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Hyland C, Meierotto L, Som Castellano RL, Curl CL. Mixed-Methods Assessment of Farmworkers' Perceptions of Workplace Compliance with Worker Protection Standards and Implications for Risk Perceptions and Protective Behaviors. J Agromedicine 2024; 29:355-371. [PMID: 38284770 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2024.2307483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s Worker Protection Standards is the primary set of legislation aimed at protecting farmworkers from occupational pesticide exposure in the United States. Previous studies suggest that worker adoption of Pesticide Protective Behaviors (PPBs) promoted by WPS is associated with lower urinary pesticide concentrations. However, adoption of PPBs is often outside of the control of individual farmworkers and dependent on workplace factors such as employer provisioning of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and access to trainings/resources. METHODS We conducted a mixed-method study including urinary pesticide biomonitoring, surveys, and interviews with 62 Latinx farmworkers in southwestern Idaho from April to July 2022. We integrated findings across the various data sources to identify emergent themes relating to farmworkers' perceptions of workplace compliance with WPS and potential implications for their pesticide risk perceptions, protective behaviors, and urinary pesticide concentrations. RESULTS Participants reported some indications of poor workplace compliance with WPS regulations, notably inconsistent access to clean handwashing stations and notification of pesticide applications. Some farmworkers, particularly pesticide applicators, viewed herbicides to be categorically safer than other classes of pesticides such as insecticides; these perceptions appeared to influence protective behaviors, such as the relatively low use of PPE while applying herbicides. These findings are underscored by the higher concentrations of biomarkers of herbicides, but not insecticides, among pesticide applicators compared with non-applicators (e.g. median 2,4-D concentrations = 1.40 µg/L among applicators and 0.69 µg/L among non-applicators). Participants further reported concerns regarding the inadequacy of pesticide safety training, pesticide drift, and the lack of communication regarding pesticide applications on and near fields where they are working. DISCUSSION Participants' perceptions that herbicides are categorically safer than other pesticide classes is in direct conflict with WPS training, raising concerns about discrepancies between WPS instruction and other on-the-job training, as well as the inadequate provisioning of PPE during the application of certain pesticides. Our findings also suggest that current WPS regulations may not sufficiently address farmworkers' concerns, particularly in regard to pesticide drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Hyland
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, USA
- School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Meierotto
- School of Public Service, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Rebecca L Som Castellano
- Department of Sociology, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, USA
- Department of Human-Environment Systems, School of the Environment, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Cynthia L Curl
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, USA
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Hyland C, Hernandez A, Gaudreau É, Larose J, Bienvenu JF, Meierotto L, Som Castellano RL, Curl CL. Examination of urinary pesticide concentrations, protective behaviors, and risk perceptions among Latino and Latina farmworkers in Southwestern Idaho. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 255:114275. [PMID: 37866282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have documented high levels of pesticide exposure among men farmworkers; however, few have examined exposures or the experiences of women farmworkers. Data gaps also exist regarding farmworkers' perceived risk and control related to pesticides, information that is critical to develop protective interventions. OBJECTIVE We aimed to compare urinary pesticide biomarker concentrations between Latino and Latina farmworkers and examine associations with occupational characteristics, risk perceptions, perceived control, and protective behaviors. METHODS We enrolled a convenience sample of 62 farmworkers (30 men and 32 women) during the pesticide spray season from April-July 2022 in southwestern Idaho. Participants were asked to complete two visits within a seven-day period; at each visit, we collected a urine sample and administered a questionnaire assessing demographic and occupational information. Urine samples were composited and analyzed for 17 biomarkers of herbicides and of organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid insecticides. RESULTS Ten pesticide biomarkers (TCPy, MDA, PNP, 3-PBA, 4-F-3-PBA, cis- and trans-DCCA, 2,4-D, Glyphosate, AMPA) were detected in >80% of samples. Men and women had similar urinary biomarker concentrations (p = 0.19-0.94); however, women worked significantly fewer hours than men (p = 0.01), wore similar or greater levels of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and were slightly more likely to report having experienced an Acute Pesticide Poisoning (26% of women vs. 14% of men; p = 0.25). We observed inconsistencies in risk perceptions, perceived control, and protective behaviors among men. DISCUSSION Our study is one the first to examine pesticide exposure and risk perceptions among a cohort of farmworkers balanced on gender. Taken with previous findings, our results suggest that factors such as job tasks, biological susceptibility, or access to trainings and protective equipment might uniquely impact women farmworkers' exposure and/or vulnerability to pesticides. Women represent an increasing proportion of the agricultural workforce, and larger studies are needed to disentangle these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Hyland
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
| | - Alejandra Hernandez
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA; Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Éric Gaudreau
- Centre de Toxicologie Du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique Du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jessica Larose
- Centre de Toxicologie Du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique Du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bienvenu
- Centre de Toxicologie Du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique Du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Lisa Meierotto
- School of Public Service, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | | | - Cynthia L Curl
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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Perez-Lua FM, Chan-Golston AM, Burke NJ, Young MEDT. The Influence of Organizational Aspects of the U.S. Agricultural Industry and Socioeconomic and Political Conditions on Farmworkers' COVID-19 Workplace Safety. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:7138. [PMID: 38063568 PMCID: PMC10706775 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20237138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Farmworkers in the U.S. experienced high rates of COVID-19 infection and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their workplace may have been a significant place of exposure to the novel coronavirus. Using political economy of health theory, this study sought to understand how organizational aspects of the agricultural industry and broader socioeconomic and political conditions shaped farmworkers' COVID-19 workplace safety during the pandemic. Between July 2020 and April 2021, we conducted and analyzed fourteen in-depth, semi-structured phone interviews with Latinx farmworkers in California. Findings show that regulatory oversight reinforced COVID-19 workplace safety. In the absence of regulatory oversight, the organization of the agricultural industry produced COVID-19 workplace risks for farmworkers; it normalized unsafe working conditions and the worker-rather than employer-responsibility for workplace safety. Under these conditions, farmworkers enacted personal COVID-19 preventative practices but were limited by financial hardships that were exacerbated by the precarious nature of agricultural employment and legal status exclusions from pandemic-related aid. Unsafe workplace conditions negatively impacted workplace camaraderie. Study findings have implications for farmworkers' individual and collective agency to achieve safe working conditions. Occupational safety interventions must address the organizational aspects that produce workplace health and safety inequities and disempower farmworkers in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola M. Perez-Lua
- Department of Public Health, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of California, Merced, 5200 N Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA; (A.M.C.-G.); (N.J.B.)
