1
|
Terao R, Lee TJ, Colasanti J, Pfeifer CW, Lin JB, Santeford A, Hase K, Yamaguchi S, Du D, Sohn BS, Sasaki Y, Yoshida M, Apte RS. LXR/CD38 activation drives cholesterol-induced macrophage senescence and neurodegeneration via NAD + depletion. Cell Rep 2024:114102. [PMID: 38636518 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Although dysregulated cholesterol metabolism predisposes aging tissues to inflammation and a plethora of diseases, the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly defined. Here, we show that metabolic and genotoxic stresses, convergently acting through liver X nuclear receptor, upregulate CD38 to promote lysosomal cholesterol efflux, leading to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) depletion in macrophages. Cholesterol-mediated NAD+ depletion induces macrophage senescence, promoting key features of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), including subretinal lipid deposition and neurodegeneration. NAD+ augmentation reverses cellular senescence and macrophage dysfunction, preventing the development of AMD phenotype. Genetic and pharmacological senolysis protect against the development of AMD and neurodegeneration. Subretinal administration of healthy macrophages promotes the clearance of senescent macrophages, reversing the AMD disease burden. Thus, NAD+ deficit induced by excess intracellular cholesterol is the converging mechanism of macrophage senescence and a causal process underlying age-related neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Terao
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tae Jun Lee
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason Colasanti
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charles W Pfeifer
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph B Lin
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Keitaro Hase
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinobu Yamaguchi
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Du
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian S Sohn
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mitsukuni Yoshida
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin JB, Santeford A, Usmani D, Shah AV, Ruzycki PA, Apte RS. Cell-specific Systemic Immune Signatures Associated with Treatment Burden in Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmol Sci 2024; 4:100410. [PMID: 38524380 PMCID: PMC10960064 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) accounts for the majority of severe vision loss in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Despite therapies that target VEGF, patients are often under-responsive, require frequent eye injections to control disease, and eventually lose some vision despite chronic therapy implicating a multifactorial etiology in treatment response. Genetic studies implicate systemic immunity in AMD and systemic immune cells accumulate within CNV lesions, yet a role for these cells in anti-VEGF response remains undetermined. The purpose of this study was to identify transcriptional signatures of circulating immune cells that are associated with high anti-VEGF treatment burden. Design Experimental pilot study. Participants Patients with neovascular AMD seen at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and BJC Health System. Methods We profiled by single cell RNA sequencing the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 27 treatment-experienced patients with wet AMD. We stratified this cohort into 2 groups with low and high treatment burden (≤ 5 or ≥ 6 injections in the past 12 months, respectively). Main Outcome Measures Identification of immune cells associated with high treatment burden. Results Gene expression signature of CD16+ monocytes may be associated with high treatment burden. Conclusions These studies delineate potential signatures of circulating immune cells that may be associated with high treatment burden in neovascular AMD, potentially informing the development of diagnostic predictors of anti-VEGF response and new precision medicine-based approaches to complement anti-VEGF therapies. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B. Lin
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy & Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Darksha Usmani
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Aaditya V. Shah
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Philip A. Ruzycki
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rajendra S. Apte
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin JB, Santeford A, Colasanti JJ, Lee Y, Shah AV, Wang TJ, Ruzycki PA, Apte RS. Targeting cell-type-specific, choroid-peripheral immune signaling to treat age-related macular degeneration. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101353. [PMID: 38232696 PMCID: PMC10829736 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness featuring pathogenic neovascularization of the choroidal vasculature (CNV). Although systemic immunity plays a role in AMD, the ocular signals that recruit and activate immune cells remain poorly defined. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we prospectively profile peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 65 individuals including AMD and controls, which we integrate with existing choroid data. We generate a network of choroid-peripheral immune interactions dysregulated in AMD, including known AMD-relevant gene vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2. Additionally, we find CYR61 is upregulated in choroidal veins and may signal to circulating monocytes. In mice, we validate that CYR61 is abundant in endothelial cells within CNV lesions neighboring monocyte-derived macrophages. Mechanistically, CYR61 activates macrophage anti-angiogenic gene expression, and ocular Cyr61 knockdown increases murine CNV size, indicating CYR61 inhibits CNV. This study highlights the potential of multi-tissue human datasets to identify disease-relevant and potentially therapeutically modifiable targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Lin
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason J Colasanti
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Molecular Cell Biology Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yoon Lee
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaditya V Shah
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tzu Jui Wang
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Philip A Ruzycki
