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Mohammadi M, Ahmed Qadir S, Mahmood Faraj A, Hamid Shareef O, Mahmoodi H, Mahmoudi F, Moradi S. Navigating the future: Microfluidics charting new routes in drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2024:124142. [PMID: 38648941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidics has emerged as a transformative force in the field of drug delivery, offering innovative avenues to produce a diverse range of nano drug delivery systems. Thanks to its precise manipulation of small fluid volumes and its exceptional command over the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles, this technology is notably able to enhance the pharmacokinetics of drugs. It has initiated a revolutionary phase in the domain of drug delivery, presenting a multitude of compelling advantages when it comes to developing nanocarriers tailored for the delivery of poorly soluble medications. These advantages represent a substantial departure from conventional drug delivery methodologies, marking a paradigm shift in pharmaceutical research and development. Furthermore, microfluidic platformsmay be strategically devised to facilitate targeted drug delivery with the objective of enhancing the localized bioavailability of pharmaceutical substances. In this paper, we have comprehensively investigated a range of significant microfluidic techniques used in the production of nanoscale drug delivery systems. This comprehensive review can serve as a valuable reference and offer insightful guidance for the development and optimization of numerous microfluidics-fabricated nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Syamand Ahmed Qadir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Halabja Technical Institute, Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Aryan Mahmood Faraj
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Halabja Technical College of Applied Sciences, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Halabja, Iraq
| | - Osama Hamid Shareef
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Halabja Technical Institute, Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Hassan Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sajad Moradi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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2
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Pan S, Zhang T, Zhang C, Liao N, Zhang M, Zhao T. Fabrication of a high performance flexible capacitive porous GO/PDMS pressure sensor based on droplet microfluidic technology. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1668-1675. [PMID: 38304936 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00021h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Porous structures are an effective way to improve the performance of flexible capacitive sensors, but the pore size uniformity of porous structures is not easily controlled by current methods, which may affect the inconsistent performance of different batches of sensors. In this paper, a high performance capacitive flexible porous GO/PDMS pressure sensor was prepared based on droplet microfluidic technology. By testing the performance of the sensor, we found that the sensor with a flow rate ratio of 1 : 3 has relatively good performance, with a degree of hysteresis (DH) of 8.64% and a coefficient of variation (CV) of 5.2%. Therefore, we studied the sensor performance based on this process. The result shows that the sensitivity of the flexible capacitive porous GO/PDMS pressure sensor reached 0.627 kPa-1 at low pressure (0-3 kPa), which is significantly higher than that of the pure PDMS thin film sensor (about 0.031 kPa-1) and the porous PDMS pressure sensor (0.263 kPa-1). At the same time, the sensor has a large range with a fast response time of 240 ms and a relaxation time of 300 ms at 30 kPa and an ultra-low detection limit (70 Pa). It can maintain stable operation under continuous force loading/unloading cycles and can respond well to different pressure step changes, so the sensor can be used to detect the movement process of each finger, knee, foot and other joints of the human body. In conclusion, the droplet microfluidic technology can effectively prepare high-performance capacitive flexible porous GO/PDMS pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShengYuan Pan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Cangnan Research Institute of Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325800, China
| | - Ningbo Liao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Cangnan Research Institute of Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325800, China
| | - Tianchen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Air-driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Province, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
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3
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Nan L, Zhang H, Weitz DA, Shum HC. Development and future of droplet microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1135-1153. [PMID: 38165829 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00729d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, advances in droplet-based microfluidics have facilitated new approaches to process and analyze samples with unprecedented levels of precision and throughput. A wide variety of applications has been inspired across multiple disciplines ranging from materials science to biology. Understanding the dynamics of droplets enables optimization of microfluidic operations and design of new techniques tailored to emerging demands. In this review, we discuss the underlying physics behind high-throughput generation and manipulation of droplets. We also summarize the applications in droplet-derived materials and droplet-based lab-on-a-chip biotechnology. In addition, we offer perspectives on future directions to realize wider use of droplet microfluidics in industrial production and biomedical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Nan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huidan Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David A Weitz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Zhang M, Xing J, Zhong Y, Zhang T, Liu X, Xing D. Advanced function, design and application of skin substitutes for skin regeneration. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100918. [PMID: 38223459 PMCID: PMC10784320 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of skin substitutes aims to replace, mimic, or improve the functions of human skin, regenerate damaged skin tissue, and replace or enhance skin function. This includes artificial skin, scaffolds or devices designed for treatment, imitation, or improvement of skin function in wounds and injuries. Therefore, tremendous efforts have been made to develop functional skin substitutes. However, there is still few reports systematically discuss the relationship between the advanced function and design requirements. In this paper, we review the classification, functions, and design requirements of artificial skin or skin substitutes. Different manufacturing strategies for skin substitutes such as hydrogels, 3D/4D printing, electrospinning, microfluidics are summarized. This review also introduces currently available skin substitutes in clinical trials and on the market and the related regulatory requirements. Finally, the prospects and challenges of skin substitutes in the field of tissue engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiyao Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yingjie Zhong