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Rattanawitoon T, Siriwong W, Shendell D, Fiedler N, Robson MG. An Evaluation of a Pesticide Training Program to Reduce Pesticide Exposure and Enhance Safety among Female Farmworkers in Nan, Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6635. [PMID: 37681775 PMCID: PMC10487852 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20176635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although exposure to chemical pesticides is known to cause negative effects on human health, farmers in Ban Luang, Nan, Thailand, continue to use them regularly to protect crops. This study focused on mothers who were engaged in farm tasks and had children between the ages of 0 to 72 months, with the objective of reducing pesticide exposure. METHODS This study was conducted from May 2020 to October 2020 in the Ban Fa and Ban Phi sub-districts in Ban Luang due to the high use of pesticides in these areas. A systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit 78 mothers exposed to pesticides. Thirty-nine mothers from Ban Fa district were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 39 from Ban Phi to the control group over a 3-month period. This study applied a pesticide behavioral change training program for the intervention group. To assess the effectiveness of the program, the study compared the results of a questionnaire regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) and health beliefs related to pesticide exposure as well as the levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) enzymes, biomarkers of exposure to pesticides, before and after the intervention using ANCOVA statistical test. Furthermore, to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention program, a paired t-test was used to investigate the in-home pesticide safety assessment. RESULTS After the intervention, we observed no significant change in AChE; however, a significant improvement in BChE (p < 0.05), a marker of short-term recovery, was observed. Pesticides can cause a reduction in AChE and BChE, however, after eliminating pesticides, BChE takes a shorter time (about 30-50 days) to recover than AChE (around 90-120 days). Therefore, increases in the measured concentrations of AChE and/or BChE suggest the presence of less chemicals from pesticides in the human body. The study also found a significant improvement in KAP and beliefs about chemical pesticide exposure after the intervention (p < 0.05). Furthermore, using a paired t-test, we found a significant increase in pesticide safety practices (p < 0.05) in the intervention group and a borderline significant increase regarding in-home safety (p = 0.051) in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, the constructs of the intervention program were effective and could be applied in other agricultural areas in less developed countries. However, due to time limitations during the COVID-19 pandemic, further studies should be conducted to enable data collection over a longer time, with a larger number of subjects providing the ChE levels for the non-agricultural season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanawat Rattanawitoon
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (D.S.); (N.F.)
| | - Wattasit Siriwong
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Institute Building 3 (10th–11th Floor), Chulalongkorn soi 62, Phyathai Rd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Derek Shendell
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (D.S.); (N.F.)
- NJ Safe Schools Program, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Nancy Fiedler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (D.S.); (N.F.)
- Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Mark Gregory Robson
- Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Sookhtanlou M, Allahyari MS, Surujlal J. Health Risk of Potato Farmers Exposed to Overuse of Chemical Pesticides in Iran. Saf Health Work 2021; 13:23-31. [PMID: 35936200 PMCID: PMC9349003 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Potato is the main crop of Ardabil Plain (accounting for one-fifth of potato production in Iran). Its health hazard risk to farmers is rising due to the increasing rate of pesticide use. The present study analyzes potato farmers’ health hazard risk in the use of chemical pesticides. Methods The rate of pesticide use by farmers (n = 370) was first compared with the recommended dosage (on pesticide label). Then, a composite index was employed to estimate the health hazard risk of farmers during pesticide use, and the variables accounting for pesticide overuse and nonoveruse were analyzed. Safety behavior was examined in four steps, namely of pesticide purchase and storage, preparation, application, and postapplication. Results It was found that 74.6 percent of potato farmers used pesticides in higher concentrations than the recommended dosage. The higher average rate of pesticide use versus recommendation (label instruction) was related to Chlorpyrifos and Trifluralin, and the highest average health hazard risk among farmers was related to the use of Chlorpyrifos and Metribuzin. Farmers with a higher risk of health hazard displayed much lower safety behavior than the other farmers at all steps of pesticide use. Conclusion The most important variables discriminating the health hazard risk of farmers’ overuse included health behavior identity, attitude, knowledge and awareness, and cues to action. Therefore, using social media, holding local exhibitions, and engaging local leaders and skilled farmers in the region to improve farmers’ attitudes and health behavior identity toward the dangers of chemical pesticides can play a significant role in motivating farmers’ display of overuse preventive behaviors.
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Whose Jurisdiction Is Home Contamination? Para-Occupational 'Take-Home' Herbicide Residue Exposure Risks among Forestry Workers' Families in South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910341. [PMID: 34639641 PMCID: PMC8507814 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Para-occupational “take-home” exposure risks among forestry workers and their families in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) have not been well characterized. This is a concern because research shows an association between chronic low-dose herbicide exposure and adverse health effects. This study explored take-home herbicide residue exposure risks among forestry workers in the Western Cape, South Africa, through the community-based participatory research approach of photovoice. A key finding of the study was the absence of provisions related to take-home exposure in the national legislation and workplace policies, which largely contributed to poor adherence to risk reduction practices at worksites, in addition to workers transporting residues to their homes. This study demonstrated evidence of the key omissions regarding take-home exposure at the policy level (e.g., recommendations for employers to reduce take-home risks among employees, and training of workers and their families on take-home exposure) and take-home herbicide residue exposure among worker’s families, including children.
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Chilipweli PM, Ngowi AV, Manji K. Maternal pesticide exposure and child neuro-development among smallholder tomato farmers in the southern corridor of Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:171. [PMID: 33472592 PMCID: PMC7818734 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-10097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to pesticides with its associated effects prenatally and in early childhood has not received much attention. There is little scientific data on this aspect in Tanzania therefore this study was meant to contribute to the deficit in the subject. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted to a sample of 286 participants of mother to child pair, whereby 172 and 114 were exposed and non-exposed respectively. Mothers who had been working in tomato sprayed farms were exposed and mothers who had not been working in the tomato sprayed farms were un-exposed. Child aged 0-6 years was chosen from each mother sampled but only one child found to be the youngest with the classified age was enrolled. Malawi child development Tool (M-DAT) was employed to assess the child level of development, height, and weight of the children were collected and analyzed by the WHO anthropometric calculator. A checklist and questionnaire were used to observe and assess maternal exposure. Bivariate and Multivariate analysis were conducted to assess the relationship between various factors of exposure. RESULTS Overall 15% of the children examined were not well developed and the most used pesticides were those posing neuro-development effects. On the bivariate analysis model, mothers who worked while pregnant were more likely to have a child with neuro-developmental effect OR=5.8(1.29-26.3). On multivariate analyses adjusted for age of the mother, variables which remain in the model were a distance from home [AOR=9.4(4.2-20.5)], and working while pregnancy [AOR=5.8(1.29-26.3)] other were removed due to collinearity effect. None of confounders had a potential significant effect but only nutrition seems to be the effect modifier [AOR=7.8(1.29-36.3)] when analyzed with working while pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study have indicated that maternal pesticide exposure among farmworker residents in the SAGCOT area has a potential association with child developmental effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Chilipweli
