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Zhang X, Zheng Z, Wang J, Li Y, Gao Y, Li L, Pang Y, Bian F. In vitro induction of tetraploids and their phenotypic and transcriptome analysis in Glehnia littoralis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:439. [PMID: 38778255 PMCID: PMC11110393 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05154-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glehnia littoralis is a medicinal and edible plant species having commercial value and has several hundred years of cultivation history. Polyploid breeding is one of the most important and fastest ways to generate novel varieties. To obtain tetraploids of G. littoralis in vitro, colchicine treatment was given to the seeds and then were screened based on morphology, flow cytometry, and root tip pressing assays. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis was performed to identity the differentially expressed genes associated with phenotypic changes in tetraploid G. littoralis. RESULTS The results showed that 0.05% (w/v) colchicine treatment for 48 h was effective in inducing tetraploids in G. littoralis. The tetraploid G. littoralis (2n = 4x = 44) was superior in leaf area, leaf thickness, petiole diameter, SPAD value (Chl SPAD), stomatal size, epidermal tissues thickness, palisade tissues thickness, and spongy tissues thickness to the diploid ones, while the stomatal density of tetraploids was significantly lower. Transcriptome sequencing revealed, a total of 1336 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tetraploids and diploids. Chromosome doubling may lead to DNA content change and gene dosage effect, which directly affects changes in quantitative traits, with changes such as increased chlorophyll content, larger stomata and thicker tissue of leaves. Several up-regulated DEGs were found related to growth and development in tetraploid G. littoralis such as CKI, PPDK, hisD and MDP1. KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that most of DEGs were enriched in metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the successful induction of tetraploids in G. littoralis. The information presented in this study facilitate breeding programs and molecular breeding of G. littoralis varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Ziyu Zheng
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Kunyushan Forest Farm, Yantai, Shandong, 264112, China
| | - Lixia Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Yujuan Pang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Fuhua Bian
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China.
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Usai G, Fambrini M, Pugliesi C, Simoni S. Exploring the patterns of evolution: Core thoughts and focus on the saltational model. Biosystems 2024; 238:105181. [PMID: 38479653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The Modern Synthesis, a pillar in biological thought, united Darwin's species origin concepts with Mendel's laws of character heredity, providing a comprehensive understanding of evolution within species. Highlighting phenotypic variation and natural selection, it elucidated the environment's role as a selective force, shaping populations over time. This framework integrated additional mechanisms, including genetic drift, random mutations, and gene flow, predicting their cumulative effects on microevolution and the emergence of new species. Beyond the Modern Synthesis, the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis expands perspectives by recognizing the role of developmental plasticity, non-genetic inheritance, and epigenetics. We suggest that these aspects coexist in the plant evolutionary process; in this context, we focus on the saltational model, emphasizing how saltation events, such as dichotomous saltation, chromosomal mutations, epigenetic phenomena, and polyploidy, contribute to rapid evolutionary changes. The saltational model proposes that certain evolutionary changes, such as the rise of new species, may result suddenly from single macromutations rather than from gradual changes in DNA sequences and allele frequencies within a species over time. These events, observed in domesticated and wild higher plants, provide well-defined mechanistic bases, revealing their profound impact on plant diversity and rapid evolutionary events. Notably, next-generation sequencing exposes the likely crucial role of allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy (saltational events) in generating new plant species, each characterized by distinct chromosomal complements. In conclusion, through this review, we offer a thorough exploration of the ongoing dissertation on the saltational model, elucidating its implications for our understanding of plant evolutionary processes and paving the way for continued research in this intriguing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Usai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Fambrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Samuel Simoni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Lv Z, Addo Nyarko C, Ramtekey V, Behn H, Mason AS. Defining autopolyploidy: Cytology, genetics, and taxonomy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024:e16292. [PMID: 38439575 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Autopolyploidy is taxonomically defined as the presence of more than two copies of each genome within an organism or species, where the genomes present must all originate within the same species. Alternatively, "genetic" or "cytological" autopolyploidy is defined by polysomic inheritance: random pairing and segregation of the four (or more) homologous chromosomes present, with no preferential pairing partners. In this review, we provide an overview of methods used to