Patient adherence to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia

Risk factors determining adherence to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukaemia

OBJECTIVE

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have successfully changed the natural course of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Although they are highly effective drugs, their clinical benefit is conditioned by adherence. This study aims to analyse the adherence of CML patients treated with TKIs and to identify the main factors influencing their adherence to TKIs treatment.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An 8-month prospective, observational, multicentre study which included patients diagnosed with CML on treatment with TKIs attending the outpatient departments (OPD) of the Pharmacy Services of the participating hospitals. Adherence was assessed using two methods: the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) and the register of treatment dispensations from the OPDs. To analyse the predictors of adherence, a questionnaire was developed to report demographic and socio-economic information on the patients.

RESULTS

A total of 130 patients enrolled in this study. Adherence rate was 56.9% (n = 74) among individuals, not conditioned by the type of drug used: imatinib (54.8%), nilotinib (63.6%) or dasatinib (54.3%) (p = 0.67). The patient educational level (p = 0.047) and employment status (p = 0.028) were predictors of non-adherence to treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Adherence is one of the most relevant parameters affecting the effectiveness of highly effective chronic treatments. Approximately half of our patients showed inadequate adherence to treatment with TKIs, with employment status and the individual's level of education emerging as the determining factors.

Playing Hide-and-Seek with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Can We Overcome Administration Challenges?

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have demonstrated significant efficacy against various types of cancers through molecular targeting mechanisms. Over the past 22 years, more than 100 TKIs have been approved for the treatment of various types of cancer indicating the significant progress achieved in this research area. Despite having significant efficacy and ability to target multiple pathways, TKIs administration is associated with challenges. There are reported inconsistencies between observed food effect and labeling administration, challenges of concomitant administration with acid-reducing agents (ARA), pill burden and dosing frequency. In this context, the objective of present review is to visit administration challenges of TKIs and effective ways to tackle them. We have gathered data of 94 TKIs approved in between 2000 and 2022 with respect to food effect, ARA impact, administration schemes (food and PPI restrictions), number of pills per day and administration frequency. Further, trend analysis has been performed to identify inconsistencies in the labeling with respect to observed food effect, molecules exhibiting ARA impact, in order to identify solutions to remove these restrictions through novel formulation approaches. Additionally, opportunities to reduce number of pills per day and dosing frequency for better patient compliance were suggested using innovative formulation interventions. Finally, utility of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK) for rationale formulation development was discussed with literature reported examples. Overall, this review can act as a ready-to-use-guide for the formulation, biopharmaceutics scientists and medical oncologists to identify opportunities for innovation for TKIs.

Maximizing the Value of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Management Using Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in the USA: Potential Determinants and Consequences of Healthcare Resource Utilization and Costs, with Proposed Optimization Approaches

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The introduction and widespread use of effective and well-tolerated tyrosine kinase inhibitors for chronic myeloid leukemia have been associated with marked increments in life expectancy and disease prevalence. These changes have been accompanied by elevations in costs of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which typically must be taken ad vitam after diagnosis and tend to be more expensive than medical therapies for many other hematologic malignancies. The aims of this review included evaluating the potential associations and consequences of healthcare resource utilization and costs of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and possible clinical management approaches to mitigate them.

METHODS

A PubMed search of English-language US study reports was conducted that covered the interval of 2001 (US approval of imatinib) through 17 April, 2023 augmented by manual reviews of published bibliographies from the referenced articles and searches of other databases: Google Scholar and Scopus.

RESULTS

On the basis of this analysis of chiefly real-world evidence (administrative claims database studies), healthcare resource utilization and costs can be considered indicators of ineffective chronic myeloid leukemia management, including potentially mutation-driven treatment resistance and costly tyrosine kinase inhibitor switches, non-adherence, and suboptimal tolerability, which may culminate in the progression of disease from the chronic to an accelerated or blast phase, with additional excess costs. Costs of tyrosine kinase inhibitors are also associated with reduced treatment adherence. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000-$200,000 per quality-adjusted life-year, tyrosine kinase inhibitors can be considered cost effective from a US payer perspective. Potential clinical approaches to mitigate costs include regular molecular monitoring with proactive assessments of BCR::ABL1 gene mutations to avoid costly treatment switches, as well as interventions to enhance treatment adherence and tyrosine kinase inhibitor tolerability.

CONCLUSIONS

Healthcare resource utilization and costs of chronic myeloid leukemia care may be considered barometers of ineffective management, including mutation-driven tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance and switching as well as non-adherence and intolerance. Future prospective research is warranted to help determine whether costs can be reduced and other treatment outcomes optimized via more proactive and effective diagnostic interventions (i.e., regular molecular monitoring and proactive mutational testing) and treatment approaches. The strengths and limitations of this review include its emphasis on observational research, which, on one hand, offers a naturalistic "real-world" perspective on current chronic myeloid leukemia management, but, on the other hand, is associational in nature and cannot be used to determine causality and/or its direction.

Adherence to tyrosine kinase inhibitor and clinical outcomes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia

PURPOSE

To ensure optimal care for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), adherence to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has emerged as a critical component. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of TKIs adherence on clinical outcomes in a cohort of Chinese CML patients who received treatment with TKIs.

METHODS

This retrospective study employed a cross-sectional design utilizing questionnaires to assess adherence to TKIs in a sample of 398 patients diagnosed with CML. Adherence was measured using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), which dichotomizes patients into low, medium, and high adherence groups.

RESULTS

Of the patients included in this study, 34.2% were classified as highly adherent, with 43.2% and 22.6% of patients categorized as having medium and low adherence, respectively. Compared to the low-adherence group, patients in the medium- and high-adherence groups exhibited significantly higher rates of achieving major molecular response (MMR) and lower rates of switching TKIs. Moreover, patients who failed to adhere to TKIs treatment demonstrated significantly lower event-free survival and failure-free survival compared to those in the high-adherence group. Notably, regular molecular monitoring and utilization of the "CML Academy" mobile application were positively associated with increased TKI adherence. On the other hand, patients receiving third-generation or above first-line TKIs treatment displayed reduced adherence.

CONCLUSION

The findings suggest that high adherence to TKIs treatment confers clinical benefits to patients with CML. Accordingly, the implementation of effective guidance and intervention measures aimed at promoting adherence to TKIs therapy in real-world settings is imperative.

Personality traits favourable for non-adherence to treatment in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia: role of type A and D personality

BACKGROUND

The introduction of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) therapy has revolutionized the treatment of this disease. Although regular TKI intake is a prerequisite for successful therapy, it has been shown that a significant proportion of patients are non-compliant. Recently there is growing evidence that personality traits may influenced the tendency for non-adherence to treatment in patients with chronic diseases. As far as we know, such a relationship in patients with CML has not been examined, yet. The aim of our study was to determine if personality traits favor non-adherence to treatment recommendations. We investigated the relationship between five-factor model personality factors (conscientiousness, neuroticism, agreeableness, extraversion, and openness) and medication non-adherence. We also checked if the patients with type A and type D personality, were at higher risk of poor medication adherence.

