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Köhler HP, Schüler A, Quaas F, Fiedler H, Witt M, Roemer K. The influence of body segment estimation methods on body segment inertia parameters and joint moments in javelin throwing. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024; 27:267-275. [PMID: 36820509 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2181039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Calculated intersegmental moments are commonly used in analyzing throwing movements. The inverse dynamics (ID) results can vary due to the chosen set of body segment inertia parameters (BSIP). A multitude of methods to determine BSIP sets are available. The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of different estimation methods on the BSIPs and the respective impact on the ID results in javelin throwing. Movement kinematics were recorded for ten male javelin throwers. Six different methods were used to estimate BSIP sets for the upper extremities of each thrower. Subsequently, ID results were obtained for each thrower and BSIP set. Results show variations between 8% and 120% between the BSIP sets, and maximum intersegmental moments varied between 6% and 21%, respectively. Joint-specific variations of intersegmental moments were observed as well as movement-specific variations within a joint related to the different BSIP sets. Furthermore, the influence of BSIP sets appears to be subject-specific as well, with observed variations between 9% and 18% - some athletes are better represented by the chosen methods than others. Hence, our study results suggest that the method to determine BSIP sets needs to be carefully chosen for calculating joint kinetics in throwing movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Köhler
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Schüler
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felix Quaas
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hannes Fiedler
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maren Witt
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karen Roemer
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
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2
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Moreno EN, Hammert WB, Montgomery TR, Abe T, Loenneke JP, Buckner SL. Skeletal muscle mass in competitive physique-based athletes (bodybuilding, 212 bodybuilding, bikini, and physique divisions): A case series. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e23978. [PMID: 37563889 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To examine the muscle thickness of various muscle groups of the body to estimate the absolute and relative skeletal muscle mass (SM) in competitive physique-based athletes (Bodybuilding, 212 Bodybuilding, Bikini, and Physique divisions) and (2) to compare values across various divisions of competition and to resistance trained and non-resistance trained individuals. METHODS Eight competitive physique-based athletes (2 M and 6 F), two recreationally resistance trained (1 M and 1 F) and two non-resistance trained (1 M and 1 F) participants had muscle thickness measured by ultrasound at nine sites on the anterior and posterior aspects of the body. SM was estimated from an ultrasound-derived prediction equation and SM index was used to adjust for the influence of standing height (i.e., divided by height squared). RESULTS SM values ranged from 19.6 to 60.4 kg in the eight competitive physique-based athletes and 16.1 to 32.6 kg in the four recreationally resistance trained and non-resistance trained participants. SM index ranged from 7.2 to 17.9 kg/m2 in the eight competitive physique-based athletes and 5.8 to 9.3 kg/m2 in the four recreationally resistance trained and non-resistance trained participants. CONCLUSION Overall, varying magnitudes of SM and SM index were present across competitors and their respective divisions of bodybuilding. The Men's Open Bodybuilder in the present study had greater values of total SM and SM index compared to previously published values in the literature. Our data provides insight into the extent of SM present in this population and further extends the discussion regarding SM accumulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique N Moreno
- USF Muscle Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- USF Muscle Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Tony R Montgomery
- USF Muscle Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Human Performance Lab, Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- USF Muscle Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Kataoka R, Hammert WB, Yamada Y, Song JS, Seffrin A, Kang A, Spitz RW, Wong V, Loenneke JP. The Plateau in Muscle Growth with Resistance Training: An Exploration of Possible Mechanisms. Sports Med 2024; 54:31-48. [PMID: 37787845 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that there is likely a finite ability for muscular adaptation. While it is difficult to distinguish between a true plateau following a long-term training period and short-term stalling in muscle growth, a plateau in muscle growth has been attributed to reaching a genetic potential, with limited discussion on what might physiologically contribute to this muscle growth plateau. The present paper explores potential physiological factors that may drive the decline in muscle growth after prolonged resistance training. Overall, with chronic training, the anabolic signaling pathways may become more refractory to loading. While measures of anabolic markers may have some predictive capabilities regarding muscle growth adaptation, they do not always demonstrate a clear connection. Catabolic processes may also constrain the ability to achieve further muscle growth, which is influenced by energy balance. Although speculative, muscle cells may also possess cell scaling mechanisms that sense and regulate their own size, along with molecular brakes that hinder growth rate over time. When considering muscle growth over the lifespan, there comes a point when the anabolic response is attenuated by aging, regardless of whether or not individuals approach their muscle growth potential. Our goal is that the current review opens avenues for future experimental studies to further elucidate potential mechanisms to explain why muscle growth may plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Anna Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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4
