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Li Q, Niu F, Yang H, Xu D, Dai J, Li J, Chen C, Sun L, Zhang L. Magnetically Actuated Soft Microrobot with Environmental Adaptative Multimodal Locomotion Towards Targeted Delivery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2406600. [PMID: 39316063 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202406600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of environmentally adaptive solutions for magnetically actuated microrobots to enable targeted delivery in complex and confined fluid environments presents a significant challenge. Inspired by the natural locomotion of crucian carp, a barbell-shaped soft microrobot (MBS2M) is proposed. A mechano-electromagnetic hybrid actuation system is developed to generate oscillating magnetic fields to manipulate the microrobot. The MBS2M can seamlessly transition between three fundamental locomotion modes: fast navigation (FN), high-precision navigation (HPN), and fixed-point rotation (FPR). Moreover, the MBS2M can move in reverse without turning. The multimodal locomotion endows the MBS2M's adaptability in diverse environments. It can smoothly pass through confined channels, climb over obstacles, overcome gravity for vertical motion, track complex pathways, traverse viscous environments, overcome low fluid resistance, and navigate complex spaces mimicking in vivo environments. Additionally, the MBS2M is capable of drug loading and release in response to ultrasound excitation. In an ex vivo porcine liver vein, the microrobot demonstrated targeted navigation under ultrasound guidance, showcasing its potential for specialized in vivo tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Li
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Fuzhou Niu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Dongqin Xu
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Chenshu Chen
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Lining Sun
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, NT 999077, Hong Kong
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Lu L, Zhao H, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Fan C, Li Z, Wu Z. Design and Control of the Magnetically Actuated Micro/Nanorobot Swarm toward Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2400414. [PMID: 38412402 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Recently, magnetically actuated micro/nanorobots hold extensive promises in biomedical applications due to their advantages of noninvasiveness, fuel-free operation, and programmable nature. While effectively promised in various fields such as targeted delivery, most past investigations are mainly displayed in magnetic control of individual micro/nanorobots. Facing practical medical use, the micro/nanorobots are required for the development of swarm control in a closed-loop control manner. This review outlines the recent developments in magnetic micro/nanorobot swarms, including their actuating fundamentals, designs, controls, and biomedical applications. The fundamental principles and interactions involved in the formation of magnetic micro/nanorobot swarms are discussed first. The recent advances in the design of artificial and biohybrid micro/nanorobot swarms, along with the control devices and methods used for swarm manipulation, are presented. Furthermore, biomedical applications that have the potential to achieve clinical application are introduced, such as imaging-guided therapy, targeted delivery, embolization, and biofilm eradication. By addressing the potential challenges discussed toward the end of this review, magnetic micro/nanorobot swarms hold promise for clinical treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hongqiao Zhao
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yucong Lu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chengjuan Fan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zesheng Li
- Laboratory for Space Environment and Physical Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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3
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Barra A, Wychowaniec JK, Winning D, Cruz MM, Ferreira LP, Rodriguez BJ, Oliveira H, Ruiz-Hitzky E, Nunes C, Brougham DF, Ferreira P. Magnetic Chitosan Bionanocomposite Films as a Versatile Platform for Biomedical Hyperthermia. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303861. [PMID: 38041539 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Responsive magnetic nanomaterials offer significant advantages for innovative therapies, for instance, in cancer treatments that exploit on-demand delivery on alternating magnetic field (AMF) stimulus. In this work, biocompatible magnetic bionanocomposite films are fabricated from chitosan by film casting with incorporation of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) produced by facile one pot synthesis. The influence of synthesis conditions and MNP concentration on the films' heating efficiency and heat dissipation are evaluated through spatio-temporal mapping of the surface temperature changes by video-thermography. The cast films have a thickness below 100 µm, and upon exposure to AMF (663 kHz, 12.8 kA m-1), induce exceptionally strong heating, reaching a maximum temperature increase of 82 °C within 270 s irradiation. Further, it is demonstrated that the films can serve as substrates that supply heat for multiple hyperthermia scenarios, including: i) non-contact automated heating of cell culture medium, ii) heating of gelatine-based hydrogels of different shapes, and iii) killing of cancerous melanoma cells. The films are versatile components for non-contact stimulus with translational potential in multiple biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Barra
