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Zhang Y, Song Y, Zhou Y, Bai B, Zhang X, Chen W. A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Glaucoma Following Cataract Surgery and Progress in Treatment. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2023; 12:94-102. [PMID: 36706336 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma following cataract surgery (GFCS) remains a serious postoperative complication of pediatric cataract surgery. Various risk factors, including age at lensectomy, intraocular lens implantation, posterior capsule status, associated ocular/systemic anomaly, additional intraocular surgery, and a family history of congenital cataract and GFCS, have been reported. However, the optimal surgical approach remains unclear. This review evaluates the diagnostic criteria, classification, risk factors, mechanism, and surgical management, especially the efficacy of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery, in GFCS, and aims to propose an optimal clinical management strategy for GFCS. The results of our review indicate that ab interno trabeculotomy (goniotomy) may be the most appropriate first-line treatment for GFCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Qin Y, Zhong X, Wen H, Zeng Q, Liao Y, Luo D, Liang M, Tang Y, Guo J, Cao H, Yang S, Tian X, Luo G, Li S. Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Cataract: Sonographic Features and Perinatal Outcome in 41 Cases. ULTRASCHALL IN DER MEDIZIN (STUTTGART, GERMANY : 1980) 2022; 43:e125-e134. [PMID: 33728625 DOI: 10.1055/a-1320-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the prenatal ultrasonographic characteristics and perinatal outcomes of congenital cataract. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed congenital cataract diagnosed prenatally at four referral centers between August 2004 and February 2019. The diagnosis was confirmed by postnatal ophthalmologic evaluation of liveborn infants or autopsy for terminated cases. Maternal demographics, genetic testing results, prenatal ultrasound images, and perinatal outcomes were abstracted. RESULTS Total of 41 cases of congenital cataract diagnosed prenatally among 788 751 women undergoing anatomic survey. Based on the sonographic characteristics, 16/41 (39.0 %) had a dense echogenic structure, 15/41 (36.6 %) had a hyperechogenic spot and 10/41 (24.4 %) had the "double ring" sign. 17/41 (41.5 %) were isolated, and 24/41 (58.5 %) had associated intraocular and extraocular findings. Microphthalmia, cardiac abnormalities, and central nervous system abnormalities were the most common associated abnormalities. Regarding potential etiology, 6 cases had a known family history of congenital cataract, 4 cases had confirmed congenital rubella infection, and 2 cases had aneuploidy. 31/41 (75.6 %) elected termination and 10/41 (24.4 %) elected to continue their pregnancy. Among the 10 cases, one case died, one case was lost to follow-up, and the remaining 8 cases were referred for ophthalmologist follow-up and postnatal surgery. CONCLUSION Once fetal cataracts are detected, a detailed fetal anatomy survey to rule out associated abnormalities and a workup to identify the potential etiology are recommended. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cataracts provides vital information for counseling and subsequent management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qin
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhong
- Department of Ultrasound, Xiamen Maternal&Child HealthCare Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Huaxuan Wen
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing Zeng
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yimei Liao
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dandan Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meiling Liang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yao Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiaju Guo
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Renai Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongrui Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, Cangxian Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Shuihua Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoxian Tian
- Department of Ultrasound, Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Guoyang Luo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, United States
| | - Shengli Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Mosallaei M, Ehtesham N, Beheshtian M, Khoshbakht S, Davarnia B, Kahrizi K, Najmabadi H. Phenotype and genotype spectrum of variants in guanine nucleotide exchange factor genes in a broad cohort of Iranian patients. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1894. [PMID: 35174982 PMCID: PMC9000939 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) play pivotal roles in neuronal cell functions by exchanging GDP to GTP nucleotide and activation of GTPases. We aimed to determine the genotype and phenotype spectrum of GEF mutations by collecting data from a large Iranian cohort with intellectual disability (ID) and/or developmental delay (DD). Methods We collected data from nine families with 20 patients extracted from Iranian cohort of 640 families with ID and/or DD. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify the causing variants in recruited families. We also compared our clinical and molecular findings with previously reported patients carrying mutations in these GEF genes in the literature published until mid‐2021. Results We identified disease‐causing variants in eight GEF genes including ALS2, IQSEC2, MADD, RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2, TRIO, ITSN1, and DENND2A. The major clinical manifestations in 203 previously reported cases along with our 20 patients with disease causing variants in eight GEF genes were as follow; speech disorder (85.2%), ID (81.6%), DD (81.1%), inability to walk (71.3%), facial dysmorphisms features (52.4%), abnormalities in skull morphology (55.6%), hypotonia and muscle weakness (47%), and brain MRI abnormalities (43.4%). Conclusion Our study provides new insights into the genotype and phenotype spectrum of mutations in GEF genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Mosallaei
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naeim Ehtesham
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Beheshtian
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrouz Khoshbakht
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Davarnia
- Department of Genetic and Pathology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Kariminejad - Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Centre, Tehran, Iran
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Kerkeni N, Kharrat M, Maazoul F, Boudabous H, M’rad R, Trabelsi M. Novel RAB3GAP1 Mutation in the First Tunisian Family With Warburg Micro Syndrome. J Clin Neurol 2022; 18:214-222. [PMID: 35196747 PMCID: PMC8926778 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2022.18.2.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Kerkeni
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Laboratory of Human Genetics LR99ES10, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maher Kharrat
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Laboratory of Human Genetics LR99ES10, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Faouzi Maazoul
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Laboratory of Human Genetics LR99ES10, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Congenital and Hereditary Diseases, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hela Boudabous
- Department of Paediatrics, Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ridha M’rad
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Laboratory of Human Genetics LR99ES10, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Congenital and Hereditary Diseases, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mediha Trabelsi
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Laboratory of Human Genetics LR99ES10, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Congenital and Hereditary Diseases, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
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Mutlu Albayrak H, Elçioğlu NH, Yeter B, Karaer K. From cataract to syndrome diagnosis: Revaluation of Warburg-Micro syndrome Type 1 patients. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2325-2334. [PMID: 33951304 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Warburg-Micro syndrome (WARBM) is a rare autosomal recessively inherited neuro-ophthalmologic syndrome. Although WARBM shows genetic heterogeneity, the pathogenic variants in RAB3GAP1 were the most common cause of WARBM. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the detailed clinical and dysmorphic features of seven WARBM1 patients and overview the variant spectrum of RAB3GAP1 in comparison with the literature who were referred due to congenital cataracts. A previously reported homozygous variant (c.2187_2188delGAinsCT) was identified in three of these patients, while the other four had three novel variants (c.251_258delAGAA, c.2606+1G>A, and c.2861_2862dupGC). Congenital cataract and corpus callosum hypo/agenesia are pathognomonic for WARBM, which could be distinguished from other similar syndromes with additional typical dysmorphic facial features. Although there is no known phenotype and genotype correlation in any type of WARBM, RAB3GAP1 gene analysis should be previously requested as the first step of genetic diagnosis in clinically suspicious patients when it is not possible to request a multi-gene panel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nursel H Elçioğlu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Burcu Yeter
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Kadri Karaer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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Zhou D, Wang Q, Liu H. A novel mutation in RAB3GAP1 gene in Chinese patient causing the Warburg micro syndrome: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e22902. [PMID: 33466118 PMCID: PMC7808449 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Warburg Micro syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by multiple organ abnormalities involving the ocular, nervous, and genital systems. This case report describes a novel mutation in the RAB3GAP1 gene associated with Warburg Micro syndrome. PATIENT CONCERNS A 6-month-old female infant with bilateral congenital cataracts and developmental delay was referred to our department for further assessment. She presented with facial dysmorphic features, including