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Tanaka NI, Suwa M, Maeda H, Tomita A, Imoto T, Akima H. Relationship between trunk intramuscular adipose tissue content and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Japanese men. Nutrition 2023; 113:112083. [PMID: 37327655 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to examine the dose-response relationship between trunk tissue composition and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in middle-aged Japanese men. METHODS The 1026 men (between 35 and 59 y of age) who participated in the present study were divided into two groups: those with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and those without (non-MetS). Intramuscular adipose tissue (IntraMAT) content and the cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of visceral adipose tissue and skeletal muscle tissue were calculated using low-dose computed tomography images acquired at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. Height, body mass, body fat, waist circumference, the presence of MetS, and lifestyle habits were also assessed. RESULTS IntraMAT content was significantly higher in MetS than in non-MetS men. A 10% increase in IntraMAT content correlated with the prevalence of MetS (odds ratio, 4.197; 95% confidence interval, 3.108-7.088; P < 0.001), even after adjustments for age, height, adjusted skeletal muscle CSA, sleeping time, alcohol consumption, exercise habit, and cigarette smoking. Skeletal muscle CSA did not correlate with the prevalence of MetS after adjustments for IntraMAT content and other cofactors. CONCLUSIONS Increase in IntraMAT content, not in skeletal muscle CSA, significantly correlated with the prevalence of MetS. These results suggest that countermeasures against the accumulation of trunk IntraMAT effectively prevent MetS in middle-aged Japanese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko I Tanaka
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Masataka Suwa
- Health Support Center WELPO, Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota, Japan
| | - Hisashi Maeda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aya Tomita
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imoto
- Health Support Center WELPO, Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akima
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Böl M, Kohn S, Leichsenring K, Morales-Orcajo E, Ehret AE. On multiscale tension-compression asymmetry in skeletal muscle. Acta Biomater 2022; 144:210-220. [PMID: 35339701 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue shows a clear asymmetry with regard to the passive stresses under tensile and compressive deformation, referred to as tension-compression asymmetry (TCA). The present study is the first one reporting on TCA at different length scales, associated with muscle tissue and muscle fibres, respectively. This allows for the first time the comparison of TCA between the tissue and one of its individual components, and thus to identify the length scale at which this phenomenon originates. Not only the passive stress-stretch characteristics were recorded, but also the volume changes during the axial tension and compression experiments. The study reveals clear differences in the characteristics of TCA between fibres and tissue. At tissue level TCA increases non-linearly with increasing deformation and the ratio of tensile to compressive stresses at the same magnitude of strain reaches a value of approximately 130 at 13.5% deformation. At fibre level instead it initially drops to a value of 6 and then rises again to a TCA of 14. At a deformation of 13.5%, the tensile stress is about 6 times higher. Thus, TCA is about 22 times more expressed at tissue than fibre scale. Moreover, the analysis of volume changes revealed little compressibility at tissue scale whereas at fibre level, especially under compressive stress, the volume decreases significantly. The data collected in this study suggests that the extracellular matrix has a distinct role in amplifying the TCA, and leads to more incompressible tissue behaviour. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article analyses and compares for the first time the tension-compression asymmetry (TCA) displayed by skeletal muscle at tissue and fibre scale. In addition, the volume changes of tissue and fibre specimens with application of passive tensile and compressive loads are studied. The study identifies a key role of the extracellular matrix in establishing the mechanical response of skeletal muscle tissue: It contributes significantly to the passive stress, it is responsible for the major part of tissue-scale TCA and, most probably, prevents/balances the volume changes of muscle fibres during deformation. These new results thus shed light on the origin of TCA and provide new information to be used in microstructure-based approaches to model and simulate skeletal muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böl
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Stephan Kohn
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kay Leichsenring
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Enrique Morales-Orcajo
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexander E Ehret
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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Gries KJ, Zysik VS, Jobe TK, Griffin N, Leeds BP, Lowery JW. Muscle-derived factors influencing bone metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 123:57-63. [PMID: 34756782 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A significant amount of attention has been brought to the endocrine-like function of skeletal muscle on various tissues, particularly with bone. Several lines of investigation indicate that the physiology of both bone and muscle systems may be regulated by a given stimulus, such as exercise, aging, and inactivity. Moreover, emerging evidence indicates that bone is heavily influenced by soluble factors derived from skeletal muscle (i.e., muscle-to-bone communication). The purpose of this review is to discuss the regulation of bone remodeling (formation and/or resorption) through skeletal muscle-derived cytokines (hereafter myokines) including the anti-inflammatory cytokine METRNL and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, FGF-2 and others). Our goal is to highlight possible therapeutic opportunities to improve muscle and bone health in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Gries
- Program in Exercise & Sports Science, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA.
