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Luzzio A, Edie S, Palmer K, Caddle LB, Urban R, Goodwin LO, Welsh IC, Reinholdt LG, Bergstrom DE, Cox TC, Donahue LR, Murray SA. The spontaneous mouse mutant low set ears (Lse) is caused by tandem duplication of Fgf3 and Fgf4. Mamm Genome 2023:10.1007/s00335-023-09999-8. [PMID: 37341808 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-023-09999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The external ear develops from an organized convergence of ventrally migrating neural crest cells into the first and second branchial arches. Defects in external ear position are often symptomatic of complex syndromes such as Apert, Treacher-Collins, and Crouzon Syndrome. The low set ears (Lse) spontaneous mouse mutant is characterized by the dominant inheritance of a ventrally shifted external ear position and an abnormal external auditory meatus (EAM). We identified the causative mutation as a 148 Kb tandem duplication on Chromosome 7, which includes the entire coding sequences of Fgf3 and Fgf4. Duplications of FGF3 and FGF4 occur in 11q duplication syndrome in humans and are associated with craniofacial anomalies, among other features. Intercrosses of Lse-affected mice revealed perinatal lethality in homozygotes, and Lse/Lse embryos display additional phenotypes including polydactyly, abnormal eye morphology, and cleft secondary palate. The duplication results in increased Fgf3 and Fgf4 expression in the branchial arches and additional discrete domains in the developing embryo. This ectopic overexpression resulted in functional FGF signaling, demonstrated by increased Spry2 and Etv5 expression in overlapping domains of the developing arches. Finally, a genetic interaction between Fgf3/4 overexpression and Twist1, a regulator of skull suture development, resulted in perinatal lethality, cleft palate, and polydactyly in compound heterozygotes. These data indicate a role for Fgf3 and Fgf4 in external ear and palate development and provide a novel mouse model for further interrogation of the biological consequences of human FGF3/4 duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Edie
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Timothy C Cox
- Departments of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Clinical and Genetic Studies of the First Monozygotic Twins with Pfeiffer Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101850. [PMID: 36292735 PMCID: PMC9601734 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To report the clinical and radiographic findings and molecular etiology of the first monozygotic twins affected with Pfeiffer syndrome. Methods: Clinical and radiographic examination and whole exome sequencing were performed on two monozygotic twins with Pfeiffer syndrome. Results: An acceptor splice site mutation in FGFR2 (c.940-2A>G) was detected in both twins. The father and both twins shared the same haplotype, indicating that the mutant allele was from their father’s chromosome who suffered severe upper airway obstruction and subsequent obstructive sleep apnea. Hypertrophy of nasal turbinates appears to be a newly recognized finding of Pfeiffer syndrome. Increased intracranial pressure in both twins were corrected early by fronto-orbital advancement with skull expansion and open osteotomy, in order to prevent the more severe consequences of increased intracranial pressure, including hydrocephalus, the bulging of the anterior fontanelle, and the diastasis of suture. Conclusions: Both twins carried a FGFR2 mutation and were discordant for lambdoid synostosis. Midface hypoplasia, narrow nasal cavities, and hypertrophic nasal turbinates resulted in severe upper airway obstruction and subsequent obstructive sleep apnea in both twins. Hypertrophy of the nasal turbinates appears to be a newly recognized finding of Pfeiffer syndrome. Fronto-orbital advancement with skull expansion and open osteotomy was performed to treat increased intracranial pressure in both twins. This is the first report of monozygotic twins with Pfeiffer syndrome.
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Roth DM, Souter K, Graf D. Craniofacial sutures: Signaling centres integrating mechanosensation, cell signaling, and cell differentiation. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151258. [PMID: 35908436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial sutures are dynamic structures in which stem cell biology, bone formation, and mechanical forces interface, influencing the shape of the skull throughout development and beyond. Over the past decade, there has been significant progress in understanding mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) differentiation in the context of suture development and genetic control of suture pathologies, such as craniosynostosis. More recently, the mechanosensory function of sutures and the influence of mechanical signals on craniofacial development have come to the forefront. There is currently a gap in understanding of how mechanical signals integrate with MSC differentiation and ossification to ensure appropriate bone development and mediate postnatal growth surrounding sutures. In this review, we discuss the role of mechanosensation in the context of cranial sutures, and how mechanical stimuli are converted to biochemical signals influencing bone growth, suture patency, and fusion through mediation of cell differentiation. We integrate key knowledge from other paradigms where mechanosensation forms a critical component, such as bone remodeling and orthodontic tooth movement. The current state of the field regarding genetic, cellular, and physiological mechanisms of mechanotransduction will be contextualized within suture biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marta Roth
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Katherine Souter
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Daniel Graf
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Neira JGA, Herazo VDC, Cuenca NTR, Sanabria Cano AM, Sarmiento MFB, Castro MF, Ortiz AFH. Computed tomography findings of Crouzon syndrome: A case report. Radiol Case Rep 2022; 17:1288-1292. [PMID: 35242254 PMCID: PMC8857571 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crouzon syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by a premature fusion of skull sutures resulting in head and facial deformities. Crouzon syndrome is usually suspected at birth through physical examination or in the antenatal period via ultrasonographic assessment. Once Crouzon syndrome is suspected, advanced imaging methods such as three-dimensional computed tomography must be requested, showing early signs of cranial sutures fusion. In this paper, we present a case of a six-year-old girl who was taken to a pediatrician control appointment due to abnormal facies. During the physical examination, a suspicion of Crouzon syndrome was raised. Therefore, a head computed tomography was requested, showing asymmetrical calvarium thickening, diffuse indentation of the inner table of the skull, and moderate hydrocephalus with a big cyst in the posterior fossa. Due to these findings, the patient was remitted to maxillofacial surgery for further evaluation; however, the medical appointment could not be achieved as a consequence of the poor medical insurance of the girl. This paper aims to describe and discuss the computed tomography findings of Crouzon syndrome.
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Maraqa T, Alhajeri BH, Alhaddad H. FGF5 missense mutation is associated with dromedary hair length variation. Anim Genet 2021; 52:848-856. [PMID: 34432312 DOI: 10.1111/age.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several FGF5 mutations are associated with hair length variation in many domestic animals, including New World camelids. The dromedary was investigated in the present study with breeds exhibiting marked variations in hair length. This study aimed to: (1) identify the molecular variation(s) in the three exons of FGF5 of a diverse group of breeds (Mejaheem, Shaele, Sofor, Waddah and Omani; n = 28); (2) examine the association of the identified variants with hair length; (3) validate the association via genotyping the polymorphism in a large population of diverse camels (n = 113); and (4) test the segregation of the identified variant with hair length in a pedigree. A non-synonymous mutation (c.779 C > T) was identified that changes the amino acid from proline to leucine and was found to be associated with different hair length in dromedaries. The variants at c.779 displayed a co-dominance mode of inheritance and three hair length phenotypes: short (C/C), intermediate (C/T) and long (T/T). Across the examined dromedary breeds, both alleles were present, which is probably due to the breeders' preference for an intermediate hair length. When compared with other camelids, the identified variant was found exclusively in dromedaries with the ancestral allele at c.779 being 'C'. This study constitutes the first thorough exploration of the FGF5 gene in dromedaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maraqa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - B H Alhajeri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - H Alhaddad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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6
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Abstract
The cranial fontanelles and sutures have several benign variations, including most cases of "early" or "late" closure of the anterior fontanelle, bathrocephaly, overriding sutures, and benign metopic ridging. However, recognizing true craniosynostosis and referring the patient to a craniofacial specialist in a timely fashion are imperative, as minimally invasive options can be offered to most patients younger than 6 months of age. Gaining comfort with the physical examination of an infant with an abnormal head shape is best achieved through experience and pattern recognition and will frequently facilitate an accurate diagnosis without the need for ionizing radiation.