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee TJ, Sasaki Y, Ruzycki PA, Ban N, Lin JB, Wu HT, Santeford A, Apte RS. Catalytic isoforms of AMP-activated protein kinase differentially regulate IMPDH activity and photoreceptor neuron function. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e173707. [PMID: 38227383 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a crucial role in maintaining ATP homeostasis in photoreceptor neurons. AMPK is a heterotrimeric protein consisting of α, β, and γ subunits. The independent functions of the 2 isoforms of the catalytic α subunit, PRKAA1 and PRKAA2, are uncharacterized in specialized neurons, such as photoreceptors. Here, we demonstrate in mice that rod photoreceptors lacking PRKAA2, but not PRKAA1, showed altered levels of cGMP, GTP, and ATP, suggesting isoform-specific regulation of photoreceptor metabolism. Furthermore, PRKAA2-deficient mice displayed visual functional deficits on electroretinography and photoreceptor outer segment structural abnormalities on transmission electron microscopy consistent with neuronal dysfunction, but not neurodegeneration. Phosphoproteomics identified inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) as a molecular driver of PRKAA2-specific photoreceptor dysfunction, and inhibition of IMPDH improved visual function in Prkaa2 rod photoreceptor-knockout mice. These findings highlight a therapeutically targetable PRKAA2 isoform-specific function of AMPK in regulating photoreceptor metabolism and function through a potentially previously uncharacterized mechanism affecting IMPDH activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jun Lee
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
- Department of Developmental Biology; and
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Philip A Ruzycki
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Norimitsu Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joseph B Lin
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
| | | | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
- Department of Developmental Biology; and
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pfeifer CW, Walsh JT, Santeford A, Lin JB, Beatty WL, Terao R, Liu YA, Hase K, Ruzycki PA, Apte RS. Dysregulated CD200-CD200R signaling in early diabetes modulates microglia-mediated retinopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308214120. [PMID: 37903272 PMCID: PMC10636339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308214120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurovascular complication of diabetes. Recent investigations have suggested that early degeneration of the neuroretina may occur prior to the appearance of microvascular changes; however, the mechanisms underlying this neurodegeneration have been elusive. Microglia are the predominant resident immune cell in the retina and adopt dynamic roles in disease. Here, we show that ablation of retinal microglia ameliorates visual dysfunction and neurodegeneration in a type I diabetes mouse model. We also provide evidence of enhanced microglial contact and engulfment of amacrine cells, ultrastructural modifications, and transcriptome changes that drive inflammation and phagocytosis. We show that CD200-CD200R signaling between amacrine cells and microglia is dysregulated during early DR and that targeting CD200R can attenuate high glucose-induced inflammation and phagocytosis in cultured microglia. Last, we demonstrate that targeting CD200R in vivo can prevent visual dysfunction, microglia activation, and retinal inflammation in the diabetic mouse. These studies provide a molecular framework for the pivotal role that microglia play in early DR pathogenesis and identify a potential immunotherapeutic target for treating DR in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles W. Pfeifer
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - James T. Walsh
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Joseph B. Lin
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Wandy L. Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Ryo Terao
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo1138665, Japan
| | - Yizhou A. Liu
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Keitaro Hase
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Philip A. Ruzycki
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Rajendra S. Apte
- John F. Hardesty, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin JB, Mora A, Wang TJ, Santeford A, Usmani D, Ligon MM, Mysorekar IU, Apte RS. Loss of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2 disrupts inflammatory response in macrophages. mBio 2023; 14:e0092523. [PMID: 37417745 PMCID: PMC10470784 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00925-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells that patrol tissues and are the first responders to detect infection. They orchestrate the host immune response in eliminating invading pathogens and the subsequent transition from inflammation to tissue repair. Macrophage dysfunction contributes to age-related pathologies, including low-grade inflammation in advanced age that is termed "inflammaging." Our laboratory has previously identified that macrophage expression of a fatty acid desaturase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2 (SCD2), declines with age. Herein, we delineate the precise cellular effects of SCD2 deficiency in murine macrophages. We found that deletion of Scd2 from macrophages dysregulated basal and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated transcription of numerous inflammation-associated genes. Specifically, deletion of Scd2 from macrophages decreased basal and LPS-induced expression of Il1b transcript that corresponded to decreased production of precursor IL1B protein and release of mature IL1B. Furthermore, we identified disruptions in autophagy and depletion of unsaturated cardiolipins in SCD2-deficient macrophages. To assess the functional relevance of SCD2 in the macrophage response to infection, we challenged SCD2-deficient macrophages with uropathogenic Escherichia coli and found that there was impaired clearance of intracellular bacteria. This increased burden of intracellular bacteria was accompanied by increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6 and TNF but decreased IL1B. Taken together, these results indicate that macrophage expression of Scd2 is necessary for maintaining the macrophage response to inflammatory stimuli. This link between fatty acid metabolism and fundamental macrophage effector functions may potentially be relevant to diverse age-related pathologies. IMPORTANCE Macrophages are immune cells that respond to infection, but their dysfunction is implicated in many age-related diseases. Recent evidence showed that macrophage expression of a fatty acid enzyme, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2, declines in aged organisms. In this work, we characterize the effects when stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2 is deficient in macrophages. We identify aspects of the macrophage inflammatory response to infection that may be affected when expression of a key fatty acid enzyme is decreased, and these findings may provide cellular insight into how macrophages contribute to age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B. Lin