| | - Victoria S Zysik
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Tyler K Jobe
- Program in Exercise & Sports Science, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Nicole Griffin
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Benjamin P Leeds
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; Division of Clinical Affairs, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Jonathan W Lowery
- Bone & Muscle Research Group, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
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Travis SK, Zwetsloot KA, Mujika I, Stone MH, Bazyler CD. Skeletal Muscle Adaptations and Performance Outcomes Following a Step and Exponential Taper in Strength Athletes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:735932. [PMID: 34777004 PMCID: PMC8582352 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.735932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Before major athletic events, a taper is often prescribed to facilitate recovery and enhance performance. However, it is unknown which taper model is most effective for peaking maximal strength and positively augmenting skeletal muscle. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare performance outcomes and skeletal muscle adaptations following a step vs. an exponential taper in strength athletes. Sixteen powerlifters (24.0 ± 4.0 years, 174.4 ± 8.2 cm, 89.8 ± 21.4 kg) participated in a 6-week training program aimed at peaking maximal strength on back squat [initial 1-repetition-maximum (1RM): 174.7 ± 33.4 kg], bench press (118.5 ± 29.9 kg), and deadlift (189.9 ± 41.2 kg). Powerlifters were matched based on relative maximal strength, and randomly assigned to either (a) 1-week overreach and 1-week step taper or (b) 1-week overreach and 3-week exponential taper. Athletes were tested pre- and post-training on measures of body composition, jumping performance, isometric squat, and 1RM. Whole muscle size was assessed at the proximal, middle, and distal vastus lateralis using ultrasonography and microbiopsies at the middle vastus lateralis site. Muscle samples (n = 15) were analyzed for fiber size, fiber type [myosin-heavy chain (MHC)-I, -IIA, -IIX, hybrid-I/IIA] using whole muscle immunohistochemistry and single fiber dot blots, gene expression, and microRNA abundance. There were significant main time effects for 1RM squat (p < 0.001), bench press (p < 0.001), and deadlift, (p = 0.024), powerlifting total (p < 0.001), Wilks Score (p < 0.001), squat jump peak-power scaled to body mass (p = 0.001), body mass (p = 0.005), fat mass (p = 0.002), and fat mass index (p = 0.002). There were significant main time effects for medial whole muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) (p = 0.006) and averaged sites (p < 0.001). There was also a significant interaction for MHC-IIA fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA) (p = 0.014) with post hoc comparisons revealing increases following the step-taper only (p = 0.002). There were significant main time effects for single-fiber MHC-I% (p = 0.015) and MHC-IIA% (p = 0.033), as well as for MyoD (p = 0.002), MyoG (p = 0.037), and miR-499a (p = 0.033). Overall, increases in whole mCSA, fCSA, MHC-IIA fCSA, and MHC transitions appeared to favor the step taper group. An overreach followed by a step taper appears to produce a myocellular environment that enhances skeletal muscle adaptations, whereas an exponential taper may favor neuromuscular performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kyle Travis
- Exercise and Sport Sciences Laboratory, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Department of Rehabilitative Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Integrative Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
| | - Kevin A. Zwetsloot
- Integrative Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael H. Stone
- Exercise and Sport Sciences Laboratory, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Caleb D. Bazyler
