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Mirceta M, Shum N, Schmidt MHM, Pearson CE. Fragile sites, chromosomal lesions, tandem repeats, and disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:985975. [PMID: 36468036 PMCID: PMC9714581 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.985975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Expanded tandem repeat DNAs are associated with various unusual chromosomal lesions, despiralizations, multi-branched inter-chromosomal associations, and fragile sites. Fragile sites cytogenetically manifest as localized gaps or discontinuities in chromosome structure and are an important genetic, biological, and health-related phenomena. Common fragile sites (∼230), present in most individuals, are induced by aphidicolin and can be associated with cancer; of the 27 molecularly-mapped common sites, none are associated with a particular DNA sequence motif. Rare fragile sites ( ≳ 40 known), ≤ 5% of the population (may be as few as a single individual), can be associated with neurodevelopmental disease. All 10 molecularly-mapped folate-sensitive fragile sites, the largest category of rare fragile sites, are caused by gene-specific CGG/CCG tandem repeat expansions that are aberrantly CpG methylated and include FRAXA, FRAXE, FRAXF, FRA2A, FRA7A, FRA10A, FRA11A, FRA11B, FRA12A, and FRA16A. The minisatellite-associated rare fragile sites, FRA10B, FRA16B, can be induced by AT-rich DNA-ligands or nucleotide analogs. Despiralized lesions and multi-branched inter-chromosomal associations at the heterochromatic satellite repeats of chromosomes 1, 9, 16 are inducible by de-methylating agents like 5-azadeoxycytidine and can spontaneously arise in patients with ICF syndrome (Immunodeficiency Centromeric instability and Facial anomalies) with mutations in genes regulating DNA methylation. ICF individuals have hypomethylated satellites I-III, alpha-satellites, and subtelomeric repeats. Ribosomal repeats and subtelomeric D4Z4 megasatellites/macrosatellites, are associated with chromosome location, fragility, and disease. Telomere repeats can also assume fragile sites. Dietary deficiencies of folate or vitamin B12, or drug insults are associated with megaloblastic and/or pernicious anemia, that display chromosomes with fragile sites. The recent discovery of many new tandem repeat expansion loci, with varied repeat motifs, where motif lengths can range from mono-nucleotides to megabase units, could be the molecular cause of new fragile sites, or other chromosomal lesions. This review focuses on repeat-associated fragility, covering their induction, cytogenetics, epigenetics, cell type specificity, genetic instability (repeat instability, micronuclei, deletions/rearrangements, and sister chromatid exchange), unusual heritability, disease association, and penetrance. Understanding tandem repeat-associated chromosomal fragile sites provides insight to chromosome structure, genome packaging, genetic instability, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Mirceta
- Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natalie Shum
- Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Monika H. M. Schmidt
- Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher E. Pearson
- Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Li Q, Zhang Z, Yan Y, Xiao P, Gao Z, Cheng W, Su L, Yu K, Xie H, Chen X, Jiang Q, Li L. Annular pancreas in Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II with 8q23.3-q24.12 interstitial deletion. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:95. [PMID: 26673557 PMCID: PMC4678473 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II (TRPS II, OMIM # 150230) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. Loss of functional copies of the TRPS1 gene at 8q23.3 and the EXT1 gene at 8q24.11 are considered to be responsible for the syndrome. Case Presentation Herewith, we report an 8-year-old girl with sparse scalp hair, bulbous nose, thin upper lip, broad eyebrows, phalangeal abnormalities of both hands/toes, multiple exostoses, mild intellectual impairment and severe malnutrition. In addition, the patient also had annular pancreas, a rare co-existing feature in patients with TRPS II. Conclusions A contiguous 5.47 Mb deletion involving 8q23.3-q24.12 was detected by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), leading to haploinsufficiency of 10 protein coding genes, 1 long non-coding RNA and 1 microRNA. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) examination confirmed half-reduced DNA copy of the patient and normal expression of both parents, indicating a de novo origin of the deletion and complete penetrance of the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No. 2 Yabao Rd, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No. 2 Yabao Rd, Beijing, 100020 China
| | - Yuchun Yan
- 2Department of Radiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Gao
- Department of Neurology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Beijing United Family Hospital, Beijing, China ; Department of Paediatrics and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lin Su
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Clinical College of PLA Affiliated Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kaihui Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Preclinical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No. 2 Yabao Rd, Beijing, 100020 China
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3
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Phenotype and genotype in 103 patients with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:279-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Farooq M, Fujikawa H, Fujimoto A, Kubo Y, Ito M, Shimomura Y. A novel de novo nonsense mutation in the TRPS1 gene in a Japanese patient with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type I. Int J Dermatol 2013; 53:1012-5. [PMID: 23621477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Wang X, Li L, Li J, Sun J, Heng X, Gong Y, Liu Q. Pathogenic gene screening and mutation detection in a Chinese family with multiple osteochondroma. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:827-32. [PMID: 22799611 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple osteochondroma (MO) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by abnormal skeleton development: one or more exostoses localized mainly at the end of long bones. Three pathogenic gene loci have been identified and cloned: EXT1, 2, and 3. Only EXT1 and 2 mutations were reported to cause MO. Here, we report on a large Chinese family with MO and a disease-causing mutation in EXT. We extracted DNA from peripheral blood samples of 25 family members, 9 with MO. Polymerase chain reaction and direct DNA sequencing of the entire coding regions of EXT1 and 2 for the nine patients revealed a novel pathogenic mutation, insertion of a T in exon 2 (c.72-73 insT) of EXT2. Our results extend the mutational spectrum of MO and can help with genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Republic of China
