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Genetic Risk Factors for Complex Forms of Alzheimer’s Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72938-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Shah C, DeMichele-Sweet MAA, Sweet RA. Genetics of psychosis of Alzheimer disease. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:27-35. [PMID: 26756273 PMCID: PMC5154859 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic symptoms, comprised of delusions and hallucinations, occur in about half of individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD with psychosis, AD+P). These individuals have greater agitation, aggression, depression, functional impairment, and mortality than individuals without psychosis (AD-P). Although the exact etiopathogenesis of AD+P is unclear, the rapidly developing field of genomics continues to expand our understanding of this disease. Several independent studies have demonstrated familial aggregation and heritability of AD+P. Linkage studies have been suggestive of loci on several chromosomes associated with AD+P. Association studies examining apolipoprotein E gene, the best established genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, did not find any significant association of this gene with AD+P. Other candidate gene studies focusing on monoamine neurotransmitter systems have yielded equivocal results. A genome-wide association study and studies examining copy number variations recently have detected suggestive associations, but have been underpowered. Approaches to increase sizes of AD+P samples for genome wide association studies are discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan Shah
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Robert A. Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- VISN 4 Mental Health Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Barral S, Vardarajan BN, Reyes-Dumeyer D, Faber KM, Bird TD, Tsuang D, Bennett DA, Rosenberg R, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, Goate AM, Farlow M, Lantigua R, Medrano MZ, Wang X, Kamboh MI, Barmada MM, Schaid DJ, Foroud TM, Weamer EA, Ottman R, Sweet RA, Mayeux R. Genetic variants associated with susceptibility to psychosis in late-onset Alzheimer's disease families. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3116.e9-3116.e16. [PMID: 26359528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic symptoms are frequent in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) patients. Although the risk for psychosis in LOAD is genetically mediated, no genes have been identified. To identify loci potentially containing genetic variants associated with risk of psychosis in LOAD, a total of 263 families from the National Institute of Aging-LOAD cohort were classified into psychotic (LOAD+P, n = 215) and nonpsychotic (LOAD-P, n = 48) families based on the presence/absence of psychosis during the course of LOAD. The LOAD+P families yielded strong evidence of linkage on chromosome 19q13 (two-point [2-pt] logarithm of odds [LOD] = 3.8, rs2285513 and multipoint LOD = 2.7, rs541169). Joint linkage and association in 19q13 region detected strong association with rs2945988 (p = 8.7 × 10(-7)). Linkage results for the LOAD-P families yielded nonsignificant 19q13 LOD scores. Several 19q13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms generalized the association of LOAD+P in a Caribbean Hispanic (CH) cohort, and the strongest signal was rs10410711 (pmeta = 5.1 × 10(-5)). A variant located 24 kb upstream of rs10410711 and rs10421862 was strongly associated with LOAD+P (pmeta = 1.0 × 10(-5)) in a meta-analysis of the CH cohort and an additional non-Hispanic Caucasian dataset. Identified variants rs2945988 and rs10421862 affect brain gene expression levels. Our results suggest that genetic variants in genes on 19q13, some of which are involved in brain development and neurodegeneration, may influence the susceptibility to psychosis in LOAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barral
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Badri N Vardarajan
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dolly Reyes-Dumeyer
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelley M Faber
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Debby Tsuang
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roger Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Alison M Goate
- Icanhn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rafael Lantigua
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Z Medrano
- Department of Geriatrics, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago, Dominican Republic
| | - Xinbing Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Schaid
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elise A Weamer
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ruth Ottman
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
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Murray PS, Kumar S, Demichele-Sweet MAA, Sweet RA. Psychosis in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:542-52. [PMID: 24103379 PMCID: PMC4036443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic symptoms, delusions and hallucinations, occur in approximately 50% of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (AD with psychosis [AD + P]). Pharmacotherapies for AD + P have limited efficacy and can increase short-term mortality. These observations have motivated efforts to identify the underlying biology of AD + P. Psychosis in AD indicates a more severe phenotype, with more rapid cognitive decline beginning even before psychosis onset. Neuroimaging studies suggest that AD + P subjects demonstrate greater cortical synaptic impairments than AD subjects without psychosis, reflected in reduced gray matter volume, reduced regional blood flow, and reduced regional glucose metabolism. Neuroimaging and available postmortem evidence further indicate that the impairments in AD + P, relative to AD subjects without psychosis, are localized to neocortex rather than medial temporal lobe. Neuropathologic studies provide