- Exercise and Sport Sciences Laboratory, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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Sagayama H, Yamada Y, Tanabe Y, Kondo E, Ohnishi T, Takahashi H. Validation of skeletal muscle mass estimation equations in active young adults: A preliminary study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1897-1907. [PMID: 34228821 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the validity of the estimation equations for skeletal muscle mass (SMM) using mass of appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST), evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in healthy young males undergoing training, and compared it with the results obtained using whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We hypothesized that a novel variable, that is, trunk and trunk-to-appendicular ratio of lean soft tissues (trunk/ALST), would be useful in reducing estimation errors in athletes or physically active participants. We analyzed the data of 30 participants (mean age 19.9 ± 1.8 years). SMM was measured using whole-body MRI, while mass of trunk and ALST was assessed using DXA. Three previously utilized estimation equations were retrieved from the literature and used for comparison. The estimated SMM values using previous equations highly correlated with measured SMM, which was determined by MRI, but the mean estimated SMM values were significantly lower than the measured-SMM values. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that mass of ALST, trunk/ALST ratio, and percent body fat were significant predictors of SMM and were incorporated as the new suggested variables. This equation accounted for 90.3% of the variance in SMM. While the previous equations' estimated SMM correlated with measured-SMM in participants with trunk/ALST ratios ≤1.05, they underestimated SMMs in those with trunk/ALST ratios >1.05. The present study confirms that the previously used equations underestimate the actual SMM, particularly in participants with high trunk/ALST ratios (>1.05). The current equation may be used in healthy and active young males, including athletes, as a preliminary tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanabe
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Emi Kondo
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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McHugh C, Hind K, Wyse J, Davey D, Wilson F. Increases in DXA-Derived Visceral Fat Across One Season in Professional Rugby Union Players: Importance of Visceral Fat Monitoring in Athlete Body Composition Assessment. J Clin Densitom 2021; 24:206-213. [PMID: 33023826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In rugby, the average player body mass has increased by approximately 25% since 1955. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with low grade inflammation, and chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in VAT in relation to other indices of body composition, across 1 season in professional rugby. METHODOLOGY One hundred and sixteen male rugby union players' (age: 26.2 ± 4.6 y, BMI: 29.40 ± 3.22 kg.m2) total body composition dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans from 4 time points across the season (baseline, preseason, midseason, and postseason) were analyzed. Players were grouped by playing position, forwards (n = 65) and backs (n = 51). Players followed individually tailored diet plans. RESULTS Mean baseline VAT was 404.67 ± 229.43 g (forwards: 469.36 ± 263.16 g, backs: 311.40 ± 121.15 g). Total mass, lean mass, body fat percentage (%BF), and VAT were greater in forwards than backs at all 4 timepoints. Meaningful increases in VAT across the season, were observed in 37.5% of backs and 53.6% of forwards. There was a positive linear relationship between lean mass and total mass, up to 116.04 kg total mass. Beyond this threshold, lean mass accumulation reduced and %BF and VAT mass increased. There were significant relationships between %BF, VAT, and BMI (p < 0.001), but no physiological relevant pattern was discerned. CONCLUSIONS Despite regular high-intensive exercise and individually tailored dietary control across a professional rugby season, players from both playing positions demonstrated increases in VAT, although the cause remains unknown. Our findings indicate the importance of monitoring VAT in athletes alongside standard measures of body composition. Additionally, our findings suggest there may be an upper threshold of body mass beyond which lean mass may not increase further and instead %BF and VAT are more likely to accumulate. Further research is required to identify how increasing player size may impact long-term cardiometabolic health given the known links between VAT and cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliodhna McHugh
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Ireland.