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Pereza N, Severinski S, Ostojić S, Volk M, Maver A, Dekanić KB, Kapović M, Peterlin B. Third case of 8q23.3-q24.13 deletion in a patient with Langer-Giedion syndrome phenotype without TRPS1 gene deletion. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:659-63. [PMID: 22315192 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Langer-Giedion syndrome (LGS) is a contiguous gene syndrome caused by a hemizygous deletion on chromosome 8q23.3-q24.11 involving TRPS1 and EXT1 genes. We report on a girl with LGS phenotype and a 7.5 Mb interstitial deletion at chromosome 8q23.3-q24.13. Array-comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH) revealed a deletion encompassing only the EXT1 and not the TRPS1 gene. Even though the deletion of TRPS1 and EXT1 genes is responsible for craniofacial and skeletal features of LGS, there have been previous reports of patients with LGS phenotype and 8q24 deletions leaving the TRPS1 gene intact. To our knowledge, this is the third such case. Our patient differs from previously reported LGS patients without TRPS1 gene deletion in that she has the typical LGS facial dysmorphism and skeletal abnormalities. However, the girl is of normal height and has only a mild developmental delay. Additionally, she has dyslalia and premature adrenarche classified as Tanner stage 3 premature pubarche which have not yet been described as features of LGS. We examine the molecular breakpoints and phenotypes of our patient and previously reported cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Pereza
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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Alman BA. Multiple hereditary exostosis and hedgehog signaling: implications for novel therapies. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91 Suppl 4:63-7. [PMID: 19571070 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.i.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Alman
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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8
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Heinritz W, Hüffmeier U, Strenge S, Miterski B, Zweier C, Leinung S, Bohring A, Mitulla B, Peters U, Froster UG. New Mutations ofEXT1andEXT2Genes in German Patients with Multiple Osteochondromas. Ann Hum Genet 2009; 73:283-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shanske AL, Patel A, Saukam S, Levy B, Lüdecke HJ. Clinical and molecular characterization of a patient with Langer-Giedion syndrome and mosaic del(8)(q22.3q24.13). Am J Med Genet A 2009; 146A:3211-6. [PMID: 19012352 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type II (TRPS II) is characterized by sparse scalp hair, a long nose with a bulbous tip, a long flat philtrum, cone-shaped epiphyses of the phalanges, retarded bone age in infancy and multiple cartilaginous exostoses. All patients have a hemizygous deletion on chromosome 8q23.3-24.11 which spans at least the 2.8 Mb-region from TRPS1 through EXT1. Only patients with deletions that extend beyond this interval tend to have mental retardation. Here we describe a 14.5-year-old girl with mental retardation and TRPS II. Her facial features are only mild, but she has the typical skeletal features including cone-shaped epiphyses at the phalanges, retarded bone age, multiple exostoses and short stature. She is the first patient with TRPS II and a molecularly proven mosaic interstitial deletion in 8q22.3-q24.13. The deletion is one of the largest ever found in TRPS II, and spans 19.79 Mb and 50 genes or loci including TRPS1 and EXT1. The degree of mosaicism is 7% in lymphocytes from peripheral blood and 97% in skin fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Shanske
- The Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA.
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Human chromosome fragility. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2008; 1779:3-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kikuchi N, Ogino T, Kashiwa H, Muragaki Y. Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II without the chromosome 8 deletion that resembled metachondromatosis. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2007; 47:105-7. [PMID: 17688470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2007.00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a 5-year-old girl with features resembling Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, type I (sparse scalp hair, bushy eyebrows, bulbous nose, long philtrum, cone-shaped epiphyses, clinobrachydactyly, epiphyseal changes in the femoral head and short stature), and appendicular exostoses similar to trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, type II. However, despite physical resemblance to the trichorhinophalangeal syndrome variants, cytological analysis showed a structurally normal chromosome 8 and no mental deficiency was apparent. In addition, morphological congruities between multiple exostoses and metachondromatosis was indicated from radiographic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kikuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
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12
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Riedl S, Giedion A, Schweitzer K, Müllner-Eidenböck A, Grill F, Frisch H, Lüdecke HJ. Pronounced short stature in a girl with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome II (TRPS II, Langer-Giedion syndrome) and growth hormone deficiency. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 131:200-3. [PMID: 15523607 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 10-year-old girl with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type II (TRPS II) and pronounced short stature (-4.8 SD). The patient has an interstitial chromosome 8q24.1 deletion of 12-15 Mb. The deletion spans all genes from CSMD3 to at least ANXA13 including the TRPS1 and EXT1 genes, which are responsible for the TRPS II phenotype. In addition to the features of TRPS II, the patient had growth hormone (GH) deficiency with diminished response in three stimulation tests. Therapy with 0.2 mg GH/kg/week led to an increase of growth velocity from 2.5 to 6.6 cm/year. To our knowledge, such a combination of TRPS II and GH deficiency has not yet been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Riedl
- Pediatric Department, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Heinritz W, Pretzsch M, Koall S, Matzen PF, Froster UG. Hereditäre multiple Exostosen. DER ORTHOPADE 2005; 34:470-6. [PMID: 15739063 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-005-0774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary multiple exostosis (HME), a disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, is characterized by multiple projections of bone, mainly at the extremities. The risk of malignant transformation of the exostoses is estimated to be up to 2%. The most common underlying cause of the disease involves mutations in either the EXT1 or the EXT2 gene. We report on the clinical and molecular findings in a family affected with HME.A mother and her three children from different partnerships, all clinically diagnosed with HME, were referred for genetic counseling. Subsequently, molecular analysis of the EXT1 gene was performed according to standard procedures. We identified a mutation in the EXT1 gene in all four affected family members (delA in codon 133). This mutation has not been previously described and is suggested to cause the disease in this family. Identification of disease causing mutations in patients with HME and their relatives can help to improve the clinical management of tumor prevention, early tumor detection, and orthopedic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Heinritz
- Institut für Humangenetik, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität, Leipzig.