- Department of environmental health sciences, Ruaha catholic university (RUCU), P.O.BOX 774, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Aiwerasia Vera Ngowi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.BOX 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Karim Manji
- Department of Paediatrics and child Health, School of Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.BOX 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Sapbamrer R, Thammachai A. Factors affecting use of personal protective equipment and pesticide safety practices: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109444. [PMID: 32247154 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An evidence-based understanding of factors influencing PPE use and pesticide safety practices has the benefit of facilitating the design of interventions to minimize exposure to pesticides and the promotion of the utilization of PPE and safety practices among agricultural pesticide handlers. The aim of this study, therefore, is to review the available literature on the use of PPE in agricultural pesticide handlers in world regions, and also the factors associated with the use of PPE and pesticide safety practices in farmers and farm workers. Full-text articles published on PubMed, Scopus, and ISI databases between 1999 and 2019 were reviewed and the scientific evidence was evaluated. One hundred and twenty-one articles were eligible for inclusion in this quantitative synthesis: 110 evaluated PPE use in agricultural pesticide handlers, and 23 focused on factors affecting PPE use and pesticide safety practices. Considerable evidence was found to show that the most basic PPE worn among pesticide handlers in all world regions was a long sleeve shirt (66.1%), long sleeve trousers (71.1%), and a hat (47.3%). The lowest basic PPE worn was an apron (8.6%), goggles (24.3%), gloves (40.5%), boots (42.3%), and mask (43.2%). The PPE worn (except for an apron) was proportionally higher in farmers than in farm workers. There is considerable evidence to suggest that the significant determinants associated with PPE use and pesticide safety practices are as follows: (1) demographic factors (i.e. education/literacy level, experience of illness, income); (2) farm structure factors (i.e. farm size); (3) behavioral and psychosocial factors (i.e. contact with pesticides, perceptions, attitudes, awareness, norms and beliefs); and (4) environmental factors (i.e. information about pesticides, access to extension services, training program, and farm organization). Therefore, there is a recognizable need for a life-long education program with training to change the perception and behavior of pesticide handlers sustainably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratana Sapbamrer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthavaroros Road, Sri Phum Subdistrict, Muang District, Chiang Mai Province, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Ajchamon Thammachai
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthavaroros Road, Sri Phum Subdistrict, Muang District, Chiang Mai Province, 50200, Thailand; Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 Mae Ka Subdistrcit, Muang District, Phayao Province, 56000, Thailand
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Caffaro F, Bagagiolo G, Micheletti Cremasco M, Vigoroso L, Cavallo E. Tailoring Safety Training Material to Migrant Farmworkers: An Ergonomic User-Centred Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062104. [PMID: 32235719 PMCID: PMC7142720 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lectures are the most commonly used training method but may not be effective in communicating safety information among migrant workers because of language and cultural barriers. The comprehension of safety information is particularly urgent in highly hazardous sectors such as agriculture, which has a high migrant workforce rate. In this study, an ergonomic user-centred approach was adopted to develop and evaluate safety training material targeting migrants employed on Italian farms. Focus groups with both trainers and migrants were carried out to collect information on critical issues in traditional training material, the most and least comprehended topics and suggestions for training improvement. Based on the focus group analysis, the training material was developed considering several visual factors and more engaging interaction between trainers and migrant trainees. The usability of the developed material was then evaluated in a group of 20 migrant farmworkers through a questionnaire assessing the knowledge of safety information before (T0) and after (T1) the training (effectiveness), perceived effort in learning (efficiency) and user satisfaction after training. The results showed improved knowledge, low perceived effort and high satisfaction, pointing to the positive effects of active user involvement when designing targeted training materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Caffaro
- Department of Education, Roma Tre University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Institute for Agricultural and Earthmoving Machines (IMAMOTER), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 10135 Torino, Italy; (G.B.); (L.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-39-77-720
| | - Giorgia Bagagiolo
- Institute for Agricultural and Earthmoving Machines (IMAMOTER), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 10135 Torino, Italy; (G.B.); (L.V.)
| | | | - Lucia Vigoroso
- Institute for Agricultural and Earthmoving Machines (IMAMOTER), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 10135 Torino, Italy; (G.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Eugenio Cavallo
- Institute for Agricultural and Earthmoving Machines (IMAMOTER), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 10135 Torino, Italy; (G.B.); (L.V.)
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Mishra D, Satapathy S. Intelligent Decision-Making Approaches for Agricultural Sectors of Odisha in India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.4018/ijdsst.2019100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Agriculture lacks organizational frameworks which are needed for OHS management techniques to operate effectively. Thus, it becomes essential to analyze the magnitude of OHS problems within the agricultural sector. Hence, an attempt was made in this study to explore the prevalence of OHS disorders and discomforts among the farmers of Odisha in India. There are three contributions in this study. At first, OHS issues of farmers were analyzed based on the literature review and the data was collected by personal interaction and questionnaires. In the second part, the “Best Worst Method (BWM)” was used to rank the different rice farming processes, and the different occupational disorders and discomforts, respectively. Furthermore, the RULA tool was used to assess the ergonomics involved in various postures taken by farmers in different rice farming processes, and based on the obtained RULA scores the necessary actions were recommended accordingly. The findings in this study may have positive implications for extension programs and policy formulation in agricultural sectors.
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Deng Y, Dai H, Zeng M, Guan L, Luo X, Zhang C, Tian J, Zhang J, Li Y, Xi Q, Zhao M, Jiang M, Zhao L. Knowledge and behavior regarding pesticide use: a survey among caregivers of children aged 1-6 years from rural China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:23037-23043. [PMID: 31183757 PMCID: PMC6658672 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05560-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about pesticide exposure risks for children in rural areas in China, many of whom have been left behind by migrant workers. To survey caregivers of children in rural China and assess their pesticide use and disposal methods, the measures were used to protect the children and their perceptions of the adverse effects of pesticides on children's health. Three or four villages in each of Xinhua, Gongan and Sansui Counties in China were selected by random cluster sampling. The main caregivers of children aged 1-6 years were surveyed in face-to-face interviews. The questionnaire used was adapted from the World Health Organization "Exposure to Pesticides: Standard Protocol" survey and similar studies. The study included 464 caregivers (mean age, 46.4 years), who were most commonly the children's grandparents (65.3%). Among the caregivers, 41.9% were educated to middle school level or higher, 45.4% had a household income < 297 USD, and 29.7% had received education/training about pesticide use/adverse health effects in children. The score for caregivers' knowledge of the adverse effects of pesticides on children's health was higher in those who had received education/training (5.1 ± 2.6 vs. 3.4 ± 2.5, P < 0.001). Factors associated with unsafe behaviors during pesticide use included grandparent as the caregiver (odds ratio [OR] 0.551; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.368-0.824; P = 0.004), annual income < 297 USD (OR 0.580; 95% CI 0.395-0.853; P = 0.006), and insufficient health-related education/training (OR 0.436; 95% CI 0.286-0.665; P < 0.001). Improved education and training are needed to promote the safe use of pesticides by caregivers of children in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanying Deng
