN38 of GC. CAFs-targeted TPL and SN38 co-delivery nanoparticles exhibited potent efficacy of antitumor and reshaping TME, which was a promising strategy to treat advanced GC. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-01127-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongda Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Meng Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhenghua Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haiping Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xiangrui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Liangjing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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25
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Wei J, Xia Y, Meng F, Ni D, Qiu X, Zhong Z. Small, Smart, and LDLR-Specific Micelles Augment Sorafenib Therapy of Glioblastoma. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4814-4822. [PMID: 34677048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeted molecular therapy, for example, with sorafenib (SF) is considered as a new and potent strategy for glioblastoma (GBM) that remains hard to treat today. Several clinical trials with SF, as monotherapy or combination therapy with current treatments, have not met the clinical endpoints, likely as a result of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and inferior GBM delivery. Here, we designed and explored small, smart, and LDLR-specific micelles to load SF (LDLR-mSF) and to improve SF therapy of GBM by enhancing BBB penetration, GBM accumulation, and cell uptake. LDLR-mSF with 2.5% ApoE peptide functionality based on poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-dithiolane trimethylene carbonate)-mefenamate exhibited nearly quantitative SF loading, small size (24 nm), high colloidal stability, and glutathione-activated SF release. The in vitro and in vivo studies certified that LDLR-mSF greatly enhanced BBB permeability and U-87 MG cell uptake and caused 10.6- and 12.9-fold stronger anti-GBM activity and 6.0- and 2.5-fold higher GBM accumulation compared with free SF and non-LDLR mSF controls, respectively. The treatment of an orthotopic human GBM tumor model revealed that LDLR-mSF at a safe dosage of 15 mg of SF/kg significantly retarded tumor progression and improved the survival rate by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. These small, smart, and LDLR-specific micelles provide a potential solution to enhance targeted molecular therapy of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wei
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Xia
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Ni
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xinyun Qiu
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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26
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Feng T, Ling S, Xu C, Ying L, Su D, Xu X. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 in cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 514:30-37. [PMID: 33989708 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, many studies have shown that deubiquitination modification of proteins is of great significance in major physiological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. The ubiquitin-specific peptidase (USP) family is one of the most numerous and structurally diverse of the deubiquitinates known to date. USP22, an important member of the USP family, has been found to be closely associated with tumor cell cycle regulation, stemness maintenance, invasion and metastasis, chemoresistance, and immune regulation. We focus on recent advances regarding USP22's function in cancer and discuss the prospect of USP22 in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China; Cancer Research Institute, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China; Department of Colorectal Medicine, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Sunbin Ling
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Lisha Ying
- Cancer Research Institute, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer(IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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