METHODS

The following tools were used: self-constructed survey, the NEO-Five Factor Inventory, the Framingham Type A Scale, the D-Scale 14. The study included 140 CML patients treated with imatinib, dasatinib, or nilotinib.

RESULTS

39% of patients reported skipping at least one dose of medication in the month prior to follow-up visit. 51% admitted to skipping such doses from the start of their treatment to the time at which our assessment was performed. We did not find any relationship between the mean values of the analyzed factors of the Big Five (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness) and adherence. However, our analysis revealed that CML patients who admitted to missing doses of drugs during the entire course of treatment demonstrated greater intensity of type A personality traits (p = 0.020). Regarding both factors of type D personality, it was revealed that higher level of negative affectivity significantly decreased the adherence (p = 0.020).

CONCLUSION

The results of our study indicate that screening for type D and A personalities may help to identify patients who are at higher risk of poor medication adherence.

Relevance of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Routine Clinical Practice: A Pilot Study

INTRODUCTION

The main goal of treatment in cancer patients is to achieve the highest therapeutic effectiveness with the least iatrogenic toxicity. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are anticancer oral agents, usually administered at fixed doses, which present high inter- and intra-individual variability due to their pharmacokinetic characteristics. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can be used to optimize the use of several types of medication.

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated the use of TDM of TKIs in routine clinical practice through studying the variability in exposure to erlotinib, imatinib, lapatinib, and sorafenib and dose adjustment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective analytical study involving patients who received treatment with TKIs, guided by TDM and with subsequent recommendation of dose adjustment. The quantification of the plasma levels of the different drugs was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital Quirónsalud Torrevieja approved this study.

RESULTS

The inter-individual variability in the first cycle and in the last monitored cycle was 46.2% and 44.0% for erlotinib, 48.9 and 50.8% for imatinib, 60.7% and 56.0% for lapatinib and 89.7% and 72.5% for sorafenib. Relationships between exposure and baseline characteristics for erlotinib, imatinib, lapatinib and sorafenib were not statistically significant for any of the variables evaluated (weight, height, body surface area (BSA), age and sex). Relationships between height (p = 0.021) and BSA (p = 0.022) were statistically significant for sorafenib. No significant relationships were observed between C_trough and progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) for any drug, except in the case of sunitinib (correlation between C_trough and PFS p = 0.023) in the exposure-efficacy analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Erlotinib, imatinib, lapatinib and sorafenib show large inter-individual variability in exposure. TDM entails a significant improvement in exposure and enables more effective and safe use of TKIs in routine clinical practice.

Adaptive dosing of sunitinib in a metastatic renal cell carcinoma patient: when in silico modeling helps to go quicker to the point

PURPOSE

Adaptive dosing strategy with oral targeted therapies in oncology is mostly based upon clinical signs. Using pharmacokinetics (PK) models to customize dosing could help saving time, i.e., by predicting clinical outcome through early monitoring of drug levels.

CASE REPORT

We present the case of a metastatic renal cell carcinoma patient treated with standard Sunitinib dosing (i.e., 50 mg QD). Clinical signs suggested lack of efficacy. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) confirmed that exposure was below the expected target exposure. PK modeling suggested that dosing could be increased safely to 75 mg QD. Sunitinib dosing was instead changed empirically to 62.5 mg only, increasing drug exposure to the lower part of the therapeutic window. Resolution of bone pains plus Stable Disease were observed. Even though further modeling suggested to increase Sunitinib dosing to 75 mg again, the intermediate dosing was maintained for the subsequent cycles to preserve the safety. Unfortunately, severe pains plus degradation of the general state were reported and imaging showed Progressive Disease. The patient was finally switched to alternative therapy, without being treated at the 75 mg level of Suntitinib.

CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION

This case suggests that model-based adaptive dosing could have allowed to reach quicker the best dosing with Sunitinib, thus possibly ensuring a better management of this patient. Model-informed dosing should be used instead of empirical search for the most appropriate dosing to ensure a good benefit/risk ratio with Sunitinib, especially in the context of such aggressive disease.

Pro-adherence complementary audiovisual educational intervention model for chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with imatinib mesylate

BACKGROUND

Imatinib mesylate (IM) treatment adherence is a challenge, especially in an economic-social population neglected from developing countries.

OBJECTIVE

To create a new complementary audiovisual educational intervention model to improve IM treatment adherence of CML patients.

METHODS

Two adherence verification methods were applied before and after intervention: modified Morisky-Green test and molecular responses (BCR-ABL transcripts quantification). Adherence estimates were calculated using univariate and multivariate component analysis (MCA) for the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients.

RESULTS

Modified Morisky-Green test results demonstrated a substantial increase of CML patient adherence from 23% (pre-film) to 65% (post-film). Greater improvement was obtained for patients presenting major molecular response (MMR) from 38% (pre-film) to 60% (post-film). Although slight gain for complete molecular response (CMR) from 23% (pre-film) to 26% (post-film) was achieved, it represents a total tumour regression. MCA identified that females <50 years-old, using less than two medications (no disease associated) and CMR condition were the most benefited with intervention.

CONCLUSION

Audiovisual educational intervention was an effective complementary pro-adherence model, activating patient memory and improving IM treatment adherence. Although this intervention shows effective, not all patients responded as expected, being necessary a combination of educational and clinical interventions to improve IM adherence.

Interventions to Improve Adherence to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Lack of adherence to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is a significant problem resulting in incomplete cytogenetic response and increased mortality in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Few studies have been conducted on interventions to improve adherence. The authors conducted a systematic review to explore studies that examined the impact of strategies to improve TKI adherence among individuals with CML.

METHODS

The first 2 authors completed a systematic literature review according to the guidelines in Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Studies (n=2633) conducted between 1980 and 2019 were identified through 3 databases and examined for inclusion/exclusion criteria.

RESULTS

Fourteen studies were identified which met the eligibility criteria. The studies only examined adherence to imatinib, dasatinib, or nilotinib. Ten of the 14 used large data sets (commercial health insurance plans or Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results [SEER] data) for analysis. The majority of the studies used a cohort design. Adherence was defined and measured in a variety of ways with most studies using 80% or higher as adequate adherence. Strategies not focused on health care costs used a multidisciplinary team approach.

CONCLUSION

Development of evidence to improve treatment adherence to TKIs for CML have relied on large data sets rather than prospective trials. Current studies lack patient focused interventions.

[A survey among family doctors on care reality of patients under oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapies]

INTRODUCTION

Oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapies are becoming increasingly more important in the treatment of malignant diseases. Monitoring with focus on adherence, side effects and interactions poses new challenges for medical care. The role and capabilities of family doctors in the care of TKI patients are yet unclear and should be uncovered in a nationwide survey.

