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Aksu Uzunhan T, Ertürk B, Aydın K, Ayaz A, Altunoğlu U, Yarar MH, Gezdirici A, İçağasıoğlu DF, Gökpınar İli E, Uyanık B, Eser M, Kutbay YB, Topçu Y, Kılıç B, Bektaş G, Arduç Akçay A, Ekici B, Chousein A, Avcı Ş, Yüksel A, Kayserili H. Clinical and genetic spectrum from a prototype of ciliopathy: Joubert syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 224:107560. [PMID: 36580738 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Joubert syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a distinctive hindbrain malformation called molar tooth sign, causing motor and cognitive impairments. More than 40 genes have been associated with Joubert syndrome. We aim to describe a group of Joubert syndrome patients clinically and genetically emphasizing organ involvement. METHODS We retrospectively collected clinical information and molecular diagnosis data of 22 patients with Joubert syndrome from multiple facilities. Clinical exome or whole-exome sequencing were performed to identify causal variations in genes. RESULTS The most common variants were in the CPLANE1, CEP290, and TMEM67 genes, and other causative genes were AHI1, ARMC9, CEP41, CSPP1, HYLS1, KATNIP, KIAA0586, KIF7, RPGRIP1L, including some previously unreported variants in these genes. Multi-systemic organ involvement was observed in nine (40%) patients, with the eye being the most common, including Leber's congenital amaurosis, ptosis, and optic nerve coloboma. Portal hypertension and esophageal varices as liver and polycystic kidney disease and nephronophthisis as kidney involvement was encountered in our patients. The HYLS1 gene, which commonly causes hydrolethalus syndrome 1, was also associated with Joubert syndrome in one of our patients. A mild phenotype with hypophyseal hormone deficiencies without the classical molar tooth sign was observed with compound heterozygous and likely pathogenic variants not reported before in the KATNIP gene. CONCLUSION Some rare variants that display prominent genetic heterogeneity with variable severity are first reported in our patients. In our study of 22 Joubert syndrome patients, CPLANE1 is the most affected gene, and Joubert syndrome as a ciliopathy is possible without a classical molar tooth sign, like in the KATNIP gene-affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğçe Aksu Uzunhan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşcıoğlu City Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Biray Ertürk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşcıoğlu City Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Kürşad Aydın
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Medipol University, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Akif Ayaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medipol University, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Umut Altunoğlu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Koc University School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Hakkı Yarar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ümraniye Research and Training Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Alper Gezdirici
- Department of Medical Genetics, Başakşehir Çam ve Sakura City Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Ezgi Gökpınar İli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Başakşehir Çam ve Sakura City Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Bülent Uyanık
- Department of Medical Genetics, BezmiAlem Vakif University, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Metin Eser
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ümraniye Research and Training Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yaşar Bekir Kutbay
- Department of Medical Genetics, İzmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yasemin Topçu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Medipol University, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Betül Kılıç
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Medipol University, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Gonca Bektaş
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Research and Training Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ayfer Arduç Akçay
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSOM), İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Barış Ekici
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Amet Chousein
- Department of Pediatrics, Biruni University, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Şahin Avcı
- Department of Medical Genetics, Koc University School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Atıl Yüksel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Department of Medical Genetics, Koc University School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey
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The Expansion of the Spectrum in Stuttering Disorders to a Novel ARMC Gene Family ( ARMC3). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122299. [PMID: 36553564 PMCID: PMC9778410 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stuttering is a common neurodevelopment speech disorder that negatively affects the socio-psychological dimensions of people with disability. It displays many attributes of a complex genetic trait, and a few genetic loci have been identified through linkage studies. Stuttering is highly variable regarding its phenotypes and molecular etiology. However, all stutters have some common features, including blocks in speech, prolongation, and repetition of sounds, syllables, and words. The involuntary actions associated with stuttering often involve increased eye blinking, tremors of the lips or jaws, head jerks, clenched fists, perspiration, and cardiovascular changes. In the present study, we recruited a consanguineous Pakistani family showing an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The exome sequencing identified a homozygous splice site variant in ARMC3 (Armadillo Repeat Containing 3) in a consanguineous Pashtun family of Pakistani origin as the underlying genetic cause of non-syndromic stuttering. The homozygous splice site variant (NM_173081.5:c.916 + 1G > A) segregated with the stuttering phenotype in this family. The splice change leading to the skipping of exon-8 is a loss of function (LoF) variant, which is predicted to undergo NMD (Nonsense mediated decay). Here, we report ARMC3 as a novel candidate gene causing the stuttering phenotype. ARMC3 may lead to neurodevelopmental disorders, including stuttering in humans.