consistent evidence of accelerated accumulation of hyperphosphorylated microtubule associated protein tau in AD + P. Finally, studies of familial aggregation of AD + P have established that the risk for psychosis in AD is, in part, genetically mediated. Although no genes are established as associated with AD + P, the first genome-wide association study of AD + P has generated some promising leads. The study of the neurobiology of AD + P is rapidly accelerating and may be poised for translational discovery. This process can be enhanced by identifying points of convergence and divergence with the neurobiology of AD proper and of schizophrenia, by innovative extension of current approaches, and by development of relevant animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Veterans Integrated Service Network 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Robert A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Veterans Integrated Service Network 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Abstract
Psychosis occurs in approximately half of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD with psychosis, AD+P). AD+P patients have more rapid cognitive decline, greater behavioral symptoms, and higher mortality than do AD patients without psychosis. Studies in three independent cohorts have shown that psychosis in AD aggregates in families, with estimated heritability of 29.5 - 60.8%. These findings have motivated studies to investigate and uncover the genes responsible for the development of psychosis, with the ultimate goal of identifying potential biologic mechanisms that may serve as leads to specific therapies. Linkage analyses have implicated loci on chromosomes 2, 6, 7, 8, 15, and 21 with AD+P. Association studies of APOE do not support it as a risk gene for psychosis in AD. No other candidate genes, such as neurodegenerative and monoamine genes, show conclusive evidence of association with AD+P. However, a recent genome-side association study has produced some promising leads, including among them genes that have been associated with schizophrenia. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the genetic basis of AD+P.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A. Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA
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Wang R, Halper-Stromberg E, Szymanski-Pierce M, Bassett SS, Avramopoulos D. Genetic determinants of neuroglobin transcription. Neurogenetics 2013; 15:65-75. [PMID: 24362753 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-013-0388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglobin (NGB) is a neuron-specific vertebrate globin shown to protect against hypoxia, ischemia, oxidative stress and the toxic effects of Amyloid-beta. Following on our and others' results highlighting the importance of NGB expression in disease, we searched for genetic determinants of its expression. We found that a microRNA expressed with the NGB transcript shows significant target enrichments in the angiogenesis pathway and the Alzheimer disease/presenilin pathway. Using reporter constructs we identified potential promoter/enhancer elements between the transcription start site and 1,142 bp upstream. Using 184 post-mortem temporal lobe samples we replicated the reported negative effect of age, and after genotyping tagging SNPs we found one (rs981471) showing a significant correlation with the gene's expression and another (rs8014408) showing an interaction with age, the rare C allele being correlated with higher expression and faster decline. The two SNPs are towards the 3' end of NGB within the same LD block, 52 Kb apart and modestly correlated (r (2) = 0.5). Next generation sequencing of the same 184 temporal lobe samples and 79 confirmed AD patients across the entire gene region (including >12 Kb on the 3' and 5' flank) revealed limited coding variation, suggesting purifying selection of NGB, but did not identify regulatory or disease associated rare variants. A dinucleotide repeat in intron 1 with extensive evidence of functionality showed interesting but inconclusive results, as it was not amenable to further molecular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, MRB-507, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Jellinger KA. Cerebral correlates of psychotic syndromes in neurodegenerative diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:995-1012. [PMID: 21418522 PMCID: PMC4365880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosis has been recognized as a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases and a core feature of dementia that worsens most clinical courses. It includes hallucinations, delusions including paranoia, aggressive behaviour, apathy and other psychotic phenomena that occur in a wide range of degenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies), Huntington's disease, frontotemporal degenerations, motoneuron and prion diseases. Many of these psychiatric manifestations may be early expressions of cognitive impairment, but often there is a dissociation between psychotic/behavioural symptoms and the rather linear decline in cognitive function, suggesting independent pathophysiological mechanisms. Strictly neuropathological explanations are likely to be insufficient to explain them, and a large group of heterogeneous factors (environmental, neurochemical changes, genetic factors, etc.) may influence their pathogenesis. Clinico-pathological evaluation of behavioural and psychotic symptoms (PS) in the setting of neurodegenerative and dementing disorders presents a significant challenge for modern neurosciences. Recognition and understanding of these manifestations may lead to the development of more effective preventive and therapeutic options that can serve to delay long-term progression of these devastating disorders and improve the patients' quality of life. A better understanding of the pathophysiology and distinctive pathological features underlying the development of PS in neurodegenerative diseases may provide important insights into psychotic processes in general.