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14
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Tiet TD, Alman BA. Developmental pathways in musculoskeletal neoplasia: involvement of the Indian Hedgehog-parathyroid hormone-related protein pathway. Pediatr Res 2003; 53:539-43. [PMID: 12612211 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000054688.93486.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There are many crucial genes and signaling pathways in the proper development of an organism. Pathologies may arise from a deregulation of these pathways. The Indian Hedgehog-PTH-related protein (Ihh-PTHrP) pathway is vital in the proper development of endochondral bones, such as the long bones. The Ihh-PTHrP pathway regulates the rate at which chondrocytes within the growth plate proliferate and differentiate. Thus, this pathway allows for the longitudinal growth of bones. However, a disruption in this pathway may lead to enchondromas and osteochondromas, which are both childhood cartilaginous neoplasms. Recently, our lab identified a mutant receptor for PTHrP in enchondroma samples. Mice expressing this mutant receptor and mice with increased Ihh activity develop conditions similar to human enchondromatosis. Linkage analysis shows an association between EXT genes and osteochondromas in hereditary multiple exostoses syndrome. Studies in Drosophila and mice suggest EXT gene products play a role in the diffusion of hedgehog proteins. A mutation in EXT genes may result in an abnormal Ihh diffusion pattern leading to an osteochondroma. There are agents that inhibit Hedgehog signaling. These agents may be useful in the treatment of enchondromas and osteochondromas. This review will discuss the discovery of the Ihh-PTHrP pathway and its involvement in neoplasia, and will suggest possible novel therapeutic agents in the treatment of these cartilaginous neoplasms.
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Trebicz-Geffen M, Nevo Z, Evron Z, Posternak N, Glaser T, Fridkin M, Kollander Y, Robinson D. The short-lived exostosis induced surgically versus the lasting genetic hereditary multiple exostoses. Exp Mol Pathol 2003; 74:40-8. [PMID: 12645631 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4800(03)80007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary osteochondromas are often caused by mutation in the EXT1 gene. The lesions are typified by formation of a "pseudo" growth plate like lesion growing at 60 degrees to the normal growth direction of the bone. Such lesions can be mimicked surgically by reverting the position--the polarity of the zone of LaCroix. The current study attempts to compare the pathology between EXT1 gene expression in humans and surgically created osteochondroma pathology in a rat model. Tissues of human bunion, human embryonal tissue, and human adult cartilage as well as normal rat epiphyses served as controls. Rats were operated on and a 60 degree span of the ring of LaCroix was inverted as described by Delgado (Delgado, E., Rodriguez, J. I., Serada, A., Tellez, M., and Pariagoa, R.. Clin. Orthop. 201, 251-258 (1985)). The surgically created osteochondromas were assessed by histology, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry. The findings show that the surgically created lesions contain only a small amount of FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3) expressed on mesenchymal stem cells located in the perichondrium, as compared to the cell population carrying FGFR3 in the contralateral limb. Indian hedgehog and Bcl2 are downregulated, while BMP-2 is overexpressed in the operated limb, compared to the LaCroix ring of the contralaetral limb. The shortage, as well as the disturbed migration routes of the residual mesenchymal stem cells in surgically created osteochondromas leads eventually to resorption of the pathological elements. In search of additional markers characterizing such pathological structures composed of mesenchymal stem cells and cartilaginous and bony cells, EXT1 gene was found to be expressed in the surgically created osteochondromas, like in normal growth plates. Nitric oxide synthase was also expressed like in adult cartilage, though tumor necrosis factor alpha typifying Bunion formation was absent. In summary, surgically created osteochondromas lack the massive and continuous population of mesenchymal stem cells with Bcl2 expression. However, the small residual mesenchymal cell population gives rise to short-lived EXT1-expressing cells that disappear eventually due to spontaneous resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Trebicz-Geffen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Batania JR, Morris K, Ma E, Huang Y, McComb J. Familial deletion of (8)(q24.13q24.22) associated with a normal phenotype. Clin Genet 2001; 60:371-3. [PMID: 11903339 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2001.600509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a familial deletion of (8q) detected in amniocytes of a fetus with a normal ultrasound and in the phenotypically normal mother, who has now had three pregnancy losses. Chromosome analysis of amniocytes and maternal peripheral blood cells showed an interstitial deletion of (8)(q24.13q24.22), which is distal to the region associated with Langer-Giedion syndrome (LGS) or trichorhinophalangeal (TRP) syndrome. This deletion was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization with a c-myc cosmid clone and chromosome 8 painting library.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Batania
- Department of Pediatrics, St Louis University School of Medicine, Pediatric Research Institute, MO, USA.