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jacek K Wychowaniec
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos, 7270, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Winning
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Maria Margarida Cruz
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Liliana P Ferreira
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1749-016, Portugal
- Physics Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-516, Portugal
| | - Brian J Rodriguez
- School of Physics and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Helena Oliveira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Dermot F Brougham
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Paula Ferreira
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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Mirkhani N, Christiansen MG, Gwisai T, Menghini S, Schuerle S. Spatially selective delivery of living magnetic microrobots through torque-focusing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2160. [PMID: 38461256 PMCID: PMC10924878 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotating magnetic fields enable biomedical microrobots to overcome physiological barriers and promote extravasation and accumulation in tumors. Nevertheless, targeting deeply situated tumors requires suppression of off-target actuation in healthy tissue. Here, we investigate a control strategy for applying spatially selective torque density to microrobots by combining rotating fields with magnetostatic selection fields. Taking magnetotactic bacteria as diffuse torque-based actuators, we numerically model off-target torque suppression, indicating the feasibility of centimeter to millimeter resolution for human applications. We study focal torque application in vitro, observing off-target suppression of actuation-dependent effects such as colonization of bacteria in tumor spheroids. We then design and construct a mouse-scale torque-focusing apparatus capable of maneuvering the focal point. Applying this system to a mouse tumor model increased accumulation of intravenously injected bacteria within tumors receiving focused actuation compared to non-actuated or globally actuated groups. This control scheme combines the advantages of torque-based actuation with spatial targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Mirkhani
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael G Christiansen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tinotenda Gwisai
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Menghini
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schuerle
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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5
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Li N, Fei P, Tous C, Rezaei Adariani M, Hautot ML, Ouedraogo I, Hadjadj A, Dimov IP, Zhang Q, Lessard S, Nosrati Z, Ng CN, Saatchi K, Häfeli UO, Tremblay C, Kadoury S, Tang A, Martel S, Soulez G. Human-scale navigation of magnetic microrobots in hepatic arteries. Sci Robot 2024; 9:eadh8702. [PMID: 38354257 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adh8702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Using external actuation sources to navigate untethered drug-eluting microrobots in the bloodstream offers great promise in improving the selectivity of drug delivery, especially in oncology, but the current field forces are difficult to maintain with enough strength inside the human body (>70-centimeter-diameter range) to achieve this operation. Here, we present an algorithm to predict the optimal patient position with respect to gravity during endovascular microrobot navigation. Magnetic resonance navigation, using magnetic field gradients in clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is combined with the algorithm to improve the targeting efficiency of magnetic microrobots (MMRs). Using a dedicated microparticle injector, a high-precision MRI-compatible balloon inflation system, and a clinical MRI, MMRs were successfully steered into targeted lobes via the hepatic arteries of living pigs. The distribution ratio of the microrobots (roughly 2000 MMRs per pig) in the right liver lobe increased from 47.7 to 86.4% and increased in the left lobe from 52.2 to 84.1%. After passing through multiple vascular bifurcations, the number of MMRs reaching four different target liver lobes had a 1.7- to 2.6-fold increase in the navigation groups compared with the control group. Performing simulations on 19 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) demonstrated that the proposed technique can meet the need for hepatic embolization in patients with HCC. Our technology offers selectable direction for actuator-based navigation of microrobots at the human scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Clinical Laboratory of Image Processing (LCTI), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Phillip Fei
- Clinical Laboratory of Image Processing (LCTI), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Cyril Tous
- Clinical Laboratory of Image Processing (LCTI), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mahdi Rezaei Adariani