a prominent forehead, microphthalmia, wide nasal bridge, relatively narrow mouth, large anteverted ears, and micrognathia. DIAGNOSES The patient was diagnosed with Warburg Micro syndrome based on clinical manifestations, as well as a novel homozygous mutation in RAB3GAP1: c.75-2A>C. Both parents were identified as heterozygotic carriers of this mutation. INTERVENTIONS Bilateral cataract extraction and anterior vitrectomy were performed at age 6 months, followed by physical rehabilitation. Convex lenses were used to protect the eyes postoperatively until intraocular lens implantation. OUTCOMES Although the patient received physical rehabilitation, she suffered global developmental delay. LESSONS The c.75-2A>C mutation in RAB3GAP1 expands the spectrum of known mutations in this gene, and it may be associated with Warburg Micro syndrome. Genetic counselors may wish to take this finding into consideration, especially given the poor prognosis associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases in Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education
| | - Qiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases in Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanmin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases in Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education
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Miner JJ, Sene A, Richner JM, Smith AM, Santeford A, Ban N, Weger-Lucarelli J, Manzella F, Rückert C, Govero J, Noguchi KK, Ebel GD, Diamond MS, Apte RS. Zika Virus Infection in Mice Causes Panuveitis with Shedding of Virus in Tears. Cell Rep 2016; 16:3208-3218. [PMID: 27612415 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that causes congenital abnormalities and Guillain-Barré syndrome. ZIKV infection also results in severe eye disease characterized by optic neuritis, chorioretinal atrophy, and blindness in newborns and conjunctivitis and uveitis in adults. We evaluated ZIKV infection of the eye by using recently developed mouse models of pathogenesis. ZIKV-inoculated mice developed conjunctivitis, panuveitis, and infection of the cornea, iris, optic nerve, and ganglion and bipolar cells in the retina. This phenotype was independent of the entry receptors Axl or Mertk, given that Axl(-/-), Mertk(-/-), and Axl(-/-)Mertk(-/-) double knockout mice sustained levels of infection similar to those of control animals. We also detected abundant viral RNA in tears, suggesting that virus might be secreted from lacrimal glands or shed from the cornea. This model provides a foundation for studying ZIKV-induced ocular disease, defining mechanisms of viral persistence, and developing therapeutic approaches for viral infections of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Miner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US.
| | - Abdoulaye Sene
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Justin M Richner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Amber M Smith
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Andrea Santeford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Norimitsu Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Francesca Manzella
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Claudia Rückert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer Govero
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Kevin K Noguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US; Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US; Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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8
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The association of RAB18 gene polymorphism (rs3765133) with cerebellar volume in healthy adults. THE CEREBELLUM 2015; 13:616-22. [PMID: 24996981 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors are responsible for the development of the human brain. Certain genetic factors are known to increase the risk of common brain disorders and affect the brain structure. Therefore, even in healthy people, these factors have a role in the development of specific brain regions. Loss-of-function mutations in the RAB18 gene (RAB18) cause Warburg Micro syndrome, which is associated with reduced brain size and deformed brain structures. In this study, we hypothesized that the RAB18 variant might influence regional brain volumes in healthy people. The study participants comprised 246 normal volunteers between 21 and 59 years of age (mean age of 37.8 ± 12.0 years; 115 men, 131 women). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and genotypes of RAB18 rs3765133 were examined for each participant. The differences in regional brain volumes between T homozygotes and A-allele carriers were tested using voxel-based morphometry. The results showed that RAB18 rs3765133 T homozygote group exhibited larger gray matter (GM) volume in the left middle temporal and inferior frontal gyrus of the cerebrum than the A-allele carriers. An opposite effect was observed in both the posterior lobes and right tonsil of the cerebellum, in which the GM volume of RAB18 rs3765133 T homozygotes was smaller than that of the A-allele carriers (all P FWE < 0.05). Our findings suggest that RAB18 rs3765133 polymorphism affects the deve-lopment of specific brain regions, particularly the cerebellum, in healthy people.
