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Kim HJ, Kim SY, Kim GE, Jin HJ. Association between genetic polymorphisms of synaptophysin (SYP) gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Korean subjects. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:1097-1105. [PMID: 37133725 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder, and the prevalence of ADHD among Korean children has attained about 8.5%. Various genetic factors can contribute to the etiology of the disease. Synaptophysin (SYP) regulates neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. According to previous studies, several genetic polymorphisms on SYP were risk factors for ADHD. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of the SYP gene polymorphisms (rs2293945 and rs3817678) on ADHD in Korean children. METHODS In this study, we examined the case-control study in 150 ADHD cases and 322 controls. The genotyping of SYP gene polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS Significant associations in the genotype and genetic models of SYP rs2293945 polymorphism between girls with ADHD and control girls were found. The girls with ADHD having the C/T genotype were significantly associated with ADHD. In the dominant model of rs3817678, C/T + T/T genotypes were significantly associated with ADHD. The haplotype analyses showed significant associations from haplotypes of rs2293945 T-rs3817678 G and rs2293945 C-rs3817678 A. CONCLUSION Our results imply that the SYP rs2293945 C/T polymorphism in female participants may provide a possible effect on the genetic etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jun Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Seong Yong Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Ga Eun Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Han Jun Jin
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, South Korea.
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Xi XJ, Tang JH, Zhang BB, Xiao X, Hu XY, Wan Y, Zhou C, Lin H. Dlg4 and Vamp2 are involved in comorbid epilepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A microarray data study. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 110:107192. [PMID: 32580088 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with epilepsy exhibit a significantly higher risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is often associated with lower quality of life. In this study, we aimed to identify molecular mechanisms associated with both epilepsy and ADHD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gene expression profiles of GSE12457 and GSE47752 were downloaded from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were separately screened in epilepsy and ADHD samples and compared with controls. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify candidate modules associated with the two disorders. Functional annotation and analysis of hub genes and molecular complex detection (MCODE) was also performed. RESULTS Three modules closely related to epilepsy and ADHD were screened using WGCNA; DEGs in this module were involved in the synaptic vesicle cycle, axon and neuron regeneration, and neurotransmission. The Dlg4 and Vamp2 genes were selected as common candidate factors in epilepsy and ADHD pathogenesis. CONCLUSION Dlg4 and Vamp2 could play essential roles in comorbidity between epilepsy and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Xi
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ji-Hong Tang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Bing-Bing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Neurology, Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi 214000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
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Wang M, Gu X, Huang X, Zhang Q, Chen X, Wu J. STX1A gene variations contribute to the susceptibility of children attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a case-control association study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:689-699. [PMID: 30976917 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It was presumed syntaxin-1A (STX1A) might relate to the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the results were inconsistent. The present study aims to confirm whether the STX1A gene is involved in the susceptibility of children ADHD. We genotyped three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of STX1A gene using Sequenom MassARRAY technology. A case-control study was performed among Chinese Han population including 754 cases and 772 controls from two different provinces. The Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire and Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test were used to assess ADHD clinical symptoms. We found for the first time that rs3793243 GG genotype carriers had a lower risk of ADHD compared with AA genotype (OR 0.564, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.406-0.692, P = 0.001), and rs875342 was also associated with children ADHD (OR 1.806, 95% CI 1.349-2.591, P = 0.001). In addition, the two positive SNPs were also significantly associated with the clinical characteristics of ADHD. Expression quantitative trait loci analysis indicated that rs3793243 might mediate STX1A gene expression. Using a case-control study to explore the association between STX1A gene and children ADHD in Chinese Han population, our results suggest STX1A genetic variants might contribute to the susceptibility of children ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Gu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Lazzaretti C, Kincheski GC, Pandolfo P, Krolow R, Toniazzo AP, Arcego DM, de Sá Couto-Pereira N, Zeidán-Chuliá F, de Oliveira BHN, Bertolini D, Breunig RL, Ferreira AK, Kolling J, Siebert C, Wyse AT, Souza TME, Dalmaz C. Neonatal handling impairs intradimensional shift and alters plasticity markers in the medial prefrontal cortex of adult rats. Physiol Behav 2018; 197:29-36. [PMID: 30266584 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress response can be modulated by neonatal/childhood events. Neonatal handling (NH) is an animal model in which the animals are subjected to brief separations from the dam during the first days of life, and it leads to lower emotionality and behavioral changes in adulthood. The aim of this study was to observe if early events, such as (NH), may program associative learning and behavioral flexibility in adult male rats and if these changes could be related to altered neurochemistry in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We evaluated proteins related to synaptic plasticity (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] and synaptophysin [SYP]) as well as Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Additionally, we evaluated proteins related to the dopaminergic system (tyrosine hydroxylase [TH] and phosphorylated TH [pTH]), since this system appears to be affected in some neonatal interventions. Neonatally handled animals exhibited impairment in simple discrimination and intradimensional shift but not in reversal or compound discrimination; in addition, no alteration in switching from an egocentric spatial to a cued strategy was observed. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in SYP levels and Na+/K+-ATPase activity, suggesting reduced synaptic function. These results indicate that NH increases attention to irrelevant stimuli and/or impairs associative learning, and this is accompanied by neurochemical alterations in the (mPFC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lazzaretti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro Universitário Cenecista de Osório (UNICNEC), Osório, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Pablo Pandolfo
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rachel Krolow
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Toniazzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Natividade de Sá Couto-Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fares Zeidán-Chuliá
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ben-Hur Neves de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Bertolini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Raquel Luísa Breunig
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andréa Kurek Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Janaína Kolling
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Siebert
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Teresinha Wyse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Mello E Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Dalmaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Sorokina AM, Saul M, Goncalves TM, Gogola JV, Majdak P, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Rhodes JS. Striatal transcriptome of a mouse model of ADHD reveals a pattern of synaptic remodeling. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201553. [PMID: 30110355 PMCID: PMC6093675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence and high heritability of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), genetic etiology remains elusive. Clinical evidence points in part to reduced function of the striatum, but which specific genes are differentially expressed and how they sculpt striatal physiology to predispose ADHD are not well understood. As an exploratory tool, a polygenic mouse model of ADHD was recently developed through selective breeding for high home cage activity. Relative to the Control line, the High-Active line displays hyperactivity and motor impulsivity which are ameliorated with amphetamine. This study compared gene expression in the striatum between Control and High-Active mice to develop a coherent hypothesis for how genes might affect striatal physiology and predispose ADHD-like symptoms. To this end, striatal transcriptomes of High-Active and Control mice were analyzed after mice were treated with saline or amphetamines. The pseudogene Gm6180 for n-cofilin (Cfl1) displayed 20-fold higher expression in High-Active mice corresponding with reduced Cfl1 expression suggesting synaptic actin dysregulation. Latrophilin 3 (Lphn3), which is associated with ADHD in human populations and is involved in synapse structure, and its ligand fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein 3 (Flrt3), were downregulated in High-Active mice. Multiple genes were altered in High-Active mice in a manner predicted to downregulate the canonical Wnt pathway. A smaller and different set of genes including glyoxalase (Glo1) were differentially regulated in High-Active as compared to Control in response to amphetamine. Together, results suggest genes involved in excitatory synapse regulation and maintenance are downregulated in ADHD-like mice. Consistent with the molecular prediction, stereological analysis of the striatum from a separate set of mice processed for imunohistochemical detection of synaptophysin revealed approximately a 46% reduction in synaptophysin immunoreactivity in High-Active relative to Control. Results provide a new set of molecular targets related to synapse maintenance for the next generation of ADHD medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia M. Sorokina
- Department of Psychology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael Saul
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tassia M. Goncalves
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joseph V. Gogola
- Department of Psychology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Petra Majdak