- Clinical Laboratory of Image Processing (LCTI), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Inria, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Marie-Lou Hautot
- Clinical Laboratory of Image Processing (LCTI), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Inès Ouedraogo
- Clinical Laboratory of Image Processing (LCTI), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Université de Nantes, Nantes 44035, France
| | - Amina Hadjadj
- Clinical Laboratory of Image Processing (LCTI), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ivan P Dimov
- Clinical Laboratory of Image Processing (LCTI), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Quan Zhang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Simon Lessard
- Clinical Laboratory of Image Processing (LCTI), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Zeynab Nosrati
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Courtney N Ng
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Katayoun Saatchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Urs O Häfeli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Charles Tremblay
- Department of Computer Engineering and Software Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Samuel Kadoury
- Clinical Laboratory of Image Processing (LCTI), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Computer Engineering and Software Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - An Tang
- Clinical Laboratory of Image Processing (LCTI), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0C1, Canada
| | - Sylvain Martel
- Department of Computer Engineering and Software Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Gilles Soulez
- Clinical Laboratory of Image Processing (LCTI), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0C1, Canada
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6
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Zhou J, Li M, Li N, Zhou Y, Wang J, Jiao N. System integration of magnetic medical microrobots: from design to control. Front Robot AI 2023; 10:1330960. [PMID: 38169802 PMCID: PMC10758462 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1330960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetic microrobots are ideal for medical applications owing to their deep tissue penetration, precise control, and flexible movement. After decades of development, various magnetic microrobots have been used to achieve medical functions such as targeted delivery, cell manipulation, and minimally invasive surgery. This review introduces the research status and latest progress in the design and control systems of magnetic medical microrobots from a system integration perspective and summarizes the advantages and limitations of the research to provide a reference for developers. Finally, the future development direction of magnetic medical microrobot design and control systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Niandong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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Fan X, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Xie H, Sun L, Chen T, Yang Z. Combined three dimensional locomotion and deformation of functional ferrofluidic robots. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37982182 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02535g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic microrobots possess remarkable potential for targeted applications in the medical field, primarily due to their non-invasive, controllable properties. These unique qualities have garnered increased attention and fascination among researchers. However, these robotic systems do face challenges such as limited deformation capabilities and difficulties navigating confined spaces. Recently, researchers have turned their attention towards magnetic droplet robots, which are notable for their superior deformability, controllability, and potential for a range of applications such as automated virus detection and targeted drug delivery. Despite these advantages, the majority of current research is constrained to two-dimensional deformation and motion, thereby limiting their broader functionality. In response to these limitations, this study proposes innovative strategies for controlling deformation and achieving a three-dimensional (3D) trajectory in ferrofluidic robots. These strategies leverage a custom-designed eight-axis electromagnetic coil and a sliding mode controller. The implementation of these methods exhibits the potential of ferrofluidic robots in diverse applications, including microfluidic pump systems, 3D micromanipulation, and selective vascular occlusion. In essence, this study aims to broaden the capabilities of ferrofluidic robots, thereby enhancing their applicability across a multitude of fields such as medicine, micromanipulation, bioengineering, and more by maximizing the potential of these intricate robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Fan
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, No. 8, Jixue Road, Suzhou 215131, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, No. 8, Jixue Road, Suzhou 215131, China.
| | - Zhengnan Wu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, No. 8, Jixue Road, Suzhou 215131, China.
| | - Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Yikuang, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Lining Sun
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, No. 8, Jixue Road, Suzhou 215131, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, No. 1, Jiuyongxi Road, Suzhou 215222, China.