categorize species as taxonomic and cytological autopolyploids, including both modern and obsolete cytological methods, marker-segregation-based and genomics methods. Subsequently, we also investigated how frequently polysomic inheritance has been reliably documented in autopolyploids. Pure or predominantly polysomic inheritance was documented in 39 of 43 putative autopolyploid species where inheritance data was available (91%) and in seven of eight synthetic autopolyploids, with several cases of more mixed inheritance within species. We found no clear cases of autopolyploids with disomic inheritance, which was likely a function of our search methodology. Interestingly, we found seven species with purely polysomic inheritance and another five species with partial or predominant polysomic inheritance that appear to be taxonomic allopolyploids. Our results suggest that observations of polysomic inheritance can lead to relabeling of taxonomically allopolyploid species as autopolyploid and highlight the need for further cytogenetic and genomic investigation into polyploid origins and inheritance types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenling Lv
- Plant Breeding Department, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles Addo Nyarko
- Plant Breeding Department, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vinita Ramtekey
- Plant Breeding Department, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, 275103, Mau, India
| | - Helen Behn
- Plant Breeding Department, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Plant Breeding Department, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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López-Jurado J, Picazo-Aragonés J, Alonso C, Balao F, Mateos-Naranjo E. Physiology, gene expression, and epiphenotype of two Dianthus broteri polyploid cytotypes under temperature stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1601-1614. [PMID: 37988617 PMCID: PMC10901207 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a major role for abiotic stress response in the success of plant polyploids, which usually thrive in harsh environments. However, understanding the ecophysiology of polyploids is challenging due to interactions between genome doubling and natural selection. Here, we investigated physiological responses, gene expression, and the epiphenotype of two related Dianthus broteri cytotypes-with different genome duplications (4× and 12×) and evolutionary trajectories-to short extreme temperature events (42/28 °C and 9/5 °C). The 12× cytotype showed higher expression of stress-responsive genes (SWEET1, PP2C16, AI5L3, and ATHB7) and enhanced gas exchange compared with 4×. Under heat stress, both ploidies had greatly impaired physiological performance and altered gene expression, with reduced cytosine methylation. However, the 12× cytotype exhibited remarkable physiological tolerance (maintaining gas exchange and water status via greater photochemical integrity and probably enhanced water storage) while down-regulating PP2C16 expression. Conversely, 4× D. broteri was susceptible to thermal stress despite prioritizing water conservation, showing signs of non-stomatal photosynthetic limitations and irreversible photochemical damage. This cytotype also presented gene-specific expression patterns under heat, up-regulating ATHB7. These findings provide insights into divergent stress response strategies and physiological resistance resulting from polyploidy, highlighting its widespread influence on plant function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier López-Jurado
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Jesús Picazo-Aragonés
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Conchita Alonso
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Balao
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Enrique Mateos-Naranjo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
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Su Y, Zhang M, Guo Q, Wei M, Shi H, Wang T, Han Z, Liu H, Liu C, Huang J. Classification of Isatis indigotica Fortune and Isatis tinctoria Linnaeus via comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:465. [PMID: 37596543 PMCID: PMC10436401 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isatis tinctoria Linnaeus and Isatis indigotica Fortune are very inconsistent in their morphological characteristics, but the Flora of China treats them as the same species. In this work, a new technology that differs from conventional barcodes is developed to prove that they are different species and to clarify their classification. RESULTS AND METHODS I. indigotica was indistinguishable from I. tinctoria when using ITS2. CPGAVAS2 was used to construct the chloroplast genomes. MAFFT and DnaSP were used to calculate nucleotide polymorphism, the chloroplast genomes of the two have high diversity in the rpl32 ~ trnL-UAG short region. When using this region as a mini barcode, it was found that there are obvious differences in the base numbers of I. tinctoria and different ploidy I. indigotica were found, but diploid and tetraploid I. indigotica had the same number of bases. Moreover, the reconstruction of the maximum likelihood (ML) tree, utilizing the mini-barcode, demonstrated that I. tinctoria and both diploid and tetraploid I. indigotica are located on distinct branches. The genome size of tetraploid I. indigotica was approximately 643.773 MB, the heterozygosity rate was approximately 0.98%, and the repeat sequence content was approximately 90.43%. This species has a highly heterozygous, extremely repetitive genome. CONCLUSION A new method was established to differentiate between I. indigotica and I. tinctoria. Furthermore, this approach provides a reference and basis for the directional breeding of Isatis.