| | - Karen Hind
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Wyse
- Discipline of Statistics and Information Systems at the School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Davey
- Leinster Rugby, Newstead Building A, University College of Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Wilson
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Ireland
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10
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Kraemer WJ, Caldwell LK, Post EM, DuPont WH, Martini ER, Ratamess NA, Szivak TK, Shurley JP, Beeler MK, Volek JS, Maresh CM, Todd JS, Walrod BJ, Hyde PN, Fairman C, Best TM. Body Composition in Elite Strongman Competitors. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3326-3330. [PMID: 33235016 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kraemer, WJ, Caldwell, LK, Post, EM, DuPont, WH, Martini, ER, Ratamess, NA, Szivak, TK, Shurley, JP, Beeler, MK, Volek, JS, Maresh, CM, Todd, JS, Walrod, BJ, Hyde, PN, Fairman, C, and Best, TM. Body composition in elite strongman competitors. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3326-3330, 2020-The purpose of this descriptive investigation was to characterize a group of elite strongman competitors to document the body composition of this unique population of strength athletes. Data were collected from eligible competitors as part of a health screening program conducted over 5 consecutive years. Imaging was acquired using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), providing total body measures of fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral content (BMC). Year to year, testing groups showed a homogenous grouping of anthropometric, body composition, and bone density metrics. Composite averages were calculated to provide an anthropometric profile of the elite strongman competitor (N = 18; mean ± SD): age, 33.0 ± 5.2 years; body height, 187.4 ± 7.1 cm; body mass, 152.9 ± 19.3 kg; body mass index, 43.5 ± 4.8 kg·m; fat mass, 30.9 ± 11.1 kg; lean mass, 118.0 ± 11.7 kg, body fat, 18.7 ± 6.2%, total BMC, 5.23 ± 0.41 kg, and bone mineral density, 1.78 ± 0.14 g·cm. These data demonstrate that elite strongman competitors are among the largest human male athletes, and in some cases, they are at the extreme limits reported for body size and structure. Elite strongman competitors undergo a high degree of mechanical stress, providing further insight into the potent role of physical training in mediating structural remodeling even into adulthood. Such data provide a glimpse into a unique group of competitive athletes pushing the limits not only of human performance but also of human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lydia K Caldwell
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Emily M Post
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - William H DuPont
- School of Health Sciences-Biomedical Sciences, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut
| | - Emily R Martini
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nicholas A Ratamess
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, the College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey
| | - Tunde K Szivak
- School of Health Sciences, Merrimack College, North Andover, Massachusetts
| | - Jason P Shurley
- Department of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Coaching, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew K Beeler
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Carl M Maresh
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Janice S Todd
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports, University of Texas, at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Bryant J Walrod
- The Jameson Crane Sports Medicine Institute, OSU Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Parker N Hyde
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ciaran Fairman
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; and
| | - Thomas M Best
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami Sports Medicine Institute, Coral Gables, Florida
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11
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Abe T, Bell ZW, Wong V, Spitz RW, Yamada Y, Song JS, Loenneke JP. Skeletal muscle size distribution in large‐sized male and female athletes. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23473. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi University Mississippi USA
| | - Zachary W. Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi University Mississippi USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi University Mississippi USA
| | - Robert W. Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi University Mississippi USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi University Mississippi USA
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi University Mississippi USA
| | - Jeremy P. Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi University Mississippi USA
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12
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Takai Y, Nakatani M, Aoki T, Komori D, Oyamada K, Murata K, Fujita E, Akamine T, Urita Y, Yamamoto M, Kanehisa H. Profile of regional fat and fat-free soft tissue accumulation in male athletes. J Physiol Anthropol 2020; 39:5. [PMID: 32143706 PMCID: PMC7059667 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-0215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is unclear whether or not the breakpoint (BP), at which the proportion of each of fat mass (FM) and fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM) to body mass (BM) alter, exists in male athletes. We examined the hypothesis that in male athletes, the regional FM and FFSTM-BM relationships have a BP, but the body mass at BP (BMBP) differs among the arms, trunk, and legs. Methods By using a dual X-ray absorptiometry, whole-body and regional FMs and FFSTMs in the arms, trunk, and legs were estimated in 198 male athletes (20.8 ± 2.1 years; 1.73 ± 0.07 m; 72.7 ± 14.8 kg). To detect the BP in the relationship between each of FM and FFSTM and BM, a piecewise linear regression analysis was used. If a BP was detected in the corresponding relationship, the significant difference between the regression slopes above and below the BP was examined. Results The regression analysis indicated that the BMBP existed in the FM- and FFSTM-BM relationships regardless of region and whole body. For the whole body, BMBP was 81.8 kg for FM and 82.2 kg for FFSTM. In regional FM-BM relationships, BMBP was 80.5 kg for arms, 82.6 kg for trunk, and 63.3 kg for legs, and the regression slopes above the BMBP became higher than those below the BP, and vice versa in regional FFSTM-BM relationships (BMBP 104.6 kg for arms, 80.9 kg for trunk, and 79.0 kg for legs). The relative differences in the slopes between below and above BMBP in the regional FM-BM relationships were higher in the arms and trunk than in the legs, and those in the regional FFSTM-BM relationships in the legs than in the trunk. Conclusion Whole-body and regional FM- and FFSTM-BM relationships for male athletes have breakpoints at which the proportion of the tissue masses to BM alters. The BMBP and differences in the distribution of regional FM and FFSTM around the breakpoint are region specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takai
