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Struble SK, Tumin D, Brewer KL, Bryant KK, Ledoux MR, Longshore SW. Emergency Medical Service Transport Time in Rural Farm and Non-Farm Pediatric Trauma. J Agromedicine 2024; 29:636-644. [PMID: 39078124 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2024.2385612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pediatric farm injuries tend to be more severe and have poorer outcomes compared to injuries sustained in non-farm settings. Timely emergency medical service (EMS) response and transport to definitive care is crucial for optimizing outcomes for trauma patients. We aimed to determine if pediatric farm injuries were associated with longer EMS response and transport times compared to pediatric non-farm injuries in rural communities. METHODS The 2021 National EMS Information System (NEMSIS) database was used to identify rural EMS activations where injured pediatric patients who were transported to a hospital. Median transport times for farm and non-farm injuries, as well as other components of prehospital time and use of air EMS transport, were compared between injuries on farms and injuries in non-farm rural settings. RESULTS The analytic sample included 22,248 rural EMS activations for pediatric injuries, of which 156 (1%) were for pediatric farm injuries. For non-farm and farm injuries, the median transport times were 20 minutes and 28 minutes, respectively. Median total prehospital time was 50 minutes compared to 62 minutes, and 9.8% of patients with non-farm injuries versus 20.5% of those with farm injuries were transported to a hospital by air EMS units. After multivariable adjustment, farm vs. non-farm injury location was associated with a 4 minute increase in EMS transport time, but no difference in initial EMS response time, EMS time on scene, or use of air EMS units. CONCLUSION Among children sustaining an injury that resulted in rural EMS activation, farm injuries were associated with prolonged transport time compared to non-farm injuries, which may contribute to worse in-hospital outcomes described to pediatric farm injuries in prior research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Struble
- Department of Surgery, ECU Health Medical Center, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Dmitry Tumin
- Department of Pediatrics, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Academic Affairs, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kori L Brewer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen K Bryant
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Matthew R Ledoux
- Department of Pediatrics, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Shannon W Longshore
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Kang JY, Song SW, Hong H, Kim WJ, Kang Y, Kang JH, Lee SK, Bu J, Ko SY, Lee SH. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of injuries in agricultural and nonagricultural workers visiting the emergency department: a propensity-matched analysis. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2024; 11:68-78. [PMID: 37439139 PMCID: PMC11009704 DOI: 10.15441/ceem.23.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Agriculture is a hazardous industry. However, previous studies have focused on injuries to agricultural workers without comparison with injuries to nonagricultural workers. Therefore, we compared the clinical characteristics and outcomes of injuries reported at an emergency department (ED) between agricultural workers and nonagricultural workers. METHODS We established a prospective ED-based agricultural injury surveillance system at a tertiary university hospital. Adult patients visiting the ED for an injury were divided into farmer and non-farmer groups depending on their engagement with agriculture. Using an adjusted multivariate analysis and propensity score matching (age, sex, inhabitant, and insurance type), we compared the clinical characteristics and outcomes of injuries between the farmer and non-farmer groups. RESULTS In total, 38,556 injured adult patients (37,746 in the non-farmer group and 810 in the farmer group) were available for the unmatched sample analysis. The 1,620 matched subjects were equally classified after one-to-one nearest-neighbor propensity score matching. A multivariate logistic regression analysis of the unmatched sample revealed higher adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for intensive care unit admission (adjusted OR, 1.752; P=0.003) and overall surgery (adjusted OR, 1.870; P<0.001) in the farmer group. In contrast, univariate logistic regression analyses of the propensity score-matched sample found a higher OR in the farmer group only for overall surgery (OR, 1.786; P<0.001). CONCLUSION Injuries of agricultural workers had higher odds only of requiring surgery; differences in injury-related mortality between groups were not statistically significant in either the matched or unmatched sample analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yeon Kang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Sung Wook Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Hansol Hong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Woo Jeong Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Youngjoon Kang
- Department of Medical Education, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Kang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Sung Kgun Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jihwan Bu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Seo Young Ko
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Soo Hoon Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