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7
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Bautista G. Craniosynostosis: Neonatal Perspectives. Neoreviews 2021; 22:e250-e257. [PMID: 33795400 DOI: 10.1542/neo.22-4-e250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of 1 or more sutures that normally separate the bony plates of an infant's skull and occurs in about 1 in 2,000 to 2,500 live births. Primary or congenital craniosynostoses represent the majority of cases and consist of single-suture and multisuture synostoses. Multisuture synostoses are typically associated with distinct craniofacial syndromes, including Muenke syndrome, Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, and Pfeiffer syndrome, and are thus categorized under syndromic craniosynostoses. Secondary causes of craniosynostoses include metabolic or hematologic disorders that affect bone metabolism and typically present much later than primary synostoses. The severity of the deformity and the presence of increased intracranial pressure dictate the need for early surgical intervention, prompting the importance of early recognition and timely referral. Infants with craniosynostosis are also at increased risk for neurodevelopmental impairment and thus require close follow-up and monitoring. The early recognition and referral of craniosynostosis is imperative for the optimization of management and minimization of potential neurologic impairments that may develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoanna Bautista
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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8
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Dias MS, Samson T, Rizk EB, Governale LS, Richtsmeier JT. Identifying the Misshapen Head: Craniosynostosis and Related Disorders. Pediatrics 2020; 146:peds.2020-015511. [PMID: 32868470 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-015511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric care providers, pediatricians, pediatric subspecialty physicians, and other health care providers should be able to recognize children with abnormal head shapes that occur as a result of both synostotic and deformational processes. The purpose of this clinical report is to review the characteristic head shape changes, as well as secondary craniofacial characteristics, that occur in the setting of the various primary craniosynostoses and deformations. As an introduction, the physiology and genetics of skull growth as well as the pathophysiology underlying craniosynostosis are reviewed. This is followed by a description of each type of primary craniosynostosis (metopic, unicoronal, bicoronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and frontosphenoidal) and their resultant head shape changes, with an emphasis on differentiating conditions that require surgical correction from those (bathrocephaly, deformational plagiocephaly/brachycephaly, and neonatal intensive care unit-associated skill deformation, known as NICUcephaly) that do not. The report ends with a brief discussion of microcephaly as it relates to craniosynostosis as well as fontanelle closure. The intent is to improve pediatric care providers' recognition and timely referral for craniosynostosis and their differentiation of synostotic from deformational and other nonoperative head shape changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Dias
- Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery and
| | - Thomas Samson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and
| | - Elias B Rizk
- Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery and
| | - Lance S Governale
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, College of the Liberal Arts and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania; and
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Kim WJ, Shin HL, Kim BS, Kim HJ, Ryoo HM. RUNX2-modifying enzymes: therapeutic targets for bone diseases. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1178-1184. [PMID: 32788656 PMCID: PMC8080656 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RUNX2 is a master transcription factor of osteoblast differentiation. RUNX2 expression in the bone and osteogenic front of a suture is crucial for cranial suture closure and membranous bone morphogenesis. In this manner, the regulation of RUNX2 is precisely controlled by multiple posttranslational modifications (PTMs) mediated by the stepwise recruitment of multiple enzymes. Genetic defects in RUNX2 itself or in its PTM regulatory pathways result in craniofacial malformations. Haploinsufficiency in RUNX2 causes cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), which is characterized by open fontanelle and hypoplastic clavicles. In contrast, gain-of-function mutations in FGFRs, which are known upstream stimulating signals of RUNX2 activity, cause craniosynostosis (CS) characterized by premature suture obliteration. The identification of these PTM cascades could suggest suitable drug targets for RUNX2 regulation. In this review, we will focus on the mechanism of RUNX2 regulation mediated by PTMs, such as phosphorylation, prolyl isomerization, acetylation, and ubiquitination, and we will summarize the therapeutics associated with each PTM enzyme for the treatment of congenital cranial suture anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Kim
- Basic Research Lab for "Epigenetic Regeneration of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System (ERASMUS)", Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Lim Shin
- Basic Research Lab for "Epigenetic Regeneration of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System (ERASMUS)", Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Kim
- Basic Research Lab for "Epigenetic Regeneration of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System (ERASMUS)", Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Basic Research Lab for "Epigenetic Regeneration of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System (ERASMUS)", Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Mo Ryoo
- Basic Research Lab for "Epigenetic Regeneration of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System (ERASMUS)", Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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10
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Okawa H, Egusa H, Nishimura I. Implications of the circadian clock in implant dentistry. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:173-180. [PMID: 32115492 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-h cell-autonomous cycles driven by transcription and translation feedback loops of a set of core circadian clock genes, such as circadian locomoter output cycles kaput (Clock), brain and muscle arnt-like protein-1 (Bmal1), period (Per), and cryptochrome (Cry). The genetic clockwork of these genes produces circadian rhythms in cells throughout the body, including the craniofacial region. During development, dento-alveolar bone tissue formation could be regulated by site-specific circadian patterns. Studies using knockout mice and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to evaluate clock genes revealed regulatory effects of clock function on bone remodeling, suggesting involvement of the circadian clockwork in osseointegration of titanium implants. Indeed, rough surface titanium modulates specific clock genes, Neuronal PAS domain protein-2 (Npas2) and Per, in MSCs to facilitate osseointegration. Further understanding of the bone clock machinery associated with biomaterial surface properties might improve preoperative diagnosis for dental implant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Okawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry.,Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry
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11
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Yamada R, Fukumoto R, Noyama C, Fujisawa A, Oka S, Imamura T. An epidermis-permeable dipeptide is a potential cosmetic ingredient with partial agonist/antagonist activity toward fibroblast growth factor receptors. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:477-484. [PMID: 31099492 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are promising agents with which to treat problems of skin and hair. But their inability to penetrate into the skin due to their large size and hydrophilic nature prevents their topical application as effective cosmetic ingredients. AIMS To identify small peptide(s) with FGF-like activity and epidermis permeability. METHODS Several peptides deduced from our earlier studies were tested for their ability to promote keratinocyte growth and to activate FGF receptors (FGFRs). Permeability was assessed using HPLC after derivatization. RESULTS A dipeptide, prolyl-isoleucine (Pro-Ile), not only stimulated growth of human keratinocytes, it also moderately activated FGFR3c and FGFR4, and activated FGFR1c to a lesser extent. This receptor specificity of Pro-Ile is similar to that of FGF18. The activity of Pro-Ile toward FGFR/BaF3 cells was enhanced by heparin and was inhibited by an FGFR inhibitor, PD173074. Pro-Ile enhanced the activity of 5 ng/mL FGF18, but suppressed the activity of 50 ng/mL FGF18 toward FGFR3c and FGFR4. Pro-Ile was found to permeate through validated model human epidermis. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the dipeptide Pro-Ile acts as a partial agonist/antagonist for FGFR signaling, that it has receptor specificity similar to FGF18, and that it is able to penetrate into the model epidermis. Because FGFs expressed in the cutaneous system are physiological regulators, these results suggest the potential utility of this peptide as a topically applicable cosmetic ingredient for the regulation of skin physiology, hair growth, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Yamada
- Cell Regulation Laboratory, Bionics Department, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Riona Fukumoto
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Chisato Noyama
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Akio Fujisawa
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Syuichi Oka
- Okinawa Life Science Research Center, Bio-Sight Capital, Inc, Uruma, Japan
| | - Toru Imamura
- Cell Regulation Laboratory, Bionics Department, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Japan.,School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Japan