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Justin S. Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Cupertino RB, Schuch JB, Bandeira CE, da Silva BS, Rovaris DL, Kappel DB, Contini V, Salatino-Oliveira A, Vitola ES, Karam RG, Hutz MH, Rohde LA, Grevet EH, Bau CHD, Mota NR. Replicated association of Synaptotagmin (SYT1) with ADHD and its broader influence in externalizing behaviors. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:239-247. [PMID: 28130000 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder, affecting both children and adults. The Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor Attachment REceptors (SNARE) complex has been implicated in ADHD pathophysiology since it is a key component of neurotransmitter release events and neurodevelopment processes, and SNPs in this complex have been associated with ADHD. Here we aim to analyze the effects of SNARE complex variants on ADHD susceptibility and its clinical heterogeneity in affected adults. We tested the association between ADHD and polymorphisms on the SNARE genes STX1A (rs2228607), SYT1 (rs1880867 and rs2251214), VAMP2 (26bp Ins/Del) and SNAP25 (rs6108461 and rs8636) on a sample comprised of 548 adults with ADHD and 644 non-affected controls. Regarding clinical heterogeneity, we further investigated the effects of associated SNPs on age at onset of impairment due to ADHD and on relevant externalizing behaviors (i.e. school suspensions/expulsions and problems with law/authority) and comorbidities (i.e. Substance Use Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder). We replicated a previously reported association between SYT1-rs2251214 and ADHD in adulthood. This SNP was also associated with age at onset of impairment due to ADHD symptoms and with a range of externalizing phenotypes. These findings involving SYT1 suggest that variation in neurotransmitter exocytosis mechanisms may represent an underlying genetic factor shared by a spectrum of externalizing behaviors and disorders, including - but not restricted to - ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Basso Cupertino
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Bohrer Schuch
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cibele Edom Bandeira
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Santos da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diego Luiz Rovaris
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Djenifer B Kappel
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Verônica Contini
- PPGBIOTEC - Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Centro Universitário Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
| | - Angélica Salatino-Oliveira
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Schneider Vitola
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Gomes Karam
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mara Helena Hutz
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil
| | - Eugenio Horacio Grevet
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Claiton Henrique Dotto Bau
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Cupertino RB, Kappel DB, Bandeira CE, Schuch JB, da Silva BS, Müller D, Bau CHD, Mota NR. SNARE complex in developmental psychiatry: neurotransmitter exocytosis and beyond. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:867-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Sánchez-Mora C, Richarte V, Garcia-Martínez I, Pagerols M, Corrales M, Bosch R, Vidal R, Viladevall L, Casas M, Cormand B, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribasés M. Dopamine receptor DRD4 gene and stressful life events in persistent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:480-491. [PMID: 26174753 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We performed a case-control association study in persistent ADHD considering eight candidate genes (DRD4, DAT1/SLC6A3, COMT, ADRA2A, CES1, CYP2D6, LPHN3, and OPRM1) and found additional evidence for the involvement of the Dup 120bp and VNTR 48bp functional variants within the dopamine receptor DRD4 gene in the etiology of adult ADHD. We subsequently investigated the interaction of stressful life events with these two DRD4 polymorphisms, and the impact of such events on the severity of ADHD symptomatology. The gene-by-environment analysis revealed an independent effect of stressful experiences on the severity of persistent ADHD, and a gene-by-environment interaction on the inattentive dimension of the disorder, where non carriers of the Dup 120bp (L) - VNTR 48bp (7R) haplotype were more sensitive to environmental adversity than carriers. These results are in agreement with previous works reporting a relationship between DRD4 and the effect of adverse experiences, which may explain the discordant findings in previous genetic studies and strengthen the importance of gene-by-environment interactions on the severity of ADHD. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Institute Vall d'Hebron Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Richarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iris Garcia-Martínez
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Institute Vall d'Hebron Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Pagerols
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Institute Vall d'Hebron Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Corrales
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Vidal
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Casas
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Institute Vall d'Hebron Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bru Cormand
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Institute Vall d'Hebron Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Institute Vall d'Hebron Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Gao Q, Liu L, Chen Y, Li H, Yang L, Wang Y, Qian Q. Synaptosome-related (SNARE) genes and their interactions contribute to the susceptibility and working memory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in males. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 57:132-9. [PMID: 25445064 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex involved in neurotransmission via exocytosis was implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study investigated the influence of SNARE related genes and their interaction on ADHD susceptibility and their cognitive functions. METHODS We genotyped eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of Syntaxin 1A (STX1A), vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2) and synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP25) and conducted case-control studies in 1404 male ADHD and 617 male controls. Quantitative analyses were performed for genotypes and performance on the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test (RCFT), digit span test and Stroop test in 383 ADHD males. In addition, we explored gene-gene interactions by generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) followed with logistic regression and analyses of covariance for verifying. RESULTS Genotypic distribution of rs875342 of STX1A was significantly different between ADHD and controls. The SNPs, rs363039 of SNAP25 and rs1150 of VAMP2, were significantly associated with RCFT scores, while rs875342 of STX1A with digit span. We found genetic interaction models between these three genes and ADHD susceptibility as well as working memory function evaluated by RCFT. CONCLUSION SNARE complex genes and their interactions may play a significant role in susceptibility and working memory of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haimei Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qiujin Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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10
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Association between SYP with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Chinese Han subjects: differences among subtypes and genders. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:308-14. [PMID: 23726717 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of neurotransmitters has been suggested to be involved in the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Hence, genes encoding proteins involved in the vesicular release process of those neurotransmitters are attractive candidates in ADHD genetics. One of these genes is SYP, which encodes synaptophysin, a protein known to participate in regulating neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. Several studies have reported an association between SYP and ADHD, but more work is needed to refine the association. In the present study, we attempt to investigate their association in Chinese Han subjects by family-based and case-control studies. Transmission disequilibrium tests (TDTs) in 1112 trios found significant association between SYP and the predominantly inattentive subtype (ADHD-I), especially for males with ADHD-I, both from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and haplotypic analyses. Chi-square tests in 1682 ADHD probands and 957 comparison subjects indicated possible association of SYP with female ADHD and female ADHD-I. However, the associated alleles and haplotypes between males and females were reversed. In conclusion, our results suggested that SYP may be primarily associated with ADHD-I and its genetic mechanism may be gender-specific. Thus, it is necessary to take subtype and gender into account in ADHD genetic studies.
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11
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Sánchez-Mora C, Cormand B, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Hervás A, Bosch R, Palomar G, Nogueira M, Gómez-Barros N, Richarte V, Corrales M, Garcia-Martinez I, Corominas R, Guijarro S, Bigorra A, Bayés M, Casas M, Ribasés M. Evaluation of common variants in 16 genes involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release in ADHD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:426-35. [PMID: 22939005 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by inappropriate difficulties to sustain attention, control impulses and modulate activity level. Although ADHD is one of the most prevalent childhood psychiatric disorders, it also persists into adulthood in around 30-50% of the cases. Based on the effect of psychostimulants used in the pharmacological treatment of ADHD, dysfunctions in neuroplasticity mechanisms and synapses have been postulated to be involved in the pathophysiology of ADHD. With this background, we evaluated, both in childhood and adulthood ADHD, the role of several genes involved in the control of neurotransmitter release through synaptic vesicle docking, fusion and recycling processes by means of a population-based association study. We analyzed single nucleotide polymorphisms across 16 genes in a clinical sample of 950 ADHD patients (506 adults and 444 children) and 905 controls. Single and multiple-marker analyses identified several significant associations after correcting for multiple testing with a false discovery rate (FDR) of 15%: (i) the SYT2 gene was strongly associated with both adulthood and childhood ADHD (p=0.001, OR=1.49 (1.18-1.89) and p=0.007, OR=1.37 (1.09-1.72), respectively) and (ii) STX1A was found associated with ADHD only in adults (p=0.0041; OR=1.28 (1.08-1.51)). These data provide preliminary evidence for the involvement of genes that participate in the control of neurotransmitter release in the genetic predisposition to ADHD through a gene-system association study. Further follow-up studies in larger cohorts and deep-sequencing of the associated genomic regions are required to identify sequence variants directly involved in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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12
