1
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Nishio Y, Kato K, Oishi H, Takahashi Y, Saitoh S. MYCN in human development and diseases. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1417607. [PMID: 38884091 PMCID: PMC11176553 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1417607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in MYCN have been identified across various tumors, playing pivotal roles in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and unfavorable prognoses. Despite its established notoriety as an oncogenic driver, there is a growing interest in exploring the involvement of MYCN in human development. While MYCN variants have traditionally been associated with Feingold syndrome type 1, recent discoveries highlight gain-of-function variants, specifically p.(Thr58Met) and p.(Pro60Leu), as the cause for megalencephaly-polydactyly syndrome. The elucidation of cellular and murine analytical data from both loss-of-function (Feingold syndrome model) and gain-of-function models (megalencephaly-polydactyly syndrome model) is significantly contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the physiological role of MYCN in human development and pathogenesis. This review discusses the MYCN's functional implications for human development by reviewing the clinical characteristics of these distinct syndromes, Feingold syndrome, and megalencephaly-polydactyly syndrome, providing valuable insights into the understanding of pathophysiological backgrounds of other syndromes associated with the MYCN pathway and the overall comprehension of MYCN's role in human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Nishio
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohji Kato
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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2
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Lim Y. Transcription factors in microcephaly. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1302033. [PMID: 38094004 PMCID: PMC10716367 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1302033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Higher cognition in humans, compared to other primates, is often attributed to an increased brain size, especially forebrain cortical surface area. Brain size is determined through highly orchestrated developmental processes, including neural stem cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, lamination, arborization, and apoptosis. Disruption in these processes often results in either a small (microcephaly) or large (megalencephaly) brain. One of the key mechanisms controlling these developmental processes is the spatial and temporal transcriptional regulation of critical genes. In humans, microcephaly is defined as a condition with a significantly smaller head circumference compared to the average head size of a given age and sex group. A growing number of genes are identified as associated with microcephaly, and among them are those involved in transcriptional regulation. In this review, a subset of genes encoding transcription factors (e.g., homeobox-, basic helix-loop-helix-, forkhead box-, high mobility group box-, and zinc finger domain-containing transcription factors), whose functions are important for cortical development and implicated in microcephaly, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshin Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Science Education, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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3
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Gouveia I, Geraldo AF, Godinho C, Castedo S. Feingold syndrome type 1: a rare cause of fetal microcephaly (prenatal diagnosis). BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e254366. [PMID: 36889805 PMCID: PMC10008251 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-254366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of fetal microcephaly found during the second trimester ultrasound and confirmed by further ultrasound scans and fetal MRI. The array comparative genomic hybridisation analysis of the fetus and the male parent showed a 1.5 Mb deletion overlapping the Feingold syndrome region, an autosomal dominant syndrome that can cause microcephaly, facial/hand abnormalities, mild neurodevelopmental delay and others. This case illustrates the need for a detailed investigation by a multidisciplinary team to provide prenatal counselling regarding a postnatal outcome to the parents and orient their decision towards the continuation or termination of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Gouveia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia Espinho EPE, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Geraldo
- Diagnostic Neuroradiology Unit, Radiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia Espinho EPE, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Cristina Godinho
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia Espinho EPE, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Castedo
- Genetics Department of Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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4
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Panigrahi I, Kaur P, Chaudhry C, Shariq M, Naorem DD, Gowtham B, Kaur A, Dayal D. Short Stature Syndromes: Case Series from India. J Pediatr Genet 2022; 11:279-286. [PMID: 36267864 PMCID: PMC9578783 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Syndromes causing short stature include Noonan syndrome (NS), Williams syndrome, and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). SRS is a primordial dwarfism with genetic heterogeneity. The SRS children present with prenatal growth retardation, neonatal hypoglycemia, feeding difficulties, physical asymmetry, with scoliosis and cardiac defect in some cases. The incidence is up to 1 in 100,000. Uniparental disomy, methylation abnormalities, and variants in some genes have been found underlying such phenotype. Growth hormone therapy has been used to improve the height gain in these patients. NS has genetic heterogeneity and most patients present with short stature with or without cardiac defect. Multiple genetic variants, mostly autosomal dominant, contribute to the phenotype. With the availability of next-generation sequencing, more and more genetic disorders causing short stature are being identified in different ethnic populations like Kabuki syndrome and Nance-Horan syndrome. Here, we present some cases of SRS and other additional syndromes with dysmorphism seen in past 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inusha Panigrahi
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Chakshu Chaudhry
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohd Shariq
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Devika D. Naorem
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - B.C. Gowtham
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anupriya Kaur
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Devi Dayal
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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5
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Li YF, Cheng T, Zhang YJ, Fu XX, Mo J, Zhao GQ, Xue MG, Zhuo DH, Xing YY, Huang Y, Sun XZ, Wang D, Liu X, Dong Y, Zhu XS, He F, Ma J, Chen D, Jin X, Xu PF. Mycn regulates intestinal development through ribosomal biogenesis in a zebrafish model of Feingold syndrome 1. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001856. [PMID: 36318514 PMCID: PMC9624419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Feingold syndrome type 1, caused by loss-of-function of MYCN, is characterized by varied phenotypes including esophageal and duodenal atresia. However, no adequate model exists for studying the syndrome's pathological or molecular mechanisms, nor is there a treatment strategy. Here, we developed a zebrafish Feingold syndrome type 1 model with nonfunctional mycn, which had severe intestinal atresia. Single-cell RNA-seq identified a subcluster of intestinal cells that were highly sensitive to Mycn, and impaired cell proliferation decreased the overall number of intestinal cells in the mycn mutant fish. Bulk RNA-seq and metabolomic analysis showed that expression of ribosomal genes was down-regulated and that amino acid metabolism was abnormal. Northern blot and ribosomal profiling analysis showed abnormal rRNA processing and decreases in free 40S, 60S, and 80S ribosome particles, which led to impaired translation in the mutant. Besides, both Ribo-seq and western blot analysis showed that mTOR pathway was impaired in mycn mutant, and blocking mTOR pathway by rapamycin treatment can mimic the intestinal defect, and both L-leucine and Rheb, which can elevate translation via activating TOR pathway, could rescue the intestinal phenotype of mycn mutant. In summary, by this zebrafish Feingold syndrome type 1 model, we found that disturbance of ribosomal biogenesis and blockage of protein synthesis during development are primary causes of the intestinal defect in Feingold syndrome type 1. Importantly, our work suggests that leucine supplementation may be a feasible and easy treatment option for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Li
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Xin Fu
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Mo
- Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guo-Qin Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mao-Guang Xue
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ding-Hao Zhuo
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yi Xing