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Guerreiro RJ, Gustafson DR, Hardy J. The genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease: beyond APP, PSENs and APOE. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:437-56. [PMID: 20594621 PMCID: PMC2980860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disorder with a clear genetic component. Three genes have been identified as the cause of early onset familial AD (EOAD). The most common form of the disease, late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), is, however, a sporadic one presenting itself in later stages of life. The genetic component of this late onset form of AD has been the target of a large number of studies, because only one genetic risk factor (APOE4) has been consistently associated with the disease. However, technological advances allow new approaches in the study of complex disorders. In this review, we discuss the new results produced by genome wide association studies, in light of the current knowledge of the complexity of AD genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita J Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Ismail Z, Nguyen MQ, Fischer CE, Schweizer TA, Mulsant BH, Mamo D. Neurobiology of delusions in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2011; 13:211-8. [PMID: 21404128 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-011-0195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with cognitive and functional impairment as well as neuropsychiatric sequelae, including psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations. Strong evidence supports the need to study delusions separate from hallucinations. Integrating the epidemiology, clinical correlates, and neuropathological and genetic literature for delusions in AD allows us to speculate on etiology and mechanisms. Plaque and tangle deposition in individuals with susceptible alleles of serotonergic, muscarinic, nicotinic, or Apoε4 genes appears to result in disruption of cortical circuitry, culminating in delusions. While delusions in AD correspond to a phenotype distinct from AD without delusions, subtypes of delusions may also define further distinct clinical entities. Persecutory delusions may occur earlier in the illness and have a more significant genetic component than misidentification delusions, which are associated with increased cognitive impairment and advanced dementia. Clearly distinguishing between these two syndromes is essential to making progress in the area of delusions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahinoor Ismail
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Mental Health Program, University of Toronto, 1001 Queen Street W., Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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DeMichele-Sweet MA, Sweet RA. Genetics of psychosis in Alzheimer's disease: a review. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 19:761-80. [PMID: 20157235 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In and of itself, late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be a devastating illness. However, a sub-group of AD patients develop psychosis as the disease progresses. These patients have an added burden of greater cognitive impairment, higher rates of institutionalization, and higher mortality than AD patients without psychosis. While the etiopathogenesis such as psychosis in AD (AD+P) is not known, mounting evidence accrued over the past ten years indicates that AD+P represents a distinct phenotype with a genetic basis. Elucidating the genetic mechanism of AD+P is crucial if better pharmaceutical treatments are to be developed for these patients. The goal of this review is to summarize what is currently known regarding the genetic basis of psychosis in AD. Specific attention is given to familial aggregation and heritability, linkage to chromosomal loci, and associations of candidate genes of APOE and the monoamine neurotransmitter system.
