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Kors S, Schuster M, Maddison DC, Kilaru S, Schrader TA, Costello JL, Islinger M, Smith GA, Schrader M. New insights into the functions of ACBD4/5-like proteins using a combined phylogenetic and experimental approach across model organisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119843. [PMID: 39271061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA binding domain-containing proteins (ACBDs) perform diverse but often uncharacterised functions linked to cellular lipid metabolism. Human ACBD4 and ACBD5 are closely related peroxisomal membrane proteins, involved in tethering of peroxisomes to the ER and capturing fatty acids for peroxisomal β-oxidation. ACBD5 deficiency causes neurological abnormalities including ataxia and white matter disease. Peroxisome-ER contacts depend on an ACBD4/5-FFAT motif, which interacts with ER-resident VAP proteins. As ACBD4/5-like proteins are present in most fungi and all animals, we combined phylogenetic analyses with experimental approaches to improve understanding of their evolution and functions. Notably, all vertebrates exhibit gene sequences for both ACBD4 and ACBD5, while invertebrates and fungi possess only a single ACBD4/5-like protein. Our analyses revealed alterations in domain structure and FFAT sequences, which help understanding functional diversification of ACBD4/5-like proteins. We show that the Drosophila melanogaster ACBD4/5-like protein possesses a functional FFAT motif to tether peroxisomes to the ER via Dm_Vap33. Depletion of Dm_Acbd4/5 caused peroxisome redistribution in wing neurons and reduced life expectancy. In contrast, the ACBD4/5-like protein of the filamentous fungus Ustilago maydis lacks a FFAT motif and does not interact with Um_Vap33. Loss of Um_Acbd4/5 resulted in an accumulation of peroxisomes and early endosomes at the hyphal tip. Moreover, lipid droplet numbers increased, and mitochondrial membrane potential declined, implying altered lipid homeostasis. Our findings reveal differences between tethering and metabolic functions of ACBD4/5-like proteins across evolution, improving our understanding of ACBD4/5 function in health and disease. The need for a unifying nomenclature for ACBD proteins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Kors
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Martin Schuster
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Daniel C Maddison
- School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sreedhar Kilaru
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tina A Schrader
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Joseph L Costello
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Markus Islinger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gaynor A Smith
- School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael Schrader
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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Federici S, Rossetti R, Moleri S, Munari EV, Frixou M, Bonomi M, Persani L. Primary ovarian insufficiency: update on clinical and genetic findings. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1464803. [PMID: 39391877 PMCID: PMC11466302 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1464803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a disorder of insufficient ovarian follicle function before the age of 40 years with an estimated prevalence of 3.7% worldwide. Its relevance is emerging due to the increasing number of women desiring conception late or beyond the third decade of their lives. POI clinical presentation is extremely heterogeneous with a possible exordium as primary amenorrhea due to ovarian dysgenesis or with a secondary amenorrhea due to different congenital or acquired abnormalities. POI significantly impacts non only on the fertility prospect of the affected women but also on their general, psychological, sexual quality of life, and, furthermore, on their long-term bone, cardiovascular, and cognitive health. In several cases the underlying cause of POI remains unknown and, thus, these forms are still classified as idiopathic. However, we now know the age of menopause is an inheritable trait and POI has a strong genetic background. This is confirmed by the existence of several candidate genes, experimental and natural models. The most common genetic contributors to POI are the X chromosome-linked defects. Moreover, the variable expressivity of POI defect suggests it can be considered as a multifactorial or oligogenic defect. Here, we present an updated review on clinical findings and on the principal X-linked and autosomal genes involved in syndromic and non-syndromic forms of POI. We also provide current information on the management of the premature hypoestrogenic state as well as on fertility preservation in subjects at risk of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Federici
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Rossetti
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Moleri
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta V. Munari
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Frixou
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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3
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Vaz FM, Ferdinandusse S, Salomons GS, Wanders RJA. Disorders of fatty acid homeostasis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024. [PMID: 38693715 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Humans derive fatty acids (FA) from exogenous dietary sources and/or endogenous synthesis from acetyl-CoA, although some FA are solely derived from exogenous sources ("essential FA"). Once inside cells, FA may undergo a wide variety of different modifications, which include their activation to their corresponding CoA ester, the introduction of double bonds, the 2- and ω-hydroxylation and chain elongation, thereby generating a cellular FA pool which can be used for the synthesis of more complex lipids. The biological properties of complex lipids are very much determined by their molecular composition in terms of the FA incorporated into these lipid species. This immediately explains the existence of a range of genetic diseases in man, often with severe clinical consequences caused by variants in one of the many genes coding for enzymes responsible for these FA modifications. It is the purpose of this review to describe the current state of knowledge about FA homeostasis and the genetic diseases involved. This includes the disorders of FA activation, desaturation, 2- and ω-hydroxylation, and chain elongation, but also the disorders of FA breakdown, including disorders of peroxisomal and mitochondrial α- and β-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric M Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gajja S Salomons
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kumar R, Islinger M, Worthy H, Carmichael R, Schrader M. The peroxisome: an update on mysteries 3.0. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:99-132. [PMID: 38244103 PMCID: PMC10822820 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are highly dynamic, oxidative organelles with key metabolic functions in cellular lipid metabolism, such as the β-oxidation of fatty acids and the synthesis of myelin sheath lipids, as well as the regulation of cellular redox balance. Loss of peroxisomal functions causes severe metabolic disorders in humans. Furthermore, peroxisomes also fulfil protective roles in pathogen and viral defence and immunity, highlighting their wider significance in human health and disease. This has sparked increasing interest in peroxisome biology and their physiological functions. This review presents an update and a continuation of three previous review articles addressing the unsolved mysteries of this remarkable organelle. We continue to highlight recent discoveries, advancements, and trends in peroxisome research, and address novel findings on the metabolic functions of peroxisomes, their biogenesis, protein import, membrane dynamics and division, as well as on peroxisome-organelle membrane contact sites and organelle cooperation. Furthermore, recent insights into peroxisome organisation through super-resolution microscopy are discussed. Finally, we address new roles for peroxisomes in immune and defence mechanisms and in human disorders, and for peroxisomal functions in different cell/tissue types, in particular their contribution to organ-specific pathologies.
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Grants
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung
- German Research Foundation
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg
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Affiliation(s)
- Rechal Kumar
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Markus Islinger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Centre for Translational Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harley Worthy
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ruth Carmichael
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Michael Schrader
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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