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Zhi Sun
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Zhu
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng He
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XJ); (P-FX)
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Human Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XJ); (P-FX)
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6
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Zeka N, Bejiqi R, Gerguri A, Zogaj L, Jashari H. A new variant of MYCN gene as a cause of Feingold syndrome. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05886. [PMID: 35620261 PMCID: PMC9125397 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naim Zeka
- Pediatric Clinic Department of Neurology University Clinical Center of Kosovo Pristina Kosovo
| | - Ramush Bejiqi
- Pediatric Clinic Department of Cardiology University Clinical Center of Kosovo Pristina Kosovo
- Faculty of Medicine University of Gjakova Pristina Kosovo
| | - Abdurrahim Gerguri
- Pediatric Clinic Department of Neurology University Clinical Center of Kosovo Pristina Kosovo
| | - Leonore Zogaj
- Pediatric Clinic Department of Neurology University Clinical Center of Kosovo Pristina Kosovo
| | - Haki Jashari
- Pediatric Clinic Department of Neurology University Clinical Center of Kosovo Pristina Kosovo
- Pediatric Clinic University Children’s Hospital Skopje Republic of North Macedonia
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7
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to a class of endogenous small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, through both translational repression and mRNA destabilization. They are key regulators of kidney morphogenesis, modulating diverse biological processes in different renal cell lineages. Dysregulation of miRNA expression disrupts early kidney development and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of developmental kidney diseases. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of miRNA biogenesis and function and discuss in detail the role of miRNAs in kidney morphogenesis and developmental kidney diseases, including congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract and Wilms tumor. We conclude by discussing the utility of miRNAs as potentially novel biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Malta Cerqueira
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maliha Tayeb
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Crow K, Glad R, Venugopal A, Khan JH, Vergano S, Bass WT. Case 2: Term Female Newborn with Prenatal Diagnosis of Abdominal Distention and Ascites. Neoreviews 2021; 21:e483-e485. [PMID: 32611566 DOI: 10.1542/neo.21-7-e483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Crow
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Rachel Glad
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Aisha Venugopal
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Jamil H Khan
- Division of Neonatal Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Samantha Vergano
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - W Thomas Bass
- Division of Neonatal Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
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9
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Zolboot N, Du JX, Zampa F, Lippi G. MicroRNAs Instruct and Maintain Cell Type Diversity in the Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:646072. [PMID: 33994943 PMCID: PMC8116551 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.646072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the diverse cell types that make up the nervous system is essential for understanding how the nervous system is structured and ultimately how it functions. The astonishing range of cellular diversity found in the nervous system emerges from a small pool of neural progenitor cells. These progenitors and their neuronal progeny proceed through sequential gene expression programs to produce different cell lineages and acquire distinct cell fates. These gene expression programs must be tightly regulated in order for the cells to achieve and maintain the proper differentiated state, remain functional throughout life, and avoid cell death. Disruption of developmental programs is associated with a wide range of abnormalities in brain structure and function, further indicating that elucidating their contribution to cellular diversity will be key to understanding brain health. A growing body of evidence suggests that tight regulation of developmental genes requires post-transcriptional regulation of the transcriptome by microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that function by binding to mRNA targets containing complementary sequences and repressing their translation into protein, thereby providing a layer of precise spatial and temporal control over gene expression. Moreover, the expression profiles and targets of miRNAs show great specificity for distinct cell types, brain regions and developmental stages, suggesting that they are an important parameter of cell type identity. Here, we provide an overview of miRNAs that are critically involved in establishing neural cell identities, focusing on how miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression modulates neural progenitor expansion, cell fate determination, cell migration, neuronal and glial subtype specification, and finally cell maintenance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norjin Zolboot
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jessica X. Du
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Federico Zampa
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Giordano Lippi
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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10
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Tedesco MG, Lonardo F, Ceccarini C, Cesarano C, Digilio MC, Magliozzi M, Rogaia D, Mencarelli A, Leoni C, Piscopo C, Imperatore V, Falco MT, Fontana P, Nardone AM, Novelli A, Troiani S, Seri M, Prontera P. Clinical and molecular characterizations of 11 new patients with type 1 Feingold syndrome: Proposal for selecting diagnostic criteria and further genetic testing in patients with severe phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1204-1210. [PMID: 33442900 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Feingold Syndrome type 1 (FS1) is an autosomal dominant disorder due to a loss of function mutations in the MYCN gene. FS1 is generally clinically characterized by mild learning disability, microcephaly, short palpebral fissures, short stature, brachymesophalangy, hypoplastic thumbs, as well as syndactyly of toes, variably associated with organ abnormalities, the most common being gastrointestinal atresia. In current literature, more than 120 FS1 patients have been described, but diagnostic criteria are not well agreed upon, likewise the genotype-phenotype correlations are not well understood. Here, we describe 11 FS1 patients, belonging to six distinct families, where we have identified three novel MYCN mutations along with three pathogenetic variants, the latter which have already been reported. Several patients presented a mild phenotype of the condition and they have been diagnosed as being affected only after segregation analyses of the MYCN mutation identified in the propositus. We also describe here the first ever FS1 patient with severe intellectual disability having a maternally inherited MYCN variant together with an additional GNAO1 mutation inherited paternally. Mutations in the GNAO1 gene are associated with a specific form of intellectual disability and epilepsy, thus the finding of two different rare diseases in the same patient could explain his severe phenotype. Therein, a thorough investigation is merited into the possibility that additional variants in patients with a MYCN mutation and severe phenotype do exist. Finally, in order to guarantee a more reliable diagnosis of FS1, we suggest using both major and minor clinical-molecular diagnostic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Tedesco
- Medical Genetics Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Genetics Unit, "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases (B.I.R.D.), Vicenza, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Ceccarini
- Cytogenetics Unit, Policlinico Riuniti, University Hospitals Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Carla Cesarano
- Cytogenetics Unit, Policlinico Riuniti, University Hospitals Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Digilio
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Monia Magliozzi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Rogaia
- Medical Genetics Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amedea Mencarelli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmelo Piscopo
- U.O.S.C. Medical Genetics, A.O.R.N. "A. Cardarelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Imperatore
- Medical Genetics Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Fontana
- Medical Genetics Unit, "San Pio" Hospital, Benevento, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Nardone
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, "Policlinico Tor Vergata" Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Troiani
- Medical Genetics Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Seri
- Medical Genetics Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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11