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Rachwalski M, Khonsari RH, Paternoster G. Current Approaches in the Development of Molecular and Pharmacological Therapies in Craniosynostosis Utilizing Animal Models. Mol Syndromol 2019; 10:115-123. [PMID: 30976284 DOI: 10.1159/000493535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the craniofacial skeleton is a spatial and temporal process where cranial sutures play a role in the regulation of morphogenesis and growth. Disruption of these cellular and molecular interactions may lead to craniosynostosis, the premature obliteration of one or more cranial sutures, yielding skull growth restriction and malformation perpendicular to the affected suture. Facial deformity and various functional CNS anomalies are other frequent complications. Cranial vault expansion and reconstructive surgery remain the mainstay of treatment but pose an elevated risk of morbidity for the infant. While the etiology of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis remains to be deciphered, gain-of-function mutations in FGFR1-3 and TWIST1 were found to be responsible for more than 3/4 of the most commonly encountered craniofacial syndromes. Animal models have been invaluable to further dissect the role of genes within the cranial sutures and for the development of alternative nonsurgical treatment strategies. In this review, we will present various molecular and pharmacological approaches for the treatment of craniosynostosis that have been tested using in vitro and in vivo assays as well as discuss their potential application in humans focusing on the case of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rachwalski
- Imagine Institute of Genetic Diseases, INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Departments of Malades, Paris, France.,Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Craniofacial Anomalies, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Roman H Khonsari
- Imagine Institute of Genetic Diseases, INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Departments of Malades, Paris, France.,Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Craniofacial Anomalies, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Giovanna Paternoster
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Craniofacial Anomalies, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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13
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Sewda A, White SR, Erazo M, Hao K, García-Fructuoso G, Fernández-Rodriguez I, Heuzé Y, Richtsmeier JT, Romitti PA, Reva B, Jabs EW, Peter I. Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis: novel coding variants. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:463-468. [PMID: 30651579 PMCID: PMC6398438 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniosynostosis (CS), the premature fusion of one or more neurocranial sutures, is associated with approximately 200 syndromes; however, about 65-85% of patients present with no additional major birth defects. METHODS We conducted targeted next-generation sequencing of 60 known syndromic and other candidate genes in patients with sagittal nonsyndromic CS (sNCS, n = 40) and coronal nonsyndromic CS (cNCS, n = 19). RESULTS We identified 18 previously published and 5 novel pathogenic variants, including three de novo variants. Novel variants included a paternally inherited c.2209C>G:p.(Leu737Val) variant in BBS9 of a patient with cNCS. Common variants in BBS9, a gene required for ciliogenesis during cranial suture development, have been associated with sNCS risk in a previous genome-wide association study. We also identified c.313G>T:p.(Glu105*) variant in EFNB1 and c.435G>C:p.(Lys145Asn) variant in TWIST1, both in patients with cNCS. Mutations in EFNB1 and TWIST1 have been linked to craniofrontonasal and Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, respectively; both present with coronal CS. CONCLUSIONS We provide additional evidence that variants in genes implicated in syndromic CS play a role in isolated CS, supporting their inclusion in genetic panels for screening patients with NCS. We also identified a novel BBS9 variant that further shows the potential involvement of BBS9 in the pathogenesis of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Sewda
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sierra R. White
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Monica Erazo
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Yann Heuzé
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR5199, Bordeaux Archaeological Sciences Cluster of Excellence, Pessac, France
| | - Joan T. Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul A. Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Boris Reva
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are expressed throughout all stages of skeletal development. In the limb bud and in cranial mesenchyme, FGF signaling is important for formation of mesenchymal condensations that give rise to bone. Once skeletal elements are initiated and patterned, FGFs regulate both endochondral and intramembranous ossification programs. In this chapter, we review functions of the FGF signaling pathway during these critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explore skeletal malformations in humans that are caused by mutations in FGF signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132 Inserm (Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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15
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Kim SY, Choi JW, Shin HJ, Lim SY. Reliable manifestations of increased intracranial pressure in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2019; 47:158-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Al-Namnam NM, Hariri F, Thong MK, Rahman ZA. Crouzon syndrome: Genetic and intervention review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2018; 9:37-39. [PMID: 30202723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crouzon syndrome exhibits considerable phenotypic heterogeneity, in the aetiology of which genetics play an important role. FGFR2 mediates extracellular signals into cells and the mutations in the FGFR2 gene cause this syndrome occurrence. Activated FGFs/FGFR2 signaling disrupts the balance of differentiation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis via its downstream signal pathways. However, very little is known about the cellular and molecular factors leading to severity of this phenotype. Revealing the molecular pathology of craniosynostosis will be a great value for genetic counselling, diagnosis, prognosis and early intervention programs. This mini-review summarizes the fundamental and recent scientific literature on genetic disorder of Crouzon syndrome and presents a graduated strategy for the genetic approach, diagnosis and the management of this complex craniofacial defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Al-Namnam
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of MAHSA, 42610, Jenjarum, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - F Hariri
- Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Clinical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M K Thong
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Z A Rahman
- Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Clinical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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17
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Coffin JD, Homer-Bouthiette C, Hurley MM. Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 and Its Receptors in Bone Biology and Disease. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:657-671. [PMID: 29942929 PMCID: PMC6009610 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) regulatory axis is phylogenetically ancient, evolving into a large mammalian/human gene family of 22 ligands that bind to four receptor tyrosine kinases for a complex physiologic system controlling cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. The tissue targets for the primary FGF function are mainly in cartilage and in bone for morphogenesis, mineralization, and metabolism. A multitude of complexities in the FGF ligand-receptor signaling pathways have made translation into therapies for FGF-related bone disorders such as osteomalacia, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis difficult but not impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marja Marie Hurley
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UCONN Health, Farmington, Connecticut
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18
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Zollino M, Lattante S, Orteschi D, Frangella S, Doronzio PN, Contaldo I, Mercuri E, Marangi G. Syndromic Craniosynostosis Can Define New Candidate Genes for Suture Development or Result from the Non-specifc Effects of Pleiotropic Genes: Rasopathies and Chromatinopathies as Examples. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:587. [PMID: 29093661 PMCID: PMC5651252 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a heterogeneous condition caused by the premature fusion of cranial sutures, occurring mostly as an isolated anomaly. Pathogenesis of non-syndromic forms of craniosynostosis is largely unknown. In about 15–30% of cases craniosynostosis occurs in association with other physical anomalies and it is referred to as syndromic craniosynostosis. Syndromic forms of craniosynostosis arise from mutations in genes belonging to the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) family and the interconnected molecular pathways in most cases. However it can occur in association with other gene variants and with a variety of chromosome abnormalities as well, usually in association with intellectual disability (ID) and additional physical anomalies. Evaluating the molecular properties of the genes undergoing intragenic mutations or copy number variations (CNVs) along with prevalence of craniosynostosis in different conditions and animal models if available, we made an attempt to define two distinct groups of unusual syndromic craniosynostosis, which can reflect direct effects of emerging new candidate genes with roles in suture homeostasis or a non-specific phenotypic manifestation of pleiotropic genes, respectively. RASopathies and 9p23p22.3 deletions are reviewed as examples of conditions in the first group. In particular, we found that craniosynostosis is a relatively common component manifestation of cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome. Chromatinopathies and neurocristopathies are presented as examples of conditions in the second group. We observed that craniosynostosis is uncommon on average in these conditions. It was randomly associated with Kabuki, Koolen-de Vries/KANSL1 haploinsufficiency and Mowat–Wilson syndromes and in KAT6B-related disorders. As an exception, trigonocephaly in Bohring-Opitz syndrome reflects specific molecular properties of the chromatin modifier ASXL1 gene. Surveillance for craniosynostosis in syndromic forms of intellectual disability, as well as ascertainment of genomic CNVs by array-CGH in apparently non-syndromic craniosynostosis is recommended, to allow for improvement of both the clinical outcome of patients and the accurate individual diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Zollino