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Sims R, Hollingworth P, Moskvina V, Dowzell K, O'Donovan MC, Powell J, Lovestone S, Brayne C, Rubinsztein D, Owen MJ, Williams J, Abraham R. Evidence that variation in the oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) gene is associated with psychosis in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2009; 461:54-9. [PMID: 19477230 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic symptoms are common in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and define a phenotype associated with more rapid cognitive and functional decline. Evidence suggests that psychotic symptoms may be influenced by genetic factors, and recent studies in schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and Alzheimer's disease with psychosis (AD+P) suggest that psychosis susceptibility or modifier genes may act across diseases. We hypothesised that oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (OLIG2), a regulator of white matter development and a candidate gene for schizophrenia, may also be associated with psychotic symptoms in AD. We genotyped 11 SNPs in OLIG2 previously tested for association with schizophrenia [L. Georgieva, V. Moskvina, T. Peirce, N. Norton, N.J. Bray, L. Jones, P. Holmans, S. Macgregor, S. Zammit, J. Wilkinson, H. Williams, I. Nikolov, N. Williams, D. Ivanov, K.L. Davis, V. Haroutunian, J.D. Buxbaum, N. Craddock, G. Kirov, M.J. Owen, M.C. O'Donovan, Convergent evidence that oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) and interacting genes influence susceptibility to schizophrenia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (33) (2006) 12469-12474] and tested these for association with AD and AD+P. Significant evidence for association of psychotic symptoms within cases was identified for two SNPs, rs762237 (allelic P=0.002, OR=1.42, corrected P=0.019) and rs2834072 (allelic P=0.004, OR=1.41, corrected P=0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sims
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF144XN, UK
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Dvornyk V, Liu Y, Lu Y, Shen H, Lappe JM, Lei S, Recker RR, Deng H. Effect of menopause on gene expression profiles of circulating monocytes: a pilot in vivo microarray study. J Genet Genomics 2009; 34:974-83. [PMID: 18037134 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(07)60110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Menopause is one of the key physiological events in the female life and can increase the risk for a number of complex autoimmune, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders. Circulating monocytes can differentiate into various cell types and play an important role in tissue morphogenesis and immune response. We studied gene expression profiles of peripheral blood monocytes in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women using Affymetrix Human U133A GeneChip array that contains probes for approximately 14,500 genes. Comparative analyses between the samples showed that 20 genes were up- and 20 were down-regulated. Of these genes, 28 were classified into six major GO categories relevant to such biological processes as the cell proliferation, immune response, cellular metabolism, and the others. The remaining 12 genes have yet unidentified biological functions. Our results support the hypothesis that functional state of circulating monocytes is indeed affected by menopause, and resulting changes may be determined through the genomewide gene expression profiling. Several differentially expressed genes identified in this study may be candidates for further studies of menopause-associated systemic autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular disorders. Our study is only the first attempt in this direction, but it lays a basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Dvornyk
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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Butler AW, Ng MYM, Hamshere ML, Forabosco P, Wroe R, Al-Chalabi A, Lewis CM, Powell JF. Meta-analysis of linkage studies for Alzheimer's disease--a web resource. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30:1037-47. [PMID: 19362756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) shows high heritability. However, with the exception of ApoE, no well-replicated susceptibility genes have been identified to date. Several genome-wide linkage studies have nominated potential susceptibility loci but results are inconsistent, with individual scans showing few significant LOD scores. We have pooled linkage results from five independent genome scans and used the genome search meta-analysis (GSMA) method to analyse these data. The combined sample results in 2206 affected individuals and 785 families from Caucasian and Caribbean Hispanic ethnicities. The Caucasian samples included subjects from the US, the Netherlands and Sweden. Genome-wide suggestive evidence for linkage was observed on chromosomes 1p13.3-q31.1, 7pter-p21.1 and 8p22-p21.1 in the weighted GSMA analysis. The chromosome 8p region achieved the lowest summed rank p-value of 0.001. We also identified seven loci with nominally significant evidence for linkage to 3q12.3-q22.1, 6p21.1-q15, 7p14.1-q21.11, 17q24.3-qter and 19p13.3-qter. The GSMA finding suggests that these loci may harbour susceptibility genes for LOAD. We have also developed a web resource (http://alzres.iop.kcl.ac.uk/) to present additional GSMA analyses with different study selection criteria, facilitate the reanalysis of genome-wide linkage data and provide open access to the GSMA data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy W Butler
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