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Klaniewska M, Toczewski K, Rozensztrauch A, Bloch M, Dzielendziak A, Gasperowicz P, Slezak R, Ploski R, Rydzanicz M, Smigiel R, Patkowski D. Occurrence of Esophageal Atresia With Tracheoesophageal Fistula in Siblings From Three-Generation Family Affected by Variable Expressivity MYCN Mutation: A Case Report. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:783553. [PMID: 34926353 PMCID: PMC8674716 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.783553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYCN oncogene encodes a transcription factor belonging to the MYC family. It is primarily expressed in normal developing embryos and is thought to be critical in brain and other neural development. Loss-of-function variants resulting in haploinsufficiency of MYCN, which encodes a protein with a basic helix-loop-helix domain causes Feingold syndrome (OMIM 164280, ORPHA 391641). We present an occurrence of esophageal atresia (EA) with tracheoesophageal fistula in siblings from a three-generation family affected by variable expressivity of MYCN mutation p.(Ser90GlnfsTer176) as a diagnostic effect of searching the cause of familial esophageal atresia using NGS-based whole-exome sequencing (WES). All of our affected patients showed microcephaly and toe syndactyly, which were frequently reported in the literature. Just one patient exhibited clinodactyly. None of the patients exhibited brachymesophalangy or hypoplastic thumbs. The latest report noted that patients with EA and Feingold syndrome were also those with the more complex and severe phenotype. However, following a thorough review of the present literature, the same association was not found, which is also confirmed by the case we described. The variable phenotypic expression of the patients we described and the data from the literature guide a careful differential diagnosis of Feingold syndrome even in cases of poorly expressed and non-specific symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Klaniewska
- Department of Pediatrics and Rare Disorders, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krystian Toczewski
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Rozensztrauch
- Department of Pediatrics and Rare Disorders, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michal Bloch
- Department of Pediatrics and Rare Disorders, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Dzielendziak
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Ryszard Slezak
- Department of Genetics, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Robert Smigiel
- Department of Pediatrics and Rare Disorders, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Patkowski
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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12
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Isobe A, Maeda N, Fujita H, Banno S, Kageyama T, Hatabu N, Sato R, Suzuki E, Miharu M, Komiyama O, Nakashima M, Matsunaga T, Nishimura G, Yamazawa K. Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis for a 3-month-old infant with Feingold syndrome 2. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:952-954. [PMID: 33369046 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Isobe
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naonori Maeda
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisayo Fujita
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sari Banno
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoka Kageyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Hatabu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Miharu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Komiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moeko Nakashima
- Medical Genetics Center, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Matsunaga
- Medical Genetics Center, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Genetics Center, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Shvedova M, Kobayashi T. MicroRNAs in cartilage development and dysplasia. Bone 2020; 140:115564. [PMID: 32745689 PMCID: PMC7502492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) post-transcriptionally suppress gene expression. MiRNAs expressed in skeletal progenitor cells and chondrocytes regulate diverse aspects of cellular function and thus skeletal development. In this review, we discuss the role of miRNAs in skeletal development, particularly focusing on those whose physiological roles were revealed in vivo. Deregulation of miRNAs is found in multiple acquired diseases such as cancer; however congenital diseases caused by mutations in miRNA genes are very rare. Among those are mutations in miR-140 and miR-17~92 miRNAs which cause skeletal dysplasias. We also discuss pathological mechanisms underlining these skeletal dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Shvedova
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Kato K, Miya F, Hamada N, Negishi Y, Narumi-Kishimoto Y, Ozawa H, Ito H, Hori I, Hattori A, Okamoto N, Kato M, Tsunoda T, Kanemura Y, Kosaki K, Takahashi Y, Nagata KI, Saitoh S. MYCN de novo gain-of-function mutation in a patient with a novel megalencephaly syndrome. J Med Genet 2018; 56:388-395. [PMID: 30573562 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to identify the gene abnormality responsible for pathogenicity in an individual with an undiagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder with megalencephaly, ventriculomegaly, hypoplastic corpus callosum, intellectual disability, polydactyly and neuroblastoma. We then explored the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Trio-based, whole-exome sequencing was performed to identify disease-causing gene mutation. Biochemical and cell biological analyses were carried out to elucidate the pathophysiological significance of the identified gene mutation. RESULTS We identified a heterozygous missense mutation (c.173C>T; p.Thr58Met) in the MYCN gene, at the Thr58 phosphorylation site essential for ubiquitination and subsequent MYCN degradation. The mutant MYCN (MYCN-T58M) was non-phosphorylatable at Thr58 and subsequently accumulated in cells and appeared to induce CCND1 and CCND2 expression in neuronal progenitor and stem cells in vitro. Overexpression of Mycn mimicking the p.Thr58Met mutation also promoted neuronal cell proliferation, and affected neuronal cell migration during corticogenesis in mouse embryos. CONCLUSIONS We identified a de novo c.173C>T mutation in MYCN which leads to stabilisation and accumulation of the MYCN protein, leading to prolonged CCND1 and CCND2 expression. This may promote neurogenesis in the developing cerebral cortex, leading to megalencephaly. While loss-of-function mutations in MYCN are known to cause Feingold syndrome, this is the first report of a germline gain-of-function mutation in MYCN identified in a patient with a novel megalencephaly syndrome similar to, but distinct from, CCND2-related megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome. The data obtained here provide new insight into the critical role of MYCN in brain development, as well as the consequences of MYCN defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Kato
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Miya
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nanako Hamada
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Yutaka Negishi
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Ozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimada Ryoiku Center Hachiouji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ito
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Ikumi Hori
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayako Hattori
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Division of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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15
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Mirzamohammadi F, Kozlova A, Papaioannou G, Paltrinieri E, Ayturk UM, Kobayashi T. Distinct molecular pathways mediate Mycn and Myc-regulated miR-17-92 microRNA action in Feingold syndrome mouse models. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1352. [PMID: 29636449 PMCID: PMC5893605 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feingold syndrome is a skeletal dysplasia caused by loss-of-function mutations of either MYCN (type 1) or MIR17HG that encodes miR-17-92 microRNAs (type 2). Since miR-17-92 expression is transcriptionally regulated by MYC transcription factors, it has been postulated that Feingold syndrome type 1 and 2 may be caused by a common molecular mechanism. Here we show that Mir17-92 deficiency upregulates TGF-β signaling, whereas Mycn-deficiency downregulates PI3K signaling in limb mesenchymal cells. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of TGF-β signaling efficiently rescues the skeletal defects caused by Mir17-92 deficiency, suggesting that upregulation of TGF-β signaling is responsible for the skeletal defect of Feingold syndrome type 2. By contrast, the skeletal phenotype of Mycn-deficiency is partially rescued by Pten heterozygosity, but not by TGF-β inhibition. These results strongly suggest that despite the phenotypical similarity, distinct molecular mechanisms underlie the pathoetiology for Feingold syndrome type 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mirzamohammadi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Anastasia Kozlova
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Garyfallia Papaioannou
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Elena Paltrinieri
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Ugur M Ayturk
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, 10021, NY, USA
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA.
