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Richardson LK, Nordstrom SW, Waananen A, Thoen RD, Dykstra AB, Kiefer G, Mullett DE, Eichenberger EG, Shaw RG, Wagenius S. Juvenile survival increases with dispersal distance and varies across years: 15 years of evidence in a prairie perennial. Ecology 2024:e4331. [PMID: 38802284 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Juvenile survival is critical to population persistence and evolutionary change. However, the survival of juvenile plants from emergence to reproductive maturity is rarely quantified. This is especially true for long-lived perennials with extended pre-reproductive periods. Furthermore, studies rarely have the replication necessary to account for variation among populations and cohorts. We estimated juvenile survival and its relationship to population size, density of conspecifics, distance to the maternal plant, age, year, and cohort for Echinacea angustifolia, a long-lived herbaceous perennial. In 14 remnant prairie populations over seven sampling years, 2007-2013, we identified 886 seedlings. We then monitored these individuals annually until 2021 (8-15 years). Overall, juvenile mortality was very high; for almost all cohorts fewer than 10% of seedlings survived to age 8 or to year 2021. Only two of the seedlings reached reproductive maturity within the study period. Juvenile survival increased with distance from the maternal plant and varied more among the study years than it did by age or cohort. Juvenile survival did not vary with population size or local density of conspecific neighbors. Our results suggest that low juvenile survival could contribute to projected population declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea K Richardson
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Scott W Nordstrom
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy Waananen
- University of Minnesota, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Riley D Thoen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amy B Dykstra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bethel University, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gretel Kiefer
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois, USA
| | - Drake E Mullett
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois, USA
| | - Erin G Eichenberger
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ruth G Shaw
- University of Minnesota, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stuart Wagenius
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois, USA
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Portman ZM, Gardner J, Lane IG, Gerjets N, Petersen JD, Ascher JS, Arduser M, Evans EC, Boyd C, Thomson R, Cariveau DP. A checklist of the bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Minnesota. Zootaxa 2023; 5304:1-95. [PMID: 37518539 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5304.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Research studies and conservation actions aimed at improving conditions for bees require a basic understanding of which species are present in a given region. The US state of Minnesota occupies a unique geographic position at the confluence of eastern deciduous forests, northern boreal forests, and western tallgrass prairie, which has led to a diverse and unique bee fauna. In recent years there have been multiple ongoing bee-focused inventory and research projects in Minnesota. Combined with the historic specimens housed in the University of Minnesota Insect Collection and other regional collections, these furnished a wealth of specimens available to form the basis of a statewide checklist. Here, we present the first comprehensive checklist of Minnesota bee species, documenting a total of 508 species in 45 genera. County-level occurrence data is included for each species, and further information on distribution and rarity is included for species of regional or national interest. Some species have their taxonomy clarified, with Perdita citrinella Graenicher, 1910 syn. nov. recognized as a junior synonym of Perdita perpallida Cockerell, 1901, P. bequaerti syn. nov. recognized as a junior synonym of P. pallidipennis Graenicher, 1910 stat. nov., Anthidiellum boreale (Robertson, 1902) stat. nov. recognized as a full species, and Anthidiellium beijingense Portman & Ascher nom. nov. is proposed for A. boreale Wu to resolve the homonymy with A. boreale (Robertson). We further include a list of species that may occur in Minnesota and highlight 11 species occurring in the state that are considered non-native. Recent collecting efforts, as well as increased taxonomic attention paid to Minnesota bees, have resulted in 66 species that have only been documented in the last 10 years. As a first step in determining native bees of conservation concern, we document 38 species that have not been detected in the state during the last 50 years and discuss their conservation status, along with other species for which evidence of decline exists. The checklist of Minnesota bees will continue to grow and change with additional surveys and research studies. In particular, recent surveys have continued to detect new bee species, and many bee groups are in need of taxonomic revision, with the most recent revisions for many genera occurring decades ago. Overall, this checklist strengthens our understanding of the bees of Minnesota and the broader region, informs conservation assessments, and establishes a baseline for faunal change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Portman
- Department of Entomology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul; MN; USA 55108.
| | - Joel Gardner
- Department of Entomology; Washington State University; Pullman; WA; USA 99163.
| | - Ian G Lane
- Department of Entomology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul; MN; USA 55108.
| | - Nicole Gerjets
- Minnesota Biological Survey; Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; St. Paul; MN; USA 55155.
| | - Jessica D Petersen
- Minnesota Biological Survey; Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; St. Paul; MN; USA 55155.
| | - John S Ascher
- Insect Diversity Lab; Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117558.
| | - Mike Arduser
- Conservation Research Institute; Cedarburg; WI; USA 53012.
| | - Elaine C Evans
- Department of Entomology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul; MN; USA 55108.
| | - Crystal Boyd
- National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; Washington; DC USA 20005.
| | - Robin Thomson
- Department of Entomology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul; MN; USA 55108.
| | - Daniel P Cariveau
- Department of Entomology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul; MN; USA 55108.