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Szymanski M, Wang R, Fallin MD, Bassett SS, Avramopoulos D. Neuroglobin and Alzheimer's dementia: genetic association and gene expression changes. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 31:1835-42. [PMID: 19010568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported strong genetic linkage on chromosome 14q to Alzheimer's disease (AD) using the presence of co-morbid hallucinations as a covariate. Those results suggested the presence of a gene increasing the risk for a genetically homogeneous form of AD characterized by the absence of comorbid hallucinations. Here we report our follow up of that study through the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five functional candidate genes. This work provides significant evidence of association for the gene coding for neuroglobin (NGB), a nervous system globin known to protect cells against amyloid toxicity and to attenuate the AD phenotype of transgenic mice. On further experiments we found that NGB expression is reduced with increasing age and lower in women consistent with their increased risk. NGB expression is up-regulated in the temporal lobe of AD patients consistent with a response to the disease process, as reported for NGB and hypoxia. We speculate that a compromised response due to DNA variation might increase the risk for AD. Our and others' data strongly support the involvement of NGB in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Szymanski
- McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Lee JH, Barral S, Cheng R, Chacon I, Santana V, Williamson J, Lantigua R, Medrano M, Jimenez-Velazquez IZ, Stern Y, Tycko B, Rogaeva E, Wakutani Y, Kawarai T, St George-Hyslop P, Mayeux R. Age-at-onset linkage analysis in Caribbean Hispanics with familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurogenetics 2008; 9:51-60. [PMID: 17940814 PMCID: PMC2701253 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-007-0103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify chromosomal regions that may harbor putative genetic variants influencing age at onset in familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Data from a genome-wide scan that included genotyping of APOE were analyzed in 1,161 individuals from 209 families of Caribbean Hispanic ancestry with a mean age at onset of 73.3 years multiply affected by LOAD. Two-point and multipoint analyses were conducted using variance component methods using 376 microsatellite markers with an average intermarker distance of 9.3 cM. Family-based test of association was also conducted for the same set of markers. Age at onset of symptoms among affected individuals was used as the quantitative trait. Our results showed that the presence of APOE-epsilon4 lowered the age at onset by 3 years. Several candidate loci were identified. Using linkage analysis strategy, the highest logarithm of odds (LOD) scores were obtained using a conservative definition of LOAD at 5q15 (LOD = 3.1), 17q25.1 (LOD = 2.94), 14q32.12 (LOD = 2.36), and 7q36.3 (LOD = 2.29) in a model that adjusted for APOE-epsilon4 and other covariates. Both linkage and family-based association identified 17p13 as a candidate region. Family-based association analysis showed markers at 12q13 (p = 0.00002), 13q33 (p = 0.00043), and 14q23 (p = 0.00046) to be significantly associated with age at onset. The current study supports the hypothesis that there are additional genetic loci that could influence age at onset of late onset Alzheimer's disease. The novel loci at 5q15, 17q25.1, 13q33, and 17p13 and the previously reported loci at 7q36.3, 12q13, 14q23, and 14q32 need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H. Lee
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Epidemiology in the School of Public Health, Columbia University
| | - Sandra Barral
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Rong Cheng
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Inara Chacon
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Vincent Santana
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Jennifer Williamson
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Rafael Lantigua
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Martin Medrano
- The Universidad Tecnologica de Santiago in the Dominican Republic
| | | | - Yaakov Stern
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Neurology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Psychiatry in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Pathology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yosuke Wakutani
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Toshitaka Kawarai
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Mayeux
- The Taub Institute on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Neurology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Psychiatry in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
- The Department of Epidemiology in the School of Public Health, Columbia University
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetics may be one of the most prolifically published areas in medicine and biology. Three early-onset AD genes with causative mutations (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2) and one late-onset AD susceptibility gene, apolipoprotein E (APOE), exist with ample biologic, genetic, and epidemiologic data. Evidence suggests a significant genetic component underlying AD that is not explained by the known genetic risk factors. This article summarizes the evidence for the genetic component in AD and the identification of the early-onset familial AD genes and APOE, and examines the current state of knowledge about additional AD susceptibility loci and alleles. The future directions for genetic research in AD as a common and complex condition are also discussed.