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16
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Han J, Kim HJ, Schafer ST, Paquola A, Clemenson GD, Toda T, Oh J, Pankonin AR, Lee BS, Johnston ST, Sarkar A, Denli AM, Gage FH. Functional Implications of miR-19 in the Migration of Newborn Neurons in the Adult Brain. Neuron 2017; 91:79-89. [PMID: 27387650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Altered microRNA profiles have been implicated in human brain disorders. However, the functional contribution of individual microRNAs to neuronal development and function is largely unknown. Here, we report biological functions for miR-19 in adult neurogenesis. We determined that miR-19 is enriched in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and downregulated during neuronal development in the adult hippocampus. By manipulating miR-19 in NPCs for gain- and loss-of-function studies, we discovered that miR-19 regulates cell migration by directly targeting Rapgef2. Concordantly, dysregulation of miR-19 in NPCs alters the positioning of newborn neurons in the adult brain. Furthermore, we found abnormal expression of miR-19 in human NPCs generated from schizophrenic patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that have been described as displaying aberrant migration. Our study demonstrates the significance of posttranscriptional gene regulation by miR-19 in preventing the irregular migration of adult-born neurons that may contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinju Han
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Simon T Schafer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute of Physiology, University of Greifswald, 17495 Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Apua Paquola
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gregory D Clemenson
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tomohisa Toda
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jinseo Oh
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aimee R Pankonin
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bo Suk Lee
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen T Johnston
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anindita Sarkar
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ahmet M Denli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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17
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Garcia‐Riart B, Lorda‐Diez CI, Marin‐Llera JC, Garcia‐Porrero JA, Hurle JM, Montero JA. Interdigital tissue remodelling in the embryonic limb involves dynamic regulation of the miRNA profiles. J Anat 2017; 231:275-286. [PMID: 28543398 PMCID: PMC5522895 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing in combination with quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed a dynamic miRNA signature in the interdigital mesoderm of the chick embryonic hinlimb in the course of interdigit remodelling. During this period, 612 previously known chicken miRNAs (gga-miRNAs) and 401 non-identified sequences were expressed in the interdigital mesoderm. Thirty-six microRNAs, represented by more than 750 reads per million, displayed differential expression between stages HH29 (6 id) and HH32 (7.5 id), which correspond to the onset and the peak of interdigital cell death. Twenty miRNAs were upregulated by at least 1.5-fold, and sixteen were downregulated by at least 0.5-fold. Upregulated miRNAs included miRNAs with recognized proapoptotic functions in other systems (miR-181 family, miR-451 and miR-148a), miRNAs associated with inflammation and cell senescence (miR-21 and miR-146) and miRNAs able to induce changes in the extracellular matrix (miR-30c). In contrast, miRNAs with known antiapoptotic effects in other systems, such as miR-222 and miR-205, became downregulated. In addition, miR-92, an important positive regulator of cell proliferation, was also downregulated. Together, these findings indicate a role for miRNAs in the control of tissue regression and cell death in a characteristic morphogenetic embryonic process based on massive apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia‐Riart
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVALUniversidad de CantabriaSantanderSpain
| | - Carlos I. Lorda‐Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVALUniversidad de CantabriaSantanderSpain
| | - Jessica C. Marin‐Llera
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVALUniversidad de CantabriaSantanderSpain
- Present address:
Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoDistrito FederalMéxico
| | - Juan A. Garcia‐Porrero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVALUniversidad de CantabriaSantanderSpain
| | - Juan M. Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVALUniversidad de CantabriaSantanderSpain
| | - Juan A. Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVALUniversidad de CantabriaSantanderSpain
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18
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Williams LA, Quinonez SC, Uhlmann WR. The Genetics Journey: A Case Report of a Genetic Diagnosis Made 30 Years Later. J Genet Couns 2017; 26:894-901. [PMID: 28612151 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM) is a rare autosomal dominant condition that was first described in 2006. The causative gene, EFTUD2, identified in 2012. We report on a family that initially presented to a pediatric genetics clinic in the 1980s for evaluation of multiple congenital anomalies. Re-evaluation of one member thirty years later resulted in a phenotypic and molecularly confirmed diagnosis of MFDM. This family's clinical histories and the novel EFTUD2 variant identified, c.1297_1298delAT (p.Met433Valfs*17), add to the literature about MFDM. This case presented several genetic counseling challenges and highlights that "the patient" can be multiple family members. We discuss testing considerations for an unknown disorder complicated by the time constraint of the patient's daughter's pregnancy and how the diagnosis changed previously provided recurrence risks. Of note, 1) the 1980s clinic visit letters provided critical information about affected family members and 2) the patient's husband's internet search of his wife's clinical features also yielded the MFDM diagnosis, illustrating the power of the internet in the hands of patients. Ultimately, this case emphasizes the importance of re-evaluation given advances in genetics and the value of a genetic diagnosis for both patient care and risk determination for family members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane C Quinonez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Metabolism and Genomic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wendy R Uhlmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls, NI3 A03, SPC 5419, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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19
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Nakaya T, Hyuga T, Tanaka Y, Kawai S, Nakai H, Niki T, Tanaka A. Renal dysplasia characterized by prominent cartilaginous metaplasia lesions in VACTERL association: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6499. [PMID: 28403078 PMCID: PMC5403075 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal dysplasia is the most important cause of end-stage renal disease in children. The histopathological characteristic of dysplasia is primitive tubules with fibromuscular disorganization. Renal dysplasia often includes metaplastic cartilage. Metaplastic cartilage in renal dysplasia has been explained as occurring secondary to vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Additionally, renal dysplasia is observed in renal dysplasia-associated syndromes, which are combinations of multiple developmental malformations and include VACTERL association. CASE PRESENTATION We observed the following multiple developmental malformations in a 108-day-old male infant during a nephrectomy: a nonfunctioning right kidney with VUR, hemidiaphragmatic eventration, a ventricular septal defect (VSD) with tetralogy of Fallot in the heart, cryptorchidism, and hyperdactylia. These developmental anomalies satisfied the diagnostic criteria for VACTERL association. A surgical specimen of the right nonfunctioning kidney revealed prominent cartilaginous metaplasia in the renal dysplasia with VUR. The densities of the ectopic cartilaginous lesions in this nonfunctioning kidney were extraordinarily high compared with other renal dysplasia cases. Giemsa banding of his genome produced normal results. The patient has not undergone further detailed genomic investigation. CONCLUSION This case might be a novel type of VACTERL association, that is, renal dysplasia combined with prominent cartilaginous metaplasia, tetralogy of Fallot and VSD of the heart, hemidiaphragmatic eventration, and hyperdactylia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Nakaya
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University
| | - Taiju Hyuga
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Children's Medical Center Tochigi and Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi
| | - Yukichi Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shina Kawai
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Children's Medical Center Tochigi and Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi
| | - Hideo Nakai
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Children's Medical Center Tochigi and Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University
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20
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Han J, Gage FH. A role for miR-19 in the migration of adult-born neurons and schizophrenia. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1251873. [PMID: 28405585 PMCID: PMC5384614 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1251873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The latest miRNA database (Release 21) annotated 2588 and 1915 miRNAs in the human and mouse genomes, respectively.1 However, the biological roles of miRNAs in vivo remain largely unknown. In particular, the physiological and pathological roles of individual microRNAs in the brain have not been investigated extensively although expression profiles of microRNAs have been reported in many given conditions. In a recent study,2 we identified miR-19, which is enriched in adult hippocampal neural progenitor cells (NPCs), as a key regulator for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. miR-19 is an intrinsic factor regulating the migration of newborn neurons by modulating expression level of RAPGEF2. After observing the abnormal expression patterns of miR-19 and RAPGEF2 in NPCs derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of schizophrenic patients, which display aberrant cell migration, we proposed miR-19 as a molecule associated with schizophrenia. The results illustrate that a single microRNA has the potential to impact the functions of the brain. Identifying miRNA-mediated posttranscriptional gene regulation in the brain will expand our understanding of brain development and functions and the etiologies of several brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinju Han