METHODS

From April to July 2016, 3,000 family doctors in Germany were asked to complete a written questionnaire regarding their capabilities for co-supervision of TKI patients.

RESULTS

The response rate was 18% (n=553). The peak age was between 50 and 60 years. 81% were specialists in general medicine, 14% specialists in internal medicine and 5% general practitioners. 98% cared for no or less than 10 TKI patients per quarter. Knowledge of side effects and interaction potential of TKIs was low in over 90%. 83% preferred monitoring by the treating oncologist and 93% felt uncertain about treatment monitoring. The control of adherence was of little importance in 66%. The number of treated TKI patients had a significant impact on knowledge and opportunities for treatment monitoring. There was a significant correlation between knowledge about TKIs and confidence in treatment monitoring. In general, younger doctors tended to be more confident in treatment monitoring, and specialists in internal medicine tended to have more knowledge than specialists in general medicine general practitioners and general practitioners.

DISCUSSION

Currently, the low number of TKI patients, little knowledge about TKI, and the desire for specialist care are limiting the possibilities of co-caring for TKI patients by family doctors.

CONCLUSION

Although family doctors are generally motivated to care for tumor patients, routine treatment controls of TKI patients conducted by family doctors seem hardly possible at the moment and should currently remain with the specialist.

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and the Relationship With Adherence, Costs, and Health Care Utilization in Commercially Insured Patients With Newly Diagnosed Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Retrospective Claims-Based Study

OBJECTIVE

To examine the association among tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) out-of-pocket costs, adherence, and health care costs and utilization in a large group of commercially insured patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with CML aged 18 to 64 years were identified using IBM MarketScan Commercial Database between April 1, 2011 and December 31, 2014. Patients were required to be continuously enrolled 3 months before and 12 months after TKI (imatinib, dasatinib, or nilotinib) initiation. TKI adherence is estimated using the proportion of days covered (PDC), defined as the percentage of the PDC by the prescription fill during the 12-month study period (adherent patients have PDC ≥80%). Health care cost differences between adherent and nonadherent patients were estimated using generalized linear models. Health care utilization was compared using negative binomial regression models. All models were controlled for potential confounding factors.

RESULTS

The study sample consisted of 863 patients, where 355 (41.1%) patients were classified as adherent. Over the study period, nonadherent patients incurred US$10,974 more in medical costs (P<0.001), and US$1663 more in non-TKI pharmacy costs (P<0.01). Adherent patients incurred US$28,184 more in TKI pharmacy costs (P<0.001) that resulted in US$18,305 more in overall total health care costs (P<0.001). Adherent patients, however, were estimated to be less likely to have all-cause hospitalizations (incidence rate ratio, 0.32; P<0.001), or CML-specific hospitalizations (incidence rate ratio, 0.31; P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with CML with better adherence experienced fewer hospitalizations, resulting in medical service cost savings. These lower medical costs, however, were more than offset by higher TKI medication costs observed during the first year of TKI therapy.

Early Prediction of Subsequent Molecular Response to Nilotinib in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Comparison of the Quantification of BCR-ABL1 Ratios Using ABL1 or GUSB Control Genes

Molecular monitoring of BCR-ABL1 transcripts is a critical prognostic indicator of treatment response in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Quantification of BCR-ABL1 transcripts using ABL1 or GUSB as control genes on the early molecular response (MR) to frontline nilotinib was studied using data from 60 patients with chronic-phase CML from the Evaluating Nilotinib Efficacy and Safety in Clinical Trials as First-Line Treatment (ENEST1st) substudy. Effects of BCR-ABL1/ABL1 and BCR-ABL1/GUSB ratios at early time points as independent variables on subsequent MR were determined by logistic regression analyses and predictive cut-off values determined by receiver operating curve analyses. From day 45, concordance was found for both control genes' early transcript kinetics and ability to predict subsequent deep MR at 18 months. From baseline to 3 months, transcripts descended linearly with both control genes. Use of ABL1 allowed for an earlier prediction (2 months) of subsequent MR than with GUSB (3 months), with cut-off values of 1.5% and 0.19%, respectively. The dynamic determination of BCR-ABL1 transcripts using either internal control gene is valid and predictive of subsequent MR. The use of GUSB to predict an earlier and more accurate response than ABL1 is not supported in the results. Accurate early indicators of MR are essential to identify patients likely to have inferior outcomes who may benefit from treatment with an alternative tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Initiation, Cost Sharing, and Health Care Utilization in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Retrospective Claims-Based Study

BACKGROUND

For newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, early access to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is a consistent predictor of adherence and optimal response. The expense of targeted therapies, however, may result in high out-of-pocket costs for initiating therapy that could be a barrier to starting treatment.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the association between TKI out-of-pocket costs, initiation, and health care utilization and costs among patients who initiated TKI within 12 months after initial CML diagnosis.

METHODS

Individuals aged 18-64 years with an initial diagnosis of CML were identified in the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database between April 11, 2011, and December 31, 2014. The association between cost sharing and TKI initiation was evaluated using a multivariable logistic regression model applied to patients receiving therapy within a month of diagnosis and within 1-12 months after diagnosis. Health care utilization was compared using negative binomial regression models. Health care cost differences between the 2 patient groups were estimated using generalized linear models. All models were controlled for potential confounding factors.

RESULTS

The study sample consisted of 477 patients, with 397 (83.2%) patients initiating TKI within the first month of CML diagnosis and 80 (16.8%) after the first month. Out-of-pocket costs for the initial 30-day supply of TKI medications were not found to be a significant predictor of TKI initiation time. Patients initiating therapy within a month were less likely to have all-cause hospitalizations (IRR = 0.35; P = 0.02) or CML-specific hospitalizations (IRR = 0.27; P < 0.01). Over the 12-month follow-up period, they incurred $9,923 more in TKI pharmacy costs (P < 0.05), but patients initiating therapy after the first month of diagnosis incurred $7,582 more in medical costs, $218 more in non-TKI pharmacy costs, and $2,680 more in total health care costs (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with TKI initiation within the first month of diagnosis had higher TKI pharmacy costs that were partially offset by lower medical and non-TKI pharmacy costs, resulting in lower overall total health care costs. Findings suggest that earlier TKI initiation may reduce the risks of hospitalizations, which could result in potential medical cost savings in the first 12 months of treatment.

DISCLOSURES

No outside funding supported this study. The authors have no relationships or financial interests to report with any entity that would pose a conflict of interest with the subject matter of this article. A poster presentation of the study was made at the 11th American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Conference on The Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved, on November 2-5, 2018, in New Orleans, LA.

Analysis of imatinib adherence in chronic myeloid leukemia: a retrospective study in a referral hospital in the Brazilian Amazon

BACKGROUND

There has been a revolution in the treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia since imatinib's introduction. However, patient adherence has a great impact on the response obtained with medical treatment. This study's objective was to analyze the drug adherence and the factors that influenced it in patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in a referral hospital in the Brazilian Amazon.