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Larkins MC, Khanchandani A, Tumin D, Greene E, Ledoux M, Longshore S. Outcomes of farm compared to nonfarm pediatric injuries: A propensity-matched analysis. J Rural Health 2023; 39:383-391. [PMID: 36076339 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pediatric farm-related injuries are rare but tend to be severe relative to other types of pediatric injury and may result in worse clinical outcomes. However, the comparison of farm and nonfarm injuries is confounded by different injury mechanisms, patient characteristics, and treating facilities. Therefore, we used propensity score matching to compare outcomes of pediatric farm and nonfarm injuries in the United States. METHODS Data were obtained from the 2017-2019 Trauma Quality Program database. Farm as compared to nonfarm injury was defined as the location of an injury and served as the independent variable analyzed in this study. The outcome variables analyzed were in-hospital mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). RESULTS We identified 2,040 farm injuries and 201,865 nonfarm injuries meeting inclusion criteria. In this cohort, the mortality rate was 1%, median LOS was 2 days, and 14% of patients were admitted to the ICU. In the propensity-matched analysis (including 2,039 farm cases matched to 2,039 nonfarm controls), farm as compared to nonfarm injuries were associated with 5% longer LOS (95% CI: 1%, 8%; P = .01), but not mortality or ICU admission. CONCLUSIONS In a propensity-matched analysis, pediatric farm injuries resulted in prolonged hospital stay compared to nonfarm injuries. Identifying patient- and health care system-level factors contributing to prolonged LOS may help optimize the care of children injured on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Larkins
- Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashish Khanchandani
- Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dmitry Tumin
- Department of Pediatrics, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erika Greene
- ECU Health Medical Center, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Ledoux
- Department of Pediatrics, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shannon Longshore
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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VanWormer JJ, Berg RL, Burke RR, Barnes KL, Weichelt BP. Regional surveillance of medically-attended farm-related injuries in children and adolescents. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1031618. [PMID: 36589945 PMCID: PMC9795044 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1031618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Due to numerous environmental hazards such as heavy machinery and large livestock, youth who live and work on farms are at high risk of injury, disability, and death. This study described a regional surveillance system for monitoring farm-related injuries in children and adolescents. As the risk of farm-related injuries are not exclusive to farm residents, trends in farm-related injuries over the previous 5 years were reported and compared between children/adolescents who did and did not live on farms in north-central Wisconsin. Methods A retrospective cohort of child and adolescent patients of the Marshfield Clinic Health System was assembled. Incident farm-related injuries, including from agricultural work or other activities in a farm environment, were extracted from medical records from 2017 through 2021. Generalized linear models were created to compare age- and sex-adjusted farm-related injury rates by year. Results There were 4,730 (5%) in-farm and 93,420 (95%) out-farm children and adolescents in the cohort. There were 65 incident farm-related injury cases in the in-farm group and 412 in the out-farm group. The annual incidence rate of farm-related injuries was higher in the in-farm group, but changes during the 5-year timeframe were not significant in either group. In the in-farm group, rates ranged from a high of 61.8 [95% confidence interval (CI): 38.3, 94.5] incident farm-related injuries per 10,000 children/adolescents in 2017 to a low of 28.2 (13.5, 51.9) injuries per 10,000 children/adolescents in 2018. In the out-farm group, rates ranged from 10.7 (8.3, 13.6) to 16.8 (13.7, 20.5) incident farm-related injuries per 10,000 children/adolescents per year between 2017 and 2021. The in-farm group had a higher proportion of injured males and heavy machinery injuries, while the out-farm group had more all-terrain vehicle injuries and pesticide poisonings. Conclusion Farm residency remains hazardous for children and adolescents, as injury rates were three times higher in the in-farm group and remained stable over 5 years. All-terrain vehicle injuries were high in both groups, and should be a priority in rural safety interventions. With additional adaptations to other states, this surveillance model could be scaled across other healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. VanWormer
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Jeffrey J. VanWormer
| | - Richard L. Berg
- Office of Research Support Services, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, United States
| | - Richard R. Burke
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, United States
| | - Kathrine L. Barnes
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, United States
| | - Bryan P. Weichelt
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, United States