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Lattante
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Orteschi
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Frangella
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo N Doronzio
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Contaldo
- Institute of Pediatric Neurology, Catholic University, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Mercuri
- Institute of Pediatric Neurology, Catholic University, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marangi
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
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19
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Zhang B, Hsu YC. Emerging roles of transit-amplifying cells in tissue regeneration and cancer. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6. [PMID: 28670819 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most regenerative tissues employ transit-amplifying cells (TACs) that are positioned in between stem cells and differentiated progeny. In a classical hierarchical model, stem cells undergo limited divisions to produce TACs, which then proliferate rapidly to expand the system and produce diverse differentiated cell types. Although TACs are indispensable for generating tissues, they have been largely viewed as a transit point between stem cells and downstream lineages. Studies in the past few years, however, have revealed some fascinating biology and unanticipated functions of TACs. In the hair follicle, recent findings have placed TACs as key players in tissue regeneration by coordinating tissue production, governing stem cell behaviors, and instructing niche remodeling. In the hematopoietic system, rather than being transient, some TACs may participate in long-term hematopoiesis under steady state. Here, we compare and summarize recent discoveries about TACs in the hair follicle and the hematopoietic system. We also discuss how TACs of these two tissues contribute to the formation of cancer. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e282. doi: 10.1002/wdev.282 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ya-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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21
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D'Antoni AV, Donaldson OI, Schmidt C, Macchi V, De Caro R, Oskouian RJ, Loukas M, Shane Tubbs R. A comprehensive review of the anterior fontanelle: embryology, anatomy, and clinical considerations. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:909-914. [PMID: 28396968 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-017-3406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fontanelles are a regular feature of infant development in which two segments of bone remain separated, leaving an area of fibrous membrane or a "soft spot" that acts to accommodate growth of the brain without compression by the skull. Of the six fontanelles in the human skull, the anterior fontanelle, located between the frontal and parietal bones, serves as an important anatomical diagnostic tool in the assessment of impairments of the skull and brain and allows access to the brain and ventricles in the infant. METHODS Using a standard database search, we conducted a review of the anterior fontanelle, including its embryology, anatomy, pathology, and related surgical implications. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic value of the anterior fontanelle, through observation of its shape, size, and palpability, makes the area of significant clinical value. It is important that clinicians are aware of the features and associated pathologies of this area in their everyday practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony V D'Antoni
- Department of Pathobiology, CUNY School of Medicine/Sophie Davis Program in Biomedical Education, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Orin Imani Donaldson
- Department of Pathobiology, CUNY School of Medicine/Sophie Davis Program in Biomedical Education, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Cameron Schmidt
- Seattle Science Foundation, 550 17th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 65, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 65, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Rod J Oskouian
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Marios Loukas
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, West Indies, Grenada
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Seattle Science Foundation, 550 17th Ave, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
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Kyutoku S, Inagaki T. Review of Past Reports and Current Concepts of Surgical Management for Craniosynostosis. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2017; 57:217-224. [PMID: 28413181 PMCID: PMC5447813 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2017-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of surgery for craniosynostosis are to release increased intracranial pressure and to normalize cranial shape. The procedure was developed from a simple strip craniectomy in practice which ranged from the removal of the fused suture before the 1960s to total calvarial remodeling after 1970s and later methods of the 1990s, such as distraction and its modifications. According to its history, craniofacial surgeons might be changing their procedures with more effective, than less invasive ways. Since the late 1990s, when the distraction was applied to the craniofacial surgery, the gradual expansion, in particular of the anterior cranium, common in Japan, has long been controversial until the Caucasians accepted its use for the posterior cranium. Currently, the method may revert to the old procedure because a more sophisticated and better morphological result can be obtained depending on the types of deformity, even if a little more invasive maneuver is required. In other words, if treatment can be performed in optimal time, the procedures that were developed in the last half a century should be altered to each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Kyutoku
- Division of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Nara City Hospital
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23
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Therapeutics Targeting FGF Signaling Network in Human Diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:1081-1096. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Craniosynostosis: A multidisciplinary approach based on medical, social and demographic factors in a developing country. REVISTA MÉDICA DEL HOSPITAL GENERAL DE MÉXICO 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hgmx.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Werren JH, Cohen LB, Gadau J, Ponce R, Baudry E, Lynch JA. Dissection of the complex genetic basis of craniofacial anomalies using haploid genetics and interspecies hybrids in Nasonia wasps. Dev Biol 2016; 415:391-405. [PMID: 26721604 PMCID: PMC4914427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The animal head is a complex structure where numerous sensory, structural and alimentary structures are concentrated and integrated, and its ontogeny requires precise and delicate interactions among genes, cells, and tissues. Thus, it is perhaps unsurprising that craniofacial abnormalities are among the most common birth defects in people, or that these defects have a complex genetic basis involving interactions among multiple loci. Developmental processes that depend on such epistatic interactions become exponentially more difficult to study in diploid organisms as the number of genes involved increases. Here, we present hybrid haploid males of the wasp species pair Nasonia vitripennis and Nasonia giraulti, which have distinct male head morphologies, as a genetic model of craniofacial development that possesses the genetic advantages of haploidy, along with many powerful genomic tools. Viable, fertile hybrids can be made between the species, and quantitative trail loci related to shape differences have been identified. In addition, a subset of hybrid males show head abnormalities, including clefting at the midline and asymmetries. Crucially, epistatic interactions among multiple loci underlie several developmental differences and defects observed in the F2 hybrid males. Furthermore, we demonstrate an introgression of a chromosomal region from N. giraulti into N. vitripennis that shows an abnormality in relative eye size, which maps to a region containing a major QTL for this trait. Therefore, the genetic sources of head morphology can, in principle, be identified by positional cloning. Thus, Nasonia is well positioned to be a uniquely powerful model invertebrate system with which to probe both development and complex genetics of craniofacial patterning and defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States.
| | - Lorna B Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Juergen Gadau
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85285, United States
| | - Rita Ponce
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Baudry
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States; Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jeremy A Lynch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States.