METHOD

This was a retrospective study including 120 patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia from January 2002 to December 2014. The adherence was estimated by the Proportion of Days Covered and the persistence by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The data was analyzed in Epi Info 7^® software and the relationship between the variables was analyzed by Fisher's exact test. A p-value lower than 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

Twenty-seven patients (22.5%) were considered non-adherent. There has been irregular medication use and disinterest in the treatment in 20.83% (n=25), of which 13 were considered non-adherent (p<0.001). A total of 26.67% (n=32) abandoned the treatment for a period. Of those, 56.25% (n=18) were non-adherent (p<0.001). Distance to the hospital, lack of medication and side-effects were all non-significant to low adherence. At the end of a 360-day follow-up, 44.16% (n=53) of patients presented a break in persistence, whose average was 255 days.

CONCLUSION

The adherence found in this study was similar to that found in others of its kind. The only factors that negatively influenced the adherence were disinterest and abandonment of treatment, which can reflect the need to individually educate Chronic Myeloid Leukemia patients.

Effect of Adherence on Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Relationships of Oral Targeted Anticancer Drugs

The emergence of oral targeted anticancer agents transformed several cancers into chronic conditions with a need for long-term oral treatment. Although cancer is a life-threatening condition, oncology medication adherence-the extent to which a patient follows the drug regimen that is intended by the prescriber-can be suboptimal in the long term, as in any other chronic disease. Poor adherence can impact negatively on clinical outcomes, notably because most of these drugs are given as a standard non-individualized dosage despite marked inter-individual variabilities that can lead to toxic or inefficacious drug concentrations. This has been especially studied with the prototypal drug imatinib. In the context of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), increasingly advocated for oral anticancer treatment optimization, unreported suboptimal adherence affecting drug intake history may lead to significant bias in the concentration interpretation and inappropriate dosage adjustments. In the same way, suboptimal adherence may also bias the results of pharmacokinetic modeling studies, which will affect in turn Bayesian TDM interpretation that relies on such population models. Detailed knowledge of the influence of adherence on plasma concentrations in pharmacokinetic studies or in routine TDM programs is however presently missing in the oncology field. Studies on this topic are therefore eagerly awaited to better pilot the treatment of cancer with the new targeted agents and to find their optimal dosage regimen. Hence, the development and assessment of effective medication adherence programs are warranted for these treatments.

A Novel Approach to Better Characterize Medication Adherence in Oral Anticancer Treatments

Purpose: This study aims to describe a 12-month medication adherence with oral anticancer medications (OAMs) in a routine care medication adherence program, and to better characterize non-persistence.

Patients and methods:In this observational, one-centered, longitudinal study, medication adherence was monitored electronically while patients were taking part in a medication adherence program for 12 months or until treatment stop. Patients were >18 years and starting or taking one of the following OAMs: letrozole, exemestane, imatinib, sunitinib, capecitabine, or temozolomide. Non-persistence was defined as any premature treatment interruption due to patient's unilateral decision or to a medical decision because of adverse effects. The Kaplan Meier survival function estimate was used to characterize persistence, and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were adopted to fit implementation. Statistical analyses were performed using the R software package.

Results: Forty-three outpatients with various tumor entities were enrolled. Reasons for quitting the medication adherence program and/or OAM medication were characterized as OAM discontinuation due to adverse effects or toxicity (n = 5), planned OAM completion time (n = 10), OAM failure (cancer relapse) (n = 5) and non-compliance to the adherence program (n = 3). In persistent patients, the implementation rates were high (from 98% at baseline to 97% at 12 months). The probability of being persistent at 12 months was estimated at 85%.

Conclusion: A better characterization of both persistence and implementation to OAMs in real life settings is crucial for understanding and optimizing medication adherence to OAMs. The complex identification of non-persistence underlines the need to carefully and prospectively assess OAM interruption or treatment switch reasons. The GEE analysis for describing implementation to OAMs will allow researchers and professionals to take advantage of the richness of longitudinal real-time data, to avoid reducing such data through thresholds and to put them into perspective with OAM blood levels.

Pharmacovigilance evaluation of the relationship between impaired glucose metabolism and BCR-ABL inhibitor use by using an adverse drug event reporting database

Breakpoint cluster region‐Abelson murine leukemia (BCR‐ABL) inhibitors markedly improve the prognosis of chronic myeloid leukemia. However, high treatment adherence is necessary for successful treatment with BCR‐ABL inhibitors. Therefore, an adequate understanding of the adverse event profiles of BCR‐ABL inhibitors is essential. Although many adverse events are observed in trials, an accurate identification of adverse events based only on clinical trial results is difficult because of strict entry criteria or limited follow‐up durations. In particular, BCR‐ABL inhibitor‐induced impaired glucose metabolism remains controversial. Pharmacovigilance evaluations using spontaneous reporting systems are useful for analyzing drug‐related adverse events in clinical settings. Therefore, we conducted signal detection analyses for BCR‐ABL inhibitor‐induced impaired glucose metabolism by using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database. Signals for an increased reporting rate of impaired glucose metabolism were detected only for nilotinib use, whereas these signals were not detected for other BCR‐ABL inhibitors. Subgroup analyses showed a clearly increased nilotinib‐associated reporting rate of impaired glucose metabolism in male and younger patients. Although FAERS‐ and JADER‐based signal detection analyses cannot determine causality perfectly, our study suggests the effects on glucose metabolism are different between BCR‐ABL inhibitors and provides useful information for the selection of appropriate BCR‐ABL inhibitors.

Plasma concentrations of dasatinib have a clinical impact on the frequency of dasatinib dose reduction and interruption in chronic myeloid leukemia: an analysis of the DARIA 01 study

Background

Dasatinib has shown promising anti-leukemic activity against chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, patients receiving dasatinib frequently require dose reductions and treatment interruptions (treatment alteration).

Methods

We prospectively analyzed the frequency and significance of treatment alteration during dasatinib therapy in patients with CML. In all patients, trough plasma concentrations of dasatinib (C_min) at steady state were assessed on day 28 of therapy.

Results

28% of patients had their doses reduced at a median of 42 days, and 25% of patients had temporarily interrupted at a median of 54 days after treatment initiation. The overall dasatinib treatment alteration-free rate at 1 year was 66%. Age was significantly correlated with C_min on day 28 (p = 0.014), and the correlation remained significant after adjusting dasatinib dose (g), body weight (kg) (C_min/D/W) (p = 0.026). In the univariate analysis, deep molecular response, advanced PS, higher C_min/D/W were associated with a significantly higher risk of treatment alteration (HR 4.19, 95% CI: 1.06–16.60, p = 0.041; HR 5.26, 95% CI: 1.33–20.80, p = 0.018; and HR 10.15, 95% CI: 2.55–40.48, p = 0.001, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, advanced PS and higher C_min/D/W were correlated with the incidence of treatment alteration (HR 4.78, 95% CI: 1.01–22.70, p = 0.049; HR 6.17, 95% CI: 1.17–32.50, respectively).