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Cheng CY, Wu JC, Tsai JW, Nian FS, Wu PC, Kao LS, Fann MJ, Tsai SJ, Liou YJ, Tai CY, Hong CJ. ENU mutagenesis identifies mice modeling Warburg Micro Syndrome with sensory axon degeneration caused by a deletion in Rab18. Exp Neurol 2015; 267:143-51. [PMID: 25779931 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene of RAB18, a member of Ras superfamily of small G-proteins, cause Warburg Micro Syndrome (WARBM) which is characterized by defective neurodevelopmental and ophthalmological phenotypes. Despite loss of Rab18 had been reported to induce disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum structure and neuronal cytoskeleton organization, parts of the pathogenic mechanism caused by RAB18 mutation remain unclear. From the N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced mutagenesis library, we identified a mouse line whose Rab18 was knocked out. This Rab18(-/-) mouse exhibited stomping gait, smaller testis and eyes, mimicking several features of WARBM. Rab18(-/-) mice were obviously less sensitive to pain and touch than WT mice. Histological examinations on Rab18(-/-) mice revealed progressive axonal degeneration in the optic nerves, dorsal column of the spinal cord and sensory roots of the spinal nerves while the motor roots were spared. All the behavioral and pathological changes that resulted from abnormalities in the sensory axons were prevented by introducing an extra copy of Rab18 transgene in Rab18(-/-) mice. Our results reveal that sensory axonal degeneration is the primary cause of stomping gait and progressive weakness of the hind limbs in Rab18(-/-) mice, and optic nerve degeneration should be the major pathology of progressive optic atrophy in children with WARBM. Our results indicate that the sensory nervous system is more vulnerable to Rab18 deficiency and WARBM is not only a neurodevelopmental but also neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ya Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Ching Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Cancer Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Shin Nian
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Wu
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Sen Kao
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ji Fann
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jay Liou
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yin Tai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jee Hong
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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10
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Park AK, Liegel RP, Ronchetti A, Ebert AD, Geurts A, Sidjanin DJ. Targeted disruption of Tbc1d20 with zinc-finger nucleases causes cataracts and testicular abnormalities in mice. BMC Genet 2014; 15:135. [PMID: 25476608 PMCID: PMC4266191 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-014-0135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss-of-function mutations in TBC1D20 cause Warburg Micro syndrome 4 (WARBM4), which is an autosomal recessive syndromic disorder characterized by eye, brain, and genital abnormalities. Blind sterile (bs) mice carry a Tbc1d20-null mutation and exhibit cataracts and testicular phenotypes similar to those observed in WARBM4 patients. In addition to TBC1D20, mutations in RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2 and RAB18 cause WARBM1-3 respectively. However, regardless of which gene harbors the causative mutation, all individuals affected with WARBM exhibit indistinguishable clinical presentations. In contrast, bs, Rab3gap1-/-, and Rab18-/- mice exhibit distinct phenotypes; this phenotypic variability of WARBM mice was previously attributed to potential compensatory mechanisms. Rab3gap1-/- and Rab18-/- mice were genetically engineered using standard approaches, whereas the Tbc1d20 mutation in the bs mice arose spontaneously. There is the possibility that another unidentified mutation within the bs linkage disequilibrium may be contributing to the bs phenotypes and thus contributing to the phenotypic variability in WARBM mice. The goal of this study was to establish the phenotypic consequences in mice caused by the disruption of the Tbc1d20 gene. Results The zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) mediated genomic editing generated a Tbc1d20 c.[418_426del] deletion encoding a putative TBC1D20-ZFN protein with an in-frame p.[H140_Y143del] deletion within the highly conserved TBC domain. The evaluation of Tbc1d20ZFN/ZFN eyes identified severe cataracts and thickened pupillary sphincter muscle. Tbc1d20ZFN/ZFN males are infertile and the analysis of the seminiferous tubules identified disrupted acrosomal development. The compound heterozygote Tbc1d20ZFN/bs mice, generated from an allelic bs/+ X Tbc1d20ZFN/+ cross, exhibited cataracts and aberrant acrosomal development indicating a failure to complement. Conclusions Our findings show that the disruption of Tbc1d20 in mice results in cataracts and aberrant acrosomal formation, thus establishing bs and Tbc1d20ZFN/ZFN as allelic variants. Although the WARBM molecular disease etiology remains unclear, both the bs and Tbc1d20ZFN/ZFN mice are excellent model organisms for future studies to establish TBC1D20-mediated molecular and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kyunglim Park
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Ryan P Liegel
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Adam Ronchetti
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Allison D Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Aron Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA. .,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Duska J Sidjanin
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA. .,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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11