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Diagnosis of Microdeletion Syndromes by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (
FISH
). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; Chapter 8:Unit 8.10. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142905.hg0810s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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McCormick C, Duncan G, Tufaro F. New perspectives on the molecular basis of hereditary bone tumours. MOLECULAR MEDICINE TODAY 1999; 5:481-6. [PMID: 10529789 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-4310(99)01593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone development is a highly regulated process sensitive to a wide variety of hormones, inflammatory mediators and growth factors. One of the most common hereditary skeletal dysplasias, hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by skeletal malformations that manifest as bony, benign tumours near the end of long bones. HME is usually caused by defects in either one of two genes, EXT1 and EXT2, which encode enzymes that catalyse the biosynthesis of heparan sulphate, an important component of the extracellular matrix. Thus, HME-linked bone tumours, like many other skeletal dysplasias, probably result from disruptions in cell surface architecture. However, despite the recent success in unravelling functions for several members of the EXT gene family, significant challenges remain before this knowledge can be used to develop new approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Vilain C, Sznajer Y, Rypens F, D�sir D, Abramowicz MJ. Sporadic case of trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type III in a European patient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990827)85:5<495::aid-ajmg12>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Stevens CA, Moore CA. Tibial hemimelia in Langer-Giedion syndrome-possible gene location for tibial hemimelia at 8q. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 85:409-12. [PMID: 10398269 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990806)85:4<409::aid-ajmg19>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report on a girl with Langer-Giedion syndrome or tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome, type II (TRPS II) with deletion on 8q, and the unusual findings of bilateral tibial hemimelia and unilateral absence of the ulna. An 8-year-old boy with TRPS II with bilateral tibial hemimelia was reported by Turleau et al. [1982: Hum. Genet. 62:183-187]. The critical region for TRPS II is 8q24.1. Although no genes involving limb development in the human have been identified in this region, two mouse syndromes are localized to the homologous chromosome region of 9A1-A4 which involve limb abnormalities. We propose that a gene involved in limb development is contiguous with the TRPS II gene which, when deleted, may cause tibial hemimelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics, T.C. Thompson Children's Hospital and Chattanooga Unit, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37403, USA
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Abstract
Many theories of osteochondroma pathogenesis have been advanced. Genetic research into the inherited multiple form, hereditary multiple exostoses, has revealed a new family of tumour suppressor genes denoted EXT. Patterns of EXT gene mutation in hereditary multiple exostoses, in solitary and multiple osteochondromas, and in chondrosarcoma are analogous to those found in other tumour suppressor genes responsible for family cancer traits and associated malignancies. With one exception, most features of osteochondroma behaviour are comparable to those of benign neoplasms. The neoplastic pathogenesis of osteochondromas provides an alternative to the traditional 'skeletal dysplasia' theory to explain the growth disturbance associated with hereditary multiple exostoses. Recent studies on the physiological function of EXT genes are reviewed and implications for osteochondroma 'cell-of-origin' theories are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Porter
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, U.K
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22
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Ligon AH, Potocki L, Shaffer LG, Stickens D, Evans GA. Gene for multiple exostoses (EXT2) maps to 11(p11.2p12) and is deleted in patients with a contiguous gene syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1998; 75:538-40. [PMID: 9489802 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980217)75:5<538::aid-ajmg17>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Sasaki T, Tonoki H, Soejima H, Niikawa N. A 4 Mb cryptic deletion associated with inv(8)(q13.1q24.11) in a patient with trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type I. J Med Genet 1997; 34:335-9. [PMID: 9138161 PMCID: PMC1050924 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.34.4.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on an 11 year old girl with trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type I (TRPS1), postaxial polydactyly of the fingers, and a de novo paracentric inversion on the long arm of chromosome 8 involving bands q13.1 and q24.11. Molecular analysis using FISH and polymorphic DNA markers detected an approximately 4 Mb, cytogenetically unidentified deletion occurring between two STSs markers, AFMB331YA9 and D8S1200, around the region of the distal inversion breakpoint. Although the deletion is large, mental retardation was not present in the patient. This is the first report of a cryptic deletion in a TRPS1 patient, both ends of which were analysed at the molecular level. The data obtained are useful for defining the location of the putative mental retardation gene(s) in TRPS1 and Langer-Giedion syndrome (TRPS2), as well as a locus for postaxial polydactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sasaki
- Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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24
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Lüdecke HJ, Ahn J, Lin X, Hill A, Wagner MJ, Schomburg L, Horsthemke B, Wells DE. Genomic organization and promoter structure of the human EXT1 gene. Genomics 1997; 40:351-4. [PMID: 9119404 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.4577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary predisposition to multiple exostoses is a genetically heterogeneous disease. Recently, we have reported the identification of the EXT1 gene on human chromosome 8. We have now isolated a cDNA clone from a human adult lung cDNA library and have determined the genomic organization and promoter structure of the EXT1 gene. The gene is composed of 11 exons, ranging from 90 to 1735 bp, and spans approximately 350 kb of genomic DNA. Sequence analysis of the promoter region revealed the presence of a CpG island containing GC and CAAT boxes, but no TATA box. Such a promoter is characteristic for housekeeping genes. This finding is in good agreement with the ubiquitous expression of the EXT1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Lüdecke
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum, Essen, Germany.