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26
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Mutation Screening of Candidate Genes in Patients with Nonsyndromic Sagittal Craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 137:952-961. [PMID: 26910679 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000479978.75545.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniosynostosis is a condition that includes the premature fusion of one or multiple cranial sutures. Among various craniosynostosis forms, sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is the most prevalent. Although different gene mutations have been identified in some craniosynostosis syndromes, the cause of sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis remains largely unknown. METHODS To screen for candidate genes for sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, the authors sequenced DNA of 93 sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis patients from a population-based study conducted in Iowa and New York states. FGFR1-3 mutational hotspots and the entire TWIST1, RAB23, and BMP2 coding regions were screened because of their known roles in human nonsyndromic or syndromic sagittal craniosynostosis, expression patterns, and/or animal model studies. RESULTS The authors identified two rare variants in their cohort. A FGFR1 insertion c.730_731insG, which led to a premature stop codon, was predicted to abolish the entire immunoglobulin-like III domain, including the ligand-binding region. A c.439C>G variant was observed in TWIST1 at its highly conserved loop domain in another patient. The patient's mother harbored the same variant and was reported with jaw abnormalities. These two variants were not detected in 116 alleles from unaffected controls or seen in the several databases; however, TWIST1 variant was found in a low frequency of 0.000831 percent in Exome Aggregation Consortium database. CONCLUSIONS The low mutation detection rate indicates that these genes account for only a small proportion of sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis patients. The authors' results add to the perception that sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is a complex developmental defect with considerable genetic heterogeneity. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, II.
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Cifuentes-Mendiola S, Pérez-Martínez I, Muñoz-Saavedra Á, Torres-Contreras J, García-Hernández A. Clinical applications of molecular basis for Craniosynostosis. A narrative review. JOURNAL OF ORAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.17126/joralres.2016.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. A Genetic-Pathophysiological Framework for Craniosynostosis. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:359-77. [PMID: 26340332 PMCID: PMC4564941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures of the skull, provides a paradigm for investigating the interplay of genetic and environmental factors leading to malformation. Over the past 20 years molecular genetic techniques have provided a new approach to dissect the underlying causes; success has mostly come from investigation of clinical samples, and recent advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing have dramatically enhanced the study of the human as the preferred "model organism." In parallel, however, we need a pathogenetic classification to describe the pathways and processes that lead to cranial suture fusion. Given the prenatal onset of most craniosynostosis, investigation of mechanisms requires more conventional model organisms; principally the mouse, because of similarities in cranial suture development. We present a framework for classifying genetic causes of craniosynostosis based on current understanding of cranial suture biology and molecular and developmental pathogenesis. Of note, few pathologies result from complete loss of gene function. Instead, biochemical mechanisms involving haploinsufficiency, dominant gain-of-function and recessive hypomorphic mutations, and an unusual X-linked cellular interference process have all been implicated. Although few of the genes involved could have been predicted based on expression patterns alone (because the genes play much wider roles in embryonic development or cellular homeostasis), we argue that they fit into a limited number of functional modules active at different stages of cranial suture development. This provides a useful approach both when defining the potential role of new candidate genes in craniosynostosis and, potentially, for devising pharmacological approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R F Twigg
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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30
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways are essential regulators of vertebrate skeletal development. FGF signaling regulates development of the limb bud and formation of the mesenchymal condensation and has key roles in regulating chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone and mineral homeostasis. This review updates our review on FGFs in skeletal development published in Genes & Development in 2002, examines progress made on understanding the functions of the FGF signaling pathway during critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explores the mechanisms by which mutations in FGF signaling molecules cause skeletal malformations in humans. Links between FGF signaling pathways and other interacting pathways that are critical for skeletal development and could be exploited to treat genetic diseases and repair bone are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hopital Lariboisiere, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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31
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Dabrowski A, Terauchi A, Strong C, Umemori H. Distinct sets of FGF receptors sculpt excitatory and inhibitory synaptogenesis. Development 2015; 142:1818-30. [PMID: 25926357 PMCID: PMC4440923 DOI: 10.1242/dev.115568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the brain must establish a balanced network of excitatory and inhibitory synapses during development for the brain to function properly. An imbalance between these synapses underlies various neurological and psychiatric disorders. The formation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses requires precise molecular control. In the hippocampus, the structure crucial for learning and memory, fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22) and FGF7 specifically promote excitatory or inhibitory synapse formation, respectively. Knockout of either Fgf gene leads to excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in the mouse hippocampus and manifests in an altered susceptibility to epileptic seizures, underscoring the importance of FGF-dependent synapse formation. However, the receptors and signaling mechanisms by which FGF22 and FGF7 induce excitatory and inhibitory synapse differentiation are unknown. Here, we show that distinct sets of overlapping FGF receptors (FGFRs), FGFR2b and FGFR1b, mediate excitatory or inhibitory presynaptic differentiation in response to FGF22 and FGF7. Excitatory presynaptic differentiation is impaired in Fgfr2b and Fgfr1b mutant mice; however, inhibitory presynaptic defects are only found in Fgfr2b mutants. FGFR2b and FGFR1b are required for an excitatory presynaptic response to FGF22, whereas only FGFR2b is required for an inhibitory presynaptic response to FGF7. We further find that FGFRs are required in the presynaptic neuron to respond to FGF22, and that FRS2 and PI3K, but not PLCγ, mediate FGF22-dependent presynaptic differentiation. Our results reveal the specific receptors and signaling pathways that mediate FGF-dependent presynaptic differentiation, and thereby provide a mechanistic understanding of precise excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation in the mammalian brain.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurogenesis/genetics
- Neurogenesis/physiology
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Synapses/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Dabrowski
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Akiko Terauchi
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Cameron Strong
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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32
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:215-66. [PMID: 25772309 PMCID: PMC4393358 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1349] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling component of the mammalian Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family is comprised of eighteen secreted proteins that interact with four signaling tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Interaction of FGF ligands with their signaling receptors is regulated by protein or proteoglycan cofactors and by extracellular binding proteins. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues that mediate interaction with cytosolic adaptor proteins and the RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT intracellular signaling pathways. Four structurally related intracellular non-signaling FGFs interact with and regulate the family of voltage gated sodium channels. Members of the FGF family function in the earliest stages of embryonic development and during organogenesis to maintain progenitor cells and mediate their growth, differentiation, survival, and patterning. FGFs also have roles in adult tissues where they mediate metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration, often by reactivating developmental signaling pathways. Consistent with the presence of FGFs in almost all tissues and organs, aberrant activity of the pathway is associated with developmental defects that disrupt organogenesis, impair the response to injury, and result in metabolic disorders, and cancer. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