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Carpanini SM, McKie L, Thomson D, Wright AK, Gordon SL, Roche SL, Handley MT, Morrison H, Brownstein D, Wishart TM, Cousin MA, Gillingwater TH, Aligianis IA, Jackson IJ. A novel mouse model of Warburg Micro syndrome reveals roles for RAB18 in eye development and organisation of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:711-22. [PMID: 24764192 PMCID: PMC4036478 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.015222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in RAB18 have been shown to cause the heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder Warburg Micro syndrome (WARBM). Individuals with WARBM present with a range of clinical symptoms, including ocular and neurological abnormalities. However, the underlying cellular and molecular pathogenesis of the disorder remains unclear, largely owing to the lack of any robust animal models that phenocopy both the ocular and neurological features of the disease. We report here the generation and characterisation of a novel Rab18-mutant mouse model of WARBM. Rab18-mutant mice are viable and fertile. They present with congenital nuclear cataracts and atonic pupils, recapitulating the characteristic ocular features that are associated with WARBM. Additionally, Rab18-mutant cells exhibit an increase in lipid droplet size following treatment with oleic acid. Lipid droplet abnormalities are a characteristic feature of cells taken from WARBM individuals, as well as cells taken from individuals with other neurodegenerative conditions. Neurological dysfunction is also apparent in Rab18-mutant mice, including progressive weakness of the hind limbs. We show that the neurological defects are, most likely, not caused by gross perturbations in synaptic vesicle recycling in the central or peripheral nervous system. Rather, loss of Rab18 is associated with widespread disruption of the neuronal cytoskeleton, including abnormal accumulations of neurofilament and microtubule proteins in synaptic terminals, and gross disorganisation of the cytoskeleton in peripheral nerves. Global proteomic profiling of peripheral nerves in Rab18-mutant mice reveals significant alterations in several core molecular pathways that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics in neurons. The apparent similarities between the WARBM phenotype and the phenotype that we describe here indicate that the Rab18-mutant mouse provides an important platform for investigation of the disease pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Carpanini
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.,The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lisa McKie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Derek Thomson
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Ann K. Wright
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sarah L. Gordon
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sarah L. Roche
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Mark T. Handley
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Harris Morrison
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - David Brownstein
- Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Thomas M. Wishart
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Michael A. Cousin
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas H. Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Irene A. Aligianis
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ian J. Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.,The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.,Authors for correspondence (; )
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12
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Liegel R, Handley M, Ronchetti A, Brown S, Langemeyer L, Linford A, Chang B, Morris-Rosendahl D, Carpanini S, Posmyk R, Harthill V, Sheridan E, Abdel-Salam G, Terhal P, Faravelli F, Accorsi P, Giordano L, Pinelli L, Hartmann B, Ebert A, Barr F, Aligianis I, Sidjanin D. Loss-of-function mutations in TBC1D20 cause cataracts and male infertility in blind sterile mice and Warburg micro syndrome in humans. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:1001-14. [PMID: 24239381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
blind sterile (bs) is a spontaneous autosomal-recessive mouse mutation discovered more than 30 years ago. Phenotypically, bs mice exhibit nuclear cataracts and male infertility; genetic analyses assigned the bs locus to mouse chromosome 2. In this study, we first positionally cloned the bs locus and identified a putative causative mutation in the Tbc1d20 gene. Functional analysis established the mouse TBC1D20 protein as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for RAB1 and RAB2, and bs as a TBC1D20 loss-of-function mutation. Evaluation of bs mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mEFs) identified enlarged Golgi morphology and aberrant lipid droplet (LD) formation. Based on the function of TBC1D20 as a RABGAP and the bs cataract and testicular phenotypes, we hypothesized that mutations in TBC1D20 may contribute to Warburg micro syndrome (WARBM); WARBM constitutes a spectrum of disorders characterized by eye, brain, and endocrine abnormalities caused by mutations in RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2, and RAB18. Sequence analysis of a cohort of 77 families affected by WARBM identified five distinct TBC1D20 loss-of-function mutations, thereby establishing these mutations as causative of WARBM. Evaluation of human fibroblasts deficient in TBC1D20 function identified aberrant LDs similar to those identified in the bs mEFs. Additionally, our results show that human fibroblasts deficient in RAB18 and RAB3GAP1 function also exhibit aberrant LD formation. These findings collectively indicate that a defect in LD formation/metabolism may be a common cellular abnormality associated with WARBM, although it remains unclear whether abnormalities in LD metabolism are contributing to WARBM disease pathology.