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Hollingworth P, Hamshere ML, Holmans PA, O'Donovan MC, Sims R, Powell J, Lovestone S, Myers A, DeVrieze FW, Hardy J, Goate A, Owen M, Williams J. Increased familial risk and genomewide significant linkage for Alzheimer's disease with psychosis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:841-8. [PMID: 17492769 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic symptoms are common in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are associated with increased cognitive impairment and earlier institutionalization. One study has suggested that they are genetically modified and two genome screens have been performed to search for susceptibility loci for AD with psychosis (AD + P). The aim of this study was to further investigate the familial aggregation of AD + P and perform a genome screen for AD, conditioning on the presence or absence of psychotic symptoms. Samples from the UK and US were combined, providing data from 374 families in which at least two members met criteria for AD and had complete data regarding psychotic symptoms. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to assess the relationship of psychotic symptoms between siblings. A total of 321 affected relative pairs (ARPs) were genotyped for linkage. There was a significant association between proband psychosis status and the occurrence of AD + P in siblings in the UK (OR = 4.17, P = 0.002) and US (OR = 3.2, P < 0.001) samples. Chromosomewide and genomewide significant linkage peaks were observed on chromosomes 7 (LOD = 2.84) and 15 (LOD = 3.16), respectively, with the strongest evidence coming from pairs concordant for AD without psychosis. A LOD score of 2.98 was observed close to a previously reported AD + P linkage region on chromosome 6, however the increase in LOD attributable to psychosis was not significant. These findings support the hypothesis that psychotic symptoms in AD are genetically modified and that a gene/s implicated in their aetiology may be located on chromosome 7 and 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hollingworth
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neuropsychiatric disturbances in dementia are prevalent, and research is uncovering their neurobiological correlates. RECENT FINDINGS Late-onset depression appears to be associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology at autopsy, and lifetime depression episodes may worsen Alzheimer's disease pathology in the hippocampus. Vascular disease and elevated homocysteine increase risk for both late-onset depression and Alzheimer's disease and may partly mediate their relationship. Monoamine changes are robust finding in Alzheimer's disease and may account for many observed depression symptoms. Risk of psychosis of Alzheimer's disease appears to be increased by several genes also implicated in schizophrenia (e.g., catechol-O-methyltransferase, neuregulin-1). Psychosis in dementia with Lewy bodies appears to be related to cholinergic deficits. Alzheimer's disease is associated with changes in the circadian sleep-wake cycles, including decreased night-time melatonin. Sleep apnea may be related to apolipoprotein E genotype and impact cognition in Alzheimer's disease. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder is intricately related to synucleinopathies, such as dementia with Lewy bodies, but synuclein changes may not totally explain this relationship. SUMMARY Neuropsychiatric disturbances are a core feature of dementia and worsen many clinical outcomes. Among the most validated syndromes are depression, psychosis, and sleep disturbance of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathology, neuroimaging, and genetic studies increasingly provide insight into the origins of these psychiatric symptoms in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Meeks
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA.
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20
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Mendez MF, McMurtray A. Frontotemporal dementia-like phenotypes associated with presenilin-1 mutations. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2006; 21:281-6. [PMID: 16948293 PMCID: PMC10833339 DOI: 10.1177/1533317506290448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Frontal behavioral changes may be the presenting features of single-photon emission tomography (presenilin-1 [PS-1]) mutations, the most common cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). The authors describe a PS-1 (M233L) mutation with the features of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and review the literature. PS-1 mutations may produce FTD-like phenotypes with the neuropathology of AD. Some PS-1 mutations have additional Pick's bodies, a neuropathological marker of FTD, and a report of a PS-1 (G183V) mutation found Pick's bodies without amyloid plaques. The patient and the literature suggest that PS-1 mutations result in an overlapping continuum of the clinical and neuropathological features of AD and FTD. In PS-1 mutations, the expression of AD or FTD may depend on the degree of loss of function of the PS-1 gene and the resultant tau pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario F Mendez
- Neurobehavior Unit, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare, CA 90073, USA.