Conclusion

Current data demonstrate that patients treated with dasatinib who displayed a high C_min/D/W value and/or advanced PS were at a high risk for altered treatment.

Women Administered Standard Dose Imatinib for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Have Higher Dose-Adjusted Plasma Imatinib and Norimatinib Concentrations Than Men

BACKGROUND

The standard dose of imatinib for the treatment of chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is 400 mg·d. A predose plasma imatinib concentration of >1 mg·L is associated with improved clinical response. This study aimed to assess the plasma imatinib and norimatinib concentrations attained in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia administered standard doses of imatinib adjusted for dose, age, sex, body weight, and response.

METHODS

We evaluated data from a cohort of patients treated between 2008 and 2014 with respect to dose, age, sex, body weight, and response.

RESULTS

The study comprised 438 samples from 93 patients (54 male, 39 female). The median imatinib dose was 400 mg·d in men and in women. The plasma imatinib concentration ranged 0.1-5.0 mg·L and was below 1 mg·L in 20% and 16% of samples from men and women, respectively. The mean dose normalized plasma imatinib and norimatinib concentrations were significantly higher in women in comparison with men. This was partially related to body weight. Mixed effects ordinal logistic regression showed no evidence of an association between sex and plasma imatinib (P = 0.13). However, there was evidence of an association between sex and plasma norimatinib, with higher norimatinib concentrations more likely in women than in men (P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

Imatinib therapeutic drug monitoring only provides information on dosage adequacy and on short-term adherence; longer-term adherence cannot be assessed. However, this analysis revealed that approximately 1 in 5 samples had a plasma imatinib concentration <1 mg·L, which was suggestive of inadequate dosage and/or poor adherence and posed a risk of treatment failure. Higher imatinib exposure in women may be a factor in the increased rate of long-term, stable, deep molecular response (undetectable breakpoint cluster-Abelson (BCR-ABL) transcript levels with a PCR sensitivity of 4.5 log, MR4.5) reported in women.

Adherence and Coping Strategies in Outpatients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Receiving Oral Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES

To assess adherence and coping strategies in outpatients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) on oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
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DESIGN

Prospective, descriptive.
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SETTING

An interdisciplinary oncology outpatient clinic in Germany.
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SAMPLE

35 outpatients with CML on oral TKIs.
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METHODS

Adherence and coping strategies were assessed with questionnaires. Clinical data were extracted from medical charts.
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MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES

Adherence rates, main coping strategies, and frequency and contents of single coping strategies.
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FINDINGS

18 patients showed adherence according to the applied screening instrument. Main coping strategies were spirituality and search for meaning. The two single items most frequently specified were adhering to medical instructions and trusting in the medical personnel involved.
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CONCLUSIONS

The low adherence rate of 51% most likely resulted from using the Basel Assessment of Adherence Scale as the questionnaire of choice. The relevance of spirituality and search for meaning as main coping strategies has not been shown previously in outpatients with CML. Most patients wish to obey medical instructions accurately and put trust in their oncologists; this introduces a resource that should gain relevance considering the increasing number of oral anticancer drugs.
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IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING

Nurses are encouraged to routinely assess adherence and spiritual needs in outpatients with CML. Spirituality and search for meaning represent pivotal coping strategies in this group, which has an excellent prognosis. Oncology nurses may help provide tailored support, thereby ameliorating care for these patients.

Novel immunotherapies for adult patients with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The past decade witnessed the rapid development of adult B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment. Beyond the development of chemotherapy regimens, immunotherapy is starting a new era with unprecedented complete remission (CR) rate. Targeting B-lineage-specific surface markers such as CD19, CD20, CD22, or CD52, immunotherapy has been demonstrating promising clinical results. Among the immunotherapeutic methods, naked monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), bispecific T cell engager (BiTE), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are the main types. In this review, we will examine the emerging preclinical and clinical development on (1) anti-CD20 naked mAbs rituximab, ofatumumab, and obinutuzumab; (2) anti-CD19 ADCs SAR3419 and SGN-CD19A and anti-CD19 BiTE blinatumomab; (3) anti-CD22 naked mAb epratuzumab and anti-CD22 ADC inotuzumab ozogamicin; (4) anti-CD52 naked mAb alemtuzumab; and (5) anti-CD19 CAR T cells. We will discuss their efficacy, adverse effects, as well as future development.

Reduced-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation combined with imatinib has comparable event-free survival and overall survival to long-term imatinib treatment in young patients with chronic myeloid leukemia

The relative merits of reduced intensity hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (RIST) for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in the first chronic phase (CP) in imatinib era have not been evaluated. The study was designed to compare the outcomes of combination therapy of RIST plus imatinib (RIST + IM) vs. imatinib (IM) alone for young patients with early CP (ECP) and late CP (LCP). Of the patients, 130 were non-randomly assigned to treatment with IM alone (n = 88) or RIST + IM (n = 42). The 10-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were comparable between RIST + IM and IM groups. LCP, high Sokal score, and no complete cytogenetic response at 3 months were adverse prognostic factors for survival, but only the time from diagnosis to IM was an independent predictor after multivariate analysis. For ECP, IM was similar to RIST + IM, with 10-year EFS rates of 77.2 vs. 81.6% (p = 0.876) and OS rates of 93.8 vs. 87.9% (p = 0.102), respectively. For LCP, both treatments resulted in similar survival, but more patients in the imatinib group experienced events (10-year EFS 40.8 vs. 66.7%, p = 0.047). The patients with higher EBMT risk scores had an inferior survival than those with lower scores (69.2 vs. 92.9%, p = 0.04). We concluded that RIST + IM was comparable to IM in terms of OS and EFS. However, RIST + IM was more affordable than IM alone in a 10-year scale. Thus, RIST + IM could be considered as an alternative treatment option, especially when the patients have low EBMT risk scores and demand a definite cure for CML.

Treatment adherence in chronic myeloid leukaemia patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Failure to comply with treatment recommendations is very common in patients, but still poorly recognised by doctors. The current practice of using oral therapy on a large scale has been increasingly adopted for cancer patients. Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is just such an example, where the introduction of taking new oral medications, the tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL inhibitors (TKI), has now revolutionised the treatment. The aim of our study was to assess treatment adherence in a group of Polish CML patients (a survey was conducted on 140 patient aged ≥18 years) treated with oral TKI (imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib) taking into account the following variables: gender, age, education, place of residence, family circumstances and duration of therapy. In addition, we evaluated whether there is a relationship between how patients perceive their level of adherence to treatment recommendations with how subjectively the required dosage regimen was followed. Half the patients admitted to skipping at least one drug dose during the entire course of treatment and 39% did so within their last treatment month. Patients were also found to overestimate their own adherence assessment; around 60% of those missing at least 1 drug dose within the last treatment month believed they 'always' followed recommendations. The study demonstrated that adherence deteriorates over time. Furthermore, patients aged >65 years and patients suffering at least one comorbid disease had better adherence (p < 0.011). There were no differences in adherence among patients treated with imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib (p = 0.249).