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Sarkar A, Panati K, Narala VR. Code inside the codon: The role of synonymous mutations in regulating splicing machinery and its impact on disease. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 790:108444. [PMID: 36307006 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, precise pre-mRNA processing, including alternative splicing, is essential to carry out the intricate protein translation process. Both point mutations (that alter the translated protein sequence) and synonymous mutations (that do not alter the translated protein sequence) are capable of affecting the splicing process. Synonymous mutations are known to affect gene expression via altering mRNA stability, mRNA secondary structure, splicing processes, and translational kinetics. In higher eukaryotes, precise splicing is regulated by three weakly conserved cis-elements, 5' and 3' splice sites and the branch site. Many other cis-acting elements (exonic/intronic splicing enhancers and silencers) and trans-acting splicing factors (serine and arginine-rich proteins and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins) have also been found to enhance or suppress the splicing process. The appearance of synonymous mutations in cis-acting elements can alter the splicing process by changing the binding pattern of splicing factors to exonic splicing enhancers or silencer motifs. This results in exon skipping, intron retention, and various other forms of alternative splicing, eventually leading to the emergence of a wide range of diseases. The focus of this review is to elucidate the role of synonymous mutations and their impact on abnormal splicing mechanisms. Further, this study highlights the function of synonymous mutation in mediating abnormal splicing in cancer and development of X-linked, and autosomal inherited diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal 721102, India
| | - Kalpana Panati
- Department of Biotechnology, Government College for Men, Kadapa 516004, India
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Gana S, Serpieri V, Valente EM. Genotype-phenotype correlates in Joubert syndrome: A review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2022; 190:72-88. [PMID: 35238134 PMCID: PMC9314610 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a genetically heterogeneous primary ciliopathy characterized by a pathognomonic cerebellar and brainstem malformation, the “molar tooth sign,” and variable organ involvement. Over 40 causative genes have been identified to date, explaining up to 94% of cases. To date, gene‐phenotype correlates have been delineated only for a handful of genes, directly translating into improved counseling and clinical care. For instance, JS individuals harboring pathogenic variants in TMEM67 have a significantly higher risk of liver fibrosis, while pathogenic variants in NPHP1, RPGRIP1L, and TMEM237 are frequently associated to JS with renal involvement, requiring a closer monitoring of liver parameters, or renal functioning. On the other hand, individuals with causal variants in the CEP290 or AHI1 need a closer surveillance for retinal dystrophy and, in case of CEP290, also for chronic kidney disease. These examples highlight how an accurate description of the range of clinical symptoms associated with defects in each causative gene, including the rare ones, would better address prognosis and help guiding a personalized management. This review proposes to address this issue by assessing the available literature, to confirm known, as well as to propose rare gene‐phenotype correlates in JS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gana
- Neurogenetics Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Wang H, Luo G, Hu W, Mei J, Shen Y, Wang M, Tan Y, Yang Y, Lu C, Zhao Y, Qi M. Whole Exome Sequencing Identified Novel ARMC9 Variations in Two Cases With Joubert Syndrome. Front Genet 2022; 13:817153. [PMID: 35186037 PMCID: PMC8855066 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.817153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Biallelic variations in the armadillo repeat-containing 9 (ARMC9) gene were recently defined to cause Joubert syndrome (JS) type thirty. In this study, two unrelated families with probands displaying typical indications of JS were enrolled and underwent a series of clinical and genetic investigations. Methods: Routine evaluation including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was carried out. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the probands to detect causative variants. Next, in silico structural and molecular dynamic (MD) analysis was conducted on the missense variant for analyzing its intramolecular impact. Meanwhile, an in vitro study with the minigene system was performed to explore the specific impact on mRNA splicing of another variant. Results: Two unrelated patients from two different families came to our hospital exhibiting typical JS presentations, such as the “molar tooth sign.” Using WES, we identified that both probands carried the compound heterogeneous variants in ARMC9 (NM_025139.6), with c.1878+1G > A and c.895C > T (p.Arg299Ter) in family 1 and c.1878+1G > A and c.1027C > T (p.Arg343Cys) in family 2. These variants were inherited from their unaffected parents by Sanger sequencing, respectively, and ARMC9 c.895C > T (p.Arg299Ter) and c.1878+1G > A were novel variants. In silico analysis indicated the c.1027C > T (p.Arg343Cys) would likely affect the secondary structure of the ARMC9 protein. The minigene study demonstrated that the splice site variant c.1878+1G > A abolished the canonical donor site, resulting in an 18bp intronic retention of intron 20. Conclusion: The findings in this study expanded the mutation spectrum of ARMC9-associated JS, and we suggested that the function of ARMC9 in the pathogenesis of JS might involve the development of primary cilia, after discussing the function of the ARMC9 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanjun Luo