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Becot F, Inwood S, Rissing A. Childcare for farm families: A key strategy to keep children safe yet largely absent from farm programming. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1043774. [PMID: 36424962 PMCID: PMC9679619 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1043774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite long-standing safety recommendations that non-working children be supervised off the worksite by an adult, little is known about farm families' ability to comply. We conducted a review of 92 documents and 36 key informant interviews in three U.S. states (Ohio, Vermont, and Wisconsin) to assess how farm service providers and farm organizations address the intersection of children and childcare with farm work and farm safety in programming. Through their programming, these two groups deeply influence farm families' social systems, affecting farm safety and farm business decisions. Study design and result interpretations were grounded in the women in agriculture literature, which examines the needs and realities of farm women (often the primary caregivers). Most documents reviewed did not address children, and even fewer addressed childcare. Interviews confirm findings of the document review. Despite awareness that farm families juggle work and children, few interviewees explicitly integrated children and childcare topics due to a messy and complex set of individual- and structural-level factors. We identified four possible, overlapping explanations for this tension: valuation of care vs. farm work; farm programming's traditional emphasis on the farm business; alignment of the programming with the agrarian ideal of the family farm; and the mismatch between farm programming scope, resources available, and childcare challenges. We conclude with two main implications for farm safety programs and farm children safety. First, farm programming's reinforcement of the social and cultural expectations regarding children's involvement in the farm operation from a young age could be counterproductive from a farm safety standpoint and miss an opportunity to provide alternative models of childrearing. Second, the invisibility of the lived realities of raising children may lead farm parents to distrust farm programming and deter them from participating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Becot
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Florence Becot
| | - Shoshanah Inwood
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Andrea Rissing
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Kirwin E, MacDonald S, Simmonds K. Profiles in Epidemiology: Dr. Larry Svenson. Am J Epidemiol 2022. [PMID: 34850825 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Men F, Urquia ML, Tarasuk V. Examining the relationship between food insecurity and causes of injury in Canadian adults and adolescents. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1557. [PMID: 34399730 PMCID: PMC8367649 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food insecurity, as an indicator of socioeconomic disadvantages and a determinant of health, may be associated with injury by increasing risk exposure and hampering risk mitigation. We examined the association between food insecurity and common causes of injury in the general population. METHODS Linking the Canadian Community Health Survey 2005-2017 to National Ambulatory Care Reporting System 2003-2017, this retrospective cohort study estimated incidence of injury-related emergency department (ED) visits by food insecurity status among 212,300 individuals 12 years and above in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Alberta, adjusting for prior ED visits, lifestyle, and sociodemographic characteristics including income. RESULTS Compared to those in food-secure households, individuals from moderately and severely food-insecure households had 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-1.25) and 1.35 (95% CI 1.24-1.48) times higher incidence rate of ED visits due to injury, respectively, after confounders adjustment. The association was observed across sex and age groups. Severe food insecurity was associated with intentional injuries (adjusted rate ratio [aRR] 1.81; 95% CI 1.29-2.53) including self-harm (aRR 1.87; 95% CI 1.03-3.40) and violence (aRR 1.79; 95% CI 1.19-2.67) as well as non-intentional injuries (aRR 1.34; 95% CI 1.22-1.46) including fall (aRR 1.43; 95% CI 1.24-1.65), medical complication (aRR 1.39; 95% CI 1.06-1.82), being struck by objects (aRR 1.43; 95% CI 1.07-1.91), overexertion (aRR 1.31; 95% CI 1.04-1.66), animal bite or sting (aRR 1.60; 95% CI 1.08-2.36), skin piercing (aRR 1.80; 95% CI 1.21-2.66), and poisoning (aRR 1.65; 95% CI 1.05-2.59). Moderate food insecurity was associated with more injuries from violence (aRR 1.56; 95% CI 1.09-2.21), falls (aRR 1.22; 95% CI 1.08-1.37), being struck (aRR 1.20; 95% CI 1.01-1.43), and overexertion (aRR 1.25; 95% CI 1.04-1.50). Moderate and severe food insecurity were associated with falls on stairs and being struck in non-sports settings but not with falls on same level or being struck during sports. Food insecurity was not related to transport injuries. CONCLUSIONS Health inequity by food insecurity status extends beyond diseases into differential risk of injury, warranting policy intervention. Researchers and policymakers need to address food insecurity as a social determinant of injury to improve health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Men
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Consumer Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA.