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13
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Handley MT, Morris-Rosendahl DJ, Brown S, Macdonald F, Hardy C, Bem D, Carpanini SM, Borck G, Martorell L, Izzi C, Faravelli F, Accorsi P, Pinelli L, Basel-Vanagaite L, Peretz G, Abdel-Salam GMH, Zaki MS, Jansen A, Mowat D, Glass I, Stewart H, Mancini G, Lederer D, Roscioli T, Giuliano F, Plomp AS, Rolfs A, Graham JM, Seemanova E, Poo P, García-Cazorla A, Edery P, Jackson IJ, Maher ER, Aligianis IA. Mutation spectrum in RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2, and RAB18 and genotype-phenotype correlations in warburg micro syndrome and Martsolf syndrome. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:686-96. [PMID: 23420520 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Warburg Micro syndrome and Martsolf syndrome (MS) are heterogeneous autosomal-recessive developmental disorders characterized by brain, eye, and endocrine abnormalities. Causative biallelic germline mutations have been identified in RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2, or RAB18, each of which encode proteins involved in membrane trafficking. This report provides an up to date overview of all known disease variants identified in 29 previously published families and 52 new families. One-hundred and forty-four Micro and nine Martsolf families were investigated, identifying mutations in RAB3GAP1 in 41% of cases, mutations in RAB3GAP2 in 7% of cases, and mutations in RAB18 in 5% of cases. These are listed in Leiden Open source Variation Databases, which was created by us for all three genes. Genotype-phenotype correlations for these genes have now established that the clinical phenotypes in Micro syndrome and MS represent a phenotypic continuum related to the nature and severity of the mutations present in the disease genes, with more deleterious mutations causing Micro syndrome and milder mutations causing MS. RAB18 has not yet been linked to the RAB3 pathways, but mutations in all three genes cause an indistinguishable phenotype, making it likely that there is some overlap. There is considerable genetic heterogeneity for these disorders and further gene identification will help delineate these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Handley
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council and Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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14
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Whole-exome sequencing identifies mutated c12orf57 in recessive corpus callosum hypoplasia. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:392-400. [PMID: 23453666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum is the principal cerebral commissure connecting the right and left hemispheres. The development of the corpus callosum is under tight genetic control, as demonstrated by abnormalities in its development in more than 1,000 genetic syndromes. We recruited more than 25 families in which members affected with corpus callosum hypoplasia (CCH) lacked syndromic features and had consanguineous parents, suggesting recessive causes. Exome sequence analysis identified C12orf57 mutations at the initiator methionine codon in four different families. C12orf57 is ubiquitously expressed and encodes a poorly annotated 126 amino acid protein of unknown function. This protein is without significant paralogs but has been tightly conserved across evolution. Our data suggest that this conserved gene is required for development of the human corpus callosum.
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15
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Borck G, Wunram H, Steiert A, Volk AE, Körber F, Roters S, Herkenrath P, Wollnik B, Morris-Rosendahl DJ, Kubisch C. A homozygous RAB3GAP2 mutation causes Warburg Micro syndrome. Hum Genet 2010; 129:45-50. [PMID: 20967465 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Warburg Micro syndrome and Martsolf syndrome are clinically overlapping autosomal recessive conditions characterized by congenital cataracts, microphthalmia, postnatal microcephaly, and developmental delay. The neurodevelopmental and ophthalmological phenotype is more severe in Warburg Micro syndrome in which cerebral malformations and severe motor and mental retardation are common. While biallelic loss-of-function mutations in RAB3GAP1 are present in the majority of patients with Warburg Micro syndrome; a hypomorphic homozygous splicing mutation of RAB3GAP2 has been reported in a single family with Martsolf syndrome. Here, we report a novel homozygous RAB3GAP2 small in-frame deletion, c.499_507delTTCTACACT (p.Phe167_Thr169del) that causes Warburg Micro syndrome in a girl from a consanguineous Turkish family presenting with congenital cataracts, microphthalmia, absent visually evoked potentials, microcephaly, polymicrogyria, hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, and severe developmental delay. No RAB3GAP2 mutations were detected in ten additional unrelated patients with RAB3GAP1-negative Warburg Micro syndrome, consistent with further genetic heterogeneity. In conclusion, we provide evidence that RAB3GAP2 mutations are not specific to Martsolf syndrome. Rather, our findings suggest that loss-of-function mutations of RAB3GAP1 as well as functionally severe RAB3GAP2 mutations cause Warburg Micro syndrome while hypomorphic RAB3GAP2 mutations can result in the milder Martsolf phenotype. Thus, a phenotypic severity gradient may exist in the RAB3GAP-associated disease continuum (the "Warburg-Martsolf syndrome") which is presumably determined by the mutant gene and the nature of the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guntram Borck
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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16