- The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences , La Jolla, CA, USA
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21
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Chen Y, Liu Z, Chen J, Zuo Y, Liu S, Chen W, Liu G, Qiu G, Giampietro PF, Wu N, Wu Z. The genetic landscape and clinical implications of vertebral anomalies in VACTERL association. J Med Genet 2016; 53:431-7. [PMID: 27084730 PMCID: PMC4941148 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
VACTERL association is a condition comprising multisystem congenital malformations, causing severe physical disability in affected individuals. It is typically defined by the concurrence of at least three of the following component features: vertebral anomalies (V), anal atresia (A), cardiac malformations (C), tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TE), renal dysplasia (R) and limb abnormalities (L). Vertebral anomaly is one of the most important and common defects that has been reported in approximately 60–95% of all VACTERL patients. Recent breakthroughs have suggested that genetic factors play an important role in VACTERL association, especially in those with vertebral phenotypes. In this review, we summarised the genetic studies of the VACTERL association, especially focusing on the genetic aetiology of patients with vertebral anomalies. Furthermore, genetic reports of other syndromes with vertebral phenotypes overlapping with VACTERL association are also included. We aim to provide a further understanding of the genetic aetiology and a better evidence for genetic diagnosis of the association and vertebral anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlei Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhi Zuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Weisheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Philip F Giampietro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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22
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Tavares ALP, Artinger KB, Clouthier DE. Regulating Craniofacial Development at the 3' End: MicroRNAs and Their Function in Facial Morphogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:335-75. [PMID: 26589932 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Defects in craniofacial development represent a majority of observed human birth defects, occurring at a rate as high as 1:800 live births. These defects often occur due to changes in neural crest cell (NCC) patterning and development and can affect non-NCC-derived structures due to interactions between NCCs and the surrounding cell types. Proper craniofacial development requires an intricate array of gene expression networks that are tightly controlled spatiotemporally by a number of regulatory mechanisms. One of these mechanisms involves the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of noncoding RNAs that repress gene expression by binding to miRNA recognition sequences typically located in the 3' UTR of target mRNAs. Recent evidence illustrates that miRNAs are crucial for vertebrate facial morphogenesis, with changes in miRNA expression leading to facial birth defects, including some in complex human syndromes such as 22q11 (DiGeorge Syndrome). In this review, we highlight the current understanding of miRNA biogenesis, the roles of miRNAs in overall craniofacial development, the impact that loss of miRNAs has on normal development and the requirement for miRNAs in the development of specific craniofacial structures, including teeth. From these studies, it is clear that miRNAs are essential for normal facial development and morphogenesis, and a potential key in establishing new paradigms for repair and regeneration of facial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre L P Tavares
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristin B Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David E Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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23
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Grote LE, Repnikova EA, Amudhavalli SM. Expanding the phenotype of feingold syndrome-2. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:3219-25. [PMID: 26360630 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Feingold syndrome-2 has been recently shown to be caused by germline heterozygous deletions of MIR17HG with 10 reported patients to date. Manifestations common to both Feingold syndrome-1 and Feingold syndrome-2 include microcephaly, short stature, and brachymesophalangy; but those with Feingold syndrome-2 lack gastrointestinal atresias. Here we describe a 14-year-old male patient who presented to our Cardiovascular Genetics Clinic with a history of a bicuspid aortic valve with aortic stenosis, short stature, hearing loss, and mild learning disabilities. Upon examination he was noted to have dysmorphic features and brachydactyly of his fingers and toes. His head circumference was 54.5 cm (25th-50th centile) and his height was 161.3 cm (31st centile) after growth hormone therapy. A skeletal survey noted numerous abnormalities prompting suspicion for Feingold syndrome. A comparative genomic hybridization microarray was completed and a ∼3.6 Mb interstitial heterozygous deletion at 13q31.3 including MIR17HG was found consistent with Feingold syndrome-2. Clinically, this patient has the characteristic digital anomalies and short stature often seen in Feingold syndrome-2 with less common features of a congenital heart defect and hearing loss. Although non-skeletal features have been occasionally reported in Feingold syndrome-1, only one other patient with a 13q31 microdeletion including MIR17HG has had non-skeletal manifestations. Additionally, our patient does not have microcephaly and, to our knowledge, is the first reported pediatric patient with Feingold syndrome-2 without this feature. This report illustrates significant phenotypic variability within the clinical presentation of Feingold syndrome-2 and highlights considerable overlap with Feingold syndrome-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Grote
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Elena A Repnikova
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Laboratories, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Shivarajan M Amudhavalli
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
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Fiori E, Babicola L, Andolina D, Coassin A, Pascucci T, Patella L, Han YC, Ventura A, Ventura R. Neurobehavioral Alterations in a Genetic Murine Model of Feingold Syndrome 2. Behav Genet 2015; 45:547-59. [PMID: 26026879 PMCID: PMC4561592 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Feingold syndrome (FS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by microcephaly, short stature, digital anomalies, esophageal/duodenal atresia, facial dysmorphism, and various learning disabilities. Heterozygous deletion of the miR-17-92 cluster is responsible for a subset of FS (Feingold syndrome type 2, FS2), and the developmental abnormalities that characterize this disorder are partially recapitulated in mice that harbor a heterozygous deletion of this cluster (miR-17-92∆/+ mice). Although Feingold patients develop a wide array of learning disabilities, no scientific description of learning/cognitive disabilities, intellectual deficiency, and brain alterations have been described in humans and animal models of FS2. The aim of this study was to draw a behavioral profile, during development and in adulthood, of miR-17-92∆/+ mice, a genetic mouse model of FS2. Moreover, dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin tissue levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mpFC), and Hippocampus (Hip) of miR-17-92∆/+ mice were analyzed.Our data showed decreased body growth and reduced vocalization during development. Moreover, selective deficits in spatial ability, social novelty recognition and memory span were evident in adult miR-17-92∆/+ mice compared with healthy controls (WT). Finally, we found altered dopamine as well as serotonin tissue levels, in the mpFC and Hip, respectively, of miR-17-92∆/+ in comparison with WT mice, thus suggesting a possible link between cognitive deficits and altered brain neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Fiori
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - L. Babicola
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - D. Andolina
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - A. Coassin
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - T. Pascucci
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - L. Patella
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Y.-C. Han
- Pfizer- Oncology, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - A. Ventura
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - R. Ventura
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias result from disruptions in normal skeletal growth and development and are a major contributor to severe short stature. They occur in approximately 1/5,000 births, and some are lethal. Since the most recent publication of the Nosology and Classification of Genetic Skeletal Disorders, genetic causes of 56 skeletal disorders have been uncovered. This remarkable rate of discovery is largely due to the expanded use of high-throughput genomic technologies. In this review, we discuss these recent discoveries and our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind these skeletal dysplasia phenotypes. We also cover potential therapies, unusual genetic mechanisms, and novel skeletal syndromes both with and without known genetic causes. The acceleration of skeletal dysplasia genetics is truly spectacular, and these advances hold great promise for diagnostics, risk prediction, and therapeutic design.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cystic kidney diseases are common renal disorders characterized by the formation of fluid-filled epithelial cysts in the kidneys. The progressive growth and expansion of the renal cysts replace existing renal tissue within the renal parenchyma, leading to reduced renal function. While several genes have been identified in association with inherited causes of cystic kidney disease, the molecular mechanisms that regulate these genes in the context of post-transcriptional regulation are still poorly understood. There is increasing evidence that microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation is associated with the pathogenesis of cystic kidney disease. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, recent studies that implicate dysregulation of miRNA expression in cystogenesis will be discussed. The relationship of specific miRNAs, such as the miR-17∼92 cluster and cystic kidney disease, miR-92a and von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, and alterations in LIN28-LET7 expression in Wilms tumor will be explored. SUMMARY At present, there are no specific treatments available for patients with cystic kidney disease. Understanding and identifying specific miRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders may have the potential to lead to the development of novel therapies and biomarkers.