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Amy Mora
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tzu Jui Wang
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrea Santeford
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Darksha Usmani
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marianne M. Ligon
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Indira U. Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rajendra S. Apte
- John F. Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cook ME, Bradstreet TR, Webber AM, Kim J, Santeford A, Harris KM, Murphy MK, Tran J, Abdalla NM, Schwarzkopf EA, Greco SC, Halabi CM, Apte RS, Blackshear PJ, Edelson BT. The ZFP36 family of RNA binding proteins regulates homeostatic and autoreactive T cell responses. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabo0981. [PMID: 36269839 PMCID: PMC9832469 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abo0981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RNA binding proteins are important regulators of T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. The zinc finger protein 36 (ZFP36) family genes (Zfp36, Zfp36l1, and Zfp36l2) encode RNA binding proteins that promote the degradation of transcripts containing AU-rich elements. Numerous studies have demonstrated both individual and shared functions of the ZFP36 family in immune cells, but their collective function in T cells remains unclear. Here, we found a redundant and critical role for the ZFP36 proteins in regulating T cell quiescence. T cell-specific deletion of all three ZFP36 family members in mice resulted in early lethality, immune cell activation, and multiorgan pathology characterized by inflammation of the eyes, central nervous system, kidneys, and liver. Mice with T cell-specific deletion of any two Zfp36 genes were protected from this spontaneous syndrome. Triply deficient T cells overproduced proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF, and GM-CSF, due to increased mRNA stability of these transcripts. Unexpectedly, T cell-specific deletion of both Zfp36l1 and Zfp36l2 rendered mice resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitits due to failed priming of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 double-deficient CD4+ T cells had poor proliferation during in vitro T helper cell polarization. Thus, the ZFP36 family redundantly regulates T cell quiescence at homeostasis, but ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 are specifically required for antigen-specific T cell clonal expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E. Cook
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tara R. Bradstreet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ashlee M. Webber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jongshin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA.,Current address: Medical Science and Engineering Program, School of Convergence Science and Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang, Korea
| | - Andrea Santeford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin M. Harris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maegan K. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer Tran
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nada M. Abdalla
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Schwarzkopf
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA.,Current address: Wugen, Inc.; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suellen C. Greco
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carmen M. Halabi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra S. Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Perry J. Blackshear
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health; Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian T. Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA.,Corresponding Author: Brian T. Edelson;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cook ME, Bradstreet TR, Webber AM, Kim J, Santeford A, Schwarzkopf EA, Apte RS, Blackshear PJ, Edelson BT. The ZFP36 family of RNA-binding proteins regulate homeostatic and autoreactive T cell responses. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.166.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The zinc finger 36 (ZFP36) family of RNA-binding proteins, consisting of ZFP36, ZFP36L1, and ZFP36L2, is known to negatively regulate mRNA stability and/or inhibit translation of many transcripts, including cytokines. While there are reports of all three family members regulating T cell cytokine production, delineating the functions of these genes is challenging due to spontaneous phenotypes upon global deletion of single genes and potential redundancy in their functions. To overcome this, we generated Cd4-Cre+ Zfp36fl/fl Zfp36l1fl/fl Zfp36l2fl/fl mice. Only upon triple deletion, but not individual or paired deletions, do mice spontaneously develop an inflammatory disease characterized by early lethality, hypercytokinemia, and immune cell infiltration into some peripheral organs, including the central nervous system. As SNPs in human ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 have been linked to susceptibility for multiple sclerosis, we tested ZFP36 family member individual and paired T cell-deficient mice in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To our surprise, Cd4-Cre+ Zfp36l1fl/fl Zfp36l2fl/fl mice were markedly protected from EAE clinical disease, while no change in disease severity was seen with any deletion strains involving Zfp36. There was a severe impairment in generating antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in Cd4-Cre+ Zfp36l1fl/fl Zfp36l2fl/fl mice during EAE priming. Our findings demonstrate a novel redundancy of the ZFP family members in regulating T cell homeostasis and a shared role for ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 to promote clonal expansion. Understanding the individual and shared functions of the ZFP36 family members may lead to opportunities to target them to suppress T cell-driven autoimmunity.