| | - Marcelo L Urquia
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie Tarasuk
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Becot F, Bendixsen C, Barnes K, Rudolphi J. Broadening Our Understanding of Farm Children's Risk Exposure by Considering Their Parents' Farming Background. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5218. [PMID: 34068923 PMCID: PMC8156763 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While farm safety researchers have seldom considered the association between farm parents' background and their children's safety, researchers who have compared first- and multi-generation farmers have found differences that may shape safety outcomes. We draw on the farm safety and family farm bodies of literature and a survey of 203 United States farm parents to assess the role of farming background in farm children risk exposure. Exploratory in nature, the bivariate analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between first- and multi-generation farmers in children injury, agricultural safety perceptions, knowledge, and practices but revealed differences in key demographic characteristics and parenting styles. A range of factors likely explain these findings with meso- and macro-level factors likely impacting farm parents' ability to adopt safety practices. In contrast to the emphasis on knowledge and behaviors, we call for the integration of lived realities in farm safety research and to do so in a way that connects realities and choices to larger contexts. We also call on the need to expand the toolkit of interventions to address meso- and macro-level factors. A shift towards addressing social and economic conditions in agriculture could reduce farm children's injuries while supporting the sustainability of farm labor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Becot
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 1000 N Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA; (C.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Casper Bendixsen
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 1000 N Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA; (C.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Kathrine Barnes
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 1000 N Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA; (C.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Josie Rudolphi
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
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Voaklander DC, Norman P, Dosman JA, Day A, Brison RJ, Koehncke N, Pickett W. Determinants of injury among older Saskatchewan farm operators: A prospective cohort study. Am J Ind Med 2019; 62:1135-1143. [PMID: 31617611 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The agricultural industry differs from other businesses in the composition of its workforce. Often farm owner-operators work beyond what society would expect to be a normal retirement age. Older farmers may be less receptive to behavioral changes designed to improve worksite safety and are at increased risk for experiencing a work-related injury. We had a unique opportunity to evaluate the relative influence of specific occupational conditions and practices reported by older farm operators (age ≥55 years) on the occurrence of injury using a longitudinal approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Baseline data were provided by eligible and consenting farm members in the first quarter of 2013. These farms were then followed longitudinally by mail surveys over 24 months to document injury experiences. For each survey, mailed questionnaires were sent to participating farms and completed by a single respondent. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine which characteristics of the farm work environment were protective. RESULTS A total of 96 farm injuries were reported by 73 of 566 farm operators. Medium (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.58; confidence interval [CI], 0.35-0.96) or high (HR = 0.53; CI, 0.30-0.94) worksite physical safety and high economic security (HR = 0.41; CI, 0.24-0.71) were protective in reducing injury among older farmers. CONCLUSION Safety features in the physical environment and economic security are important protective factors for injury among older farmers. This supports injury prevention theory that suggests that engineering controls are superior to changes in work practices or the use of personal protective equipment in reducing injuries among older farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C. Voaklander
- Injury Prevention Centre, School of Public HealthUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Patrick Norman
- Kingston General Hospital Research InstituteKingston General Hospital Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - James A. Dosman
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in AgricultureUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Andrew Day
- Kingston General Hospital Research InstituteKingston General Hospital Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Robert J. Brison
- Department of Emergency MedicineQueen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Niels Koehncke
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in AgricultureUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - William Pickett
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in AgricultureUniversity of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Department of Public Health SciencesQueen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
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Arcury TA, Arnold TJ, Sandberg JC, Quandt SA, Talton JW, Malki A, Kearney GD, Chen H, Wiggins MF, Daniel SS. Latinx child farmworkers in North Carolina: Study design and participant baseline characteristics. Am J Ind Med 2019; 62:156-167. [PMID: 30592532 PMCID: PMC6693878 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although children as young as 10 years can work in agriculture, little research has addressed their occupational health. This paper describes a large, multicomponent study of hired Latinx child farmworkers, and the characteristics of children participating in this study. METHODS Survey interviews were conducted in 2017 with 202 Latinx children aged 10-17 years employed in agriculture across North Carolina (NC). RESULTS Most (81.2%) participants were born in the United States, 37.6% were female, and 21.3% were aged 10-13 years. Most (95.1%) were currently enrolled in school. Thirty-six (17.8%) were migrant workers. 34.7% had worked in agriculture for 1 year; 18.3% had worked 4+ years. 33.7% worked piece rate. 57.4% worked in tobacco. Participants in western NC differed in personal and occupational characteristics from those in eastern NC. CONCLUSIONS This study has enrolled a large and diverse child farmworker sample. This overview indicates several important issues for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Arcury
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Taylor J. Arnold
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Joanne C. Sandberg
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Sara A. Quandt
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Jennifer W. Talton
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | | | - Gregory D. Kearney
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
| | - Haiying Chen
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | | | - Stephanie S. Daniel
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
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