Association between insurance status at diagnosis and overall survival in chronic myeloid leukemia: A population-based study

BACKGROUND

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) can be treated effectively with tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy directed at BCR-ABL, but access to care, medication cost, and adherence may be barriers to treatment. This study was designed to determine whether the insurance status at diagnosis influences CML patient outcomes.

METHODS

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to identify 5784 patients, aged 15 years or older, who were diagnosed with CML between 2007 and 2012 and whose insurance status was documented at diagnosis. The primary outcome was 5-year overall survival (OS). Covariates of interest included the age at diagnosis, race, ethnicity, sex, county-level socioeconomic status, and marital status. OS was evaluated with a log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier estimates.

RESULTS

Among patients aged 15 to 64 years, insurance status was associated with OS (P < .001): being uninsured or having Medicaid was associated with worse 5-year OS in comparison with being insured (uninsured patients, 72.7%; Medicaid patients, 73.1%; insured patients, 86.6%). For patients who were 65 years old or older, insurance had less of an impact on OS (P = .07), with similar 5-year OS rates for patients with Medicaid and those with other insurance (40.2% vs 43.4%). In a multivariate analysis of patients aged 15 to 64 years, both uninsured patients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.93; P < .001) and Medicaid patients (HR, 1.83; P < .001) had an increased hazard of death in comparison with insured patients; patients younger than 40 years, female patients, and married patients also had a lower hazard of death.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that CML patients under the age of 65 years who are uninsured or have Medicaid have significantly worse survival than patients with other insurance coverage. Cancer 2017;123:2561-69. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

Short overview on the current treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase

This short review on current treatment options in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in the chronic phase summarizes the latest version of the ELN treatment recommendations dating from 2013 and indicates treatment situations not yet reflected in these recommendations. Daily practice in CML management is complicated by the recently observed treatment-emergent vascular and pulmonary adverse events in second- or later-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), the lack of guidance with respect to the best TKI for initial treatment, as well as the optimal TKI sequence because no prospective randomized comparative data for second- and third-generation TKIs are available. Physicians have to balance the efficacy issues and safety aspects of the respective TKI and consider patient-specific factors such as comorbidities. Patients with any cardiovascular or pulmonary disease or treatment-requiring cardiovascular risk factor should receive nilotinib or ponatinib only if risk factors and comorbidities are treated accordingly and are further monitored. If these comorbidities are insufficiently controlled, other TKIs might be preferred. Dasatinib treatment should be critically evaluated in patients with pulmonary disease and other TKIs might be preferred in this setting. For as long as CML treatment is considered to be maintained lifelong, and no survival benefit for later-generation TKIs has been demonstrated, safety issues dominate the choice of treatment options. The concept of discontinuing TKI treatment after achieving a deep molecular response might in future change these considerations.

The role of clinical pharmacists in treatment adherence: fast impact in suppression of chronic myeloid leukemia development and symptoms

PURPOSE

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disease, accounting for 15 to 20% of leukemias, with an incidence of one to two cases/100,000 inhabitants. In Brazil, the estimated incidence of leukemia is six cases/100,000 men and 4.28 cases/100,000 women. CML is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome. At present, three types of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are administered to treat CML patients in the Brazilian public national health system (NHS), called the Unified Health System (in Portuguese, "Sistema Único de Saúde", SUS). Such treatments are only effective if patients adhere to strict dosage regimens; protocol improvements that increase patient adherence to treatment would have economic and health benefits for overburdened health care systems. Here, pharmacist-monitored treatment is assessed.

METHODS

In our study, we applied two questionnaires, one to assess the adherence to pharmacological treatment and another to assess the quality of life. All patients studied (n = 23) were diagnosed with CML at a local hospital in "Espírito Santo" State, the "Hospital Evangélico Vila Velha" (HEVV).

RESULTS

Treatment adherence was significantly higher in pharmacist-monitored patients than in nonmonitored patients (p = 0.0135). The quality of life of CML patients was also analyzed, indicating that monitored patients had a lower number of symptoms/complaints during treatment periods than nonmonitored patients. Finally, improved treatment adherence also translated into better clinical conditions, particularly during the early stage of treatment (e.g., the first 4 months).

CONCLUSIONS

The intervention of a clinical pharmacist is significant to obtain positive clinical results. Therefore, it is recommended that this protocol be included in the standard NHS treatment protocol CML patient outcomes to reduce the indirect and recurring costs to the health care system caused by nonadherence.

Factors Associated With Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Initiation and Adherence Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Purpose There is substantial concern surrounding affordability of orally administered anticancer therapies, particularly for Medicare beneficiaries. We examined rates of initiation and adherence to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) among Medicare beneficiaries with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with and without cost-sharing subsidies. We selected TKIs given their effectiveness and strong indication for use among patients diagnosed with CML. Patients and Methods Using SEER-Medicare data, we identified individuals diagnosed with CML from 2007 to 2011. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to assess time from diagnosis to TKI initiation. We used generalized estimating equations to examine treatment initiation within 180 days and TKI adherence among initiators. We defined adherence as at least 80% of days covered during the 6 months after TKI initiation. Results Among 393 individuals diagnosed with CML from 2007 to 2011, 68% initiated TKI treatment within 180 days after diagnosis. In multivariate analysis, individuals with cost-sharing subsidies, younger age, lower comorbidity, and later year of diagnosis were significantly more likely to initiate TKIs. Among TKI initiators, 61% were adherent; adherence was lower for individuals age 80 years or older versus 66 to 69 years. Conclusion Only 68% of Medicare beneficiaries with CML initiated TKI therapy within 6 months of diagnosis. Delayed initiation among individuals without cost-sharing subsidies suggests that out-of-pocket costs may be a barrier to timely initiation of therapy among individuals diagnosed with CML.

Adherence and safety of regorafenib for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: observational real-life study

AIM

In this prospective multicenter real-life observational cohort study, we investigated the acceptance, adherence and safety of regorafenib, in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer patients.

PATIENTS & METHODS

A total of 136 patients were recruited at six oncological hospital sites in southern Italy. The adherence to the treatment was measured with patient-completed medication diaries, physician interviews and pill counts.

RESULTS

We found a statistically significant improvement of therapy adhesion by the acceptance questionnaire. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, the level of acceptance, the educational level and the concomitant usage of oral medications influenced the adherence to the treatment.

CONCLUSION

Patients' level of education, concomitant other oral medications and patients' general clinical condition may influence the adherence to regorafenib.