M.E.C. supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship program (DGE-1745038) and by grant 5T32AI007163 from the NIAID. B.T.E. supported by the NIAID (R01 AI113118).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Erin Cook
- 1Pathology and Immunology, Washington Univ. in St. Louis Sch. of Med
| | | | - Ashlee M Webber
- 2Pathology & Immunology, Washington Univ. in St. Louis Sch. of Med
| | - Jongshin Kim
- 3Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington Univ. in St. Louis Sch. of Med
| | - Andrea Santeford
- 3Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington Univ. in St. Louis Sch. of Med
| | | | - Rajendra S Apte
- 3Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington Univ. in St. Louis Sch. of Med
| | | | - Brian T Edelson
- 2Pathology & Immunology, Washington Univ. in St. Louis Sch. of Med
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Poria D, Sun C, Santeford A, Kielar M, Apte RS, Kisselev OG, Chen S, Kefalov VJ. EML1 is essential for retinal photoreceptor migration and survival. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2897. [PMID: 35190581 PMCID: PMC8861151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium regulates the response sensitivity, kinetics and adaptation in photoreceptors. In striped bass cones, this calcium feedback includes direct modulation of the transduction cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels by the calcium-binding protein CNG-modulin. However, the possible role of EML1, the mammalian homolog of CNG-modulin, in modulating phototransduction in mammalian photoreceptors has not been examined. Here, we used mice expressing mutant Eml1 to investigate its role in the development and function of mouse photoreceptors using immunostaining, in-vivo and ex-vivo retinal recordings, and single-cell suction recordings. We found that the mutation of Eml1 causes significant changes in the mouse retinal structure characterized by mislocalization of rods and cones in the inner retina. Consistent with the fraction of mislocalized photoreceptors, rod and cone-driven retina responses were reduced in the mutants. However, the Eml1 mutation had no effect on the dark-adapted responses of rods in the outer nuclear layer. Notably, we observed no changes in the cone sensitivity in the Eml1 mutant animals, either in darkness or during light adaptation, ruling out a role for EML1 in modulating cone CNG channels. Together, our results suggest that EML1 plays an important role in retina development but does not modulate phototransduction in mammalian rods and cones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Poria
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8096, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, 2121 Gillespie|837 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Chi Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8096, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Andrea Santeford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8096, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michel Kielar
- Unité Facultaire d'anatomie et de morphologie, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8096, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Oleg G Kisselev
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shimming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8096, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Vladimir J Kefalov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8096, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, 2121 Gillespie|837 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Santeford A, Lee AY, Sene A, Hassman LM, Sergushichev AA, Loginicheva E, Artyomov MN, Ruzycki PA, Apte RS. Loss of Mir146b with aging contributes to inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages. eLife 2021; 10:66703. [PMID: 34423778 PMCID: PMC8412946 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages undergo programmatic changes with age, leading to altered cytokine polarization and immune dysfunction, shifting these critical immune cells from protective sentinels to disease promoters. The molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage inflammaging are poorly understood. Using an unbiased RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) approach, we identified Mir146b as a microRNA whose expression progressively and unidirectionally declined with age in thioglycollate-elicited murine macrophages. Mir146b deficiency led to altered macrophage cytokine expression and reduced mitochondrial metabolic activity, two hallmarks of cellular aging. Single-cell RNA-seq identified patterns of altered inflammation and interferon gamma signaling in Mir146b-deficient macrophages. Identification of Mir146b as a potential regulator of macrophage aging provides novel insights into immune dysfunction associated with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Santeford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Aaron Y Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Abdoulaye Sene
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Lynn M Hassman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Alexey A Sergushichev
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Ekaterina Loginicheva
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Philip A Ruzycki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cook ME, Bradstreet TR, Webber A, Kim J, Santeford A, Schwarzkopf EA, Stumpo DJ, Apte RS, Blackshear PJ, Edelson BT. Zfp36 family members redundantly protect against T cell-mediated autoinflammation and premature mortality. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.61.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cytokine production must be tightly regulated in order to prevent auto-inflammatory diseases. The zinc finger 36 (Zfp36) family of RNA-binding proteins, including Zfp36, Zfp36l1, and Zfp36l2, are known to negatively regulate mRNA stability or translation of many transcripts, including cytokines. Polymorphisms in ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 have been identified in GWAS studies of a variety of human autoimmune diseases, necessitating understanding their functions. While there are reports of all three family members regulating T cell cytokine production, delineating the exact functions of these genes is challenging due to spontaneous phenotypes upon global deletion of single genes and potential redundancy in their functions. To overcome this, we generated Cd4-Cre+ Zfp36fl/fl Zfp36l1fl/fl Zfp36l2fl/fl mice. Only upon triple deletion, but not individual or paired deletions, do mice spontaneously develop an inflammatory disease characterized by early mortality and immune cell infiltration into various organs, including the central nervous system, kidneys, and liver. These mice have drastically elevated levels of many cytokines in their sera. RNA-sequencing reveals that deleted T cells are enriched in gene pathways involving inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate a novel redundancy of the Zfp36 family members in regulating T cell homeostasis and suppressing cytokine-driven inflammation. We are investigating the mechanisms and mRNA targets that control this phenotype. Understanding the individual and redundant functions of the Zfp36 family members may lead to opportunities to target them for suppression of T cell-driven autoimmunity or for activating anti-tumor and anti-pathogen T cell responses.