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongmei Dai
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lan Guan
- School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangwen Luo
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Xi
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengwen Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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RICCÒ M, VEZZOSI L, GUALERZI G. Health and safety of pesticide applicators in a high income agricultural setting: a knowledge, attitude, practice, and toxicity study from North-Eastern Italy. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2018; 59:E200-E211. [PMID: 30397676 PMCID: PMC6196375 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2018.59.3.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background We assessed knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding pesticide handling and related health problems among pesticide applicators (PAs) from the Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy. Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was performed in spring 2016, involving 260 PAs. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with a safer use of pesticides. Results The mean age of participants was 48.8 ± 13.2 years. 89.2% were males. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was diffuse, particularly gloves (92.7%), face mask (91.2%), and post-spraying personal hygiene practices were extensively applied. Overall, 43.5% had experienced pesticide-related symptoms especially in subjects misusing PPE, but also for avoiding hygienic procedures. Knowledge about pesticides was a significant predictor for frequency of symptoms. Conclusions As a better knowledge of pesticide-related risks was a significant predictor to reduce symptoms, our results stress that improving awareness and promoting safe use of pesticide may improve the health of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. RICCÒ
- Provincial Agency for Health Services of the Autonomous Province of Trento, Department of Prevention, Occupational Health and Safety Unit (UOPSAL), Trento (TN), Italy
- Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Servizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza degli Ambienti di lavoro, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- * Correspondence: Matteo Riccò, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Servizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza degli Ambienti di lavoro, Reggio Emilia, Italy - E-mail:
| | - L. VEZZOSI
- University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Department of Experimental Medicine, Naples (NA), Italy
| | - G. GUALERZI
- University of Parma, Department Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine and Surgery, Parma (PR), Italy
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Bhandari G, Atreya K, Yang X, Fan L, Geissen V. Factors affecting pesticide safety behaviour: The perceptions of Nepalese farmers and retailers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:1560-1571. [PMID: 29727980 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Indiscriminate use of pesticides in vegetable farming is an emerging problem resulting in increasing health and environmental risks in developing countries including Nepal. As there are limited studies focusing on farmers' and retailers' knowledge related to pesticide use and associated risks as well as safety behaviour, this study assesses their perceptions of pesticide use, associated impacts on human and environmental health and safety behaviours. This study is also intended to quantify pesticide use in vegetable farming. We used the Health Belief Model (HBM) to evaluate farmers' and retailers' safety behaviour associated with pesticides. We interviewed 183 farmers and 45 retailers. The study revealed that farmers applied pesticides at an average of 2.9kga.i./ha per crop per season; and insecticides, especially pyrethrins and pyrethroids as well as organophosphate, were the most frequently used. Retailers were more aware of the threats surrounding pesticide use and were thus more aware of the risks to their own health as well as to the health of animals, birds, fishes, and honey bees. Headache (73.8%) was the most commonly reported acute health symptom of pesticide use. Farmers often did not adopt the appropriate safety measures when handling pesticides sighting the constrained perceived barriers (direct path coefficient, DPC=-0.837) such as feeling uncomfortable and the unavailability of safety measures. Likewise, retailers lacked the incentive (direct path coefficient, DPC=0.397) to adopt the necessary safety measures while handling pesticides. Training and awareness programs addressing safe handling practices and safety measures as well as education concerning the long-term risks of pesticide exposure on health and the environment, through radio, television and posters, may improve the safety behaviour of farmers and retailers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Bhandari
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Progressive Sustainable Developers Nepal (PSD-Nepal), Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Kishor Atreya
- Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Liangxin Fan
- School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Caffaro F, Micheletti Cremasco M, Bagagiolo G, Vigoroso L, Cavallo E. Effectiveness of occupational safety and health training for migrant farmworkers: a scoping review. Public Health 2018; 160:10-17. [PMID: 29702273 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Migrant farmworkers report higher rates of work-related illnesses, injuries and fatalities compared with local workers. Language and cultural barriers represent a relevant source of risk, which can be reduced by means of targeted training interventions. However, very little evidence is available about the effectiveness of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) training programmes addressing migrant farmworkers. STUDY DESIGN We carried out a scoping review. METHODS Currently available literature about the effectiveness of OSH training for migrant farmworkers-in terms of improvements in at least one of the following: safety knowledge, behaviours, attitudes and beliefs and health outcomes-was searched from four databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science. The screening was performed independently by two authors, and any disagreement was resolved through discussion until consensus was achieved. Once the articles eligible for inclusion were selected, the objectives, design, sample and setting, interventions and findings of each study were recorded. No quality assessment tool for publications considered by this study has been used because a scoping review does not aim for critical appraisal. RESULTS Twenty-nine publications met the inclusion criteria. Of these, nine cross-sectional studies discussed the effectiveness of training activities in terms of whether participating in any programme had or did not have a significant effect on the dependent variables, when training was considered along with other sociodemographic factors. In the majority of these studies, training appeared to have low or no effect on the dependent variables considered. Twenty mainly within-subject experimental studies addressed the effectiveness of specific training methods, reporting significant improvements especially for interventions based on a participatory approach. CONCLUSIONS Training could greatly contribute to an effective attainment of OSH information, but the present review shows that more evidence is needed to guide the future development of effective training activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Caffaro
- Institute for Agricultural and Earthmoving Machines (IMAMOTER), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy.
| | - M Micheletti Cremasco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina, 13, 10123, Torino, Italy.
| | - G Bagagiolo
- Institute for Agricultural and Earthmoving Machines (IMAMOTER), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy.
| | - L Vigoroso
- Institute for Agricultural and Earthmoving Machines (IMAMOTER), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy.
| | - E Cavallo
- Institute for Agricultural and Earthmoving Machines (IMAMOTER), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy.