- *
Correspondence to:
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto UniversitySakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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33
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Marie PJ. Osteoblast dysfunctions in bone diseases: from cellular and molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1347-61. [PMID: 25487608 PMCID: PMC11113967 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1801-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several metabolic, genetic and oncogenic bone diseases are characterized by defective or excessive bone formation. These abnormalities are caused by dysfunctions in the commitment, differentiation or survival of cells of the osteoblast lineage. During the recent years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the osteoblast dysfunctions in osteoporosis, skeletal dysplasias and primary bone tumors. This led to suggest novel therapeutic approaches to correct these abnormalities such as the modulation of WNT signaling, the pharmacological modulation of proteasome-mediated protein degradation, the induction of osteoprogenitor cell differentiation, the repression of cancer cell proliferation and the manipulation of epigenetic mechanisms. This article reviews our current understanding of the major cellular and molecular mechanisms inducing osteoblastic cell abnormalities in age-related bone loss, genetic skeletal dysplasias and primary bone tumors, and discusses emerging therapeutic strategies to counteract the osteoblast abnormalities in these disorders of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J Marie
- INSERM UMR-1132, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75475, Paris Cedex 10, France,
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Pandey RK, Ali A, Singh A, Gayan S, Bajpai M. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T variant in Indian children with craniosynostosis: Its role in the pathogenesis, risk of craniosynostosis. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2014; 20:155-9. [PMID: 25400344 PMCID: PMC4228567 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.142882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 677C to T allele in the 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene has been implicated in the etiology of various syndromes and nonsyndromic diseases but till date no direct studies have been reported with craniosynostosis. OBJECTIVES The aim was to study the family-based association of MTHFR polymorphism in different categories of craniosynostosis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study in which 30 patients classified as Apert syndrome, Pfeiffr syndrome and nonsyndromic craniosynostosis patients with their family were recruited. A sample of 3 ml intravenous blood was taken from patients and from their family members (father and mother) in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-anticoagulated vacutainer for the purpose of the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes by phenol chloroform extraction method. Primers for MTHFR gene were designed. The polymerase chain reaction was carried out. After successful amplification, a small aliquot (5 μl) of the MTHFR reaction mixture was treated with 1 units of Hinf I restriction enzyme (NEB). Results were obtained and compiled. RESULTS A total of 30 patients/participants with craniosynostosis of Indian descent and their parents formed the study group. The genotyping did not confirm an association between the MTHFR 677C to T polymorphism and between different categories of craniosynostosis. When comparing the offspring of mothers statistically significant differences were found. CONCLUSION C667T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene is unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis though maternal MTHFR C677T polymorphism may be a genetic risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kumar Pandey
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukanya Gayan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Minu Bajpai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Ali N, Brustowicz K, Hosomura N, Bruun RA, Padwa BL. Change in Mandibular Position in Patients With Syndromic Craniosynostosis After Midfacial Advancement With Distraction Osteogenesis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2014; 52:506-11. [PMID: 25210859 DOI: 10.1597/14-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Characterize mandibular morphology in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis and document changes in mandibular position following midfacial advancement using distraction osteogenesis (DO). DESIGN Retrospective chart review and analysis of cephalometric radiographs. SETTING Tertiary care center. PATIENTS Patients with syndromic craniosynostosis who had midfacial advancement with DO at Boston Children's Hospital between 2000 and 2012. Mandibular morphology was characterized in 26 patients (15 boys and 11 girls) with a mean age of 11 years, 9 months. Pre- and postoperative analyses were performed for 17 (10 boys and 7 girls) of the 26 patients with a mean age of 11 years, 9 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mandibular morphology and mandibular position. Data were compared to standard data from the Michigan Growth Study. RESULTS Comparison of preoperative mandibular measurements to standard data showed that patients with syndromic craniosynostosis have a shorter mandibular body and length and an obtuse gonial angle. Comparison of pre- and postoperative cephalograms showed that, following midfacial advancement with DO, the maxilla moved forward and the mandible moved backward and downward. CONCLUSIONS Patients with syndromic craniosynostosis have a smaller mandible length and obtuse gonial angle. Correction of midfacial hypoplasia with DO results in inferior and posterior mandibular movement. Clinicians can use this information to counsel patients regarding anticipated changes in facial profile and the need for adjunct procedures.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Craniosynostosis is a rare condition that affects approximately one child in every 2,000 live births, and involves pathological fusion of two or more skull bones. Consequences of craniosynostosis include possible limitation of brain growth and cosmetic effects on the appearance of the child. Traditional repairs for these conditions over the past 3-4 decades have involved an open operation with a large skin incision and major manipulations of the skull bones. More recently, minimally invasive endoscopic techniques have been developed to release the skull bones, followed by postoperative treatment with either an external orthosis or internal springs and distractors to achieve the desired correction. METHODS In this review minimally invasive endoscopic repair will be reviewed. A general overview of the condition and techniques for correction will be discussed, followed by specific application of these surgeries for different craniosynostosis diagnoses. Attention to the subtleties of each specific condition will be highlighted. SUMMARY Over the past two decades clinical experience and a large number of publications have substantiated the benefits of minimally invasive endoscopic techniques for the treatment of craniosynostosis. These techniques have clear benefits for selected patients, and should be part of the standard of care for this condition at craniofacial centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Proctor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Use of Temporal Morphomic Indices as a Clinically Important Variable in the Diagnosis of Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis. Ann Plast Surg 2014; 73:86-91. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e31826caf8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this article, the participant should be able to: (1) Make the appropriate diagnosis for each of the single-sutural synostoses, based on the physical examination. (2) Explain the functional concerns associated with these synostoses and why surgical correction is indicated. (3) Distinguish between the different types of surgical corrections available, the timing for these various interventions, and in what ways these treatments achieve overall management objectives. (4) Identify the basic goals involved in caring for the syndromic synostoses. SUMMARY This article provides an overview of the diagnosis and management of infants with craniosynostosis. This review also incorporates some of the treatment philosophies followed at The Craniofacial Center in Dallas, but is not intended to be an exhaustive treatise on the subject. It is designed to serve as a reference point for further in-depth study by review of the reference articles presented. This information base is then used for self-assessment and benchmarking in parts of the Maintenance of Certification process of the American Board of Plastic Surgery.