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Nakatani
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Toru Aoki
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Daisuke Komori
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Oyamada
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Kensuke Murata
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Eiji Fujita
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Takuya Akamine
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Urita
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yamamoto
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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13
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Abe T, Wong V, Spitz RW, Viana RB, Bell ZW, Yamada Y, Chatakondi RN, Loenneke JP. Influence of sex and resistance training status on orofacial muscle strength and morphology in healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 40: A cross‐sectional study. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23401. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi
| | - Robert W. Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi
| | - Ricardo B. Viana
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance Federal University of Goiás Goiânia Brazil
| | - Zachary W. Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi
| | - Raksha N. Chatakondi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi
| | - Jeremy P. Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory The University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi
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14
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Abe T, Bell ZW, Wong V, Spitz RW, Loenneke JP. Why is low body fat rarely seen in large-sized male athletes? Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23399. [PMID: 32022361 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is unknown why low body fat is rarely seen in large-sized athletes (>100 kg body mass). The aim of this review was to examine the relationship between body mass and body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) in elite male athletes, and to discuss the possible reasons why low body fat is rarely seen in large-sized male athletes. METHODS A search using two electronic databases was conducted. Eighteen studies estimated body composition in elite athletes by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, totaling 2249 elite male athletes and 72 data points. RESULTS Our results indicated that low body fat (eg, less than 10% body fat) was rarely seen in large-sized male athletes over 100 kg body mass. The larger the body mass, the higher the fat-free mass, with fat-free mass leveling off when body mass exceeds approximately 120 kg. CONCLUSION Possible reasons for this are unknown but we provide some ideas for why this might occur. The two different stages to consider with respect to skeletal muscle growth: the amount of growth during development and the amount of growth as a result of long-term resistance training. In certain sporting events, a large body mass may be favored. However, the large-sized athletes have to balance any potential positive influence of body mass on sports performance with the potential negative factors associated with body fat accumulation. Further research is warranted, as there is currently limited evidence on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
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15
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Abe T, Wong V, Dankel SJ, Bell ZW, Spitz RW, Viana RB, Loenneke JP. Skeletal muscle mass in female athletes: The average and the extremes. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 32:e23333. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology LaboratoryThe University of Mississippi University Mississippi
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology LaboratoryThe University of Mississippi University Mississippi
| | - Scott J. Dankel
- Department of Health and Exercise ScienceRowan University Glassboro New Jersey
| | - Zachary W. Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology LaboratoryThe University of Mississippi University Mississippi
| | - Robert W. Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology LaboratoryThe University of Mississippi University Mississippi
| | - Ricardo B. Viana
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology LaboratoryThe University of Mississippi University Mississippi
- Faculty of Physical Education and DanceFederal University of Goiás Goiânia Brazil
| | - Jeremy P. Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology LaboratoryThe University of Mississippi University Mississippi
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16