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Probst JC, Barker JC, Enders A, Gardiner P. Current State of Child Health in Rural America: How Context Shapes Children's Health. J Rural Health 2018; 34 Suppl 1:s3-s12. [PMID: 27677973 PMCID: PMC5373918 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Children's health is influenced by the context in which they live. We provide a descriptive essay on the status of children in rural America to highlight features of the rural environment that may affect health. DESCRIPTION We compiled information concerning components of the rural environment that may contribute to health outcomes. Areas addressed include the economic characteristics, provider availability, uniquely rural health risks, health services use, and health outcomes among rural children. ASSESSMENT Nearly 12 million children live in the rural United States. Rural counties are economically disadvantaged, leading to higher rates of poverty among rural versus urban children. Rural and urban children are approximately equally likely to be insured, but Medicaid insures a higher proportion of children in rural areas. While generally similar in health, rural children are more likely to be overweight or obese than urban children. Rural parents are less likely to report that their children received preventive medical or oral health visits than urban parents. Rural children are more likely to die than their urban peers, largely due to unintentional injury. CONCLUSION Improving rural children's health will require both increased public health surveillance and research that creates solutions appropriate for rural environments, where health care professionals may be in short supply. Most importantly, solutions must be multisectoral, engaging education, economic development, and other community perspectives as well as health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice C. Probst
- South Carolina Rural Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Judith C. Barker
- Department of Anthropology, History & Social Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Alexandra Enders
- Rural Institute on Disabilities, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Paula Gardiner
- Program for Integrative Medicine & Health Care Disparities, Department of Family Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Connolly A, Jones K, Galea KS, Basinas I, Kenny L, McGowan P, Coggins M. Exposure assessment using human biomonitoring for glyphosate and fluroxypyr users in amenity horticulture. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:1064-1073. [PMID: 28668341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides and their potential adverse health effects are of great concern and there is a dearth of knowledge regarding occupational exposure to pesticides among amenity horticulturalists. OBJECTIVE This study aims to measure occupational exposures to amenity horticuturalists using pesticides containing the active ingredients, glyphosate and fluroxypyr by urinary biomonitoring. METHODS A total of 40 work tasks involving glyphosate and fluroxypyr were surveyed over the period of June - October 2015. Workers used a variety of pesticide application methods; manual knapsack sprayers, controlled droplet applicators, pressurised lance applicators and boom sprayers. Pesticide concentrations were measured in urine samples collected pre and post work tasks using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Differences in pesticide urinary concentrations pre and post work task, and across applications methods were analysed using paired t-tests and linear regression. RESULTS Pesticide urinary concentrations were higher than those reported for environmental exposures and comparable to those reported in some agricultural studies. Log-transformed pesticide concentrations were statistically significantly higher in post-work samples compared to those in pre-work samples (paired t-test, p<0.001; for both μgL-1 and μmol/mol creatinine). Urinary pesticide concentrations in post-work samples had a geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) of 0.66 (1.11) μgL-1 for glyphosate and 0.29 (1.69) μgL-1 for fluroxypyr. Linear regression revealed a statistically significant positive association to exist between the time-interval between samples and the log-transformed adjusted (i.e. post- minus pre-task) pesticide urinary concentrations (β=0.0039; p<0.0001). CONCLUSION Amenity horticulturists can be exposed to pesticides during tasks involving these products. Further research is required to evaluate routes of exposure among this occupational group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Connolly
- Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 CF50, Ireland.
| | - Kate Jones
- Health and Safety Executive (HSE), Harpur Hill, Buxton, SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Karen S Galea
- Centre for Human Exposure Science (CHES), Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Ioannis Basinas
- Centre for Human Exposure Science (CHES), Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Laura Kenny
- Health and Safety Executive (HSE), Harpur Hill, Buxton, SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Padraic McGowan
- Irish Commissioners for Public Works, Jonathon Swift Street, Trim, Co Meath, C15 NX36, Ireland
| | - Marie Coggins
- Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 CF50, Ireland
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Walton AL, LePrevost CE, Linnan L, Sanchez-Birkhead A, Mooney K. Benefits, Facilitators, Barriers, and Strategies to Improve Pesticide Protective Behaviors: Insights from Farmworkers in North Carolina Tobacco Fields. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E677. [PMID: 28644414 PMCID: PMC5551115 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure is associated with deleterious health effects. Prior studies suggest Latino farmworkers perceive little control over their occupational health. Using the Health Belief Model as a theoretical guide, we explored the perceptions of Latino farmworkers working in tobacco in North Carolina (n = 72) about benefits and facilitators of pesticide protective behaviors as well as barriers, and strategies to overcome barriers to their use. Interviews were conducted with participants at farmworker housing during non-work time. Qualitative data were analyzed using ATLAS.ti. Farmworkers recognized pesticide protective behaviors as helping them to not get sick and stay healthy. Farmworkers perceived work experience as facilitating protective behaviors. Wetness in the field was the most commonly cited barrier to protective behavior use. To overcome this barrier, farmworkers suggested use of water-resistant outerwear, as well as packing a change of clothes for mid-day, with space and time to change provided by employers. Examination of the efficacy and feasibility of farmworkers' suggestions for addressing barriers is warranted. Training and behavior modeling by experienced peers may improve behavior adoption and perceived control.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnnMarie Lee Walton
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Catherine E LePrevost
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Laura Linnan
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | - Kathi Mooney
- College of Nursing, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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18
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Walton AL, LePrevost C, Wong B, Linnan L, Sanchez-Birkhead A, Mooney K. Pesticides: Perceived Threat and Protective Behaviors Among Latino Farmworkers. J Agromedicine 2017; 22:140-147. [PMID: 28129083 PMCID: PMC5493139 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2017.1283278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and beliefs of 72 Latino farmworkers in North Carolina about the threat of health effects of pesticides, including cancer. It sought to explore relationships between threat perceptions and pesticide protective behaviors observed in the field. METHODS/RESULTS Utilizing stepwise multiple regression, the authors found that years worked in agriculture in the United States was associated with decreased use of protective clothing. CONCLUSION Pesticide protective behaviors in the field may be improved by utilizing moderately experienced farmworkers (<10 years) as lay advisors to reinforce training.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnnMarie Lee Walton
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Catherine LePrevost
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bob Wong
- College of Nursing, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Laura Linnan
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Kathi Mooney
- College of Nursing, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Damalas CA, Abdollahzadeh G. Farmers' use of personal protective equipment during handling of plant protection products: Determinants of implementation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:730-736. [PMID: 27425442 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding factors affecting the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during handling of plant protection products (PPPs) is of major importance for the design of tailored interventions to minimize exposure among farmers. However, data regarding this issue are highly limited. Factors related to the use of PPE during handling of PPPs were explored in a survey of cotton farmers in northern Greece. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with the farmers based on a questionnaire with structured items on the frequency of use of various personal protective devices during handling of PPPs. New evidence on patterns of PPE use and potential exposure of farmers to PPPs is provided. Most farmers (49.3%) showed potentially unsafe behaviour with respect to PPE use. Hat and boots were the most commonly used protective items during PPPs use, but most of the farmers surveyed reported low frequency of use for gloves, goggles, face mask, coveralls, and respirator. Especially the respirator was reported to be the least used PPE item amongst farmers. Farmers who perceived PPPs as harmful substances or those who had an episode of intoxication in the past reported more frequent use of several PPE items. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the variable episode of intoxication in the past exerted the strongest positive influence on PPE use, followed by the perception of PPPs being hazardous substances, upper secondary education, previous training on PPPs (i.e., spraying equipment, application parameters, risks to human health and environment, safety issues) and farm size under cultivation. Old age exerted a significant negative influence on PPE use, namely, elderly farmers tended not to use PPE. Strategies to maximize the protection of applicators of PPPs from hazardous exposures still require innovation to achieve increased effectiveness. Emphasis on lifelong training and education of farmers about hazards and risks of PPPs is crucial for changing wrong behaviours in handling of PPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos A Damalas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, GR 68200 Orestiada, Greece.
| | - Gholamhossein Abdollahzadeh
- Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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20
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Provision Increases Reported PPE Use for Mexican Immigrant Farmworkers: An mHealth Pilot Study. J Occup Environ Med 2016; 57:1343-6. [PMID: 26641832 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personal protective equipment (PPE) reduces pesticide exposures, but many farmworkers complain that it is difficult to obtain. We examined if PPE provision increased usage. We also delivered motivational messaging aimed to promote PPE use. METHODS First, we delivered a daily survey through a mobile phone app to assess PPE use. Farmworkers subsequently received a daily, individualized motivational message based on their PPE use and reported difficulties. PPE use was evaluated at baseline and at the close of the study. RESULTS PPE behaviors improved for gloves (P ≤ 0.01) and safety glasses (P ≤ 0.001). Use of long-sleeved shirts, hats, and long pants were already consistently used at baseline and did not exhibit significant change. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that PPE provision and delivery of motivational messaging through mobile phones may increase PPE usage for farmworkers.