- Child Rehabilitation Department, Nanhai Affiliated Maternity and Children’s Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Wensheng Hu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Mei
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Shen
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Tan
- Child Rehabilitation Department, Nanhai Affiliated Maternity and Children’s Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Lu
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Child Rehabilitation Department, Nanhai Affiliated Maternity and Children’s Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Qi, ; Yong Zhao,
| | - Ming Qi
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Qi, ; Yong Zhao,
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Conkar D, Firat-Karalar EN. Microtubule-associated proteins and emerging links to primary cilium structure, assembly, maintenance, and disassembly. FEBS J 2020; 288:786-798. [PMID: 32627332 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a microtubule-based structure that protrudes from the cell surface in diverse eukaryotic organisms. It functions as a key signaling center that decodes a variety of mechanical and chemical stimuli and plays fundamental roles in development and homeostasis. Accordingly, structural and functional defects of the primary cilium have profound effects on the physiology of multiple organ systems including kidney, retina, and central nervous system. At the core of the primary cilium is the microtubule-based axoneme, which supports the cilium shape and acts as the scaffold for bidirectional transport of cargoes into and out of cilium. Advances in imaging, proteomics, and structural biology have revealed new insights into the ultrastructural organization and composition of the primary cilium, the mechanisms that underlie its biogenesis and functions, and the pathologies that result from their deregulation termed ciliopathies. In this viewpoint, we first discuss the recent studies that identified the three-dimensional native architecture of the ciliary axoneme and revealed that it is considerably different from the well-known '9 + 0' paradigm. Moving forward, we explore emerging themes in the assembly and maintenance of the axoneme, with a focus on how microtubule-associated proteins regulate its structure, length, and stability. This far more complex picture of the primary cilium structure and composition, as well as the recent technological advances, open up new avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Conkar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Clinical and Molecular Diagnosis of Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 106:43-49. [PMID: 32139166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joubert syndrome and related disorders are a group of ciliopathies characterized by mid-hindbrain malformation, developmental delay, hypotonia, oculomotor apraxia, and breathing abnormalities. Molar tooth sign in brain imaging is the hallmark for diagnosis. Joubert syndrome is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder involving mutations in 35 ciliopathy-related genes. We present a large cohort of 59 patients with Joubert syndrome from 55 families. Molecular analysis was performed in 35 families (trio). METHODS Clinical exome analysis was performed to identify causal mutations, and genotype-phenotype correlations were evaluated. RESULTS All of the cases were stratified into pure Joubert syndrome (62.7%), Joubert syndrome with retinal disease (22.0%), polydactyly (8.5%), and liver (1.7%) and kidney (1.7%) involvement. Joubert syndrome-related disorders include Meckel-Gruber syndrome in 5.1% cases and Leber congenital amaurosis (1.7%). Of the 35 Joubert syndrome-related genes, 11 were identified in these patients, i.e., CEP290, C5ORF, TCTN1, CC2D2A, RPGRP1L, TCTN3, AHI1, INPP5E, TCTN2, NPHP1, and TMEM237. For the first time, we identified a ciliopathy gene, CCDC28B, as a causal gene in Joubert syndrome in one family. CEP290 accounted for 37.8% cases of pure Joubert syndrome, Joubert syndrome with retinal and renal disease, and Meckel-Gruber syndrome. The p.G1890∗ allele in CEP290 is highly recurrent. Of the six families with Joubert syndrome who had a prenatal diagnosis, one fetus was normal, two were carriers, and three were affected. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study of Joubert syndrome from India. Although a high degree of locus and allelic heterogeneity was observed, CEP290 variants were the most common among these patients.