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin JB, Sheybani A, Santeford A, Apte RS. Longitudinal Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) and Long-term Intraocular Pressure Fluctuation in Glaucoma: A Pilot Study. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2021; 16:21-27. [PMID: 33520124 PMCID: PMC7841272 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v16i1.8245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) was previously identified as a molecular marker of retinal ganglion cell stress in rodent models of glaucoma and was elevated in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma as a possible risk factor for glaucoma progression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in the AH GDF15 levels were associated with intraocular pressure (IOP) changes in eyes undergoing glaucoma surgery. Methods Here, we performed a prospective, longitudinal pilot study in nine patients to determine whether changes in AH GDF15 levels from surgery to post-surgery follow-up were associated with IOP fluctuation. An initial AH sample was taken from the peripheral corneal paracentesis during planned glaucoma surgery, and a second sample was taken during an outpatient follow-up visit, approximately six months later. Results There was a statistically significant correlation between GDF15 fold change and IOP standard deviation (r = 0.87, P = 0.003), IOP range (r = 0.87, P = 0.003), and maximum IOP (r = 0.86, P = 0.003). There was no correlation between the GDF15 fold change and baseline IOP (r = 0.50, P = 0.17), final IOP (r = 0.038, P = 0.92), or mean IOP (r = 0.40, P = 0.28). Conclusion Our findings in this pilot study suggest that longitudinal changes in AH GDF15 may be associated with IOP fluctuation during the postoperative period. Further studies are necessary to corroborate these findings in a larger patient population and to explore the possibility that AH GDF15 may be used not only to improve treatment algorithms but also as a surrogate endpoint in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Lin
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Washington University, USA
| | - Arsham Sheybani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Washington University, USA
| | - Andrea Santeford
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Washington University, USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Washington University, USA.,Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Washington University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miner JJ, Platt DJ, Ghaznavi CM, Chandra P, Santeford A, Menos AM, Dong Z, Wang ER, Qian W, Karozichian ES, Philips JA, Apte RS. HSV-1 and Zika Virus but Not SARS-CoV-2 Replicate in the Human Cornea and Are Restricted by Corneal Type III Interferon. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108339. [PMID: 33147451 PMCID: PMC7608022 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report our studies of immune-mediated regulation of Zika virus (ZIKV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the human cornea. We find that ZIKV can be transmitted via corneal transplantation in mice. However, in human corneal explants, we report that ZIKV does not replicate efficiently and that SARS-CoV-2 does not replicate at all. Additionally, we demonstrate that type III interferon (IFN-λ) and its receptor (IFNλR1) are expressed in the corneal epithelium. Treatment of human corneal explants with IFN-λ, and treatment of mice with IFN-λ eye drops, upregulates antiviral interferon-stimulated genes. In human corneal explants, blockade of IFNλR1 enhances replication of ZIKV and HSV-1 but not SARS-CoV-2. In addition to an antiviral role for IFNλR1 in the cornea, our results suggest that the human cornea does not support SARS-CoV-2 infection despite expression of ACE2, a SARS-CoV-2 receptor, in the human corneal epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Miner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Derek J Platt
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cyrus M Ghaznavi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pallavi Chandra
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrea Santeford
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amber M Menos
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhenyu Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Erin R Wang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elysse S Karozichian
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer A Philips
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lin JB, Sheybani A, Santeford A, De Maria A, Apte RS. Increased Aqueous Humor GDF15 Is Associated with Worse Visual Field Loss in Pseudoexfoliative Glaucoma Patients. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:16. [PMID: 32983624 PMCID: PMC7500110 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether increased growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in aqueous humor (AH) is associated with worse visual field loss in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXG). Methods We recruited 12 patients (6 males, 6 females) with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or PXG who were scheduled to undergo glaucoma surgery. AH was obtained from the initial peripheral paracentesis for the planned glaucoma surgery, and GDF15 levels were quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay by an investigator masked to clinical information. Humphrey visual field testing was performed as a part of routine care; results were obtained by reviewing the medical record. Results AH GDF15 was detectable in patients with POAG and PXG. Increased AH GDF15 was significantly associated with worse mean deviation in patients with POAG (r = −0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.99 to −0.33; P = 0.02) and PXG (r = −0.92; 95% CI, −0.99 to −0.41; P = 0.01). Conclusions AH GDF15 is detectable in patients with PXG and POAG. Elevated AH GDF15 is strongly associated with worse mean deviation in both subgroups. These findings suggest that GDF15 may be a molecular marker of glaucoma severity that is generalizable to multiple types of glaucoma regardless of the underlying etiology. Translational Relevance This study provides proof of concept that GDF15, a molecular marker of retinal ganglion stress that was initially identified in rodent models, may have clinical utility as a measure of glaucoma severity not only in POAG but also in PXG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arsham Sheybani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Santeford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alicia De Maria