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21
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Hahs DW, McCauley JL, Crunk AE, McFarland LL, Gaskell PC, Jiang L, Slifer SH, Vance JM, Scott WK, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Johnson SR, Jackson CE, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL. A genome-wide linkage analysis of dementia in the Amish. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:160-6. [PMID: 16389594 PMCID: PMC2613780 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility genes for Alzheimer's disease are proving to be highly challenging to detect and verify. Population heterogeneity may be a significant confounding factor contributing to this difficulty. To increase the power for disease susceptibility gene detection, we conducted a genome-wide genetic linkage screen using individuals from the relatively isolated, genetically homogeneous, Amish population. Our genome linkage analysis used a 407-microsatellite-marker map (average density 7 cM) to search for autosomal genes linked to dementia in five Amish families from four Midwestern U.S. counties. Our highest two-point lod score (3.01) was observed at marker D4S1548 on chromosome 4q31. Five other regions (10q22, 3q28, 11p13, 4q28, 19p13) also demonstrated suggestive linkage with markers having two-point lod scores >2.0. While two of these regions are novel (4q31 and 11p13), the other regions lie close to regions identified in previous genome scans in other populations. Our results identify regions of the genome that may harbor genes involved in a subset of dementia patients, in particular the North American Amish community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Hahs
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jacob L. McCauley
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amy E. Crunk
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lynne L. McFarland
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Perry C. Gaskell
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lan Jiang
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Susan H. Slifer
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffery M. Vance
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - William K. Scott
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Welsh-Bohmer
- Joseph & Kathleen Bryan ADRC/Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stephanie R. Johnson
- Joseph & Kathleen Bryan ADRC/Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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22
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McCauley JL, Hahs DW, Jiang L, Scott WK, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Jackson CE, Vance JM, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL. Combinatorial Mismatch Scan (CMS) for loci associated with dementia in the Amish. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2006; 7:19. [PMID: 16515697 PMCID: PMC1448207 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-7-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population heterogeneity may be a significant confounding factor hampering detection and verification of late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) susceptibility genes. The Amish communities located in Indiana and Ohio are relatively isolated populations that may have increased power to detect disease susceptibility genes. METHODS We recently performed a genome scan of dementia in this population that detected several potential loci. However, analyses of these data are complicated by the highly consanguineous nature of these Amish pedigrees. Therefore we applied the Combinatorial Mismatch Scanning (CMS) method that compares identity by state (IBS) (under the presumption of identity by descent (IBD)) sharing in distantly related individuals from such populations where standard linkage and association analyses are difficult to implement. CMS compares allele sharing between individuals in affected and unaffected groups from founder populations. Comparisons between cases and controls were done using two Fisher's exact tests, one testing for excess in IBS allele frequency and the other testing for excess in IBS genotype frequency for 407 microsatellite markers. RESULTS In all, 13 dementia cases and 14 normal controls were identified who were not related at least through the grandparental generation. The examination of allele frequencies identified 24 markers (6%) nominally (p < or = 0.05) associated with dementia; the most interesting (empiric p < or = 0.005) markers were D3S1262, D5S211, and D19S1165. The examination of genotype frequencies identified 21 markers (5%) nominally (p < or = 0.05) associated with dementia; the most significant markers were both located on chromosome 5 (D5S1480 and D5S211). Notably, one of these markers (D5S211) demonstrated differences (empiric p < or = 0.005) under both tests. CONCLUSION Our results provide the initial groundwork for identifying genes involved in late-onset Alzheimer's disease within the Amish community. Genes identified within this isolated population will likely play a role in a subset of late-onset AD cases across more general populations. Regions highlighted by markers demonstrating suggestive allelic and/or genotypic differences will be the focus of more detailed examination to characterize their involvement in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L McCauley
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel W Hahs
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lan Jiang
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William K Scott
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen A Welsh-Bohmer
- Joseph & Kathleen Bryan ADRC/Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Jeffery M Vance
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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