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Cilia Distal Domain: Diversity in Evolutionarily Conserved Structures. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020160. [PMID: 30769894 PMCID: PMC6406257 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface to fulfill sensory and motility functions. Their basic structure consists of an axoneme templated by a centriole/basal body. Striking differences in ciliary ultra-structures can be found at the ciliary base, the axoneme and the tip, not only throughout the eukaryotic tree of life, but within a single organism. Defects in cilia biogenesis and function are at the origin of human ciliopathies. This structural/functional diversity and its relationship with the etiology of these diseases is poorly understood. Some of the important events in cilia function occur at their distal domain, including cilia assembly/disassembly, IFT (intraflagellar transport) complexes' remodeling, and signal detection/transduction. How axonemal microtubules end at this domain varies with distinct cilia types, originating different tip architectures. Additionally, they show a high degree of dynamic behavior and are able to respond to different stimuli. The existence of microtubule-capping structures (caps) in certain types of cilia contributes to this diversity. It has been proposed that caps play a role in axoneme length control and stabilization, but their roles are still poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on cilia structure diversity with a focus on the cilia distal domain and caps and discuss how they affect cilia structure and function.
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9
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Ohno T, Meguro A, Takeuchi M, Yamane T, Teshigawara T, Kitaichi N, Horie Y, Namba K, Ohno S, Nakao K, Sakamoto T, Sakai T, Nakano T, Keino H, Okada AA, Takeda A, Fukuhara T, Mashimo H, Ohguro N, Oono S, Enaida H, Okinami S, Mizuki N. Association Study of ARMC9 Gene Variants with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease in Japanese Patients. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2018; 27:699-705. [PMID: 30395750 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2018.1523438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate whether variants in the ARMC9 gene encoding KU-MEL-1 are associated with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease in a Japanese population. Methods: We recruited 380 Japanese patients with VKH disease and 744 Japanese healthy controls to genotype seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ARMC9. We also performed imputation analysis of the ARMC9 region and 195 imputed SNPs were included in the statistical analysis. Results: We observed an increased frequency of the A allele of rs28690417 in patients compared with controls (P = 0.0097, odds ratio (OR) = 1.46). The A allele had a dominant effect on VKH disease risk (P = 0.011, OR = 1.51). However, these significant differences disappeared after Bonferroni correction (corrected P > 0.05). The remaining 201 SNPs did not show any significant association with disease risk. Conclusions: Our study suggests that ARMC9 variants do not play a critical role in the development of VKH disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ohno
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Akira Meguro
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Masaki Takeuchi
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamane
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Takeshi Teshigawara
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan.,b Yokosuka Chuoh Eye Clinic , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan.,c Tsurumi Chuoh Eye Clinic , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Kitaichi
- d Department of Ophthalmology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan.,e Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Yukihiro Horie
- d Department of Ophthalmology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Kenichi Namba
- e Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Shigeaki Ohno
- d Department of Ophthalmology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan.,e Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Kumiko Nakao
- f Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima , Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Taiji Sakamoto
- f Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima , Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sakai
- g Department of Ophthalmology, Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Minato-ku , Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakano
- g Department of Ophthalmology, Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Minato-ku , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Keino
- h Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Mitaka , Japan
| | - Annabelle A Okada
- h Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Mitaka , Japan
| | - Atsunobu Takeda
- i Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Takako Fukuhara
- i Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Hisashi Mashimo
- j Department of Ophthalmology, Japan Community Health Care Organization Osaka Hospital , Osaka , Osaka , Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ohguro
- j Department of Ophthalmology, Japan Community Health Care Organization Osaka Hospital , Osaka , Osaka , Japan
| | - Shinichirou Oono