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cook ME, Bradstreet TR, Santeford A, Kim J, Webber A, Schwarzkopf EA, Jarjour NN, Lin CC, Stumpo DJ, Apte RS, Blackshear PJ, Edelson BT. Zfp36 family members redundantly protect against T cell-mediated autoinflammation and premature mortality. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.143.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cytokine production must be tightly regulated in order to prevent auto-inflammatory diseases. The zinc finger 36 (Zfp36) family of RNA-binding proteins, including Zfp36, Zfp36l1, and Zfp36l2, are known to negatively regulate mRNA stability or translation of many transcripts, including cytokines. Polymorphisms in ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 have been identified in GWAS studies of a variety of human autoimmune diseases, necessitating understanding the functions of these genes. While there are reports of all three family members controlling cytokine production from T cells, delineating the exact functions of these genes has been challenging due to spontaneous phenotypes or mortality upon global deletion of single genes and potential redundancy in their functions. To overcome this, we generated Cd4-Cre+ Zfp36fl/fl Zfp36l1fl/fl Zfp36l2fl/fl mice. Only upon triple deletion, but not individual or various paired deletions, do mice spontaneously develop an inflammatory disease characterized by early mortality and immune cell infiltration into various organs, including the central nervous system, kidneys, and liver. These mice have drastically elevated levels of many cytokines in their sera. Our findings demonstrate a novel redundancy of the Zfp36 family members in regulating T cell homeostasis and suppressing cytokine-driven inflammation. We are currently investigating the specific mechanisms and mRNA targets that contribute to this phenotype and whether disease is primarily driven by CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Understanding the individual and redundant functions of the Zfp36 family members may lead to opportunities to target them for suppression of T cell-driven autoimmunity or for activating anti-tumor or anti-pathogen T cell responses.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ban N, Lee TJ, Sene A, Choudhary M, Lekwuwa M, Dong Z, Santeford A, Lin JB, Malek G, Ory DS, Apte RS. Impaired monocyte cholesterol clearance initiates age-related retinal degeneration and vision loss. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120824. [PMID: 30185655 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness among people over 50 years of age, is characterized by atrophic neurodegeneration or pathologic angiogenesis. Early AMD is characterized by extracellular cholesterol-rich deposits underneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) called drusen or in the subretinal space called subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) that drive disease progression. However, mechanisms of drusen and SDD biogenesis remain poorly understood. Although human AMD is characterized by abnormalities in cholesterol homeostasis and shares phenotypic features with atherosclerosis, it is unclear whether systemic immunity or local tissue metabolism regulates this homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that targeted deletion of macrophage cholesterol ABC transporters A1 (ABCA1) and -G1 (ABCG1) leads to age-associated extracellular cholesterol-rich deposits underneath the neurosensory retina similar to SDD seen in early human AMD. These mice also develop impaired dark adaptation, a cardinal feature of RPE cell dysfunction seen in human AMD patients even before central vision is affected. Subretinal deposits in these mice progressively worsen with age, with concomitant accumulation of cholesterol metabolites including several oxysterols and cholesterol esters causing lipotoxicity that manifests as photoreceptor dysfunction and neurodegeneration. These findings suggest that impaired macrophage cholesterol transport initiates several key elements of early human AMD, demonstrating the importance of systemic immunity and aging in promoting disease manifestation. Polymorphisms in genes involved with cholesterol transport and homeostasis are associated with a significantly higher risk of developing AMD, thus making these studies translationally relevant by identifying potential targets for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norimitsu Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tae Jun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Abdoulaye Sene
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mayur Choudhary
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Lekwuwa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhenyu Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrea Santeford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jonathan B Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Goldis Malek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ban N, Lee TJ, Sene A, Dong Z, Santeford A, Lin JB, Ory DS, Apte RS. Disrupted cholesterol metabolism promotes age-related photoreceptor neurodegeneration. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1414-1423. [PMID: 29946056 PMCID: PMC6071770 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m084442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors have high intrinsic metabolic demand and are exquisitely sensitive to metabolic perturbation. In addition, they shed a large portion of their outer segment lipid membranes in a circadian manner, increasing the metabolic burden on the outer retina associated with the resynthesis of cell membranes and disposal of the cellular cargo. Here, we demonstrate that deletion of both ABCA1 and ABCG1 in rod photoreceptors leads to age-related accumulation of cholesterol metabolites in the outer retina, photoreceptor dysfunction, degeneration of rod outer segments, and ultimately blindness. A high-fat diet significantly accelerates rod neurodegeneration and vision loss, further highlighting the role of lipid homeostasis in regulating photoreceptor neurodegeneration and vision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norimitsu Ban
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Tae Jun Lee
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Abdoulaye Sene
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Zhenyu Dong
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Andrea Santeford
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jonathan B Lin
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Medicine and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lin JB, Sene A, Santeford A, Fujiwara H, Sidhu R, Ligon MM, Shankar VA, Ban N, Mysorekar IU, Ory DS, Apte RS. Oxysterol Signatures Distinguish Age-Related Macular Degeneration from Physiologic Aging. EBioMedicine 2018; 32:9-20. [PMID: 29903570 PMCID: PMC6021272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage aging is pathogenic in numerous diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in older adults. Although prior studies have explored the functional consequences of macrophage aging, less is known about its cellular basis or what defines the transition from physiologic aging to disease. Here, we show that despite their frequent self-renewal, macrophages from old mice exhibited numerous signs of aging, such as impaired oxidative respiration. Transcriptomic profiling of aged murine macrophages revealed dysregulation of diverse cellular pathways, especially in cholesterol homeostasis, that manifested in altered oxysterol signatures. Although the levels of numerous oxysterols in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma exhibited age-associated changes, plasma 24-hydroxycholesterol levels were specifically associated with AMD. These novel findings demonstrate that oxysterol levels can discriminate disease from physiologic aging. Furthermore, modulation of cholesterol homeostasis may be a novel strategy for treating age-associated diseases in which macrophage aging is pathogenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abdoulaye Sene