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xinlin Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dongming Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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5
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Hazra RS, Kale N, Boyle C, Molina KB, D'Souza A, Aland G, Jiang L, Chaturvedi P, Ghosh S, Mallik S, Khandare J, Quadir M. Magnetically-activated, nanostructured cellulose for efficient capture of circulating tumor cells from the blood sample of head and neck cancer patients. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121418. [PMID: 37940250 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
In this report, the relative efficiency of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and nanofibers (CNFs) to capture circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from the blood sample of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients was evaluated. Detection and enumeration of CTCs are critical for monitoring cancer progression. Both types of nanostructured cellulose were chemically modified with Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) antibody and iron oxide nanoparticles. The EpCAM antibody facilitated the engagement of CTCs, promoting entrapment within the cellulose cage structure. Iron oxide nanoparticles, on the other hand, rendered the cages activatable via the use of a magnet for the capture and separation of entrapped CTCs. The efficiency of the network structures is shown in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients' blood samples. It was observed that the degree of chemical functionalization of hydroxyl groups located within the CNCs or CNFs with anti-EpCAM determined the efficiency of the system's interaction with CTCs. Further, our result indicated that inflexible scaffolds of nanocrystals interacted more efficiently with CTCs than that of the fibrous CNF scaffolds. Network structures derived from CNCs demonstrated comparable CTC capturing efficiency to commercial standard, OncoDiscover®. The output of the work will provide the chemical design principles of cellulosic materials intended for constructing affordable platforms for monitoring cancer progression in 'real time'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Shankar Hazra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108, ND, USA
| | - Narendra Kale
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108, ND, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108, ND, USA
| | - Camden Boyle
- Department of Engineering and Technology, Southeast Missouri State University, One University Plaza, MS6825, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA
| | - Kayla B Molina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alain D'Souza
- Actorius Innovations and Research, Pune, India; Actorius Innovations and Research, Simi Valley, CA 93063, USA
| | - Gourishankar Aland
- Actorius Innovations and Research, Pune, India; Actorius Innovations and Research, Simi Valley, CA 93063, USA
| | - Long Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Santaneel Ghosh
- Department of Engineering and Technology, Southeast Missouri State University, One University Plaza, MS6825, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108, ND, USA
| | - Jayant Khandare
- Actorius Innovations and Research, Pune, India; School of Pharmacy, Dr. Vishwananth Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune 411038, India; School of Consciousness, Dr. Vishwananth Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune 411038, India; Actorius Innovations and Research, Simi Valley, CA 93063, USA.
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108, ND, USA.
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Cheng J, Huang H, Chen Y, Wu R. Nanomedicine for Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304294. [PMID: 37897322 PMCID: PMC10754137 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
With the changing disease spectrum, atherosclerosis has become increasingly prevalent worldwide and the associated diseases have emerged as the leading cause of death. Due to their fascinating physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, nanomaterials are regarded as a promising tool to tackle enormous challenges in medicine. The emerging discipline of nanomedicine has filled a huge application gap in the atherosclerotic field, ushering a new generation of diagnosis and treatment strategies. Herein, based on the essential pathogenic contributors of atherogenesis, as well as the distinct composition/structural characteristics, synthesis strategies, and surface design of nanoplatforms, the three major application branches (nanodiagnosis, nanotherapy, and nanotheranostic) of nanomedicine in atherosclerosis are elaborated. Then, state-of-art studies containing a sequence of representative and significant achievements are summarized in detail with an emphasis on the intrinsic interaction/relationship between nanomedicines and atherosclerosis. Particularly, attention is paid to the biosafety of nanomedicines, which aims to pave the way for future clinical translation of this burgeoning field. Finally, this comprehensive review is concluded by proposing unresolved key scientific issues and sharing the vision and expectation for the future, fully elucidating the closed loop from atherogenesis to the application paradigm of nanomedicines for advancing the early achievement of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Cheng
- Department of UltrasoundShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200080P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- Materdicine LabSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine LabSchool of Life SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai200444P. R. China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health)Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325088P. R. China
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of UltrasoundShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200080P. R. China
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7