Fear of Progression in Outpatients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia on Oral Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES

To assess fear of progression (FoP) in outpatients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) on oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).


DESIGN

Prospective and descriptive.


SETTING

A university-based outpatient cancer clinic in Wuerzburg, Germany. 


SAMPLE

37 outpatients with CML on oral TKIs. 
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METHODS

FoP was assessed with a questionnaire. Clinical data were extracted from the medical charts.
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MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES

Frequency and contents of FoP.


FINDINGS

Sum scores and levels of FoP in the sample population (N = 37) were as high as in cancer populations with more unfavorable life expectancies. Regarding single items, fear that medication may harm the body was most prevalent, regardless of group affiliation. The actual fear of disease progression was only ranked sixth out of 12 items for the total sample and was ranked second by the second-generation TKI group. 


CONCLUSIONS

In a sample of outpatients with CML, FoP was frequent and most often generated by fears of treatment side effects.


IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING

Nurses should be vigilant about FoP in this population. Established questionnaires may help to identify and evaluate this frequent source of distress. Specific communication could reveal unmet informational needs and may help to initiate interventions. Additional studies are needed to confirm the numbers in a larger cohort of patients, to examine the prevalence during the course of disease, to search for potential influences on the outcome (i.e., via adherence), and to extract the best interventions.

Update on the management of Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia: role of nilotinib

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a pluripotent stem cell disease characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome and the bcr-abl gene. The discovery of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) revolutionized therapy for CML, such that durable response, increased overall survival, and increased progression-free survival of patients in chronic phase CML is now possible. Due to resistance and intolerance to imatinib, there was need for development of second- and third-generation TKIs for the treatment of CML. This review examines the role of nilotinib, an oral second-generation TKI, in the treatment of Philadelphia positive CML. The pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of nilotinib are critically evaluated. Patient-related issues, including tolerance, drug interactions, and quality of life issues are also examined.

Pharmacotherapy follow-up of key points in the safety of oral antineoplastic agents

We assessed the impact of a pharmacotherapy follow-up programme on key safety points [adverse events (AE) and drug administration] in outpatients treated with oral antineoplastic agents (OAA). We performed a comparative, interventional, quasi-experimental study of outpatients treated with OAA in a Spanish hospital to compare pre-intervention group patients (not monitored by pharmacists during 2011) with intervention group patients (prospectively monitored by pharmacists during 2013). AE data were collected from medical records. Follow-up was 6 months, and 249 patients were included (pre-intervention, 115; intervention, 134). After the first month, AE were detected in 86.5% of patients in the pre-intervention group and 80.6% of patients in the intervention group, P = 0.096. During the remaining months, 79.0% patients had at least one AE in the pre-intervention group compared with 78.0% in the intervention group, P = 0.431. AE were more prevalent with sorafenib and sunitinib. In total, 173 drug interactions were recorded (pre-intervention, 80; intervention, 93; P = 0.045). Drug interactions were more frequent with erlotinib and gefitinib; food interactions were more common with sorafenib and pazopanib. Our follow-up of cancer outpatients revealed a reduction in severe AE and major drug interactions, thus helping health professionals to monitor the safety of OAA.

A study to explore the correlation of ABCB1, ABCG2, OCT1 genetic polymorphisms and trough level concentration with imatinib mesylate-induced thrombocytopenia in chronic myeloid leukemia patients

PURPOSE

Imatinib mesylate is presently the first-line treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and pharmacogenetic screening is warranted for better management of imatinib therapy. The present study was framed to explore the influence of common drug transporter gene polymorphisms of ABCB1, ABCG2, OCT1 and trough level concentration on commonly occurring adverse events in CML patients treated with imatinib mesylate.

METHODS

A total number of 111 patients in chronic phase (Philadelphia chromosome +ve) were included in the study. The plasma drug concentration of imatinib was estimated using LC-MS/MS method.

RESULTS

The mean ± SD trough level concentration of imatinib mesylate was found to be 1430.7 ± 438.7 ng/ml. The trough level concentration at steady state (Cmin.ss) was significantly higher in patients with grade 2-4 thrombocytopenia compared with patients without the adverse event (P value 0.033).

CONCLUSION

The drug level of imatinib in plasma correlates with the severity of thrombocytopenia, which adds to the utility of TDM in the management of CML patients.

Novelties in the management of B-cell malignancies: B-cell receptor signaling inhibitors and lenalidomide

B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders comprise 85% of Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Despite successful chemoimmunotherapy regimens, responses are not durable and the outcome is fatal in a considerable portion of patients. There is an inevitable need for less toxic and more potent therapeutic agents. Over the recent years, a plethora of agents including monoclonal antibodies, Bcl-2 antagonists, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs have been developed in B-cell malignancies. The aim of this paper is to focus on B-cell receptor signaling inhibitors and lenalidomide as an immunomodulatory drug and to provide insight on how and when to incorporate these agents into the treatment algorithms.

To adhere or not to adhere: Rates and reasons of medication adherence in hematological cancer patients

To conduct a comprehensive review to examine among hematological cancer patients: (1) rates of adherence to self-administered cancer treatments; and (2) factors impacting on their adherence. Fifty two eligible publications were identified. The majority focused on Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) (n=40) and Acute Lymphoid Leukaemia (ALL) (n=11) patients. Adherence rates varied and depended on the definition and measures used. Patient understanding about their disease and treatment, and forgetting to take their medication impacted on patients' level of adherence; while the use of reminders reduced forgetfulness. There is a lack of valid and reliable information relating to medication adherence of hematological cancer patients. Based on the limited data available we provide a profile of CML and ALL patients at potential risk of medication non-adherence, as well as a proposed checklist that can be used by health care providers in assessing and supporting patients in adhering to their medication.

Impact of low-grade adverse events on health-related quality of life in adult patients receiving imatinib or nilotinib for newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase

OBJECTIVE

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treatment relies on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), but their use can be associated with low-grade adverse events (AEs). This analysis aimed to identify the low-grade AEs which significantly impact the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of CML patients in chronic phase (CP) and to compare the incidence of such AEs among nilotinib- and imatinib-treated patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Data from the 48 month ENESTnd trial were used (N = 593 patients). HRQoL was assessed using generic (SF-36) and leukemia-specific (FACT-Leu) HRQoL surveys. AEs were categorized into 26 system organ classes.

RESULTS

In the adjusted regression model, five low-grade AE categories - gastrointestinal disorders, blood and lymphatic system disorders, general disorders and administration site conditions, musculoskeletal disorders, and psychiatric disorders - significantly impaired at least one HRQoL score. The incidence rate of these five AE categories was either significantly lower for nilotinib than imatinib or not different between the two drugs. The AE categories with lower incidence for both nilotinib 300 mg BID and 400 mg BID versus imatinib 400 mg daily were gastrointestinal, blood and lymphatic system, and musculoskeletal; nilotinib 300 mg BID had lower incidence than imatinib for general disorders.