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Jomichen J, El-Zaemey S, Heyworth JS, Carey RN, Darcey E, Reid A, Glass DC, Driscoll T, Peters S, Abramson M, Fritschi L. Australian work exposures studies: occupational exposure to pesticides. Occup Environ Med 2016; 74:46-51. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-103723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Walton AL, LePrevost C, Wong B, Linnan L, Sanchez-Birkhead A, Mooney K. Observed and self-reported pesticide protective behaviors of Latino migrant and seasonal farmworkers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:275-283. [PMID: 26918841 PMCID: PMC4821669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural pesticide exposure has potential adverse health effects for farmworkers that may be reduced by pesticide protective behaviors (PPBs). The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Worker Protection Standard (WPS) requires PPBs be taught to farmworkers prior to field work. Studies to date have not utilized observational methods to evaluate the degree to which PPBs are practiced by Latino migrant and seasonal farmworkers in the United States. The purpose of this study was to describe, compare, and contrast observed and self-reported PPBs used by Latino farmworkers; both PPBs that the WPS requires be taught and other PPBs were included. Observed and self-reported data were collected from 71 Latino farmworkers during the 2014 tobacco growing season in North Carolina. Participants were consistent in reporting and using long pants and closed shoes in the field most of the time. In addition, gloves, hats/bandanas, and water-resistant outerwear were frequently observed, although they are not required to be taught by the WPS. Farmworkers reported more long-sleeve (p=.028) and glove use (p=.000) than what was observed. It was uncommon to observe washing behavior before eating or drinking, even when washing supplies were available. Washing behaviors were significantly overreported for hand (p=.000; p=.000) and face (p=.000; p=.058) washing before eating and drinking in the field. This study documents that protective clothing behaviors that the WPS requires be taught, plus a few others are commonly practiced by Latino migrant and seasonal farmworkers, but washing behaviors in the field are not. Targeted strategies to improve washing behaviors in the field are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnnMarie Lee Walton
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Nursing, 4008 Carrington Hall, CB# 7460, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7460, USA.
| | | | - Bob Wong
- The University of Utah, College of Nursing, USA
| | - Laura Linnan
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, USA
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23
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Ramírez-Santana M, Zúñiga L, Corral S, Sandoval R, Scheepers PTJ, Van der Velden K, Roeleveld N, Pancetti F. Assessing biomarkers and neuropsychological outcomes in rural populations exposed to organophosphate pesticides in Chile--study design and protocol. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:116. [PMID: 25881174 PMCID: PMC4358855 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health effects of pesticides are easily diagnosed when acute poisonings occurs, nevertheless, consequences from chronic exposure can only be observed when neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative or oncologic pathologies appear. Therefore, early monitoring of this type of exposure is especially relevant to avoid the consequences of pathologies previously described; especially concerning workers exposed to pesticides on the job. For acute organophosphate pesticides (OPP) exposure, two biomarkers have been validated: plasma cholinesterase (ChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from erythrocytes. These enzymes become inhibited when people are exposed to high doses of organophosphate pesticides, along with clear signs and symptoms of acute poisoning; therefore, they do not serve to identify risk from chronic exposure. This study aims to assess a novel biomarker that could reflect neuropsychological deterioration associated with long-term exposure to organophosphate pesticides via the enzyme acylpeptide-hydrolase (ACPH), which has been recently identified as a direct target of action for some organophosphate compounds. Methods/Design Three population groups were recruited during three years (2011–2013): Group I having no exposure to pesticides, which included people living in Chilean coastal areas far from farms (external control); Group II included those individuals living within the rural and farming area (internal control) but not occupationally exposed to pesticides; and Group III living in rural areas, employed in agricultural labour and having had direct contact with pesticides for more than five years. Blood samples to assess biomarkers were taken and neuropsychological evaluations carried out seasonally; in three time frames for the occupationally exposed group (before, during and after fumigation period); in two time frames for internal control group (before and during fumigation), and only once for the external controls. Neuropsychological evaluations considered cognitive functions, affectivity and psychomotor activity. The biomarkers measured included ChE, AChE and ACPH. Statistical analysis and mathematical modelling used both laboratory results and neuropsychological testing outcomes in order to assess whether ACPH would be acceptable as biomarker for chronic exposure to OPP. Discussion This study protocol has been implemented successfully during the time frames mentioned above for seasons 2011, 2012 and 2013–2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Calle Larrondo 1281, Postal Code 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Liliana Zúñiga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Calle Larrondo 1281, Postal Code 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Sebastián Corral
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Calle Larrondo 1281, Postal Code 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile. .,Psychology Department, FACSO, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Sandoval
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Calle Larrondo 1281, Postal Code 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Koos Van der Velden
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nel Roeleveld
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pedatrics, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Floria Pancetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Calle Larrondo 1281, Postal Code 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile.
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Andersson E, Lundqvist P. Gendered Agricultural Space and Safety: Towards Embodied, Situated Knowledge. J Agromedicine 2014; 19:303-15. [DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2014.916644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Hohl SD, Gonzalez C, Carosso E, Ibarra G, Thompson B. "I did it for us and I would do it again": perspectives of rural latinos on providing biospecimens for research. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:911-6. [PMID: 24625153 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We elicited perspectives of rural Latino farmworkers and non-farmworkers about their participation in a community-based participatory pesticides exposure study in which they provided multiple biospecimens. METHODS Between March and April 2012, we conducted semistructured, one-on-one interviews with 39 rural Latino farmworkers and non-farmworkers in Washington State (n = 39). Nineteen open-ended interview questions aimed to elicit participants' attitudes toward, expectations and experiences of biospecimen collection for research, and willingness to participate in future biomedical research studies. We reviewed and coded transcriptions using qualitative principles of grounded theory in which concepts were identified and themes derived from interview data. RESULTS We grouped themes into 3 major categories: (1) motivation to participate, (2) challenges of participation, and (3) perceived rewards of participation. Many participants were motivated by the perceived importance of the study topic and a desire to acquire and contribute to new knowledge. Respondents said that the benefits of participation outweighed the challenges, and many expressed satisfaction to be able to contribute to research that would benefit future generations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings supported the use of community-based participatory research to engage minorities as participants and invested parties in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Hohl
- Sarah D. Hohl, Claire Gonzalez, Elizabeth Carosso, Genoveva Ibarra, and Beti Thompson are with the Cancer Prevention Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. Claire Gonzalez is also with the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle
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Dermal exposure associated with occupational end use of pesticides and the role of protective measures. Saf Health Work 2013; 4:136-41. [PMID: 24106643 PMCID: PMC3791087 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational end users of pesticides may experience bodily absorption of the pesticide products they use, risking possible health effects. The purpose of this paper is to provide a guide for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers working in the field of agricultural health or other areas where occupational end use of pesticides and exposure issues are of interest. METHODS This paper characterizes the health effects of pesticide exposure, jobs associated with pesticide use, pesticide-related tasks, absorption of pesticides through the skin, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for reducing exposure. CONCLUSIONS Although international and national efforts to reduce pesticide exposure through regulatory means should continue, it is difficult in the agricultural sector to implement engineering or system controls. It is clear that use of PPE does reduce dermal pesticide exposure but compliance among the majority of occupationally exposed pesticide end users appears to be poor. More research is needed on higher-order controls to reduce pesticide exposure and to understand the reasons for poor compliance with PPE and identify effective training methods.