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Yoshida YG, Yan S, Xu H, Yang J. Novel Metal Nanomaterials to Promote Angiogenesis in Tissue Regeneration. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2023; 4:265-276. [PMID: 37234753 PMCID: PMC10207714 DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis-the formation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels-has drawn significant attention in medical research. New techniques have been developed to control proangiogenic factors to obtain desired effects. Two important research areas are 1) understanding cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in angiogenesis and 2) discovering new biomaterials and nanomaterials with proangiogenic effects. This paper reviews recent developments in controlling angiogenesis in the context of regenerative medicine and wound healing. We focus on novel proangiogenic materials that will advance the field of regenerative medicine. Specifically, we mainly focus on metal nanomaterials. We also discuss novel technologies developed to carry these proangiogenic inorganic molecules efficiently to target sites. We offer a comprehensive overview by combining existing knowledge regarding metal nanomaterials with novel developments that are still being refined to identify new nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki G. Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Su Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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8
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Tone CM, Zizzari A, Spina L, Bianco M, De Santo MP, Arima V, Barberi RC, Ciuchi F. Sunset Yellow Confined in Curved Geometry: A Microfluidic Approach. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:6134-6141. [PMID: 37072936 PMCID: PMC10157883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs) in confined environments is an interesting research field that still awaits exploration, with multiple key variables to be uncovered and understood. Microfluidics is a highly versatile technique that allows us to confine LCLCs in micrometric spheres. As microscale networks offer distinct interplays between the surface effects, geometric confinement, and viscosity parameters, rich and unique interactions emerging at the LCLC-microfluidic channel interfaces are expected. Here, we report on the behavior of pure and chiral doped nematic Sunset Yellow (SSY) chromonic microdroplets produced through a microfluidic flow-focusing device. The continuous production of SSY microdroplets with controllable size gives the possibility to systematically study their topological textures as the function of their diameters. Indeed, doped SSY microdroplets produced via microfluidics, show topologies that are typical of common chiral thermotropic liquid crystals. Furthermore, few droplets exhibit a peculiar texture never observed for chiral chromonic liquid crystals. Finally, the achieved precise control of the produced LCLC microdroplets is a crucial step for technological applications in biosensing and anticounterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Maria Tone
- Physics Department, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, cubo 31C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
- CNR-Nanotec, c/o Physics Department, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, cubo 31C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zizzari
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenza Spina
- Physics Department, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, cubo 31C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
- CNR-Nanotec, c/o Physics Department, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, cubo 31C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Monica Bianco
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Penelope De Santo
- Physics Department, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, cubo 31C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
- CNR-Nanotec, c/o Physics Department, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, cubo 31C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Valentina Arima
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cristoforo Barberi
- Physics Department, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, cubo 31C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
- CNR-Nanotec, c/o Physics Department, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, cubo 31C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Federica Ciuchi
- CNR-Nanotec, c/o Physics Department, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, cubo 31C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
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Xu C, Jiang Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Ye Y, Qin H, Gao J, Dan Q, Du L, Liu L, Peng F, Li Y, Tu Y. Arthritic Microenvironment Actuated Nanomotors for Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204881. [PMID: 36373692 PMCID: PMC9896045 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Increasing O2 demand and excessive ROS production are the main features of arthritic microenvironment in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) joints and further play pivotal roles in inflammation exacerbation. In this work, a system of in situ regulation of arthritic microenvironment based on nanomotor strategy is proposed for active RA therapy. The synthesized MnO2 -motors enable catalytic regulation of RA microenvironment by consuming the overproduced H2 O2 and generating O2 synergistically. The generated O2 under H2 O2 -rich conditions functions as inflammation detector, propellant for enhanced diffusion, as well as ameliorator for the hypoxic synovial microenvironment. Owing to O2 generation and inflammation scavenging, the MnO2 -motors block the re-polarization of pro-inflammatory macrophages, which results in significantly decreased secretion of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, intra-articular administration of MnO2 -motors to collagen-induced arthritis rats (CIA rats) effectively alleviates hypoxia, synovial inflammation, bone erosion, and cartilage degradation in joints. Therefore, the proposed arthritic regulation strategy shows great potential to seamlessly integrate basic research of RA with clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Department of Medicine UltrasonicsNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Yuejun Jiang
- Department of Medicine UltrasonicsNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Medicine UltrasonicsNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of UltrasoundFirst Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Yicheng Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Hanfeng Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Junbin Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Qing Dan
- Department of Medicine UltrasonicsNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Lingli Du
- Department of Medicine UltrasonicsNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Yingjia Li