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25
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Blanton SH, Hogue D, Wagner M, Wells D, Young ID, Hecht JT. Hereditary multiple exostoses: confirmation of linkage to chromosomes 8 and 11. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 62:150-9. [PMID: 8882395 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960315)62:2<150::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary multiple exostoses (EXT) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the formation of cartilage capped prominences that develop from the epiphyses of the long bones. EXT is heterogeneous with three different locations currently identified on chromosomes 8, 11, and 19. Recently, we identified and studied 12 large multigenerational EXT families. Linkage analyses demonstrates that 6 of these families map to 8q24 and 6 to 11p. None of the families map to the chromosome 19 locus. The results suggest that there are two major loci, on chromosomes 8 and 11, involved in the cause of EXT. The locus on chromosome 19 remains to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Blanton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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26
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Ahn J, Lüdecke HJ, Lindow S, Horton WA, Lee B, Wagner MJ, Horsthemke B, Wells DE. Cloning of the putative tumour suppressor gene for hereditary multiple exostoses (EXT1). Nat Genet 1995; 11:137-43. [PMID: 7550340 DOI: 10.1038/ng1095-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary multiple exostoses is an autosomal dominant disorder that is characterized by short stature and multiple, benign bone tumours. In a majority of families, the genetic defect (EXT1) is linked to the Langer-Giedion syndrome chromosomal region in 8q24.1. From this region we have cloned and characterized a cDNA which spans chromosomal breakpoints previously identified in two multiple exostoses patients. Furthermore, the gene harbours frameshift mutations in affected members of two EXT1 families. The cDNA has a coding region of 2,238 bp with no apparent homology to other known gene sequences and thus its function remains elusive. However, recent studies in sporadic and exostosis-derived chondrosarcomas suggest that the 8q24.1-encoded EXT1 gene may have tumour suppressor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ahn
- Department of Biology, University of Houston, Texas 77204-5513, USA
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27
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Donahue ML, Ryan RM. Interstitial deletion of 8q21-->22 associated with minor anomalies, congenital heart defect, and Dandy-Walker variant. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 56:97-100. [PMID: 7747796 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320560122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe an infant with a deletion of 8q21-->22 who had distinct clinical manifestations including minor facial anomalies, a congenital heart defect, a Dandy-Walker variant, and mild to moderate developmental delay. Her facial characteristics included small, wide-spaced eyes, asymmetric bilateral epicanthal folds, a broad nasal bridge, a "carp-shaped" mouth, micrognathia, and prominent, apparently low-set ears. Three other reports describe children with larger proximal deletions of 8q that include 8q21 and q22. These four children all have similar facial appearance. Of the others reported, one had a congenital heart defect and one had craniosynostosis. This case, in addition to the previously noted three cases, helps in delineating a recognizable syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Donahue
- Medical University of South Carolina, Children's Hospital, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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28
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Abstract
High resolution chromosome analysis, molecular cytogenetics, and study of the association between specific chromosome rearrangements and single gene disorders have provided a chromosomal basis to a number of mendelian diseases. Deletions and duplications of small regions, usually less than 3 Mb in size, result in an alteration of normal gene dosage of a number of unrelated genes physically close to each other and are responsible for contiguous gene syndromes. For example, haploinsufficiency is implicated for del 8q24.1 in Langer-Giedion syndrome, del 17p13.3 in Miller-Dieker syndrome, and del 22q11.2 in DiGeorge and Velo-cardiofacial syndromes. Another chromosomal mechanism causing mendelian phenotypes is translocation, which may eventually interrupt a disease gene. It is assumed that translocation breakpoints are running through a relevant gene, hindering the production of the gene product. An example is breakage 16p13.3 associated with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. Females with X/autosome translocations have an almost exclusive inactivation of the normal X. Interruption of a disease gene in the translocated X causes the expression of a mendelian phenotype in the presence of an allelic recessive mutation onto the nonrearranged X. Finally, if a human gene shows exclusive expression from a single parental homologue, ie, it is imprinted, deletion of the chromosomal segment containing the active allele results in structural monosomy and functional nullisomy. This situation is illustrated by Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. Over seventy human genes have been precisely assigned to chromosomal regions using a cytogenetic approach. Chromosome techniques combined with molecular methods have proved to have powerful and sensitive diagnostic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dallapiccola
- Cattedra di Genetica Umana Università Tor Vergata di Roma e Ospedale, Generale Regionale CSS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Rome, Italy
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29
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Ariel I, Anteby E, Soffer D, Tobias M, Yagel S. Monosomy 8q: prenatal diagnosis and autopsy findings. Prenat Diagn 1994; 14:640-3. [PMID: 7526369 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970140723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The autopsy findings of a fetus with deletion of the long arm of chromosome 8 are described. Many of the features are similar to those of the tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndromes, types I and II, which are associated with deletions on chromosome 8q24. Other findings in this case, such as total absence of the corpus callosum and intestinal malrotation, have not been described in these syndromes. Genes involved in the development of the latter malformations may reside in adjacent regions on the long arm of chromosome 8. An elevated serum level of beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta hCG) was found during pregnancy. This aberration should be included with other chromosomal disorders which may be detected by this test.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ariel