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Santeford
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rohini Sidhu
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marianne M Ligon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vikram A Shankar
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Norimitsu Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bambouskova M, Gorvel L, Lampropoulou V, Sergushichev A, Loginicheva E, Johnson K, Korenfeld D, Mathyer ME, Kim H, Huang LH, Duncan D, Bregman H, Keskin A, Santeford A, Apte RS, Sehgal R, Johnson B, Amarasinghe GK, Soares MP, Satoh T, Akira S, Hai T, de Guzman Strong C, Auclair K, Roddy TP, Biller SA, Jovanovic M, Klechevsky E, Stewart KM, Randolph GJ, Artyomov MN. Electrophilic properties of itaconate and derivatives regulate the IκBζ-ATF3 inflammatory axis. Nature 2018; 556:501-504. [PMID: 29670287 PMCID: PMC6037913 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic regulation has been recognized as a powerful principle guiding immune responses. Inflammatory macrophages undergo extensive metabolic rewiring 1 marked by the production of substantial amounts of itaconate, which has recently been described as an immunoregulatory metabolite 2 . Itaconate and its membrane-permeable derivative dimethyl itaconate (DI) selectively inhibit a subset of cytokines 2 , including IL-6 and IL-12 but not TNF. The major effects of itaconate on cellular metabolism during macrophage activation have been attributed to the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase2,3, yet this inhibition alone is not sufficient to account for the pronounced immunoregulatory effects observed in the case of DI. Furthermore, the regulatory pathway responsible for such selective effects of itaconate and DI on the inflammatory program has not been defined. Here we show that itaconate and DI induce electrophilic stress, react with glutathione and subsequently induce both Nrf2 (also known as NFE2L2)-dependent and -independent responses. We find that electrophilic stress can selectively regulate secondary, but not primary, transcriptional responses to toll-like receptor stimulation via inhibition of IκBζ protein induction. The regulation of IκBζ is independent of Nrf2, and we identify ATF3 as its key mediator. The inhibitory effect is conserved across species and cell types, and the in vivo administration of DI can ameliorate IL-17-IκBζ-driven skin pathology in a mouse model of psoriasis, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this regulatory pathway. Our results demonstrate that targeting the DI-IκBζ regulatory axis could be an important new strategy for the treatment of IL-17-IκBζ-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bambouskova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laurent Gorvel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vicky Lampropoulou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Ekaterina Loginicheva
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Daniel Korenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mary Elizabeth Mathyer
- Division of Dermatology, Center for Pharmacogenomics, Center for the Study of Itch, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Li-Hao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dustin Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Abdurrahman Keskin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Santeford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Britney Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Takashi Satoh
- Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tsonwin Hai
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cristina de Guzman Strong
- Division of Dermatology, Center for Pharmacogenomics, Center for the Study of Itch, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Marko Jovanovic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eynav Klechevsky
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ban N, Siegfried CJ, Lin JB, Shui YB, Sein J, Pita-Thomas W, Sene A, Santeford A, Gordon M, Lamb R, Dong Z, Kelly SC, Cavalli V, Yoshino J, Apte RS. GDF15 is elevated in mice following retinal ganglion cell death and in glaucoma patients. JCI Insight 2017; 2:91455. [PMID: 28469085 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Physicians often use surrogate endpoints to monitor the progression of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. These approaches are limited in their ability to quantify disease severity and progression due to inherent subjectivity, unreliability, and limitations of normative databases. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify specific molecular markers that predict or measure glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Here, we demonstrate that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is associated with retinal ganglion cell death. Gdf15 expression in the retina is specifically increased after acute injury to retinal ganglion cell axons and in a murine chronic glaucoma model. We also demonstrate that the ganglion cell layer may be one of the sources of secreted GDF15 and that GDF15 diffuses to and can be detected in aqueous humor (AH). In validating these findings in human patients with glaucoma, we find not only that GDF15 is increased in AH of patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), but also that elevated GDF15 levels are significantly associated with worse functional outcomes in glaucoma patients, as measured by visual field testing. Thus, GDF15 maybe a reliable metric of glaucomatous neurodegeneration, although further prospective validation studies will be necessary to determine if GDF15 can be used in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rajendra S Apte
- Departments of Ophthalmology.,Medicine, and.,Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Miner JJ, Sene A, Richner JM, Smith AM, Santeford A, Ban N, Weger-Lucarelli J, Manzella F, Rückert C, Govero J, Noguchi KK, Ebel GD, Diamond MS, Apte RS. Zika Virus Infection in Mice Causes Panuveitis with Shedding of Virus in Tears. Cell Rep 2016; 16:3208-3218. [PMID: 27612415 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that causes congenital abnormalities and Guillain-Barré syndrome. ZIKV infection also results in severe eye disease characterized by optic neuritis, chorioretinal atrophy, and blindness in newborns and conjunctivitis and uveitis in adults. We evaluated ZIKV infection of the eye by using recently developed mouse models of pathogenesis. ZIKV-inoculated mice developed conjunctivitis, panuveitis, and infection of the cornea, iris, optic nerve, and ganglion and bipolar cells in the retina. This phenotype was independent of the entry receptors Axl or Mertk, given that Axl(-/-), Mertk(-/-), and Axl(-/-)Mertk(-/-) double knockout mice sustained levels of infection similar to those of control animals. We also detected abundant viral RNA in tears, suggesting that virus might be secreted from lacrimal glands or shed from the cornea. This model provides a foundation for studying ZIKV-induced ocular disease, defining mechanisms of viral persistence, and developing therapeutic approaches for viral infections of the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Miner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US.