- Department of Medicine UltrasonicsNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
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Sun G, Wu Y, Huang Z, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Lv X, Liu L. Directed evolution of diacetylchitobiose deacetylase via high-throughput droplet sorting with a novel, bacteria-based biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114818. [PMID: 36327560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous biological disciplines rely on high-throughput cell sorting. Flow cytometry, the current gold standard, is capable of ultrahigh-throughput cell sorting, but measurements are primarily limited to cell size and surface marker. Droplet sorting technology is gaining increasing attention with the ability to provide an individual environment for the analysis of single-cell secretion. Although various droplet detecting methods, such as fluorescence, absorbance, mass spectrum, imaging analysis, have been developed for droplet sorting, it remains challenging to establish high-throughput sorting methods for numerous analytes. We aim to develop a high-throughput sorting system based on the glucosamine (GlcN) measurement for the directed evolution of diacetylchitobiose deacetylase (Dac), the key enzyme for GlcN production. To overcome the limitation that no high-throughput sorting system existed for GlcN, we designed a novel bacteria-based biosensor capable of converting GlcN to a positively correlated fluorescence signal. Through characterization and optimization, it was possible to detect GlcN in droplets for high-throughput droplet sorting. We recovered the best Dac mutant S60I/R157T/F168S after sorting ∼0.2 million Dac mutants; its activity was 48.6 ± 1.5 U/mL, which was 1.8-times that of our previously discovered Dac mutant R157T (27.2 ± 1.8 U/mL). This result successfully demonstrated the combination of high-throughput droplet sorting technology and a bacteria-based biosensor, which could facilitate the industrial production of GlcN and serve as a model for similar droplet sorting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yaokang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ziyang Huang
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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11
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Wang H, Zhang H, Xie Z, Chen K, Ma M, Huang Y, Li M, Cai Z, Wang P, Shen H. Injectable hydrogels for spinal cord injury repair. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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12
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Lin Y, He D, Wu Z, Yao Y, Zhang Z, Qiu Y, Wei S, Shang G, Lei X, Wu P, Ding W, He L. Junction matters in hydraulic circuit bio-design of microfluidics. Biodes Manuf 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-022-00215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Wang J, Wang C, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Wang H, Wang S, Chi Z, Shang L, Wang W, Shu Y. Microfluidic Preparation of Gelatin Methacryloyl Microgels as Local Drug Delivery Vehicles for Hearing Loss Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:46212-46223. [PMID: 36206492 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Local drug delivery has become an effective method for disease therapy in fine organs including ears, eyes, and noses. However, the multiple anatomical and physiological barriers, unique clearance pathways, and sensitive perceptions characterizing these organs have led to suboptimal drug delivery efficiency. Here, we developed dexamethasone sodium phosphate-encapsulated gelatin methacryloyl (Dexsp@GelMA) microgel particles, with finely tunable size through well-designed microfluidics, as otic drug delivery vehicles for hearing loss therapy. The release kinetics, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading efficiency, and cytotoxicity of the GelMA microgels with different degrees of methacryloyl substitution were comprehensively studied to optimize the microgel formulation. Compared to bulk hydrogels, Dexsp@GelMA microgels of certain sizes hardly cause air-conducted hearing loss in vivo. Besides, strong adhesion of the microgels on the round window membrane was demonstrated. Moreover, the Dexsp@GelMA microgels, via intratympanic administration, could ameliorate acoustic noise-induced hearing loss and attenuate hair cell loss and synaptic ribbons damage more effectively than Dexsp alone. Our results strongly support the adhesive and intricate microfluidic-derived GelMA microgels as ideal intratympanic delivery vehicles for inner ear disease therapies, which provides new inspiration for microfluidics in drug delivery to the fine organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wang
- ENT institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200031, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai200031, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
| | - Chong Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
| | - Zhuohao Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- ENT institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200031, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai200031, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
| | - Shengyi Wang
- ENT institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200031, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai200031, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
| | - Zhangcai Chi
- ENT institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200031, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai200031, P. R. China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
| | - Wuqing Wang
- ENT institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200031, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai200031, P. R. China
| | - Yilai Shu
- ENT institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200031, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai200031, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
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14
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Wu L, Guo Z, Liu W. Surface behaviors of droplet manipulation in microfluidics devices. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 308:102770. [PMID: 36113310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the rapid development of microfluidic technology has caused a revolutionary impact in the fields of chemistry, medicine, and life sciences. Also, droplet control is one of the most important technologies in the field of microfluidics. In order to achieve different degrees of droplet transport, the dynamic balance of the competing processes of droplet driving force and fluid resistance should be controlled to achieve good selectivity of droplet transport. Here, we focus on the principles of droplet transport in microfluidic devices, including the driving forces for droplet transport in fluids and the effects of transport properties on droplet transport. After that, the effects of external fields on the directional transport of droplets and the advantages and disadvantages of each external field in droplet transport are discussed in detail. Finally, the applications and challenges of droplet microfluidics in chemical, biomedical, and mechanical systems are comprehensively introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshan Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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15