- Department of Pathology (Mt Scopus and Kiryat Hadassah), Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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30
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Ni L, Wagner MJ, Kimberling WJ, Pembrey ME, Grundfast KM, Kumar S, Daiger SP, Wells DE, Johnson K, Smith RJ. Refined localization of the branchiootorenal syndrome gene by linkage and haplotype analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 51:176-84. [PMID: 8092199 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320510222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Branchiootorenal (BOR) syndrome is a common autosomal dominant form of hearing impairment previously mapped to 8q. This report refines the localization of the BOR syndrome gene by haplotype analysis to the interval flanked by markers D8S553 and D8S286. By multipoint linkage analysis, the disease locus most likely is flanked by markers D8S530 and D8S279.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ni
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1078
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31
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Yoshiura K, Inazawa J, Koyama K, Nakamura Y, Niikawa N. Mapping of the 8q23 translocation breakpoint of t(8;13) observed in a patient with multiple exostoses. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1994; 9:57-61. [PMID: 7507701 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870090110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed cytogenetic map was constructed around the chromosomal breakpoint of t(8;13) observed in a patient with multiple exostoses. The order of seven loci defined by cosmid clones mapped to 8q23 was determined by means of two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on elongated prophase chromosomes, and localizations of these markers relative to the breakpoint were examined. The results indicated that loci defined by cC18-553 and cC18-1512 flank the breakpoint. By pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of DNA digested with BssHII and Southern hybridization with cC18-1512, DNA from the patient showed a band which was not observed in DNA isolated from either parent. As the normal size of this BssHII fragment is 600 kb, the chromosomal breakpoint probably lies less than 600 kb away from cC18-1512.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshiura
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute, Toshima, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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33
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Marchau FE, Van Roy BC, Parizel PM, Lambert JR, De Canck I, Leroy JG, Gevaert CM, Willems PJ, Dumon JE. Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type I (TRP I) due to an apparently balanced translocation involving 8q24. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 45:450-5. [PMID: 8465849 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320450411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tricho-rhino-phalangeal (TRP) syndromes type I and II are caused by a defective gene located on chromosome 8q24.1. We report a family with 2 sibs affected with TRP type I in combination with an apparently balanced chromosome (8;18) translocation involving 8q24.11. It is very likely that the 8q24 translocation breakpoint is physically linked to the TRP gene(s), thereby facilitating future efforts to clone the TRP gene(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Marchau
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp-UIA, Belgium
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34
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Smith RJ, Coppage KB, Ankerstjerne JK, Capper DT, Kumar S, Kenyon J, Tinley S, Comeau K, Kimberling WJ. Localization of the gene for branchiootorenal syndrome to chromosome 8q. Genomics 1992; 14:841-4. [PMID: 1478663 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Branchiootorenal syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that affects an estimated 2% of profoundly deaf children. In addition to hearing impairment, it is characterized by a lop-ear deformity, preauricular pits, branchial cleft sinus tracts, and renal anomalies. The pathogenesis of the disease remains unknown; however, the defective gene has been localized to chromosome 8q by family linkage studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yáñez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Salamanca, Spain
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36
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Le Merrer M, Ben Othmane K, Stanescu V, Lyonnet S, Van Maldergem L, Royer G, Munnich A, Maroteaux P. The gene for hereditary multiple exostoses does not map to the Langer-Giedion region (8q23-q24). J Med Genet 1992; 29:713-5. [PMID: 1433231 PMCID: PMC1016129 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.29.10.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary multiple exostoses is a dominantly inherited skeletal disorder which alters enchondral bone during growth and is characterised by exostoses of the juxta-epiphyseal regions. Using polymorphic DNA probes, we have been able to exclude the disease gene from close proximity to the 8q24.1 region where a dominant syndrome with multiple exostoses, the trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II (TRP II, Langer-Giedion syndrome, MIM 15025), has been previously localised (pairwise linkage Z = -8.96 at theta = 0 with probe L48 at locus D8S51). Multipoint linkage analysis using probes L48, L24, and L1 consistently excluded the HME gene from a large area of the distal long arm of chromosome 8, spanning the smallest region of overlap assigned to the TRP II gene. These studies support the clinical view that HME and TRP II are distinct entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Le Merrer
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, U12 INSERM, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mehta
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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38
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Parrish JE, Wagner MJ, Hecht JT, Scott CI, Wells DE. Molecular analysis of overlapping chromosomal deletions in patients with Langer-Giedion syndrome. Genomics 1991; 11:54-61. [PMID: 1684953 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90101-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have obtained lymphoblastoid cell lines from three patients with Langer-Giedion syndrome who have overlapping deletions in 8q24.1. To isolate the deletion chromosomes from their normal homologs, patient cell lines were fused with hamster cells and hybrid cells were selected for retention of human chromosome 8. These hybrid cell lines were screened for the presence of chromosome 8 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and by Southern blot hybridization. We have hybridized 31 recombinant DNA clones derived from the 8q22-qter region to Southern blots of the hybrid cell lines; 8 were found to lie within the deletion of at least one patient. One clone identified sequences that were missing from one copy of chromosome 8 in all three patients. These clones help to further define the deletions in these patients and will serve as starting points for detailed characterization of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Parrish