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Imamura Y, Tomita S, Imanishi M, Kihira Y, Ikeda Y, Ishizawa K, Tsuchiya K, Tamaki T. HIF‐2α/ARNT complex regulates hair development
via
induction of p21
Waf1/Cip1
and p27
Kip1. FASEB J 2014; 28:2517-24. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-244079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Imamura
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesUniversity of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
- Department of Molecular BiotechnologyGraduate School of Advanced SciencesHiroshima UniversityHigashihiroshima CityJapan
| | - Shuhei Tomita
- Division of Molecular PharmacologyTottori University Faculty of MedicineYonagoJapan
| | - Masaki Imanishi
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesUniversity of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Yoshitaka Kihira
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesUniversity of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Yasumasa Ikeda
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesUniversity of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Department of Medical PharmacologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesUniversity of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical PharmacologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesUniversity of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Toshiaki Tamaki
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesUniversity of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
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Gallo PH, Cray JJ, Durham EL, Losee JE, Mooney MP, Cooper GM, Kathju S. Cloning of TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 and Likely Exclusion as Loci of Origin in a Rabbit Craniosynostotic Model. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2014; 51:56-69. [DOI: 10.1597/12-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether TgfβR1 or TgfβR2 cause the craniosynostotic phenotype in a rabbit model of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Design Full-length TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 cDNAs were sequenced and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to measure TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 transcripts in suturai tissue from wild type (WT) and craniosynostotic (CS) rabbits. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified within TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 and were assayed for segregation with disease phenotype in 22 craniosynostotic animals. Results No structural mutations in TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 were identified in the craniosynostotic rabbits. Real-time RT-PCR quantification of TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 mRNA showed no significant difference in TgfβR1 expression between CS and WT animals, while TgfβR2 showed 50% elevation in the CS animals compared to WT ( P < .05). SNP analysis within the TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 genes suggested that neither locus is linked to the craniosynostotic phenotype because no allelic combination showed any specific correlation with disease phenotype for either TgfβR1 or TgfβR2. Conclusions Our data indicate that the craniosynostotic phenotype in this rabbit model does not arise from any structural mutation in TgfβR1 or TgfβR2, and SNP analysis also likely excludes these genes more broadly as the site of causative mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip H. Gallo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James J. Cray
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Emily L. Durham
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph E. Losee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark P. Mooney
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Anthropology and Orthodontics, and Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory M. Cooper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral Biology, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandeep Kathju
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Panda SP, Guntur AR, Polusani SR, Fajardo RJ, Gakunga PT, Roman LJ, Masters BS. Conditional deletion of cytochrome p450 reductase in osteoprogenitor cells affects long bone and skull development in mice recapitulating antley-bixler syndrome: role of a redox enzyme in development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75638. [PMID: 24086598 PMCID: PMC3783497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is the primary electron donor for cytochromes P450, dehydrocholesterol reductase, heme oxygenase, and squalene monooxygenase. Human patients with specific mutations in POR exhibit severe developmental malformations including disordered steroidogenesis, sexual ambiguities and various bone defects, similar to those seen in patients with Antley-Bixler syndrome (ABS). To probe the role of POR during bone development, we generated a conditional knockout mouse (CKO) by cross breeding Porlox/lox and Dermo1 Cre mice. CKO mice were smaller than their littermate controls and exhibited significant craniofacial and long bone abnormalities. Differential staining of the CKO mice skull bases shows premature fusion of the sphenooccipital and basioccipital-exoccipital synchondroses. Class III malocclusion was noted in adult knockout mice with an unusual overgrowth of the lower incisors. Shorter long bones were observed along with a reduction in the bone volume fraction, measured by microCT, in the Por-deleted mice compared to age- and sex-matched littermate controls. Concerted up- or down-regulation of proteins in the FGF signaling pathway observed by immunohistochemistry in the tibia samples of CKO mice compared to wild type controls shows a decrease in the FGF signaling pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a mouse model that recapitulates both skull and long bone defects upon Por deletion, offering an approach to study the sequelae of POR mutations. This unique model demonstrates that P450 metabolism in bone itself is potentially important for proper bone development, and that an apparent link exists between the POR and FGF signaling pathways, begging the question of how an oxidation-reduction flavoprotein affects developmental and cellular signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya P. Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: ; (BSM)
| | - Anyonya R. Guntur
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Srikanth R. Polusani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roberto J. Fajardo
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter T. Gakunga
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bettie Sue Masters
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: ; (BSM)
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as stemness, proliferation, anti-apoptosis, drug resistance, and angiogenesis. Here, FGF signaling network, cancer genetics/genomics of FGF receptors (FGFRs), and FGFR-targeted therapeutics will be reviewed. FGF signaling to RAS-MAPK branch and canonical WNT signaling cascade mutually regulate transcription programming. FGF signaling to PI3K-AKT branch and Hedgehog, Notch, TGFβ, and noncanonical WNT signaling cascades regulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion. Gene amplification of FGFR1 occurs in lung cancer and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, and that of FGFR2 in diffuse-type gastric cancer and triple-negative breast cancer. Chromosomal translocation of FGFR1 occurs in the 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, as with FGFR3 in multiple myeloma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma. FGFR1 and FGFR3 genes are fused to neighboring TACC1 and TACC3 genes, respectively, due to interstitial deletions in glioblastoma multiforme. Missense mutations of FGFR2 are found in endometrial uterine cancer and melanoma, and similar FGFR3 mutations in invasive bladder tumors, and FGFR4 mutations in rhabdomyosarcoma. Dovitinib, Ki23057, ponatinib, and AZD4547 are orally bioavailable FGFR inhibitors, which have demonstrated striking effects in preclinical model experiments. Dovitinib, ponatinib, and AZD4547 are currently in clinical trial as anticancer drugs. Because there are multiple mechanisms of actions for FGFR inhibitors to overcome drug resistance, FGFR-targeted therapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of refractory cancer. Whole exome/transcriptome sequencing will be introduced to the clinical laboratory as the companion diagnostic platform facilitating patient selection for FGFR-targeted therapeutics in the era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Katoh
- Division of Integrative Omics and Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo Ward, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
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Atsawasuwan P, Lu X, Ito Y, Chen Y, Gopinathan G, Evans CA, Kulkarni AB, Gibson CW, Luan X, Diekwisch TGH. Expression and function of enamel-related gene products in calvarial development. J Dent Res 2013; 92:622-8. [PMID: 23625374 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513487906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel-related gene products (ERPs) are detected in non-enamel tissues such as bone. We hypothesized that, if functional, ERP expression corresponds with distinct events during osteoblast differentiation and affects bone development and mineralization. In mouse calvariae and MC3T3 cells, expression profiles of enamel-related gene products (ERPs) correlated with key events in post-natal calvarial development and MC3T3 cell mineralization. Developing skulls from both Amel- and Ambn-deficient animals were approximately 15% shorter when compared with those of wild-type controls, and their sutures remained patent for a longer period of time. Analysis of Amel- and Ambn-deficient calvariae and calvarial osteoblast cultures revealed a dramatic reduction in mineralized nodules, a significant reduction in Runx2, Sp7, Ibsp, and Msx2 expression, and a reduction in Alx4 in Amel-deficient calvariae vs. an increase in Alx4 in Ambn-deficient calvariae. Analysis of these data indicates that ERP expression follows defined developmental profiles and affects osteoblast differentiation, mineralization, and calvarial bone development. We propose that, in parallel to their role in the developing enamel matrix, ERPs have retained an evolutionary conserved function related to the biomineralization of bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Atsawasuwan
- Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Kim SD, Yagnik G, Cunningham ML, Kim J, Boyadjiev SA. MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway Analysis in Primary Osteoblasts From Patients With Nonsyndromic Sagittal Craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2013; 51:115-9. [PMID: 23566293 DOI: 10.1597/12-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The MAPK/ERK signaling pathway has been implicated in several craniosynostosis syndromes and represents a plausible target for therapeutic management of craniosynostosis. The causes of sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (sNSC) have not been well understood and the role that MAPK/ERK signaling cascade plays in this condition warrants an investigation. We hypothesized that MAPK-signaling is misregulated in calvarial osteoblasts derived from patients with sNSC. METHODS In order to analyze if the MAPK/ERK pathway is perturbed in sNSC, we established primary calvarial osteoblast cell lines from patients undergoing surgery for correction of this congenital anomaly. Appropriate negative and positive control cell lines were used for comparison, and we examined the levels of phosphorylated ERK by immunoblotting. RESULTS Primary osteoblasts from patients with sNSC showed no difference in ERK1/2 phosphorylation with or without FGF2 stimulation as compared with control osteoblasts. CONCLUSION Under the described test conditions, we did not observe convincing evidence that MAPK/ERK signaling contributes to the development of sNSC.