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Morris-Rosendahl DJ, Segel R, Born AP, Conrad C, Loeys B, Brooks SS, Müller L, Zeschnigk C, Botti C, Rabinowitz R, Uyanik G, Crocq MA, Kraus U, Degen I, Faes F. New RAB3GAP1 mutations in patients with Warburg Micro Syndrome from different ethnic backgrounds and a possible founder effect in the Danish. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:1100-6. [PMID: 20512159 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Warburg Micro Syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by microcephaly, microphthalmia, microcornia, congenital cataracts, optic atrophy, cortical dysplasia, in particular corpus callosum hypoplasia, severe mental retardation, spastic diplegia, and hypogonadism. We have found five new mutations in the RAB3GAP1 gene in seven patients with suspected Micro Syndrome from families with Turkish, Palestinian, Danish, and Guatemalan backgrounds. A thorough clinical investigation of the patients has allowed the delineation of symptoms that are consistently present in the patients and may aid the differential diagnosis of Micro Syndrome for patients in the future. All patients had postnatal microcephaly, micropthalmia, microcornia, bilateral congenital cataracts, short palpebral fissures, optic atrophy, severe mental retardation, and congenital hypotonia with subsequent spasticity. Only one patient had microcephaly at birth, highlighting the fact that congenital microcephaly is not a consistent feature of Micro syndrome. Analysis of the brain magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) revealed a consistent pattern of polymicrogyria in the frontal and parietal lobes, wide sylvian fissures, a thin hypoplastic corpus callosum, and increased subdural spaces. All patients were homozygous for the mutations detected and all mutations were predicted to result in a truncated RAB3GAP1 protein. The analysis of nine polymorphic markers flanking the RAB3GAP1 gene showed that the mutation c.1410C>A (p.Tyr470X), for which a Danish patient was homozygous, occurred on a haplotype that is shared by the unrelated heterozygous parents of the patient. This suggests a possible founder effect for this mutation in the Danish population.
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17
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Kabakus N, Yilmaz T, Balci TA, Kamisli O, Kamisli S, Yildirim H. Cortical Visual Impairment Secondary to Hypoglycemia. Neuroophthalmology 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01658100490894889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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18
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Abstract
We report a 4-year-old Turkish boy with Warburg Micro syndrome born to consanguineous parents. He had ptosis, deep-set eyes, microphthalmia, microcornea, microcephaly, prominent ears and nasal root, micrognathia, hypertrichosis, spastic diplegia, skin hyperextensibility and joint hypermobility, hypogenitalism, cerebral atrophy and hypoplasia of corpus callosum and cerebellum. Sequence analysis of exon 8 of the RAB3GAP gene has confirmed the presence of a splice donor mutation (748+1G>A) in the homozygous state. Skin hyperextensibility and joint hypermobility in the affected child have not been reported in Warburg Micro syndrome cases to date. This report compares the symptoms and features of the case with previously reported cases of Warburg Micro syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Yüksel
- Departments of Medical Genetics Ophthalmology Medical Biology, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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19
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Aligianis IA, Morgan NV, Mione M, Johnson CA, Rosser E, Hennekam RC, Adams G, Trembath RC, Pilz DT, Stoodley N, Moore AT, Wilson S, Maher ER. Mutation in Rab3 GTPase-activating protein (RAB3GAP) noncatalytic subunit in a kindred with Martsolf syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78:702-7. [PMID: 16532399 PMCID: PMC1424696 DOI: 10.1086/502681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a homozygous missense mutation in the noncatalytic subunit (RAB3GAP2) of RAB3GAP that results in abnormal splicing in a family with congenital cataracts, hypogonadism, and mild mental retardation (Martsolf syndrome). Recently, mutations in the catalytic subunit of RAB3GAP (RAB3GAP1), a key regulator of calcium-mediated hormone and neurotransmitter exocytosis, were reported in Warburg micro syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental condition with overlapping clinical features. RAB3GAP is a heterodimeric protein that consists of a catalytic subunit and a noncatalytic subunit encoded by RAB3GAP1 and RAB3GAP2, respectively. We performed messenger RNA-expression studies of RAB3GAP1 and RAB3GAP2 orthologues in Danio rerio embryos and demonstrated that, whereas developmental expression of rab3gap1 was generalized (similar to that reported elsewhere in mice), rab3gap2 expression was restricted to the central nervous system. These findings are consistent with RAB3GAP2 having a key role in neurodevelopment and may indicate that Warburg micro and Martsolf syndromes represent a spectrum of disorders. However, we did not detect RAB3GAP2 mutations in patients with Warburg micro syndrome. These findings suggest that RAB3GAP dysregulation may result in a spectrum of phenotypes that range from Warburg micro syndrome to Martsolf syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A. Aligianis
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, and West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, North East Thames Regional Genetics Service and Clinical and Molecular Genetic Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Paediatric Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College (Guy’s Campus), London; Instituto Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Oncologia Molecolare, Milan; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; and Department of Neuroradiology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Neil V. Morgan
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, and West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, North East Thames Regional Genetics Service and Clinical and Molecular Genetic Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Paediatric Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College (Guy’s Campus), London; Instituto Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Oncologia Molecolare, Milan; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; and Department of Neuroradiology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Mione