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David A, Vincent M, Quéré MP, Lefrançois T, Frampas E, David A. Isolated and syndromic brachydactylies: Diagnostic value of hand X-rays. Diagn Interv Imaging 2015; 96:443-8. [PMID: 25758756 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Brachydactyly, or shortening of the digits, is due to the abnormal development of phalanges, metacarpals and/or metatarsals. This congenital malformation is common, easily detectable clinically but often requires additional radiological exploration. Radiographs are essential to characterize the type of brachydactyly and to show the location of the bone shortening, as well as any associated malformation. This article reviews the radiological findings for isolated brachydactylies (according to the types classified by Bell, and Temtamy and McKusick) and for brachydactylies that are part of complex multisystem malformation syndromes. If warranted by the clinical and radiological examinations, a genetic analysis (molecular and/or cytogenetic) can confirm the etiologic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A David
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Hôtel Dieu, CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France.
| | - M Vincent
- Department of Clinical Genetics, hôpital mère-enfant, CHU de Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - M-P Quéré
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, hôpital mère-enfant, CHU de Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - T Lefrançois
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, hôpital mère-enfant, CHU de Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - E Frampas
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Hôtel Dieu, CHU de Nantes, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France.
| | - A David
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, hôpital mère-enfant, CHU de Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44000 Nantes, France.
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Ganjavi H, Siu VM, Speevak M, MacDonald PA. A fourth case of Feingold syndrome type 2: psychiatric presentation and management. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014:bcr-2014-207501. [PMID: 25391829 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-207501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Feingold syndrome (FGLDS1) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the MYCN oncogene on the short arm of chromosome 2 (2p24.1). It is characterised by microcephaly, digital abnormalities, oesophageal and duodenal atresias, and often learning disability or mental retardation. In 2011, individuals sharing the skeletal abnormalities of FGLDS1 but lacking mutations in MYCN, were found to harbour hemizygous deletions of the MIR17HG gene on chromosome 13q31.3. These individuals share many of the characteristics of FGLDS1 except for gastrointestinal atresia. The condition was termed Feingold syndrome type 2 (FGLDS2). We describe the presentation and management of a fourth known case of FGLDS2 in an 18-year-old girl with microcephaly, short stature, mildly dysmorphic features, digital malformations and significant cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. Comparative genomic hybridisation array testing confirmed a 7.4 Mb microdeletion in chromosome region 13q31.1q.31.3 corresponding to the MIR17HG gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Ganjavi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Mok Siu
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marsha Speevak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Penny Anne MacDonald
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Celli J. Genetics of gastrointestinal atresias. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:424-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Phenotypic characterization of miR-92a-/- mice reveals an important function of miR-92a in skeletal development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101153. [PMID: 24979655 PMCID: PMC4076267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) emerged as key regulators of gene expression. Germline hemizygous deletion of the gene that encodes the miR-17∼92 miRNA cluster was associated with microcephaly, short stature and digital abnormalities in humans. Mice deficient for the miR-17∼92 cluster phenocopy several features such as growth and skeletal development defects and exhibit impaired B cell development. However, the individual contribution of miR-17∼92 cluster members to this phenotype is unknown. Here we show that germline deletion of miR-92a in mice is not affecting heart development and does not reduce circulating or bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells, but induces skeletal defects. MiR-92a−/− mice are born at a reduced Mendelian ratio, but surviving mice are viable and fertile. However, body weight of miR-92a−/− mice was reduced during embryonic and postnatal development and adulthood. A significantly reduced body and skull length was observed in miR-92a−/− mice compared to wild type littermates. µCT analysis revealed that the length of the 5th mesophalanx to 5th metacarpal bone of the forelimbs was significantly reduced, but bones of the hindlimbs were not altered. Bone density was not affected. These findings demonstrate that deletion of miR-92a is sufficient to induce a developmental skeletal defect.
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Marrone AK, Stolz DB, Bastacky SI, Kostka D, Bodnar AJ, Ho J. MicroRNA-17~92 is required for nephrogenesis and renal function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1440-52. [PMID: 24511118 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013040390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of all microRNAs (miRNAs) in nephron progenitors leads to premature loss of these cells, but the roles of specific miRNAs in progenitors have not been identified. Deletions in the MIR17HG cluster (miR-17~92 in mice), detected in a subset of patients with Feingold syndrome, represent the first miRNA mutations to be associated with a developmental defect in humans. Although MIR17HG is expressed in the developing kidney, and patients with Feingold syndrome caused by MYCN mutations have renal anomalies, it remains unclear to what extent MIR17HG contributes to renal development and function. To define the role of miR-17~92, we generated mice with a conditional deletion of miR-17~92 in nephron progenitors and their derivatives. The nephron progenitor population was preserved in these mice; however, this deletion impaired progenitor cell proliferation and reduced the number of developing nephrons. Postnatally, mutant mice developed signs of renal disease, including albuminuria by 6 weeks and focal podocyte foot process effacement and glomerulosclerosis at 3 months. Taken together, these data support a role for this miRNA cluster in renal development, specifically in the regulation of nephron development, with subsequent consequences for renal function in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sheldon I Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis Kostka
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Computational Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and
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Kawahara Y. Human diseases caused by germline and somatic abnormalities in microRNA and microRNA-related genes. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2014; 54:12-21. [PMID: 24330020 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human genome harbors approximately 2000 genes that encode microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs of approximately 20-22 nt that mediate post-transcriptional gene silencing. MiRNAs are generated from long transcripts through stepwise processing by the Drosha/DGCR8, Exportin-5/RanGTP and Dicer/TRBP complexes. Given that the expression of each individual miRNA is tightly regulated, the altered expression of certain miRNAs plays a pivotal role in human diseases. For instance, germline and somatic mutations in the genes encoding the miRNA processing machinery have been reported in different cancers. Furthermore, certain miRNA genes are encoded within regions that are deleted or duplicated in individuals with chromosomal abnormalities, and the fact that the knockout of these miRNAs in animal models results in lethality or the abnormal development of certain tissues indicates that these miRNA genes contribute to the disease phenotypes. It has also been reported that mutations in miRNA genes or in miRNA-binding sites, which result in the impairment of tight regulation of target mRNA expression, cause human genetic diseases, although these cases are rare. This is in contrast to the aberrant expression of certain miRNAs that results from the impairment of transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation, which has been reported frequently in various human diseases. The present review focuses on human diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding miRNAs and the miRNA processing machinery as well as in miRNA-binding sites. Furthermore, human diseases caused by chromosomal abnormalities that involve the deletion or duplication of regions harboring genes that encode miRNAs or the miRNA processing machinery are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Kawahara
- Laboratory of RNA Function, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
The study of MYC has led to pivotal discoveries in cancer biology, induced pluripotency, and transcriptional regulation. In this review, continuing advances in our understanding of the function of MYC as a transcription factor and how its transcriptional activity controls normal vertebrate development and contributes to developmental disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hurlin
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239
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34