| | - Zhan Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, No. 8, Jixue Road, Suzhou 215131, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Christiansen MG, Stöcklin LR, Forbrigger C, Venkatesh SA, Schuerle S. Inductive sensing of magnetic microrobots under actuation by rotating magnetic fields. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad297. [PMID: 37746329 PMCID: PMC10516638 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The engineering space for magnetically manipulated biomedical microrobots is rapidly expanding. This includes synthetic, bioinspired, and biohybrid designs, some of which may eventually assume clinical roles aiding drug delivery or performing other therapeutic functions. Actuating these microrobots with rotating magnetic fields (RMFs) and the magnetic torques they exert offers the advantages of efficient mechanical energy transfer and scalable instrumentation. Nevertheless, closed-loop control still requires a complementary noninvasive imaging modality to reveal position and trajectory, such as ultrasound or X-rays, increasing complexity and posing a barrier to use. Here, we investigate the possibility of combining actuation and sensing via inductive detection of model microrobots under field magnitudes ranging from 100 s of microtesla to 10 s of millitesla rotating at 1 to 100 Hz. A prototype apparatus accomplishes this using adjustment mechanisms for both phase and amplitude to finely balance sense and compensation coils, suppressing the background signal of the driving RMF by 90 dB. Rather than relying on frequency decomposition to analyze signals, we show that, for rotational actuation, phase decomposition is more appropriate. We demonstrate inductive detection of a micromagnet placed in two distinct viscous environments using RMFs with fixed and time-varying frequencies. Finally, we show how magnetostatic selection fields can spatially isolate inductive signals from a micromagnet actuated by an RMF, with the resolution set by the relative magnitude of the selection field and the RMF. The concepts developed here lay a foundation for future closed-loop control schemes for magnetic microrobots based on simultaneous inductive sensing and actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucien R Stöcklin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Cameron Forbrigger
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Shashaank Abhinav Venkatesh
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Simone Schuerle
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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Xu C, Liu Y, Li J, Ning P, Shi Z, Zhang W, Li Z, Zhou R, Tong Y, Li Y, Lv C, Shen Y, Cheng Q, He B, Cheng Y. Photomagnetically Powered Spiky Nanomachines with Thermal Control of Viscosity for Enhanced Cancer Mechanotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204996. [PMID: 36515124 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanomachines with active propulsion have emerged as an intelligent platform for targeted cancer therapy. Achieving an efficient locomotion performance using an external energy conversion is a key requirement in the design of nanomachines. In this study, inspired by diverse spiky structures in nature, a photomagnetically powered nanomachine (PMN) with a spiky surface and thermally dependent viscosity tunability is proposed to facilitate mechanical motion in lysosomes for cancer mechanotherapy. The hybrid nanomachine is integrated with magnetic nanoparticles as the core and covered with gold nanotips. Physical simulations and experimental results prove that the spiky structure endows nanomachines with an obvious photomagnetic coupling effect in the NIR-II region through the alignment and orienting movement of plasmons on the gold tips. Using a coupling-enhanced magnetic field, PMNs are efficiently assembled into chain-like structures to further elevate energy conversion efficiency. Notably, PMNs with the thermal control of viscosity are efficiently propelled under simultaneously applied dual external energy sources in cell lysosomes. Enhanced mechanical destruction of cancer cells via PMNs is confirmed both in vitro and in vivo under photomagnetic treatment. This study provides a new direction for designing integrated nanomachines with active adaptability to physiological environments for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yali Liu
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jiayan Li
- Institute of Acoustics, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Peng Ning
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Shi
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Zhenguang Li
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Ruimei Zhou
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Tong
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yingze Li
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yajing Shen
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Institute of Acoustics, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Bin He
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
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Chesnitskiy AV, Gayduk AE, Seleznev VA, Prinz VY. Bio-Inspired Micro- and Nanorobotics Driven by Magnetic Field. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7781. [PMID: 36363368 PMCID: PMC9653604 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been explosive growth in the number of investigations devoted to the development and study of biomimetic micro- and nanorobots. The present review is dedicated to novel bioinspired magnetic micro- and nanodevices that can be remotely controlled by an external magnetic field. This approach to actuate micro- and nanorobots is non-invasive and absolutely harmless for living organisms in vivo and cell microsurgery, and is very promising for medicine in the near future. Particular attention has been paid to the latest advances in the rapidly developing field of designing polymer-based flexible and rigid magnetic composites and fabricating structures inspired by living micro-objects and organisms. The physical principles underlying the functioning of hybrid bio-inspired magnetic miniature robots, sensors, and actuators are considered in this review, and key practical applications and challenges are analyzed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Chesnitskiy
