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Sung PL, Cheng EE, Chen YJ, Chern SR, Shih CY, Chang CM, Wang PH, Yen MS, Huang CYF, Chen CP. Prenatal diagnosis of de novo monosomy 7q33-qter associated with hydrops fetalis, semilobar holoprosencephaly, and premaxillary dysgenesis. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 52:602-6. [PMID: 24411055 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Lin Sung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eong-Eong Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Jang Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Shih
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyen Yen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Phelan K, McDermid HE. The 22q13.3 Deletion Syndrome (Phelan-McDermid Syndrome). Mol Syndromol 2011; 2:186-201. [PMID: 22670140 DOI: 10.1159/000334260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q13.3 deletion syndrome, also known as Phelan-McDermid syndrome, is a contiguous gene disorder resulting from deletion of the distal long arm of chromosome 22. In addition to normal growth and a constellation of minor dysmorphic features, this syndrome is characterized by neurological deficits which include global developmental delay, moderate to severe intellectual impairment, absent or severely delayed speech, and neonatal hypotonia. In addition, more than 50% of patients show autism or autistic-like behavior, and therefore it can be classified as a syndromic form of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The differential diagnosis includes Angelman syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and FG syndrome. Over 600 cases of 22q13.3 deletion syndrome have been documented. Most are terminal deletions of ∼100 kb to >9 Mb, resulting from simple deletions, ring chromosomes, and unbalanced translocations. Almost all of these deletions include the gene SHANK3 which encodes a scaffold protein in the postsynaptic densities of excitatory synapses, connecting membrane-bound receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Two mouse knockout models and cell culture experiments show that SHANK3 is involved in the structure and function of synapses and support the hypothesis that the majority of 22q13.3 deletion syndrome neurological defects are due to haploinsufficiency of SHANK3, although other genes in the region may also play a role in the syndrome. The molecular connection to ASD suggests that potential future treatments may involve modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Phelan
- Hayward Genetics Center and Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La., USA
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3
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Thomas NS, Durkie M, Van Zyl B, Sanford R, Potts G, Youings S, Dennis N, Jacobs P. Parental and chromosomal origin of unbalanced de novo structural chromosome abnormalities in man. Hum Genet 2006; 119:444-50. [PMID: 16493556 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the parental origin, and where possible the chromosomal origin of 115 de novo unbalanced structural chromosome abnormalities detectable by light microscopy. These consisted of 39 terminal deletions, 35 interstitial deletions, 8 rings, 12 duplications and 21 unbalanced translocations. In all categories the majority of abnormalities were of paternal origin, although the proportions varied from a high of 84% in the interstitial deletions and rings to a low of 58% in the duplications. Among the interstitial deletions and duplications, there were approximately equal numbers of intra- and interchromosomal abnormalities, while the majority of unbalanced translocations were isodisomic for the duplicated chromosome. The examination of the parental ages in the four main classes of abnormality showed terminal deletions of maternal origin to be associated with a significantly reduced maternal age. Thus, there is a clear propensity for structural chromosome abnormalities to occur in male germ cells, although the chromosomal origin seems similar irrespective of the parental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Simon Thomas
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, SP2 8BJ, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
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Fernández Calderón E, Galán Gómez E, Carbonell Pérez JM, Sáenz Hurtado J, Ledesma Alcázar MC, Cardesa García JJ. [Diagnosis of 9p- syndrome at birth. A new case]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2004; 61:194-6. [PMID: 15274895 DOI: 10.1016/s1695-4033(04)78388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
The origin and frequency of spontaneous mutations that occur with age in humans have been a topic of intense discussion. The mechanisms by which spontaneous mutations arise depend on the parental germ line in which a mutation occurs. In general, paternal mutations are more likely than maternal mutations to be base substitutions. This is likely due to the larger number of germ cell divisions in spermatogenesis than in oogenesis. Maternal mutations are more often chromosomal abnormalities. Advanced parental age seems to influence some mutations, although it is not a factor in the creation of others. In this review, we focus on patterns of paternal bias and age dependence of mutations in different genetic disorders, and the various mechanisms by which these mutations arise. We also discuss recent data on age and the frequency of these mutations in the human male germ line and the impact of these data on this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka L Glaser
- Institute of Genetic Medicine at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Heilstedt HA, Ballif BC, Howard LA, Kashork CD, Shaffer LG. Population data suggest that deletions of 1p36 are a relatively common chromosome abnormality. Clin Genet 2003; 64:310-6. [PMID: 12974736 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Monosomy 1p36 is a relatively common chromosome deletion. Deletion of this chromosome band can be difficult to visualize using routine cytogenetic banding techniques. The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with telomere region-specific probes has aided in the diagnosis of patients. In this study we ascertained 62 patients with deletions of 1p36 from 61 families and collected information regarding previous chromosome analyses, mode of ascertainment, clinical indication, age at diagnosis, and parental ages. The majority of deletions occur on the maternally derived chromosome. We identified terminal deletions, interstitial deletions, derivative chromosomes, and complex rearrangements. We correlated the type of rearrangement with the parental origins. Almost 50% of the patients had at least one chromosome analysis interpreted as normal. Retrospectively, 98% of deletions could be identified by routine chromosome analysis with careful attention to chromosome 1p36. Clinical indications were variable, with developmental delay/mental retardation being the most common. Increased maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (MSAFP) was detected in four of the five prenatally diagnosed cases. Maternal age at the time of birth of the affected child was significantly lower than the general United States population mean. We suggest a multistep approach for the diagnosis and clinical evaluation in cases of monosomy 1p36.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Heilstedt