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, and West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, North East Thames Regional Genetics Service and Clinical and Molecular Genetic Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Paediatric Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College (Guy’s Campus), London; Instituto Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Oncologia Molecolare, Milan; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; and Department of Neuroradiology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Colin A. Johnson
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, and West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, North East Thames Regional Genetics Service and Clinical and Molecular Genetic Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Paediatric Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College (Guy’s Campus), London; Instituto Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Oncologia Molecolare, Milan; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; and Department of Neuroradiology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Rosser
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, and West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, North East Thames Regional Genetics Service and Clinical and Molecular Genetic Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Paediatric Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College (Guy’s Campus), London; Instituto Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Oncologia Molecolare, Milan; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; and Department of Neuroradiology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Raoul C. Hennekam
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, and West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, North East Thames Regional Genetics Service and Clinical and Molecular Genetic Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Paediatric Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College (Guy’s Campus), London; Instituto Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Oncologia Molecolare, Milan; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; and Department of Neuroradiology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gill Adams
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, and West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, North East Thames Regional Genetics Service and Clinical and Molecular Genetic Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Paediatric Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College (Guy’s Campus), London; Instituto Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Oncologia Molecolare, Milan; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; and Department of Neuroradiology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C. Trembath
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, and West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, North East Thames Regional Genetics Service and Clinical and Molecular Genetic Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Paediatric Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College (Guy’s Campus), London; Instituto Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Oncologia Molecolare, Milan; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; and Department of Neuroradiology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela T. Pilz
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, and West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, North East Thames Regional Genetics Service and Clinical and Molecular Genetic Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Paediatric Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College (Guy’s Campus), London; Instituto Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Oncologia Molecolare, Milan; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; and Department of Neuroradiology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Stoodley
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, and West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, North East Thames Regional Genetics Service and Clinical and Molecular Genetic Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Paediatric Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College (Guy’s Campus), London; Instituto Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Oncologia Molecolare, Milan; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; and Department of Neuroradiology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony T. Moore
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, and West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, North East Thames Regional Genetics Service and Clinical and Molecular Genetic Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Paediatric Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College (Guy’s Campus), London; Instituto Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Oncologia Molecolare, Milan; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; and Department of Neuroradiology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Wilson
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, and West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, North East Thames Regional Genetics Service and Clinical and Molecular Genetic Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Paediatric Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College (Guy’s Campus), London; Instituto Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Oncologia Molecolare, Milan; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; and Department of Neuroradiology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn R. Maher
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, and West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, North East Thames Regional Genetics Service and Clinical and Molecular Genetic Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Paediatric Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College (Guy’s Campus), London; Instituto Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Oncologia Molecolare, Milan; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; and Department of Neuroradiology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
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