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Ubaida-Mohien C, Gonzalez-Freire M, Lyashkov A, Moaddel R, Chia CW, Simonsick EM, Sen R, Ferrucci L. Physical Activity Associated Proteomics of Skeletal Muscle: Being Physically Active in Daily Life May Protect Skeletal Muscle From Aging. Front Physiol 2019; 10:312. [PMID: 30971946 PMCID: PMC6443906 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle strength declines with aging and increasing physical activity is the only intervention known to attenuate this decline. In order to adequately investigate both preventive and therapeutic interventions against sarcopenia, a better understanding of the biological changes that are induced by physical activity in skeletal muscle is required. To determine the effect of physical activity on the skeletal muscle proteome, we utilized liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry to obtain quantitative proteomics data on human skeletal muscle biopsies from 60 well-characterized healthy individuals (20-87 years) who reported heterogeneous levels of physical activity (not active, active, moderately active, and highly active). Over 4,000 proteins were quantified, and higher self-reported physical activity was associated with substantial overrepresentation of proteins associated with mitochondria, TCA cycle, structural and contractile muscle, and genome maintenance. Conversely, proteins related to the spliceosome, transcription regulation, immune function, and apoptosis, DNA damage, and senescence were underrepresented with higher self-reported activity. These differences in observed protein expression were related to different levels of physical activity in daily life and not intense competitive exercise. In most instances, differences in protein levels were directly opposite to those reported in the literature observed with aging. These data suggest that being physically active in daily life has strong and biologically detectable beneficial effects on muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceereena Ubaida-Mohien
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Freire
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexey Lyashkov
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chee W Chia
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eleanor M Simonsick
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ranjan Sen
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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17
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Preseason Body Composition Adaptations in Elite White and Polynesian Rugby Union Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:9-17. [PMID: 29757054 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During preseason training, rugby union (RU) athletes endeavor to enhance physical performance characteristics that are aligned with on-field success. Specific physique traits are associated with performance; therefore body composition assessment is routinely undertaken in elite environments. This study aimed to quantify preseason physique changes in elite RU athletes with unique morphology and divergent ethnicity. Twenty-two White and Polynesian professional RU athletes received dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessments at the beginning and conclusion of an 11-week preseason. Interactions between on-field playing position and ethnicity in body composition adaptations were explored, and the least significant change model was used to evaluate variations at the individual level. There were no combined interaction effects with the variables position and ethnicity and any body composition measure. After accounting for baseline body composition, Whites gained more lean mass during the preseason than Polynesians (2,425 ± 1,303 g vs. 1,115 ± 1,169 g; F = 5.4, p = .03). Significant main effects of time were found for whole body and all regional measures with fat mass decreasing (F = 31.1-52.0, p < .01), and lean mass increasing (F = 12.0-40.4, p < .01). Seventeen athletes (nine White and eight Polynesian) had a reduction in fat mass, and eight athletes (six White and two Polynesian) increased lean mass. This study describes significant and meaningful physique changes in elite RU athletes during a preseason period. Given the individualized approach applied to athletes in regard to nutrition and conditioning interventions, a similar approach to that used in this study is recommended to assess physique changes in this population.
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18
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Abe T, Dankel SJ, Buckner SL, Jessee MB, Mattocks KT, Mouser JG, Bell ZW, Loenneke JP. Magnetic resonance imaging-measured skeletal muscle mass to fat-free mass ratio increases with increasing levels of fat-free mass. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:619-623. [PMID: 30264974 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the skeletal muscle mass to fat-free mass (SM-FFM) ratio in female and male athletes, as well as to examine the relationship between ultrasound predicted SM and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-measured SM. METHODS Seven female track and field athletes (female), 8 male collegiate swimmers (male-G1) and 8 male collegiate Olympic weightlifters (male-G2) volunteered. Whole-body SM volume was measured using MRI images obtained from the first cervical vertebra to the ankle joints. The volume of SM tissue was calculated and the SM volume was converted into mass units by an assumed skeletal muscle density. Muscle thickness was measured using ultrasound at nine sites and SM was estimated using an ultrasound-derived prediction equation. RESULTS Percent body fat was similar among the groups. FFM, MRI-measured SM and SM-FFM ratio were greater in Males-G2 compared to the other two groups and those variables of Male-G1 were higher than the Female group. There was an excellent correlation (r=0.976) between MRI-measured and ultrasound-predicted SM (total error=1.52 kg). No significant difference was observed between MRI-measured and ultrasound-predicted SM in the overall sample or within each group. The SM-FFM ratio was positively correlated (r=0.708) with FFM in female and male athletes. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence for how the MRI-measured SM-FFM ratio changes with increasing levels of FFM and provide data that the ultrasound may be useful in estimating SM in athletes. Given the size limitations with MRI, both of these findings may be useful for future research investigating large sized athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA -
| | - Scott J Dankel
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Kevin T Mattocks
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - J Grant Mouser
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
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19
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Skeletal Muscle Mass and Architecture of the World’s Strongest Raw Powerlifter: A Case Study. Asian J Sports Med 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.61763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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