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Rinaldi R, De Bernardo C, Assumma M, Grammatico B, Buffone E, Poscente M, Grammatico P. Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of a de novo 4q24qter duplication and correlation to the associated phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 118A:122-6. [PMID: 12655492 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.10093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report on a newborn with severe psychomotor retardation, minor anomalies, congenital heart defects, thumb and urogenital abnormalities. Cytogenetic analysis showed a 4q24qter duplication, never described before, as the result of a de novo t(4;14). The extension of the duplicated 4q region was defined by FISH using YAC probes. The breakpoint was localized between 106.3cM (YAC 800f2, D4S1572) and 111 cM (YAC 744e4, D4S1564). Comparing our patient with those previously reported in literature, we observed some features mature frequently reported in these patients: psychomotor retardation, retromicrognathia, low set and/or malformed ears and some more specific traits: congenital cardiac defects, hypoplastic thumb and urogenital abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rinaldi
- Medical Genetic Service, S. Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Christ LA, Crowe CA, Micale MA, Conroy JM, Schwartz S. Chromosome breakage hotspots and delineation of the critical region for the 9p-deletion syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65:1387-95. [PMID: 10521304 PMCID: PMC1288291 DOI: 10.1086/302606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/1997] [Accepted: 08/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical features of the 9p-deletion syndrome include dysmorphic facial features (trigonocephaly, midface hypoplasia, upward-slanting palpebral fissures, and a long philtrum) and mental retardation. The majority of these patients appear to have similar cytogenetic breakpoints in 9p22, but some cases show phenotypic heterogeneity. To define the breakpoints of the deleted chromosomes, we studied 24 patients with a deletion of 9p, by high-resolution cytogenetics, FISH with 19 YACs, and PCR using 25 different sequence-tagged sites. Of 10 different breakpoints identified, 9 were localized within an approximately 5-Mb region, in 9p22-p23, that encompasses the interval between D9S1869 (telomeric) and D9S162 (centromeric). Eight unrelated patients had a breakpoint (group 1) in the same interval, between D9S274 (948h1) and D9S285 (767f2), suggesting a chromosome-breakage hotspot. Among 12 patients, seven different breakpoints (groups 3-9) were localized to a 2-Mb genomic region between D9S1709 and D9S162, which identified a breakpoint-cluster region. The critical region for the 9p-deletion syndrome maps to a 4-6-Mb region in 9p22-p23. The results from this study have provided insight into both the heterogeneous nature of the breakage in this deletion syndrome and the resultant phenotype-karyotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A. Christ
- Department of Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland; and Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University and MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland
| | - Carol A. Crowe
- Department of Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland; and Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University and MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland
| | - Mark A. Micale
- Department of Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland; and Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University and MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland
| | - Jeffrey M. Conroy
- Department of Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland; and Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University and MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland
| | - Stuart Schwartz
- Department of Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland; and Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University and MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland
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Kumar A, Cassidy SB, Romero L, Schwartz S. Molecular cytogenetics of a de novo interstitial deletion of chromosome arm 6q in a developmentally normal girl. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 86:227-31. [PMID: 10482870 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990917)86:3<227::aid-ajmg6>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using fluorescence in situ hybridization and microsatellite analysis, we have characterized a de novo interstitial deletion on the long arm of chromosome 6 [46,XX,del(6) (q23.3q24.2)] in a developmentally normal girl with very mild phenotypic abnormalities. The deletion was paternal in origin and was between markers WI-5023 and D6S1042. The size of the deletion was estimated to be approximately 4-5 Mb. The normal phenotype in this patient might be the result of imprinting of paternal copies of genes located in the segment 6q23. 3-q24.2. Alternatively, the genes located in the segment 6q23.3-q24. 2 might not be subject to dosage effects and therefore the haploinsufficiency of genes in this segment might not have phenotypic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Department of Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-9959, USA
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Sirko-Osadsa DA, Cassidy SB, Depinet TW, Robin NH, Limwongse C, Schwartz S. Molecular refinement of karyotype: beyond the cytogenetic band. Genet Med 1999; 1:254-61. [PMID: 11258626 DOI: 10.1097/00125817-199909000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Illustrate the use of molecular methodologies to delineate subtle, de novo, chromosome aberrations and determine the presence, or absence, of known genes, allowing improved predictions of long-term phenotypic effect. METHOD High-resolution chromosome analysis followed by FISH and microsatellite analysis to determine the extent and parental origin of the abnormalities. RESULTS Four de novo deletions involving chromosomes 5q, 10q, and 16p were delineated molecularly. Specific genes were shown to be, or not to be, involved in each aberration, refining karyotype-genotype correlation. CONCLUSION Molecular characterization of subtle chromosomal aberrations can provide information to assist in predicting clinical outcome in cases involving genes known to have an effect due to haploinsufficiency or aberrant gene dosage.