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Grants
- JATS|[2022]461,JATS[2022]291 Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Construction Project
- JATS|[2022]461,JATS[2022]291 Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Construction Project
- JATS|[2022]461,JATS[2022]291 Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Construction Project
- JATS|[2022]461,JATS[2022]291 Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Construction Project
- JATS|[2022]461,JATS[2022]291 Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Construction Project
- JATS|[2022]461,JATS[2022]291 Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Construction Project
- JATS|[2022]461,JATS[2022]291 Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Construction Project
- JATS|[2022]461,JATS[2022]291 Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Construction Project
- JATS|[2022]461,JATS[2022]291 Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Construction Project
- JATS|[2022]461,JATS[2022]291 Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Construction Project
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Su
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing City, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Man Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing City, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Qiaosheng Guo
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing City, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Min Wei
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing City, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen City, 518000, PR China
| | - Hongzhuan Shi
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing City, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing City, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Zhengzhou Han
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen City, 518000, PR China
| | - Huihui Liu
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen City, 518000, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing City, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jianmin Huang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing City, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Wen Y, Liu H, Meng H, Qiao L, Zhang G, Cheng Z. In vitro Induction and Phenotypic Variations of Autotetraploid Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) With Dwarfism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:917910. [PMID: 35812906 PMCID: PMC9258943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.917910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a compelling horticultural crop with high culinary and therapeutic values. Commercial garlic varieties are male-sterile and propagated asexually from individual cloves or bulbils. Consequently, its main breeding strategy has been confined to the time-consuming and inefficient selection approach from the existing germplasm. Polyploidy, meanwhile, plays a prominent role in conferring plants various changes in morphological, physiological, and ecological properties. Artificial polyploidy induction has gained pivotal attention to generate new genotype for further crop improvement as a mutational breeding method. In our study, efficient and reliable in vitro induction protocols of autotetraploid garlic were established by applying different antimitotic agents based on high-frequency direct shoot organogenesis initiated from inflorescence explant. The explants were cultured on solid medium containing various concentrations of colchicine or oryzalin for different duration days. Afterward, the ploidy levels of regenerated plantlets with stable and distinguished characters were confirmed by flow cytometry and chromosome counting. The colchicine concentration at 0.2% (w/v) combined with culture duration for 20 days was most efficient (the autotetraploid induction rate was 21.8%) compared to the induction rate of 4.3% using oryzalin at 60 μmol L-1 for 20 days. No polymorphic bands were detected by simple sequence repeat analysis between tetraploid and diploid plantlets. The tetraploids exhibited a stable and remarkable dwarfness effect rarely reported in artificial polyploidization among wide range of phenotypic variations. There are both morphological and cytological changes including extremely reduced plant height, thickening and broadening of leaves, disappearance of pseudostem, density reduction, and augmented width of stomatal. Furthermore, the level of phytohormones, including, indole propionic acid, gibberellin, brassinolide, zeatin, dihydrozeatin, and methyl jasmonate, was significantly lower in tetraploids than those in diploid controls, except indole acetic acid and abscisic acid, which could partly explain the dwarfness in hormonal regulation aspect. Moreover, as the typical secondary metabolites of garlic, organosulfur compounds including allicin, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl trisulfide accumulated a higher content significantly in tetraploids. The obtained dwarf genotype of autotetraploid garlic could bring new perspectives for the artificial polyploids breeding and be implemented as a new germplasm to facilitate investigation into whole-genome doubling consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Wen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Development Center of Fruit Vegetable and Herbal Tea, Datong, China