- k Department of Ophthalmology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine , Saga , Saga , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Enaida
- k Department of Ophthalmology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine , Saga , Saga , Japan
| | - Satoshi Okinami
- l Department of Ophthalmology, Kurashiki Central Hospital , Okayama , Kurashiki , Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan
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Louka P, Vasudevan KK, Guha M, Joachimiak E, Wloga D, Tomasi RFX, Baroud CN, Dupuis-Williams P, Galati DF, Pearson CG, Rice LM, Moresco JJ, Yates JR, Jiang YY, Lechtreck K, Dentler W, Gaertig J. Proteins that control the geometry of microtubules at the ends of cilia. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4298-4313. [PMID: 30217954 PMCID: PMC6279374 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201804141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Louka et al. describe three conserved proteins that regulate the positions of microtubule ends near the tips of cilia. Mutations in two of these proteins cause a brain malformation, Joubert syndrome. Thus, microtubule ends in cilia may play a role in the pathology of Joubert syndrome. Cilia, essential motile and sensory organelles, have several compartments: the basal body, transition zone, and the middle and distal axoneme segments. The distal segment accommodates key functions, including cilium assembly and sensory activities. While the middle segment contains doublet microtubules (incomplete B-tubules fused to complete A-tubules), the distal segment contains only A-tubule extensions, and its existence requires coordination of microtubule length at the nanometer scale. We show that three conserved proteins, two of which are mutated in the ciliopathy Joubert syndrome, determine the geometry of the distal segment, by controlling the positions of specific microtubule ends. FAP256/CEP104 promotes A-tubule elongation. CHE-12/Crescerin and ARMC9 act as positive and negative regulators of B-tubule length, respectively. We show that defects in the distal segment dimensions are associated with motile and sensory deficiencies of cilia. Our observations suggest that abnormalities in distal segment organization cause a subset of Joubert syndrome cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Louka
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | - Mayukh Guha
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Raphaël F-X Tomasi
- Department of Mechanics, LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Palaiseau, France
| | - Charles N Baroud
- Department of Mechanics, LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Palaiseau, France
| | - Pascale Dupuis-Williams
- UMR-S1174 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud, Bat 443, Orsay, France.,École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Domenico F Galati
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Chad G Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Luke M Rice
- Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - James J Moresco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yu-Yang Jiang
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Karl Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - William Dentler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Jacek Gaertig
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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11
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Breslow DK, Hoogendoorn S, Kopp AR, Morgens DW, Vu BK, Kennedy MC, Han K, Li A, Hess GT, Bassik MC, Chen JK, Nachury MV. A CRISPR-based screen for Hedgehog signaling provides insights into ciliary function and ciliopathies. Nat Genet 2018; 50:460-471. [PMID: 29459677 PMCID: PMC5862771 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia organize Hedgehog signaling and shape embryonic development, and their dysregulation is the unifying cause of ciliopathies. We conducted a functional genomic screen for Hedgehog signaling by engineering antibiotic-based selection of Hedgehog-responsive cells and applying genome-wide CRISPR-mediated gene disruption. The screen can robustly identify factors required for ciliary signaling with few false positives or false negatives. Characterization of hit genes uncovered novel components of several ciliary structures, including a protein complex that contains δ-tubulin and ε-tubulin and is required for centriole maintenance. The screen also provides an unbiased tool for classifying ciliopathies and showed that many congenital heart disorders are caused by loss of ciliary signaling. Collectively, our study enables a systematic analysis of ciliary function and of ciliopathies, and also defines a versatile platform for dissecting signaling pathways through CRISPR-based screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Breslow
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Sascha Hoogendoorn
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adam R Kopp
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David W Morgens
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brandon K Vu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Margaret C Kennedy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kyuho Han
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gaelen T Hess
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James K Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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