- Institute for Molecular Biology, University of Houston, Texas 77204
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Hennekam
- Clinical Genetics Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
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40
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Krassikoff N, Sekhon GS. Terminal deletion of 6q and Fryns syndrome: a microdeletion/syndrome pair? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1990; 36:363-4. [PMID: 2363440 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320360327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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41
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Hamers A, Jongbloet P, Peeters G, Fryns JP, Geraedts J. Severe mental retardation in a patient with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type I and 8q deletion. Eur J Pediatr 1990; 149:618-20. [PMID: 2373110 DOI: 10.1007/bf02034746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report a 19-year-old boy with an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 8 (46, XY, del(8)(pter----q23.3: :q24.13----qter)). He shows the typical clinical symptoms of tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPI) and severe mental retardation, however without multiple exostoses. This is the second report of a combination of abnormalities and interstitial deletion of 8q.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hamers
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Limburg Maastricht, The Netherlands
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42
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Stearns ZR, Lacassie Y, MacEwen GD. Perthes-like disease and the tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndromes: the first black patient. Orthopedics 1990; 13:468-73. [PMID: 2333260 DOI: 10.3928/0147-7447-19900401-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The TRPS I has been reported in European, Asian, Australian, and North American populations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the black population. Like many patients with this syndrome, it was the presence of "Perthes-like" disease that eventually lead to the diagnosis. This hip complication is very common, and often bilateral. A review of the literature stresses the importance of early diagnosis in that many patients are presenting late with severe degenerative arthritis. When present, "Perthes-like" changes should direct the observer to look for the abnormal hair and facies that are typical of these syndromes. Radiographs of the hands should also be obtained which will usually reveal the characteristic cone-shaped epiphyses. Clinical or radiographic evidence of multiple cartilaginous exostoses is diagnostic of TRPS II in the presence of other stigmata of the tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPS I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z R Stearns
- Department of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70118
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43
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Pyeritz RE. Pleiotropy revisited: molecular explanations of a classic concept. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1989; 34:124-34. [PMID: 2683776 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320340120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As commonly used, pleiotropy refers to multiple effects on phenotype of a single mutant gene. The importance of this concept to medical genetics has waxed and waned since its formulation soon after the rediscovery of Mendel's laws. Initially, the view that all aspects of a phenotype, and hence all manifestations of a mendelian syndrome, derive from a single function (or dysfunction) of a mutant allele gained ascendancy. Support for the importance of pleiotropy gradually diminished, and reached a low point in the 1940s with the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis. Studies of mammals and humans with heritable disorders of connective tissue sustained the notion that "genuine" pleiotropy probably did not exist. However, the demise of the relevance of pleiotropy was premature. Detailed understanding of gene organization, expression, and mutation indicates several mechanisms, such as multifunctional proteins, alternative splicing of messenger RNA, and overlapping coding sequences, through which genuine pleiotropy likely occurs in normal development and function, in mendelian syndromes, and in conditions due to somatic mutation. Furthermore, a broad definition of pleiotropy is warranted to subsume syndromes caused by abnormal function of contiguous genes, such as through large deletions, mutation of regulatory elements that coordinate expression, or less clearly understood "position effects." Thus, the use of pleiotropy in the context of aneuploidy syndromes is not inappropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Pyeritz
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
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44
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Lüdecke HJ, Burdiek R, Senger G, Claussen U, Passarge E, Horsthemke B. Maternal origin of a de novo chromosome 8 deletion in a patient with Langer-Giedion syndrome. Hum Genet 1989; 82:327-9. [PMID: 2567694 DOI: 10.1007/bf00273991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The anonymous DNA probe L32, which defines the D8S48 locus within the Langer-Giedion syndrome chromosome region on the long arm of chromosome 8, was used to search for a common restriction fragment length polymorphism. A HindIII and an MspI polymorphism were detected (polymorphism information contents 0.25 and 0.19, respectively). Both polymorphisms were informative in the family of a Langer-Giedion patient carrying a de novo interstitial deletion 8q23-24.1. Lack of transmission of a maternal haplotype indicates that this deletion occurred during maternal gametogenesis. This finding contrasts with the frequent paternal origin of mutations in other microdeletion syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Lüdecke
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum, Essen, Federal Republic of Germany
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45