| | - Hongjiu Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Huanwen Meng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Lijun Qiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Business School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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Wu J, Cheng X, Kong B, Zhou Q, Sang Y, Zhang P. In vitro octaploid induction of Populus hopeiensis with colchicine. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:176. [PMID: 35387617 PMCID: PMC8985302 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autopolyploids, especially artificial lines, provide model systems for understanding the mechanisms of gene dosage effects on trait variation owing to their relatively uniform genetic background. Here, a protocol for in vitro octaploid induction of Populus hopeiensis from leaf blades with colchicine treatment was established through investigation of the effects of different pre-culture durations, colchicine concentrations, and exposure times. RESULTS We found that pre-culture duration, colchicine concentration, and exposure time had significant effects on the survival rate, shoot regeneration rate, and octaploid induction rate of P. hopeiensis leaf blades. The highest octaploid induction rate (8.61%) was observed when leaf blades pre-cultured for 9 days were treated for 4 days with 100 μM colchicine. The ploidy level of all regenerated plantlets was analyzed by flow cytometry and further confirmed by chromosome counting. A total of 14 octaploids were obtained. The stomatal length, width, and density of leaf blades significantly differed between tetraploid and octaploid plants. Compared with diploid and tetraploid plants, octaploids had a slower growth rate, smaller leaf blade size, and shorter internodes. CONCLUSIONS We established an effective protocol for inducing octaploids in vitro from autotetraploid P. hopeiensis leaf blades by colchicine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xuetong Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bo Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yaru Sang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Pingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Roeder AHK, Otegui MS, Dixit R, Anderson CT, Faulkner C, Zhang Y, Harrison MJ, Kirchhelle C, Goshima G, Coate JE, Doyle JJ, Hamant O, Sugimoto K, Dolan L, Meyer H, Ehrhardt DW, Boudaoud A, Messina C. Fifteen compelling open questions in plant cell biology. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:72-102. [PMID: 34529074 PMCID: PMC8774073 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As scientists, we are at least as excited about the open questions-the things we do not know-as the discoveries. Here, we asked 15 experts to describe the most compelling open questions in plant cell biology. These are their questions: How are organelle identity, domains, and boundaries maintained under the continuous flux of vesicle trafficking and membrane remodeling? Is the plant cortical microtubule cytoskeleton a mechanosensory apparatus? How are the cellular pathways of cell wall synthesis, assembly, modification, and integrity sensing linked in plants? Why do plasmodesmata open and close? Is there retrograde signaling from vacuoles to the nucleus? How do root cells accommodate fungal endosymbionts? What is the role of cell edges in plant morphogenesis? How is the cell division site determined? What are the emergent effects of polyploidy on the biology of the cell, and how are any such "rules" conditioned by cell type? Can mechanical forces trigger new cell fates in plants? How does a single differentiated somatic cell reprogram and gain pluripotency? How does polarity develop de-novo in isolated plant cells? What is the spectrum of cellular functions for membraneless organelles and intrinsically disordered proteins? How do plants deal with internal noise? How does order emerge in cells and propagate to organs and organisms from complex dynamical processes? We hope you find the discussions of these questions thought provoking and inspiring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Christine Faulkner
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | | | - Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jeremy E Coate
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, USA
| | - Jeff J Doyle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology GmbH, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Heather Meyer
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau Cedex 91128 France
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Clo J, Kolář F. Short- and long-term consequences of genome doubling: a meta-analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2315-2322. [PMID: 34618350 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is ubiquitous in plants. Recent reviews and meta-analyses, aiming to understand how such phenotypic transition could facilitate neopolyploid establishment, demonstrated multifarious immediate effects of WGD on fitness and reproductive traits. Yet, little is known about how short-term modifications evolve through time. Such a comparison among new and established polyploid lineages is crucial to understand which effects of WGD promote or impede polyploid survival. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis to determine how WGD affects morphological, cellular, and fitness traits in autotetraploid individuals compared to their diploid progenitors. We studied how established tetraploids differed from diploids compared to neotetraploids, to further learn about the fate of WGD-associated phenotypic effects during polyploid establishment. RESULTS The short-term effects of WGD were an increase in size of morphological traits and cells, accompanied by a decrease in fitness and the number of cells. After establishment, the morphological effect persisted, but cellular and fitness components reverted back to the values observed in the diploid ancestors. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the larger morphology of autotetraploids is not a constraint to establishment. However, other observable effects of genome doubling disappeared with time, suggesting that solving cellular and fitness constraints are critical aspects for polyploid establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josselin Clo
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ, 252 43, Czech Republic