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Salem NJM, Hempel M, Heiliger KJ, Hosie S, Meitinger T, Oexle K. Anal atresia, coloboma, microphthalmia, and nasal skin tag in a female patient with 3.5 Mb deletion of 3q26 encompassing SOX2. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1421-4. [PMID: 23613260 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A full term female newborn presented with prominent forehead, bilateral microphthalmia, iris coloboma and cataract, wide intercanthal distance, large, low-set and protruding ears, skin tag at the left nasal nostril, imperforate anus with rectovestibular fistula, and postnatal growth delay with brachymicrocephaly. A marker chromosome was not detectable and the copy number of 22q11 was normal. However, array CGH revealed a 3.5 Mb microdeletion of chromosome region 3q26.32-3q26.33 (chr. 3: 178,598,162-182,114,483; hg19) which comprised the SOX2 gene. While SOX2 haploinsufficiency is known to cause microphthalmia and coloboma, it has not been described before in patients with anal atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel J M Salem
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, München, Germany
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Harmelink C, Peng Y, DeBenedittis P, Chen H, Shou W, Jiao K. Myocardial Mycn is essential for mouse ventricular wall morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2013; 373:53-63. [PMID: 23063798 PMCID: PMC3508168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
MYCN is a highly conserved transcription factor with multifaceted roles in development and disease. Mutations in MYCN are associated with Feingold syndrome, a developmental disorder characterized in part by congenital heart defects. Mouse models have helped elucidate MYCN functions; however its cardiac-specific roles during development remain unclear. We employed a Cre/loxp strategy to uncover the specific activities of MYCN in the developing mouse myocardium. Myocardial deletion of Mycn resulted in a thin-myocardial wall defect with dramatically reduced trabeculation. The mutant heart defects strongly resemble the phenotype caused by disruption of BMP10 and Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) signaling pathways, two central mediators of myocardial wall development. Our further examination showed that expression of MYCN is regulated by both BMP and NRG1 signaling. The thin-wall defect in mutant hearts is caused by a reduction in both cell proliferation and cell size. MYCN promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation through regulating expression of cell cycle regulators (including CCND1, CCND2, and ID2) and promotes cardiomyocyte growth through regulating expression of p70S6K. In addition, expression of multiple sarcomere proteins is altered in Mycn myocardial-inactivation embryos, indicating its essential role for proper cardiomyocyte differentiation. In summary, Mycn acts downstream of BMP and NRG1 cardiogenic signaling pathways to promote normal myocardial wall morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Harmelink
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Yin Peng
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Paige DeBenedittis
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Hanying Chen
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Weinian Shou
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Chen CP, Lin SP, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chang SD, Ng SH, Liu YP, Su JW, Wang W. A de novo 4.4-Mb microdeletion in 2p24.3 → p24.2 in a girl with bilateral hearing impairment, microcephaly, digit abnormalities and Feingold syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2012; 55:666-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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de Pontual L, Yao E, Callier P, Faivre L, Drouin V, Cariou S, Van Haeringen A, Geneviève D, Goldenberg A, Oufadem M, Manouvrier S, Munnich A, Vidigal JA, Vekemans M, Lyonnet S, Henrion-Caude A, Ventura A, Amiel J. Germline deletion of the miR-17∼92 cluster causes skeletal and growth defects in humans. Nat Genet 2011; 43:1026-30. [PMID: 21892160 PMCID: PMC3184212 DOI: 10.1038/ng.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression in animals and plants. Studies in a variety of model organisms show that miRNAs modulate developmental processes. To our knowledge, the only hereditary condition known to be caused by a miRNA is a form of adult-onset non-syndromic deafness, and no miRNA mutation has yet been found to be responsible for any developmental defect in humans. Here we report the identification of germline hemizygous deletions of MIR17HG, encoding the miR-17∼92 polycistronic miRNA cluster, in individuals with microcephaly, short stature and digital abnormalities. We demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of miR-17∼92 is responsible for these developmental abnormalities by showing that mice harboring targeted deletion of the miR-17∼92 cluster phenocopy several key features of the affected humans. These findings identify a regulatory function for miR-17∼92 in growth and skeletal development and represent the first example of an miRNA gene responsible for a syndromic developmental defect in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc de Pontual
- Unité INSERM U-781, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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39
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Abstract
Vertebrate embryo somite formation is temporally controlled by the cyclic expression of somitogenesis clock genes in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). The somitogenesis clock is believed to be an intrinsic property of this tissue, operating independently of embryonic midline structures and the signaling molecules produced therein, namely Sonic hedgehog (Shh). This work revisits the notochord signaling contribution to temporal control of PSM segmentation by assessing the rate and number of somites formed and somitogenesis molecular clock gene expression oscillations upon notochord ablation. The absence of the notochord causes a delay in somite formation, accompanied by an increase in the period of molecular clock oscillations. Shh is the notochord-derived signal responsible for this effect, as these alterations are recapitulated by Shh signaling inhibitors and rescued by an external Shh supply. We have characterized chick smoothened expression pattern and have found that the PSM expresses both patched1 and smoothened Shh signal transducers. Upon notochord ablation, patched1, gli1, and fgf8 are down-regulated, whereas gli2 and gli3 are overexpressed. Strikingly, notochord-deprived PSM segmentation rate recovers over time, concomitant with raldh2 overexpression. Accordingly, exogenous RA supplement rescues notochord ablation effects on somite formation. A model is presented in which Shh and RA pathways converge to inhibit PSM Gli activity, ensuring timely somite formation. Altogether, our data provide evidence that a balance between different pathways ensures the robustness of timely somite formation and that notochord-derived Shh is a component of the molecular network regulating the pace of the somitogenesis clock.
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Lehman VT, Patterson MC, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Rydberg C. Cerebral and cerebellar white matter abnormalities with magnetic resonance imaging in a child with Feingold syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 149A:2824-7. [PMID: 19921653 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Feingold syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant condition that is characterized by variable expressivity of microcephaly, limb malformations, esophageal atresia, and a host of other malformations. This syndrome results from mutations in the MYCN proto-oncogene. Few examples of cross-sectional imaging of the brain in these patients are found in the literature. We present a patient who was found to have areas of cerebral and cerebellar white matter hyperintensity with T2 weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. To the best of our knowledge, this finding has not been previously described. While the significance and pathologic basis of this finding are unknown, its recognition is important since it has potential to be confused with imaging findings in other conditions. Moreover, it is likely to be observed in the future due to increased use of MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance T Lehman
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Medical Education, 200 First St S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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42
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Shaw-Smith C. Genetic factors in esophageal atresia, tracheo-esophageal fistula and the VACTERL association: roles for FOXF1 and the 16q24.1 FOX transcription factor gene cluster, and review of the literature. Eur J Med Genet 2009; 53:6-13. [PMID: 19822228 PMCID: PMC2809919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal atresia with/without tracheo-esophageal fistula is a relatively common malformation, occurring in around 1 in 3500 births. In around half of cases, additional malformations are present, forming either a syndrome of known genetic aetiology, or a recognised association, of which the VACTERL association (Vertebral anomalies, Anal atresia, Cardiac malformations, Tracheo-Esophageal fistula, Renal and Limb malformations) is the most recognised. Recently, microdeletions of the FOX gene cluster at 16q24.1, comprising four genes, FOXF1, MTHFSD, FOXC2 and FOXL1, were reported to cause a phenotype resembling VACTERL association, with vertebral anomalies, gastro-intestinal atresias (esophageal, duodenal and anal), congenital heart malformations, and urinary tract malformations, as well as a rare lethal developmental anomaly of the lung, alveolar capillary dysplasia. This article reviews these new data alongside other genetic causes of syndromic esophageal atresia, and also highlights information from relevant mouse models, particularly those for genes in the Sonic Hedgehog pathway.