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Naritomi K, Hirayama K. Partial trisomy of distal 8q derived from mother with mosaic 8q23.3----24.13 deletion, and relatively mild expression of trichorhinophalangeal syndrome I. Hum Genet 1989; 82:199-201. [PMID: 2722199 DOI: 10.1007/bf00284059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A 17-month-old girl with a partial trisomy of distal 8q derived from her mother, who has a mosaic 8q23.3----q24.13 deletion, was studied. Both showed a relatively mild phenotype of trichorhinophalangeal syndrome I. The karyotype of the proposita was designated as: 46,XX,-8,+der(8),inv ins(8;8)(p23.1;q24.13q23.3)mat. Her phenotype was considered similar to that of her mother despite the trisomies of distal 8q. She seems to be the first example of a partial trisomy of distal 8q derived from a parent with an interstitial deletion of a distal 8q segment and trichorhinophalangeal syndrome I.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Naritomi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan
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46
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Yamamoto Y, Oguro N, Miyao M, Yanagisawa M, Ohsawa T. Prometaphase chromosomes in the tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type I. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1989; 32:524-7. [PMID: 2773997 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320320420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prometaphase chromosome analysis was undertaken in a patient with familial tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type I (TRPS-I). The patient had apparently normal chromosomes and produced counterevidence to part of Bühler's hypothesis. Thus, although some cases of typical TRPS-I may be derived from a deletion of 8q24.12, others might be caused by gene mutation or submicroscopic deletion involving the corresponding locus within the band 8q24.11----24.13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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47
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Haan EA, Hull YJ, White S, Cockington R, Charlton P, Callen DF. Tricho-rhino-phalangeal and branchio-oto syndromes in a family with an inherited rearrangement of chromosome 8q. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1989; 32:490-4. [PMID: 2773990 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320320412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on a family with an inherited rearrangement of chromosome 8q, dir ins(8)(q24.11q13.3q21.13). Individuals with the chromosome abnormality, which does not appear to be associated with deletion of chromosome material, have manifestations of both tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPS) and branchio-oto syndrome (BOS). TRPS has been linked previously to deletions involving 8q24.11----q24.13, but none of the described patients with deletions in this part of 8q have had characteristics of the BOS. The presence of a breakpoint in 8q24.11 without apparent chromosome deletion in the family described suggests that TRPS maps to this band of 8q. Further, it is suggested that BOS maps to either 8q13.3 or 8q21.13.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Haan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Epidemiology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, South Australia
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Lüdecke HJ, Senger G, Claussen U, Horsthemke B. Cloning defined regions of the human genome by microdissection of banded chromosomes and enzymatic amplification. Nature 1989; 338:348-50. [PMID: 2784197 DOI: 10.1038/338348a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The molecular analysis of many genetic diseases requires the isolation of probes for defined human chromosome regions. Existing techniques such as the screening of chromosome-specific libraries, subtractive DNA cloning and chromosome jumping are either tedious or not generally applicable. Microdissection and microcloning has successfully been applied to various chromosome regions in Drosophila and mouse, but conventional microtechniques are too coarse and inefficient for analysis of the human genome. Because microdissection has previously been used on unbanded chromosomes only, cell lines in which the chromosome of interest could be identified without banding had to be used. At least one hundred chromosomes were needed for dissection and lambda vectors used to achieve maximum cloning efficiency. Recombinant phage clones are, however, more difficult to characterize than plasmid clones. Here we describe the dissection of the Langer-Giedion syndrome region on chromosome 8 from GTG-banded metaphase chromosomes (G-banding with trypsin-Giemsa) and the universal enzymatic amplification of the dissected DNA. Eighty per cent of clones from this library (total yield 20,000) identify single-copy DNA sequences. Fifty per cent of clones detect deletions in two patients with Langer-Giedion syndrome. Although the other clones have not yet been mapped, this result demonstrates that thousands of region-specific probes can be isolated within ten days.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Lüdecke
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, FRG
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Fennell SJ, Benson JW, Kindley AD, Schwarz MJ, Czepulkowski B. Partial deletion 8q without Langer-Giedion syndrome: a recognisable syndrome. J Med Genet 1989; 26:167-71. [PMID: 2651669 PMCID: PMC1015577 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.26.3.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report two de novo cases of del(8)(pter----q24.1:) with breakpoints involving the distal part of band 8q24.1. The clinical features were similar and there were no obvious stigmata of Langer-Giedion syndrome (LGS). There are three other cases reported with a deletion of chromosome 8 at approximately the same breakpoint, one without LGS and some similarities to our cases, the other two with LGS. Our findings would support the observation that the critical segment for the assignment of LGS is proximal to or involves the proximal part of 8q24.1, but a review of published reports suggests that the aetiology of LGS may be a more complex issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Fennell
- Department of Cytogenetics, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Pendlebury, Manchester
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50
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Yamamoto Y, Oguro N, Miyao M, Yanagisawa M. Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type I with severe mental retardation due to interstitial deletion of 8q23.3-24.13. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1989; 32:133-5. [PMID: 2784939 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320320128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on a 13-year-old boy who had an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 8 [46,XY,del(8)(pter----q23.3::q24.13----qter)]. He had the facial features of the tricho-rhino-phalangeal (TRP) syndrome and severe mental retardation, but lacked multiple exostoses. This is the first report with such a peculiar combination of abnormalities and interstitial deletion of 8q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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