| | - Abdoulaye Sene
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Justin M Richner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Amber M Smith
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Andrea Santeford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Norimitsu Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Francesca Manzella
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Claudia Rückert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer Govero
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US
| | - Kevin K Noguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US; Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, US; Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Santeford A, Wiley LA, Park S, Bamba S, Nakamura R, Gdoura A, Ferguson TA, Rao PK, Guan JL, Saitoh T, Akira S, Xavier R, Virgin HW, Apte RS. Impaired autophagy in macrophages promotes inflammatory eye disease. Autophagy 2016; 12:1876-1885. [PMID: 27463423 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1207857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Organs such as the eye and brain are immunologically privileged. Here, we demonstrate that autophagy is essential for maintaining ocular immune privilege. Deletion of multiple autophagy genes in macrophages leads to an inflammation-mediated eye disease called uveitis that can cause blindness. Loss of autophagy activates inflammasome-mediated IL1B secretion that increases disease severity. Inhibition of caspase activity by gene deletion or pharmacological means completely reverses the disease phenotype. Of interest, experimental uveitis was also increased in a model of Crohn disease, a systemic autoimmune disease in which patients often develop uveitis, offering a potential mechanistic link between macrophage autophagy and systemic disease. These findings directly implicate the homeostatic process of autophagy in blinding eye disease and identify novel pathways for therapeutic intervention in uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Santeford
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Luke A Wiley
- b Steven W. Dezii Translational Vision Research Facility, Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - Sunmin Park
- c Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Sonya Bamba
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Rei Nakamura
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Abdelaziz Gdoura
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Thomas A Ferguson
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - P Kumar Rao
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- d Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Tatsuya Saitoh
- e Department of Inflammation Biology , Tokushima University , Tokushima , Japan.,f Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- g Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Ramnik Xavier
- h Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , USA.,i Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- c Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,j Department of Molecular Microbiology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,k Department of Developmental Biology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,l Neuroscience Program, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,m Department of Medicine , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Waters EA, Chen J, Yang X, Zhang H, Neumann R, Santeford A, Arbeit J, Lanza GM, Wickline SA. Detection of targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticle binding using 19F diffusion weighted MR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2009; 60:1232-6. [PMID: 18956417 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Real-time detection of targeted contrast agent binding is challenging due to background signal from unbound agent. (19)F diffusion weighted MR spectroscopy (DWS) could selectively detect binding of angiogenesis-targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles in vivo. Transgenic K14-HPV16 mice with epidermal squamous carcinomas exhibiting up-regulated neovasculature were used, with nontransgenic littermates as controls. Mice were treated with alpha(v)beta(3)-integrin targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles. (19)F DWS (b-values from 0 to 16,000 s/mm(2)) was performed on mouse ears in vivo at 11.74 Tesla. Progressive decay of (19)F signal with increased diffusion weighting at low b-values (< 1500 s/mm(2)) was observed in ears of both K14-HPV16 and control mice, demonstrating suppression of background (19)F signal from unbound nanoparticles in the blood. Much of the (19)F signal from ears of K14-HPV16 mice persisted at high b-values, indicating a stationary signal source, reflecting abundant nanoparticle binding to angiogenesis. (19)F signal in controls decayed completely at high b-values (> 1500 s/mm(2)), reflecting a moving signal source due to absence of angiogenesis (no binding sites). Estimated ADCs of nanoparticles in K14-HPV16 and control mice were 33.1 +/- 12.9 microm(2)/s and 19563 +/- 5858 microm(2)/s (p < 0.01). In vivo (19)F DWS can be used for specific detection of bound perfluorocarbon nanoparticles by selectively suppressing background (19)F signal from nanoparticles flowing in blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Waters
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Johnston HD, Foote C, Santeford A, Nothwehr SF. Golgi-to-late endosome trafficking of the yeast pheromone processing enzyme Ste13p is regulated by a phosphorylation site in its cytosolic domain. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:1456-68. [PMID: 15647379 PMCID: PMC551507 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-07-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addressed whether phosphorylation regulates trafficking of yeast membrane proteins that cycle between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomal system. The TGN membrane proteins A-ALP, a model protein containing the Ste13p cytosolic domain fused to alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Kex2p were found to be phosphorylated in vivo. Mutation of the S13 residue on the cytosolic domain of A-ALP to Ala was found to block trafficking to the prevacuolar compartment (PVC), whereas a S13D mutation generated to mimic phosphorylation accelerated trafficking into the PVC. The S13 residue was shown by mass spectrometry to be phosphorylated. The rate of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport of newly synthesized A(S13A)-ALP was indistinguishable from wild-type, indicating that the lack of transport of A(S13A)-ALP to the PVC was instead due to differences in Golgi/endosomal trafficking. The A(S13A)-ALP protein exhibited a TGN-like localization similar to that of wild-type A-ALP. Similarly, the S13A mutation in endogenous Ste13p did not reduce the extent of or longevity of its localization to the TGN as shown by alpha-factor processing assays. These results indicate that S13 phosphorylation is required for TGN-to-PVC trafficking of A-ALP and imply that phosphorylation of S13 may regulate recognition of A-ALP by vesicular trafficking machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly D Johnston
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|