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Effectiveness of pesticide safety training and knowledge about pesticide exposure among Hispanic farmworkers. J Occup Environ Med 2013; 54:1550-6. [PMID: 23169274 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3182677d96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide poisoning rates remain high among farmworkers despite programs aimed at reducing pesticide exposure. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 187 Hispanic farmworkers in North Carolina. Farmworkers were interviewed to determine the association between pesticide safety training and knowledge about pesticides and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). RESULTS Use of PPE was higher among farmworkers who reported wearing gloves reduced the harmful effects of pesticides (adjusted odds ratio, 5.73; 95% confidence interval, 2.20-14.92) and those who received pesticide safety training at the extension office or growers association (adjusted odds ratio, 44.62; 95% confidence interval, 3.96-503.33). CONCLUSION Some farmworkers are still not using PPE. Evaluation of Environmental Protection Agency Worker Protection Standards pesticide safety training and requirements for providing PPE are crucial to encourage farm workers to use PPE.
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Coronado GD, Holte SE, Vigoren EM, Griffith WC, Barr DB, Faustman EM, Thompson B. Do workplace and home protective practices protect farm workers? Findings from the "For Healthy Kids" study. J Occup Environ Med 2012; 54:1163-9. [PMID: 22772953 PMCID: PMC3866960 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31825902f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess associations of protective workplace and home practices with pesticide exposure levels. METHODS Using data from orchard workers in the Yakima Valley, Washington, we examined associations of workplace and home protective practices with (1) urinary metabolite concentrations of dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) in adults and children aged 2 to 6 years and (2) azinphos-methyl levels in house and vehicle dust. RESULTS Data were collected from 95 orchard workers and 94 children. Contrary to expectation, adult farm workers who wore boots or washed hands using hand sanitizer had higher concentrations of DMTP than those who did not. Children who attended daycare had higher DMTP concentrations than children who did not. CONCLUSIONS Few workplace or home practices were associated with pesticide exposure levels; workers who used hand sanitizer had higher concentrations of DMTP, as did children who attended daycare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria D Coronado
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR 97227, USA.
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Ribeiro MG, Colasso CG, Monteiro PP, Pedreira Filho WR, Yonamine M. Occupational safety and health practices among flower greenhouses workers from Alto Tietê region (Brazil). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 416:121-126. [PMID: 22134030 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this preliminary study the occupational safety and health practices among flower greenhouses workers were evaluated. The study was carried out in the alto Tietê region, located at the Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Inadequate welfare facilities; poor pesticide storage, use and disposal conditions; use of highly toxic pesticides; lack of adequate data regarding pesticide use; and incorrect use and maintenance of PPE were observed in most of the visited greenhouses. These results suggest that, in greenhouses, workers may be at higher risk of pesticide exposure, due to many factors that can intensify the exposure such as the lack of control on reentry intervals after pesticide application. Specific regulations are needed to ensure better OSH practices on pesticide use and to improve working conditions in greenhouses, in order to deal with the peculiarities of greenhouse working environment. Some of the special requirements for greenhouses workers' protection are the establishment of ventilation criteria for restricted entry interval; clear reentry restrictions; and EPI for workers other than applicators that need to enter the greenhouse before expiring REI interval. Another important way to improve OSH practices among workers includes the distribution of simple guidelines on the dos and don'ts regarding OSH practices in greenhouses and extensively training interventions to change the perception of hazards and the behavior towards risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela G Ribeiro
- Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho, Rua Capote Valente, 710, Pinheiros, CEP: 05409-002, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Blanco-Muñoz J, Lacasaña M. Practices in pesticide handling and the use of personal protective equipment in Mexican agricultural workers. J Agromedicine 2011; 16:117-26. [PMID: 21462024 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2011.555282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Practices related to the safe handling of pesticides and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) are largely unknown among agricultural workers in developing countries. The authors obtained information from 99 Mexican agricultural workers (35 women and 64 men) who answered questions on sociodemographic data, agricultural practices, use of pesticides, use of PPE, and risk perception. As expected, men handled pesticides more frequently than women (67% versus 20%). The workers carried out several agricultural tasks, as is customary in the case of fieldworkers who (1) work in small agricultural enterprises; use a great number of pesticide products (59 commercial brands of pesticides, 33 active ingredients, and 20 chemical families); (2) use mostly manual application equipment; (3) have a low rate of correct usage of PPE (2%), which does not vary according to the education level, the time of year, or the risk perception; and (4) have insufficient hygienic practices. In addition, storage of pesticide products and application equipment at home is frequent among this group of workers (42%), and provides a significant source of para-occupational exposure for the workers' families. These results show the need to develop prevention programs to reduce risks posed by pesticides to agricultural workers and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blanco-Muñoz
- Department of Environmental Health, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica (National Institute of Public Health), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Orozco FA, Cole DC, Ibrahim S, Wanigaratne S. Health promotion outcomes associated with a community-based program to reduce pesticide-related risks among small farm households. Health Promot Int 2011; 26:432-46. [PMID: 21330308 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dar006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of determinants at multiple socio-ecological levels operate in small farm households' use and handling of hazardous pesticides, suggesting the need for integrated health and agriculture promotion approaches. The aim is to assess changes in health promotion outcomes relevant to highly hazardous pesticide use associated with a multi-component community program. A longitudinal evaluation design using mixed methods was employed in 18 agricultural communities in Ecuador. Over a 7-month period, health education and agricultural interventions focused upon: health risks associated with hazardous pesticides, more adequate use and handling of pesticides, and better crop management techniques. Data collection included field forms, focus groups, structured observations and repeat surveys. In the qualitative analysis, communities were compared by extent of leadership and involvement with the interventions. For the quantitative analysis, hypothesized paths were constructed including factors relevant to pesticide-related practices and use. Testing involved gender-role stratified (household and crop manager) multivariable regression models. Information on pesticide health impacts and the pesticide use and handling, shared in focus groups, showed substantial improvement, as a result of health promotion activities though people were still observed to engage in risky practices in the field. In path models, community leadership and intervention intensity lead to changes in the household managers' pesticide-related knowledge and practices and to reduction in farm use of hazardous pesticides (both significant, p < 0.05). Integrated, community programs can promote pesticide-related risk reduction among small farm households. Changing practices in the use and management of pesticides among crop managers appears limited by deeper structural and cultural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadya A Orozco
- Federal University of Bahia, Instituto de Sau´de Coletiva, Brazil.