LIMITATIONS

Low-grade AEs were grouped and analyzed by system organ class category, so the effect of some rare individual AEs on HRQoL may have been missed.

CONCLUSIONS

The impact of low-grade AEs on HRQoL should be taken into account, along with other factors, when selecting the optimal treatment for patients newly diagnosed with CML-CP.

Practical issues surrounding the explosion of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia

The advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has drastically changed the treatment outcome of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Imatinib was the first TKI approved, and has been considered the standard of care for more than a decade. Second generation compounds, namely dasatinib and nilotinib, are highly effective in newly diagnosed patients as well as those who fail imatinib. Bosutinib and ponatinib have also become available as second line options. With five agents from which to choose, selecting a TKI has become a challenge. Multiple tests are now available to determine a patient's disease status, making the ideal monitoring strategy unclear. The gold standard for response to TKI therapy remains the achievement of complete cytogenetic response. This review will discuss the practical aspects of selecting a TKI and monitoring a patient once on therapy, including when to consider a treatment change. Other relevant issues, including cost, compliance, role of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, and discontinuation of TKIs will also be covered.

Cultural factors related to adherence to imatinib in CML: a Mexican perspective

INTRODUCTION

The advent of imatinib as a therapeutic option of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has transformed this previously highly resistant disease into one that is susceptible to management with oral drugs that now offer high long-term survival rates. However, achieving an adequate adherence to treatment regimes is of critical importance. The characteristics of treatment compliance in Mexican patients have not been determined.

METHODS

We evaluated 38 CML patients, members of the Glivec(®) International Patient Assistance Program (GIPAP). A bimonthly simplified medication adherence questionnaire was applied and the adherence rate was calculated by direct tablet counting.

RESULTS

Two groups, one of local patients and another of out-of-town patients, were studied using an 85% adherence rate as a cut-off. The overall adherence rate was 85.9%. Fifteen patients were considered non-adherent (39.5%). The group of out-of-town patients presented a higher adherence rate of 92.8% in contrast with 76.3% in the local population (P = 0.021). The probability of achieving a complete cytogenetic response at some point of evolution after 8 years of follow-up was 93% in the adherent group vs. 58% in the group with an adherence rate <85% (P = 0.008). In patients with imatinib failure, the adherence rate was 75.8% compared to 95.5% (P = 0.008) in the optimal response group.

CONCLUSIONS

In Mexican patients with CML, non-adherence to treatment is a cause of the failure to achieve remission or the subsequent loss of a complete cytogenetic and major molecular response.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) enhances the clinical responses to interferon-α (IFN) in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

The majority of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remain with residual disease. In contrast to TKIs, interferon (IFN) is directly toxic to CML progenitor cells, and myeloid growth factors such as GM-CSF may enhance IFN's cytotoxicity. We performed a phase 2 study of IFN+GM-CSF in 58 newly diagnosed CML patients before imatinib approval. Short-term clinical responses included: 60% major cytogenetic response, 28% complete cytogenetic response and 19% complete molecular response. Six patients remain off all therapy for CML (range: 15 months-12 years) after IFN+GM-CSF treatment. IFN+GM-CSF shows promise as an adjunctive therapy for CML.

A TCR-mimic antibody to WT1 bypasses tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in human BCR-ABL+ leukemias

Acute and chronic leukemias, including CD34(+) CML cells, demonstrate increased expression of the Wilms tumor gene 1 product (WT1), making WT1 an attractive therapeutic target. However, WT1 is a currently undruggable, intracellular protein. ESKM is a human IgG1 T-cell receptor mimic monoclonal antibody directed to a 9-amino acid sequence of WT1 in the context of cell surface HLA-A*02. ESKM was therapeutically effective, alone and in combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), against Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute leukemia in murine models, including a leukemia with the most common, pan-TKI, gatekeeper resistance mutation, T315I. ESKM was superior to the first-generation TKI, imatinib. Combination therapy with ESKM and TKIs was superior to either drug alone, capable of curing mice. ESKM showed no toxicity to human HLA-A*02:01(+) stem cells under the conditions of this murine model. These features of ESKM make it a promising nontoxic therapeutic agent for sensitive and resistant Ph(+) leukemias.

Study protocol of the RAND-study: a multicenter, prospective cohort study investigating response and adherence to nilotinib treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia

Background

The antitumor drug nilotinib has a large inter- and intra individual variability in pharmacokinetics. Adherence to treatment may substantially influence plasma levels and has been recognized as the most important determinant of treatment failure in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). A better understanding of the various factors contributing to the efficacy of treatment is essential for the development of interventions to optimize the treatment of chronic phase CML (CP-CML) with a protein kinase inhibitor like nilotinib.

Methods/Design

In this multicenter prospective observational cohort study 70 adult patients with CP-CML starting treatment with nilotinib will be followed up for at least 12 months. Response to treatment is evaluated after 3, 6 and 12 months. Adherence is primarily assessed by counting the daily intake of nilotinib capsules by means of a medication event monitoring system (MEMS). Before the start of nilotinib treatment and after 3, 6 and 12 months, patients are asked to fill in a comprehensive questionnaire including topics on quality of life, side effects, attitude towards disease and medication, the patients’ appreciation of information received about the medication, and discontinuation, and trough plasma levels of nilotinib are measured.

Discussion

The present study aims to get more insight into the efficacy of treatment with nilotinib and the various aspects that govern optimal response, of which adherence is a primary endpoint. We hypothesize that patients who experience inadequate response levels to nilotinib are less adherent. In addition, their plasma levels of nilotinib may be lower. We expect that our findings will be useful for health care professionals to support patients with the use of nilotinib in order to derive optimal benefit from their medication.

Trial registration

Netherlands Trial Registry NTR3992.

The c.480C>G polymorphism of hOCT1 influences imatinib clearance in patients affected by chronic myeloid leukemia

The aim of the study was to investigate any possible influence of polymorphisms of transmembrane transporters human organic cation transporter 1 (hOCT1), ABCB1, ABCG2 on imatinib pharmacokinetics in 33 men and 27 women (median age and range, 56 and 27-79 years, respectively) affected by chronic myeloid leukemia. A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to investigate imatinib disposition in every patient and the role of transporter polymorphisms. Results showed that the α1-acid glycoprotein and the c.480C>G genotype of hOCT1 had a significant effect on apparent drug clearance (CL/F) being responsible, respectively, for a 20% and 10% decrease in interindividual variability (IIV) of CL/F (from 50.1 up to 19.6%). Interestingly, 25 patients carrying at least one polymorphic c.480 G allele had a significant lower CL/F value with respect to the 35 c.480CC individuals (mean±s.d., 9.6±1.6 vs 12.1±2.3 l h(-1), respectively; P<0.001). In conclusion, the hOCT1 c.480C>G SNP may significantly influence imatinib pharmacokinetics, supporting further analyses in larger groups of patients.