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Marcelis CLM, Hol FA, Graham GE, Rieu PNMA, Kellermayer R, Meijer RPP, Lugtenberg D, Scheffer H, van Bokhoven H, Brunner HG, de Brouwer APM. Genotype-phenotype correlations in MYCN-related Feingold syndrome. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:1125-32. [PMID: 18470948 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Feingold syndrome (FS) is the most frequent cause of familial syndromic gastrointestinal atresia and follows autosomal dominant inheritance. FS is caused by germline mutations in or deletions of the MYCN gene. Previously, 12 different heterozygous MYCN mutations and two deletions containing multiple genes including MYCN were described. All these mutations result in haploinsufficiency of both the canonical MYCN protein and the shorter isoform, DeltaMYCN. We report 11 novel mutations including seven mutations in exon 2 that result in a premature termination codon (PTC) in the long MYCN transcript. Moreover, we have identified a PTC in exon 1 that only affects the DeltaMYCN isoform, without a phenotypic effect. This suggests that mutations in only DeltaMYCN do not contribute to the FS. Additionally, we found three novel deletions encompassing MYCN. Together with our previous report we now have a total of four missense mutations in the DNA binding domain, 19 PTCs of which six render the transcript subject to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), and five larger deletions in a total of 77 patients. We have reviewed the clinical features of these patients, and found that digital anomalies, e.g., brachymesophalangy and toe syndactyly, are the most consistent features, present in 100% and 97% of the patients, respectively. Small head circumference was present in 89% of the cases. Gastrointestinal atresia remains the most important major congenital anomaly (55%), but cardiac and renal anomalies are also frequent. We suggest that the presence of brachymesophalangy and toe syndactyly in combination with microcephaly is enough to justify MYCN analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo L M Marcelis
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Aslam M, van Bokhoven H, Taylor CM. End-stage renal failure, reflux nephropathy and Feingold's syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2008; 23:159-61. [PMID: 17849152 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-007-0602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Feingold's syndrome is a recognised syndrome of organ maldevelopment. Renal abnormalities are not a consistent feature. We report the case of a girl with Feingold's syndrome who had developed end-stage renal failure by the age of 6 years. We recommend that urinary tract imaging be carried out in all children suspected of having Feingold's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Aslam
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
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Layman-Pleet L, Jackson CCA, Chou S, Boycott KM. Feingold syndome: a rare but important cause of syndromic tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42:E1-3. [PMID: 17848225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) are common congenital malformations and are associated with additional anomalies in approximately half of cases. Feingold syndrome is an important genetic cause of syndromic EA-TEF to consider in patients with associated microcephaly and digital anomalies. We present a case report of a male infant with EA-TEF, microcephaly, subtle facial dysmorphism, dysplastic kidney, short fifth fingers, second finger clinodactyly, and increased spacing between the first and second toes bilaterally. His clinical presentation was suggestive of Feingold syndrome, and genetic testing of the MYCN gene confirmed the diagnosis. Feingold syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition, and therefore, the diagnosis has important implications for genetic counseling.
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Geneviève D, de Pontual L, Amiel J, Sarnacki S, Lyonnet S. An overview of isolated and syndromic oesophageal atresia. Clin Genet 2007; 71:392-9. [PMID: 17489843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oesophageal atresia (OA) and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) are frequent malformations observed in approximately one in 3500 births. OA/TOF can be divided clinically into isolated OA (IOA) and syndromic OA (SOA) when associated with other features, the most frequent being cardiac, limb and vertebral malformations or anal atresia. SOA is observed in 50% of patients and can be subdivided into several causative groups comprising environmental agents, chromosomal disorders, malformative associations (CHARGE syndrome and VATER/VACTERL association), and other multiple congenital anomaly disorders. The observation of chromosomal disorders with SOA, as well as mouse models of OA provide support for the involvement of genetic factors in OA. Yet, epidemiological data (twin and family studies) do not support the major role of genetic factors in the majority of cases of IOA but rather a multifactorial model. However, several genes involved in SOA have been recently identified, namely N-MYC, SOX2, and CHD7 involved in Feingold (MIM 164280), anophthalmia-oesophageal-genital (MIM 600992) and CHARGE syndromes respectively (MIM 214800), suggesting that OA/TOF, at least in their syndromic forms, may be a highly genetically heterogeneous group.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Geneviève
- Département de Génétique et unité INSERM U-781, Paris, France.
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Wieczorek D, Shaw-Smith C, Kohlhase J, Schmitt W, Buiting K, Coffey A, Howard E, Hehr U, Gillessen-Kaesbach G. Esophageal atresia, hypoplasia of zygomatic complex, microcephaly, cup-shaped ears, congenital heart defect, and mental retardation—New MCA/MR syndrome in two affected sibs and a mildly affected mother? Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:1135-42. [PMID: 17497718 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The previously undescribed combination of esophageal atresia, hypoplasia of the zygomatic complex, microcephaly, cup-shaped ears, congenital heart defect, and mental retardation was diagnosed in two siblings of different sexes, with the brother being more severely affected. The mother presented with zygomatic arch hypoplasia of the right side only. We discuss major differential diagnoses: Goldenhar, Feingold, CHARGE, and Treacher Collins syndromes show a few overlapping clinical features, but these diagnoses are unlikely as the clinical findings are unusual for Goldenhar syndrome and mutational screening of the MYCN, the CHD7, and the TCOF1 genes did not reveal any abnormalities. Autosomal recessive oto-facial syndrome, hypomandibular faciocranial dysostosis, and Ozkan syndromes were clinically excluded. A microdeletion 22q11.2 was excluded by FISH analysis, a microdeletion 2p23-p24 by microsatellite analyses, a subtelomeric chromosomal aberration by MLPA, and a small genomic deletion/duplication by CGH array. As X-inactivation studies did not show skewed X-inactivation in the mother, we consider X-chromosomal recessive inheritance of this condition less likely. We discuss autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expressivity or mosaicism in the mother as the likely genetic mechanism in this new multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Germany, and Department of Medical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Ota S, Zhou ZQ, Keene DR, Knoepfler P, Hurlin PJ. Activities of N-Myc in the developing limb link control of skeletal size with digit separation. Development 2007; 134:1583-92. [PMID: 17360777 DOI: 10.1242/dev.000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The developing limb serves as a paradigm for studying pattern formation and morphogenetic cell death. Here, we show that conditional deletion of N-Myc (Mycn) in the developing mouse limb leads to uniformly small skeletal elements and profound soft-tissue syndactyly. The small skeletal elements are associated with decreased proliferation of limb bud mesenchyme and small cartilaginous condensations, and syndactyly is associated with a complete absence of interdigital cell death. Although Myc family proteins have pro-apoptotic activity, N-Myc is not expressed in interdigital cells undergoing programmed cell death. We provide evidence indicating that the lack of interdigital cell death and associated syndactyly is related to an absence of interdigital cells marked by expression of Fgfr2 and Msx2. Thus, instead of directly regulating interdigital cell death, we propose that N-Myc is required for the proper generation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells that become localized to interdigital regions and trigger digit separation when eliminated by programmed cell death. Our results provide new insight into mechanisms that control limb development and suggest that defects in the formation of N-Myc-dependent interdigital tissue may be a root cause of common syndromic forms of syndactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ota
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Tészás A, Meijer R, Scheffer H, Gyuris P, Kosztolányi G, van Bokhoven H, Kellermayer R. Expanding the clinical spectrum of MYCN-related Feingold syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:2254-6. [PMID: 16906565 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindi Naik-Mathuria
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin CC 650.00, Houston, TX 77030-2399, USA
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