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Grusz AL, Windham MD, Picard KT, Pryer KM, Schuettpelz E, Haufler CH. A drought-driven model for the evolution of obligate apomixis in ferns: evidence from pellaeids (Pteridaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:263-283. [PMID: 33624306 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Xeric environments impose major constraints on the fern life cycle, yet many lineages overcome these limitations by evolving apomixis. Here, we synthesize studies of apomixis in ferns and present an evidence-based model for the evolution and establishment of this reproductive strategy, focusing on genetic and environmental factors associated with its two defining traits: the production of "unreduced" spores (n = 2n) and the initiation of sporophytes from gametophyte tissue (i.e., diplospory and apogamy, respectively). METHODS We evaluated existing literature in light of the hypothesis that abiotic characteristics of desert environments (e.g., extreme diurnal temperature fluctuations, high light intensity, and water limitation) drive the evolution of obligate apomixis. Pellaeid ferns (Cheilanthoideae: Pteridaceae) were examined in detail, as an illustrative example. We reconstructed a plastid (rbcL, trnG-trnR, atpA) phylogeny for the clade and mapped reproductive mode (sexual versus apomictic) and ploidy across the resulting tree. RESULTS Our six-stage model for the evolution of obligate apomixis in ferns emphasizes the role played by drought and associated abiotic conditions in the establishment of this reproductive approach. Furthermore, our updated phylogeny of pellaeid ferns reveals repeated origins of obligate apomixis and shows an increase in the frequency of apomixis, and rarity of sexual reproduction, among taxa inhabiting increasingly dry North American deserts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reinforce aspects of other evolutionary, physiological, developmental, and omics-based studies, indicating a strong association between abiotic factors and the establishment of obligate apomixis in ferns. Water limitation, in particular, appears critical to establishment of this reproductive mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Grusz
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | | | - Kathryn T Picard
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20013, USA
| | | | - Eric Schuettpelz
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20013, USA
| | - Christopher H Haufler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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Plant Volatile Organic Compounds Evolution: Transcriptional Regulation, Epigenetics and Polyploidy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238956. [PMID: 33255749 PMCID: PMC7728353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted by plants as a consequence of their interaction with biotic and abiotic factors, and have a very important role in plant evolution. Floral VOCs are often involved in defense and pollinator attraction. These interactions often change rapidly over time, so a quick response to those changes is required. Epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, which regulate both genes and transcription factors, might trigger adaptive responses to these evolutionary pressures as well as regulating the rhythmic emission of VOCs through circadian clock regulation. In addition, transgenerational epigenetic effects and whole genome polyploidy could modify the generation of VOCs’ profiles of offspring, contributing to long-term evolutionary shifts. In this article, we review the available knowledge about the mechanisms that may act as epigenetic regulators of the main VOC biosynthetic pathways, and their importance in plant evolution.
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Garmendia A, Ferriol M, Benavent D, Ferrer-Gallego PP, Merle H. Intra- and Inter-Specific Crosses among Centaurea aspera L. (Asteraceae) Polyploid Relatives-Influences on Distribution and Polyploid Establishment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1142. [PMID: 32899362 PMCID: PMC7569768 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
How polyploids become established is a long-debated question, especially for autopolyploids that seem to have no evolutionary advantage over their progenitors. The Centaurea aspera polyploid complex includes diploid C. aspera and two related tetraploids C. seridis and C. gentilii. Our purpose was to study the mating system among these three taxa and to analyze its influence on polyploid establishment. The distribution and ploidy level of the Moroccan populations, and forced intra- and inter-specific crosses were assessed. Allotetraploid C. seridis produced more cypselae per capitulum in the intra-specific crosses. It is a bigger plant and autogamous, and previous studies indicated that selfing forces the asymmetric formation of sterile hybrids. All these characteristics help C. seridis to avoid the minority-cytotype-exclusion effect and become established. Inter-specific hybridization was possible between C. aspera and C. gentilii, and with the symmetric formation of hybrids. However, 49% of the hybrid cypselae were empty, which probably reveals postzygotic barriers. Autotetraploid C. gentilii produced the same number of cypselae per capitulum as those of the diploid parental, has an indistinguishable field phenotype, is allogamous, and symmetrically produces hybrids. Therefore, C. gentilii does not seem to have the same competitive advantages as those of C. seridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Garmendia
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.F.)
| | - María Ferriol
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (M.F.)
| | - David Benavent
- Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Universitat Politècnica de València, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - P. Pablo Ferrer-Gallego
- Servicio de Vida Silvestre, Centro para la Investigación y la Experimentación Forestal - VAERSA, Generalitat Valenciana, Avda. Comarques del País Valencià 114, Quart de Poblet, ES-46930 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Hugo Merle
- Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Universitat Politècnica de València, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain;
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