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Justice CM, Yagnik G, Kim Y, Peter I, Jabs EW, Erazo M, Ye X, Ainehsazan E, Shi L, Cunningham ML, Kimonis V, Roscioli T, Wall SA, Wilkie AO, Stoler J, Richtsmeier JT, Heuzé Y, Sanchez-Lara PA, Buckley MF, Druschel CM, Mills JL, Caggana M, Romitti PA, Kay DM, Senders C, Taub PJ, Klein OD, Boggan J, Zwienenberg-Lee M, Naydenov C, Kim J, Wilson AF, Boyadjiev SA. A genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility loci for nonsyndromic sagittal craniosynostosis near BMP2 and within BBS9. Nat Genet 2012; 44:1360-4. [PMID: 23160099 PMCID: PMC3736322 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sagittal craniosynostosis is the most common form of craniosynostosis, affecting approximately one in 5,000 newborns. We conducted, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide association study for nonsyndromic sagittal craniosynostosis (sNSC) using 130 non-Hispanic case-parent trios of European ancestry (NHW). We found robust associations in a 120-kb region downstream of BMP2 flanked by rs1884302 (P = 1.13 × 10(-14), odds ratio (OR) = 4.58) and rs6140226 (P = 3.40 × 10(-11), OR = 0.24) and within a 167-kb region of BBS9 between rs10262453 (P = 1.61 × 10(-10), OR = 0.19) and rs17724206 (P = 1.50 × 10(-8), OR = 0.22). We replicated the associations to both loci (rs1884302, P = 4.39 × 10(-31) and rs10262453, P = 3.50 × 10(-14)) in an independent NHW population of 172 unrelated probands with sNSC and 548 controls. Both BMP2 and BBS9 are genes with roles in skeletal development that warrant functional studies to further understand the etiology of sNSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Justice
- Genometrics Section, Inherited Disease Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NHGRI, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Garima Yagnik
- Section of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Yoonhee Kim
- Genometrics Section, Inherited Disease Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NHGRI, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Monica Erazo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Xiaoqian Ye
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Edmond Ainehsazan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lisong Shi
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Michael L. Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Virginia Kimonis
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Tony Roscioli
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Sydney Children’s Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steven A. Wall
- Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrew O.M. Wilkie
- Craniofacial Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Joan Stoler
- Division of Genetics, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Joan T. Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Yann Heuzé
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Pedro A. Sanchez-Lara
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of South California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - James L. Mills
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michele Caggana
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Paul A. Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Denise M. Kay
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Craig Senders
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Peter J. Taub
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kravis Children’s Hospital, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ophir D. Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA
- Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - James Boggan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | | | - Cyril Naydenov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jinoh Kim
- Section of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Alexander F. Wilson
- Genometrics Section, Inherited Disease Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NHGRI, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Simeon A. Boyadjiev
- Section of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
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Bard J. Driving developmental and evolutionary change: A systems biology view. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 111:83-91. [PMID: 23085264 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development is underpinned by ∼50 core processes that drive morphogenesis, growth, patterning and differentiation, and each is the functional output of a complex molecular network. Processes are thus the natural and parsimonious link between genotype and phenotype and the obvious focus for any discussion of biological change. Here, the implications of this approach are explored. One is that many features of developmental change can be modeled as mathematical graphs, or sets of connected triplets of the general form <noun><verb><noun>. In these, the verbs (edges) are the outputs of the processes that drive change and the nouns (nodes) are the time-dependent states of biological entities (from molecules to tissues). Such graphs help unpick the multi-level complexity of developmental phenomena and may help suggest new experiments. Another comes from analyzing the effect of mutation that lead to tinkering with the dynamic properties of these processes and to congenital abnormalities; if these changes are both inherited and advantageous, they become evolutionary modifications. In this context, protein networks often represents what classical evolutionary genetics sees as genes, and the realization that traits reflect the output processes of complex networks, particularly for growth, patterning and pigmentation, rather than anything simpler clarifies some problems that the evolutionary synthesis of the 1950s has found hard to solve. In the wider context, most processes are used many times in development and cooperate to produce tissue modules (bones, branching duct systems, muscles etc.). Their underlying generative networks can thus be thought of as genomic modules or subroutines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bard
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, UK.
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Chandra A, Aragon-Martin JA, Sharif S, Parulekar M, Child A, Arno G. Craniosynostosis with Ectopia Lentis and a Homozygous 20-base Deletion in ADAMTSL4. Ophthalmic Genet 2012; 34:78-82. [DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2012.710707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wang Y, Zhou X, Oberoi K, Phelps R, Couwenhoven R, Sun M, Rezza A, Holmes G, Percival CJ, Friedenthal J, Krejci P, Richtsmeier JT, Huso DL, Rendl M, Jabs EW. p38 Inhibition ameliorates skin and skull abnormalities in Fgfr2 Beare-Stevenson mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2153-64. [PMID: 22585574 DOI: 10.1172/jci62644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome (BSS) is a human genetic disorder characterized by skin and skull abnormalities. BSS is caused by mutations in the FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2), but the molecular mechanisms that induce skin and skull abnormalities are unclear. We developed a mouse model of BSS harboring a FGFR2 Y394C mutation and identified p38 MAPK as an important signaling pathway mediating these abnormalities. Fgfr2+/Y394C mice exhibited epidermal hyperplasia and premature closure of cranial sutures (craniosynostosis) due to abnormal cell proliferation and differentiation. We found ligand-independent phosphorylation of FGFR2 and activation of p38 signaling in mutant skin and calvarial tissues. Treating Fgfr2+/Y394C mice with a p38 kinase inhibitor attenuated skin abnormalities by reversing cell proliferation and differentiation to near normal levels. This study reveals the pleiotropic effects of the FGFR2 Y394C mutation evidenced by cutis gyrata, acanthosis nigricans, and craniosynostosis and provides a useful model for investigating the molecular mechanisms of skin and skull development. The demonstration of a pathogenic role for p38 activation may lead to the development of therapeutic strategies for BSS and related conditions, such as acanthosis nigricans or craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2012; 24:345-9. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e328352df9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Eames BF, Yan YL, Swartz ME, Levic DS, Knapik EW, Postlethwait JH, Kimmel CB. Mutations in fam20b and xylt1 reveal that cartilage matrix controls timing of endochondral ossification by inhibiting chondrocyte maturation. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002246. [PMID: 21901110 PMCID: PMC3161922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating cells interact with their extracellular environment over time. Chondrocytes embed themselves in a proteoglycan (PG)-rich matrix, then undergo a developmental transition, termed "maturation," when they express ihh to induce bone in the overlying tissue, the perichondrium. Here, we ask whether PGs regulate interactions between chondrocytes and perichondrium, using zebrafish mutants to reveal that cartilage PGs inhibit chondrocyte maturation, which ultimately dictates the timing of perichondral bone development. In a mutagenesis screen, we isolated a class of mutants with decreased cartilage matrix and increased perichondral bone. Positional cloning identified lesions in two genes, fam20b and xylosyltransferase1 (xylt1), both of which encode PG synthesis enzymes. Mutants failed to produce wild-type levels of chondroitin sulfate PGs, which are normally abundant in cartilage matrix, and initiated perichondral bone formation earlier than their wild-type siblings. Primary chondrocyte defects might induce the bone phenotype secondarily, because mutant chondrocytes precociously initiated maturation, showing increased and early expression of such markers as runx2b, collagen type 10a1, and ihh co-orthologs, and ihha mutation suppressed early perichondral bone in PG mutants. Ultrastructural analyses demonstrated aberrant matrix organization and also early cellular features of chondrocyte hypertrophy in mutants. Refining previous in vitro reports, which demonstrated that fam20b and xylt1 were involved in PG synthesis, our in vivo analyses reveal that these genes function in cartilage matrix production and ultimately regulate the timing of skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Frank Eames
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America.
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