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Mayer B, Flocks J, Monaghan P. The role of employers and supervisors in promoting pesticide safety behavior among Florida farmworkers. Am J Ind Med 2010; 53:814-24. [PMID: 20623642 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farmworkers in Florida's nursery and fernery industries have an elevated risk of exposure to chemical pesticides due to the enclosed nature of their workplaces and their close contact with pesticide-treated plant material. Farmworkers' beliefs about chemical exposures and their perception of employer's or supervisor's valuing of safety may limit the practice of workplace hygiene. METHODS Three hundred eighty-two surveys from workers in the nursery and fernery industries in North Central Florida were collected as part of the Together for Agricultural Safety (TAS) Project from 1999-2001. Univariate analyses and multivariate Ordinary Least Squares regression are used to examine the role of individual and structural characteristics on handwashing practices. RESULTS Workplace practices such as the provision of written notices of recent pesticide application and the provision of convenient handwashing facilities are important predictors of workplace hygiene. Although farmworker attitudes and beliefs towards the utility of such practices and potential hazards are associated with behavior, they are less significant than the structural variables. CONCLUSIONS In order for farmworkers to engage in safety behavior that will protect their health, they must be adequately instructed and supported by employers and/or supervisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mayer
- Department of Sociology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA.
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Reducing the take-home pathway of pesticide exposure: behavioral outcomes from the Para Niños Saludables study. J Occup Environ Med 2009; 51:922-33. [PMID: 19620892 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181ad4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a community intervention in promoting adoption of behaviors to reduce the take-home pathway of pesticide exposure in farmworker households. METHODS Using two cross-sectional samples of farmworker households in 11 intervention and 12 comparison communities in Washington State, we examined whether differences over time in reported pesticide safety practices varied by community intervention status. RESULTS Pesticide safety practices increased in both intervention and comparison communities over time. Changes were significantly greater in intervention communities for removing work shoes before entering the home (P = 0.003) and marginally significantly greater for changing out of work clothes within 1 hour of arriving home (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The intervention was associated with modest effects in certain behaviors among farmworkers. Further research is needed to identify successful strategies for reducing the take-home pathway of pesticide exposure.
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Anger WK, Patterson L, Fuchs M, Will LL, Rohlman DS. Learning and Recall of Worker Protection Standard (WPS) Training in Vineyard Workers. J Agromedicine 2009; 14:336-44. [DOI: 10.1080/10599240903042057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Strong LL, Starks HE, Meischke H, Thompson B. Perspectives of mothers in farmworker households on reducing the take-home pathway of pesticide exposure. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2009; 36:915-29. [PMID: 19136611 DOI: 10.1177/1090198108328911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Farmworkers carry pesticide residue home on their clothing, boots, and skin, placing other household members at risk, particularly children. Specific precautions are recommended to reduce this take-home pathway, yet few studies have examined the perspectives of farmworkers and other household members regarding these behaviors and the reasons for or against adoption. The authors conducted semistructured interviews with 37 Mexican/Mexican-American women in farmworker households to explore the family and cultural context in which pesticide safety practices are performed and to identify factors that facilitate or hinder their adoption. Whereas women could describe the take-home pathway, they were less able to connect it with their family's susceptibility to pesticide exposure. Women experienced difficulty integrating the prevention behaviors into their everyday lives because of competing responsibilities, conflicts with their husbands' intentions and with cultural health beliefs, perceived lack of control, and community barriers that interfered with women's motivations. Implications for practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larkin L Strong
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230-1439, USA.
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Whalley LE, Grzywacz JG, Quandt SA, Vallejos QM, Walkup M, Chen H, Galvan L, Arcury TA. Migrant farmworker field and camp safety and sanitation in eastern North Carolina. J Agromedicine 2009; 14:421-36. [PMID: 19894164 PMCID: PMC2774916 DOI: 10.1080/10599240903389508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Migrant farmworkers are exposed to numerous workplace hazards, with pesticides being a ubiquitous occupational exposure. This analysis describes farmworker experiences of field and camp safety conditions and their safety behaviors, and delineates farmworker characteristics associated with safety conditions and behaviors. Data were collected from 255 migrant farmworkers up to 4 times at monthly intervals during the 2007 agricultural season in eastern North Carolina. Measures assess field safety conditions and camp sanitation required by federal and state regulations. Most of the farmworkers were Latino men from Mexico. About 20% had not received pesticide safety training across the season; many of those who received such training did not understand it. Water for washing was not available for about one-third of the workers; soap and towels were not available for over half. About 20% lived in camps with more than eight workers per showerhead and about 20% lived in camps that failed to meet the standard of 30 or fewer workers per washtub/washing machine. Important predictors of variation included H2A visa status and years of experience. Four themes emerged from the analysis: (1) safety regulations are not consistently met; (2) farmworkers do not always practice safety behaviors; (3) camps become more crowded and less compliant during the middle of the agricultural season; and (4) workers with H2A visas experience better conditions and practice more safety behaviors than do workers who do not have H2A visas. Further research needs to account for social and cultural factors. Regulations should be compared with pesticide metabolite levels to measure their effectiveness. More effort is needed to enforce existing regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E. Whalley
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Joseph G. Grzywacz
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Sara A. Quandt
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Quirina M. Vallejos
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Michael Walkup
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Haiying Chen
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Thomas A. Arcury
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Salvatore AL, Bradman A, Castorina R, Camacho J, López J, Barr DB, Snyder J, Jewell NP, Eskenazi B. Occupational behaviors and farmworkers' pesticide exposure: findings from a study in Monterey County, California. Am J Ind Med 2008; 51:782-94. [PMID: 18702096 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied the relationship between behaviors promoted through the US Environmental Protection Agency Worker Protection Standard (WPS) and other programs and agricultural pesticide exposures in 73 strawberry fieldworkers employed in Monterey County, California. METHODS Farmworkers' behaviors were assessed via self-report and organophosphorus (OP) pesticide exposure was measured using dimethyl alkylphosphate (DMAP) and malathion dicarboxylic acid (MDA) urinary metabolite levels. RESULTS Wearing WPS-recommended clothing, wearing clean work clothes, and the combination of handwashing with soap and wearing gloves were associated with decreases in DMAP and MDA metabolite levels. Despite these protective behaviors, however, participants had significantly higher levels of exposure as compared with a national reference sample. CONCLUSIONS Interventions that facilitate compliance with these behaviors may be effective in decreasing fieldworkers' pesticide exposures. However, further efforts are needed to reduce the exposure disparities experienced by farmworkers and decrease the potential for "take home" exposures to farmworkers' families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia L Salvatore
- Center for Children's Environmental Health Research, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7380, USA
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