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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11
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Fan X, Jiang Y, Li M, Zhang Y, Tian C, Mao L, Xie H, Sun L, Yang Z, Sitti M. Scale-reconfigurable miniature ferrofluidic robots for negotiating sharply variable spaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq1677. [PMID: 36112686 PMCID: PMC9481141 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic miniature soft robots have shown great potential for facilitating biomedical applications by minimizing invasiveness and possible physical damage. However, researchers have mainly focused on fixed-size robots, with their active locomotion accessible only when the cross-sectional dimension of these confined spaces is comparable to that of the robot. Here, we realize the scale-reconfigurable miniature ferrofluidic robots (SMFRs) based on ferrofluid droplets and propose a series of control strategies for reconfiguring SMFR's scale and deformation to achieve trans-scale motion control by designing a multiscale magnetic miniature robot actuation (M3RA) system. The results showed that SMFRs, varying from centimeters to a few micrometers, leveraged diverse capabilities, such as locomotion in structured environments, deformation to squeeze through gaps, and even reversible scale reconfiguration for navigating sharply variable spaces. A miniature robot system with these capabilities combined is promising to be applied in future wireless medical robots inside confined regions of the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Fan
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, No. 8, Jixue Road, Suzhou 215131, China
| | - Yihui Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, No. 8, Jixue Road, Suzhou 215131, China
| | - Mingtong Li
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, No. 8, Jixue Road, Suzhou 215131, China
| | - Chenyao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Yikuang, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Liyang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Yikuang, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Yikuang, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Lining Sun
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, No. 8, Jixue Road, Suzhou 215131, China
| | - Zhan Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, No. 8, Jixue Road, Suzhou 215131, China
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Ko MJ, Hong H, Choi H, Kang H, Kim D. Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Dynamic Imaging and Therapy. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jun Ko
- Department of Radiology Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Hyunsik Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Choi
- Department of Radiology Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
- College of Medicine Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiology Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering McCormick School of Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center Northwestern University Chicago Illinois 60611 USA
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13
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Ramos‐Sebastian A, Hwang S, Kim SH. Single Coil Mechano-Electromagnetic System for the Automatic 1-Axis Position Feedback 3D Locomotion Control of Magnetic Robots and Their Selective Manipulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201968. [PMID: 35712771 PMCID: PMC9376823 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
3D locomotion of magnetic microrobots requires at least one pair of coils per axis and 3D feedback of the position of the microrobot. This results in voluminous systems with high-power usage and a small working space, which require complex and expensive controllers. This study presents a single-coil magneto-electromagnetic system, comprising a parallel robot and coil, capable of precise 3D locomotion control of magnetic millirobots while requiring only feedback of the vertical position of the millirobot. The coil current creates a 2D magnetic trapping point in the horizontal plane, which depends on the position and orientation of the coil and toward which the millirobot moves, eliminating the need for position feedback at such plane. The vertical position of the millirobot is controlled by varying the coil current while receiving feedback from the vertical position of the millirobot. Feedbackless 2D control and 1-axis feedback 3D automatic control of magnetic millirobots are experimentally demonstrated, achieving higher speeds and similar position errors when compared to control systems with 3D position feedback. Furthermore, selective control of two millirobots is demonstrated by matching the region of maximum vertical magnetic force and the targeted millirobot, achieving selective levitation and control of such millirobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Ramos‐Sebastian
- Department of Electronics Convergence EngineeringWonkwang UniversityIksan54538Republic of Korea
- Department of IT Convergence Mechatronics EngineeringJeonbuk National UniversityJeonju54896Republic of Korea
| | - Seungchan Hwang
- Department of Electronics Convergence EngineeringWonkwang UniversityIksan54538Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Electronics Convergence EngineeringWonkwang UniversityIksan54538Republic of Korea
- Wonkwang Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyWonkwang UniversityIksan54538Republic of Korea
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