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Akbari Kenari M, Rezvani Ghomi E, Akbari Kenari A, Arabi SMS, Deylami J, Ramakrishna S. Biomedical applications of microfluidic devices: Achievements and challenges. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Akbari Kenari
- Department of Chemical Engineering Polytechnique Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Erfan Rezvani Ghomi
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | | | | | - Javad Deylami
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
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16
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Badalan M, Ghigliotti G, Achard JL, Bottausci F, Balarac G. Physical Analysis of the Centrifugal Microencapsulation Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matei Badalan
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Technologies for Healthcare and biology division, Microfluidic Systems and Bioengineering Lab, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEGI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Achard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEGI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Bottausci
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Technologies for Healthcare and biology division, Microfluidic Systems and Bioengineering Lab, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Balarac
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEGI, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75000 Paris, France
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17
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Chen Z, Kheiri S, Young EWK, Kumacheva E. Trends in Droplet Microfluidics: From Droplet Generation to Biomedical Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6233-6248. [PMID: 35561292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, droplet microfluidics has attracted growing interest in biology, medicine, and engineering. In this feature article, we review the advances in droplet microfluidics, primarily focusing on the research conducted by our group. Starting from the introduction to the mechanisms of microfluidic droplet formation and the strategies for cell encapsulation in droplets, we then focus on droplet transformation into microgels. Furthermore, we review three biomedical applications of droplet microfluidics, that is, 3D cell culture, single-cell analysis, and in vitro organ and disease modeling. We conclude with our perspective on future directions in the development of droplet microfluidics for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Sina Kheiri
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
| | - Edmond W K Young
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Roseburgh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Roseburgh Building, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
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18
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Lin L, Wang X, Niu M, Wu Q, Wang H, Zu Y, Wang W. Biomimetic epithelium/endothelium on chips. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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19
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Wu Y, Liu Y, Wang T, Jiang Q, Xu F, Liu Z. Living Cell for Drug Delivery. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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20
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Zhang Q, Wang X, Kuang G, Yu Y, Zhao Y. Photopolymerized 3D Printing Scaffolds with Pt(IV) Prodrug Initiator for Postsurgical Tumor Treatment. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9784510. [PMID: 36111316 PMCID: PMC9448443 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9784510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical scaffolds have shown great success in postsurgical tumor treatment; their current efforts are focusing on eradicating residual tumor cells and circulating tumor cells and simultaneously repairing postoperative tissue defects. Herein, we report a novel photopolymerized 3D scaffold with Pt(IV) prodrug initiator to achieve the desired features for tumor comprehensive therapy. The Pt-GelMA scaffold was fabricated from the microfluidic 3D printing of methacrylate gelatin (GelMA) bioinks through a Pt(IV)-induced photocrosslinked process without any other additional photoinitiator and chemotherapeutic drug. Thus, the resultant scaffold displayed efficient cell killing ability against breast cancer cells in vitro and significantly inhibited the local tumor growth and distant metastases on an orthotopic postoperative breast cancer model in vivo. Besides, benefiting from their ordered porous structures and favorable biocompatibility, the scaffolds supported the cell attachment, spreading, and proliferation of normal cells in vitro; could facilitate the nutrient transportation; and induced new tissue ingrowth for repairing tissue defects caused by surgery. These properties indicate that such 3D printing scaffold is a promising candidate for efficient postoperative tumor treatment in the practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Xiaocheng Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Gaizhen Kuang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Yunru Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
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21
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Zhao W, Zhang Y, Liu L, Gao Y, Sun W, Sun Y, Ma Q. Microfluidic-based functional materials: new prospects for wound healing and beyond. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:8357-8374. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01464e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has been applied to fabricate high-performance functional materials contributing to all physiological stages of wound healing. The advances of microfluidic-based functional materials for wound healing have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yage Zhang
- Department of Mechanical, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wentao Sun
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China
| | - Yong Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qingming Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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