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Lewis EM, Fant JB, Moore MJ, Skogen KA. Hawkmoth and bee pollinators impact pollen dispersal at the landscape but not local scales in two species of Oenothera. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023:e16156. [PMID: 36934437 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Animal pollinators play an important role in pollen dispersal. Here, we assessed differences in pollen and seed dispersal and the role of pollinator functional groups with different foraging behaviors in generating patterns of genetic diversity over similar geographic ranges for two closely related taxa. We focused on two members of Oenothera section Calylophus (Onagraceae) that co-occur on gypsum outcrops throughout the northern Chihuahuan Desert but differ in floral phenotype and primary pollinator: Oenothera gayleana (bee) and O. hartwegii subsp. filifolia (hawkmoth). METHODS We measured breeding system and floral traits and studied gene flow and population differentiation at the local (<13 km; four populations) and landscape (60-440 km; five populations) scales using 10-11 nuclear (pollen dispersal) and three plastid (seed dispersal) microsatellite markers. RESULTS Both taxa were self-incompatible and floral traits were consistent with expectations for different pollinators. Seed and pollen dispersal patterns were distinctly different for both species. We found no evidence of genetic structure at the local scale but did at the landscape scale; O. gayleana showed greater differentiation and significant isolation by distance than in O. hartwegii subsp. filifolia. The plastid data were consistent with gravity dispersal of seeds and suggest that pollen dispersal is the principal driver of genetic structure in both species. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that pollinator functional groups can impact genetic differentiation in different and predictable ways. Hawkmoths, with larger foraging distances, can maintain gene flow across greater spatial scales than bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Lewis
- Northwestern University, Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Jeremie B Fant
- Northwestern University, Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Michael J Moore
- Biology Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA
| | - Krissa A Skogen
- Northwestern University, Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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Reed WJ, Ison JL, Waananen A, Shaw FH, Wagenius S, Shaw RG. Genetic variation in reproductive timing in a long-lived herbaceous perennial. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1861-1874. [PMID: 36112607 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Reproductive fitness of individual plants depends on the timing of flowering, especially in mate-limited populations, such as those in fragmented habitats. When flowering time traits are associated with differential reproductive success, the narrow-sense heritability (h2 ) of traits will determine how rapidly trait means evolve in response to selection. Heritability of flowering time is documented in many annual plants. However, estimating h2 of flowering time in perennials presents additional methodological challenges, often including paternity assignment and trait expression over multiple years. METHODS We evaluated the h2 of onset and duration of flowering using offspring-midparent regressions and restricted maximum likelihood methods in an experimental population of an iterocarpic, perennial, herbaceous plant, Echinacea angustifolia, growing in natural conditions. We assessed the flowering time of the parental cohort in 2005 and 2006; the offspring in 2014 through 2017. We also examined the effects of the paternity assignment from Cervus and MasterBayes on estimates of h2 . RESULTS We found substantial h2 for onset and duration of flowering. We also observed variation in estimates among years. The most reliable estimates for both traits fell in the range of 0.1-0.17. We found evidence of a genotype by year interaction for onset of flowering and strong evidence that genotypes are consistent in their duration of flowering across years. CONCLUSIONS Substantial heritabilities in this population imply the capacity for a response to natural selection, while also suggesting the potential for differential contributions to adaptive evolution among seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Reed
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1900 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ison
- Biology Department, College of Wooster, 1189 Beall Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Amy Waananen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Frank H Shaw
- Math Department, Hamline University, 1536 Hewitt Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55104, USA
| | - Stuart Wagenius
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Ruth G Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Lu X, Ye X, Hu Z, Liu J. The morphology of stigma of Asteraceae observed by scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2292-2304. [PMID: 35191564 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of stigma has taxonomic values. To further explore the taxonomy of family Asteraceae, the morphological characteristics of stigma of 28 genera, 32 species, and two varieties in the family were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the stigma morphology of these Asteraceae plants could be divided into 10 types, of which eight are reported for the first time. The morphological characteristics of stigma support the close relationship between genera Aster and Erigeron and among genera Sonchus, Taraxacum, and Youngia. Our results enriched the stigma type diversity data and provided a morphological basis for the study of the phylogenetic evolution of Asteraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Lu
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiufen Ye
- Huludao City Teachers Training College, Huludao, Liaoning, China
| | - Ziming Hu