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MESH Headings
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Cytogenetics/methods
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Genotype
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Infant
- Karyotyping/methods
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Models, Genetic
- Phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Sirko-Osadsa
- Department of Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio 44106-9959, USA
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Crowe CA, Schwartz S, Black CJ, Jaswaney V. Mosaic trisomy 22: A case presentation and literature review of trisomy 22 phenotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970905)71:4<406::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Serra A, Bova R, Bellanova G, Chindemi A, Zappata S, Brahe C. Partial 9p monosomy in a girl with a tdic(9p23;13p11) translocation, minor anomalies, obesity, and mental retardation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970808)71:2<139::aid-ajmg4>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Conroy JM, Grebe TA, Becker LA, Tsuchiya K, Nicholls RD, Buiting K, Horsthemke B, Cassidy SB, Schwartz S. Balanced translocation 46,XY,t(2;15)(q37.2;q11.2) associated with atypical Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 61:388-94. [PMID: 9311744 PMCID: PMC1715912 DOI: 10.1086/514852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of normally active paternal genes in 15q11-q13, as an outcome of either a paternal deletion or maternal disomy, accounts for >95% of all patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. Other mechanisms, including imprinting mutations and unbalanced translocations involving pat 15q11-q13, have been described elsewhere. In this study, we present a patient with a rare balanced, de novo translocation-46,XY,t(2;15)(q37.2;q11.2)-involving breakage within the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome region of the paternal homologue, without an apparent deletion. The patient demonstrated several manifestations of the Prader-Willi syndrome but was clinically atypical. Cytogenetic and molecular studies of this case demonstrated the translocation breakpoint to be between SNRPN and IPW, with mRNA expression of SNRPN and PAR-5 but absence of IPW and PAR-1 expression. These results suggest that disruption of either IPW expression or a nearby gene by an upstream break may contribute to the Prader-Willi syndrome phenotype and that expression of SNRPN or other upstream genes is responsible for other aspects of the classical Prader-Willi syndrome phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Conroy
- Department of Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH 44106-9959, USA
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Micale MA, Wolff DJ, Dickerman LH, Redline R, Conroy JM, Schwartz S. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic characterization of trisomy 20 mosaicism in fetal blood and tissues. Prenat Diagn 1996; 16:893-7. [PMID: 8938057 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199610)16:10<893::aid-pd962>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of mosaic trisomy 20, the most common autosomal mosaicism identified in amniocytes, ascertained in a woman referred for amniocentesis because of abnormal ultrasound at 18.1 weeks' gestation which revealed short femurs and nuchal thickening. Metaphase analysis of 98 clones revealed 47,XY, +20 in 96 cells (98 per cent). Trisomy 20 was demonstrated in 6 cells (12 per cent) in a total of 50 cells from two fetal blood cultures obtained after pregnancy termination. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of interphase nuclei utilizing a chromosome 20 alpha-satellite centromeric DNA probe revealed three signals in 57/546 nuclei (10 per cent) in fetal blood. Metaphase analysis of 167 cells from seven different fetal tissue sources revealed trisomy 20 in 32 cells (19.2 per cent). The percentage of trisomy 20 cells varied with tissue type, with the highest percentage (13/25 cells, 52 per cent) identified in the small intestine and lymph nodes and the lowest percentage (1/34 cells, 2.9 per cent) identified in a specimen of chorionic villi. Molecular genetic analyses utilizing polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-formated dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms demonstrated that the non-disjunctional event most likely occurred post-zygotically and that the origin of the extra chromosome 20 was maternal. This study is the first to demonstrate trisomy 20 cells in fetal blood, suggesting that mosaic trisomy 20 can be embryonic in origin. In cases of prenatally detected mosaic trisomy 20, examination of fetal blood should be considered, as well as study of placental membranes, skin, and urine sediment to confirm the karyotype and determine its significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Micale
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abstract
A female infant is described with hypoglycaemia, hypotonia, obesity of the trunk and thighs, and mild dysmorphic features. Growth parameters were consistently above the 90th centile. Chromosome analysis showed her to have a derived chromosome 9 inherited from a maternal t(3;9)(p25;p23) by adjacent I segregation. She had features in common with both the dup(3p) and del(9p) syndromes. There are few reports of this chromosome rearrangement and the features are milder than expected for the degree of imbalance, complicated in males by sex reversal. The repeated reports of macrosomia may suggest an overgrowth syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J McClure
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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