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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Li HY, Luo AC, Hao YJ, Dou FY, Kou RM, Orr MC, Zhu CD, Huang DY. Comparison of the pollination efficiency of Apis cerana with wild bees in oil-seed camellia fields. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Page ML, Nicholson CC, Brennan RM, Britzman AT, Greer J, Hemberger J, Kahl H, Müller U, Peng Y, Rosenberger NM, Stuligross C, Wang L, Yang LH, Williams NM. A meta-analysis of single visit pollination effectiveness comparing honeybees and other floral visitors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2196-2207. [PMID: 34622948 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Many animals provide ecosystem services in the form of pollination including honeybees, which have become globally dominant floral visitors. A rich literature documents considerable variation in single visit pollination effectiveness, but this literature has yet to be extensively synthesized to address whether honeybees are effective pollinators. METHODS We conducted a hierarchical meta-analysis of 168 studies and extracted 1564 single visit effectiveness (SVE) measures for 240 plant species. We paired SVE data with visitation frequency data for 69 of these studies. We used these data to ask three questions: (1) Do honeybees (Apis mellifera) and other floral visitors differ in their SVE? (2) To what extent do plant and pollinator attributes predict differences in SVE between honeybees and other visitors? (3) Is there a correlation between visitation frequency and SVE? RESULTS Honeybees were significantly less effective than the most effective non-honeybee pollinators but were as effective as the average pollinator. The type of pollinator moderated these effects. Honeybees were less effective compared to the most effective and average bird and bee pollinators but were as effective as other taxa. Visitation frequency and SVE were positively correlated, but this trend was largely driven by data from communities where honeybees were absent. CONCLUSIONS Although high visitation frequencies make honeybees important pollinators, they were less effective than the average bee and rarely the most effective pollinator of the plants they visit. As such, honeybees may be imperfect substitutes for the loss of wild pollinators, and safeguarding pollination will benefit from conservation of non-honeybee taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen L Page
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Charlie C Nicholson
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Ross M Brennan
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Anna T Britzman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Jessica Greer
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Jeremy Hemberger
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Hanna Kahl
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Uta Müller
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Youhong Peng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Nick M Rosenberger
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Clara Stuligross
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Louie H Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Neal M Williams
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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Smith GX, Swartz MT, Spigler RB. Causes and consequences of variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in Oenothera fruticosa. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1612-1624. [PMID: 34460097 PMCID: PMC9291898 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Heterospecific pollen transfer, the transfer of pollen between species, is common among co-flowering plants, yet the amount of pollen received is extremely variable among species. Intraspecific variation in heterospecific pollen receipt can be even greater, but we lack an understanding of its causes and fitness consequences in wild populations. METHODS We examined potential drivers of variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in Oenothera fruticosa. We evaluated the relationship between heterospecific and conspecific pollen receipt and considered how visitation by different pollinator groups, local floral neighborhood composition, and flowering phenology affect the total amount and proportion of heterospecific pollen received. Finally, we tested whether variation in heterospecific pollen receipt translated into lower seed production. RESULTS Heterospecific pollen was ubiquitous on O. fruticosa stigmas, but the amount received was highly variable and unrelated to conspecific pollen receipt. Heterospecific pollen receipt depended on pollinator type, the proportion of nearby conspecific flowers, and flowering date. Significant interactions revealed that the effects of pollinator type and neighborhood were not independent, further contributing to variation in heterospecific pollen. Naturally occurring levels of heterospecific pollen were sufficient to negatively impact seed set, but large amounts of conspecific pollen counteracted this detrimental effect. CONCLUSIONS Although selection could act on floral traits that attract quality pollinators and promote synchronous flowering in O. fruticosa, the risk of heterospecific pollen is equally dependent on local floral context. This work highlights how extrinsic and intrinsic factors contribute to intraspecific variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in wild plants, with significant fitness consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard X. Smith
- Department of BiologyTemple University1900 N. 12 StreetPhiladelphiaPA19122USA
| | - Mark T. Swartz
- The Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans AffairsFort Indiantown Gap National Guard Training CenterAnnvillePA17003USA
| | - Rachel B. Spigler
- Department of BiologyTemple University1900 N. 12 StreetPhiladelphiaPA19122USA
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Christopher DA, Mitchell RJ, Trapnell DW, Smallwood PA, Semski WR, Karron JD. Edge effects and mating patterns in a bumblebee-pollinated plant. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa033. [PMID: 32742630 PMCID: PMC7384318 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have long assumed that plant spatial location influences plant reproductive success and pollinator foraging behaviour. For example, many flowering plant populations have small, linear or irregular shapes that increase the proportion of plants on the edge, which may reduce mating opportunities through both male and female function. Additionally, plants that rely on pollinators may be particularly vulnerable to edge effects if those pollinators exhibit restricted foraging and pollen carryover is limited. To explore the effects of spatial location (edge vs. interior) on siring success, seed production, pollinator foraging patterns and pollen-mediated gene dispersal, we established a square experimental array of 49 Mimulus ringens (monkeyflower) plants. We observed foraging patterns of pollinating bumblebees and used paternity analysis to quantify male and female reproductive success and mate diversity for plants on the edge versus interior. We found no significant differences between edge and interior plants in the number of seeds sired, mothered or the number of sires per fruit. However, we found strong differences in pollinator behaviour based on plant location, including 15 % lower per flower visitation rates and substantially longer interplant moves for edge plants. This translated into 40 % greater pollen-mediated gene dispersal for edge than for interior plants. Overall, our results suggest that edge effects are not as strong as is commonly assumed, and that different plant reproduction parameters respond to spatial location independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Christopher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wendy R Semski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Karron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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