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Chang S, Zhang W, Gao L, Wang J. Prioritization of candidate genes for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by computational analysis of multiple data sources. Protein Cell 2012; 3:526-34. [PMID: 22773342 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable psychiatric disorder characterized by hyperactivity, inattention and increased impulsivity. In recent years, a large number of genetic studies for ADHD have been published and related genetic data has been accumulated dramatically. To provide researchers a comprehensive ADHD genetic resource, we previously developed the first genetic database for ADHD (ADHDgene). The abundant genetic data provides novel candidates for further study. Meanwhile, it also brings new challenge for selecting promising candidate genes for replication and verification research. In this study, we surveyed the computational tools for candidate gene prioritization and selected five tools, which integrate multiple data sources for gene prioritization, to prioritize ADHD candidate genes in ADHDgene. The prioritization analysis resulted in 16 prioritized candidate genes, which are mainly involved in several major neurotransmitter systems or in nervous system development pathways. Among these genes, nervous system development related genes, especially SNAP25, STX1A and the gene-gene interactions related with each of them deserve further investigations. Our results may provide new insight for further verification study and facilitate the exploration of pathogenesis mechanism of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhua Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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13
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Fernàndez-Castillo N, Cormand B, Roncero C, Sánchez-Mora C, Grau-Lopez L, Gonzalvo B, Miquel L, Corominas R, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Casas M, Ribasés M. Candidate pathway association study in cocaine dependence: the control of neurotransmitter release. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012; 13:126-34. [PMID: 21426264 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2010.551406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cocaine is the second most used illegal drug in Europe. The transition from use to dependence involves both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic variation in neurotransmitter systems is involved in the susceptibility to cocaine dependence. We examined the possible contribution to cocaine dependence of 16 genes involved in the cellular machinery that controls neurotransmitter release: genes encoding proteins of the SNARE complex (STX1A, SNAP25, VAMP1 and VAMP2), fusion control elements (SYT1, SYT2, CPLX1, CPLX2, CPLX3 and CPLX4) and regulatory elements (STXBP1, SYP, SNPH, NSF, NAPA and RAB3A). METHODS We genotyped 121 SNPs, selected according to genetic coverage criteria, in 360 cocaine-dependent patients and 360 controls from Spain. RESULTS Single and multiple-marker analyses revealed a strong association between cocaine dependence and the NSF gene, encoding the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (P = 5.1e-04, OR = 2.44 (1.45-4.00) and P = 0.001, OR = 1.82 (1.28-2.59), respectively). The presence and absence of psychotic symptoms were also studied. Interestingly, when we considered the time between initial consumption and the onset of cocaine dependence, we observed that the association was mainly restricted to the group of patients that rapidly developed drug dependence (≤ 2 years; P = 2.98e-06, OR = 1.33 (1.20-1.47)). CONCLUSIONS Our data show preliminary evidence that NSF may predispose not only to cocaine dependence, but also to an early onset of the dependence.
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14
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Drago A, Crisafulli C, Sidoti A, Serretti A. The molecular interaction between the glutamatergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems informs a detailed genetic perspective on depressive phenotypes. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:418-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Banaschewski T, Becker K, Scherag S, Franke B, Coghill D. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an overview. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010; 19:237-57. [PMID: 20145962 PMCID: PMC2839490 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-010-0090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As heritability is high in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), genetic factors must play a significant role in the development and course of this disorder. In recent years a large number of studies on different candidate genes for ADHD have been published, most have focused on genes involved in the dopaminergic neurotransmission system, such as DRD4, DRD5, DAT1/SLC6A3, DBH, DDC. Genes associated with the noradrenergic (such as NET1/SLC6A2, ADRA2A, ADRA2C) and serotonergic systems (such as 5-HTT/SLC6A4, HTR1B, HTR2A, TPH2) have also received considerable interest. Additional candidate genes related to neurotransmission and neuronal plasticity that have been studied less intensively include SNAP25, CHRNA4, NMDA, BDNF, NGF, NTF3, NTF4/5, GDNF. This review article provides an overview of these candidate gene studies, and summarizes findings from recently published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS is a relatively new tool that enables the identification of new ADHD genes in a hypothesis-free manner. Although these latter studies could be improved and need to be replicated they are starting to implicate processes like neuronal migration and cell adhesion and cell division as potentially important in the aetiology of ADHD and have suggested several new directions for future ADHD genetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
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16
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Abstract
Although twin studies demonstrate that ADHD is a highly heritable condition, molecular genetic studies suggest that the genetic architecture of ADHD is complex. The handful of genome-wide linkage and association scans that have been conducted thus far show divergent findings and are, therefore, not conclusive. Similarly, many of the candidate genes reviewed here (ie, DBH, MAOA, SLC6A2, TPH-2, SLC6A4, CHRNA4, GRIN2A) are theoretically compelling from neurobiological systems perspective but available data are sparse and inconsistent. However, candidate gene studies of ADHD have produced substantial evidence implicating several genes in the etiology of the disorder, with meta-analyses supportive of a role of the genes coding for DRD4, DRD5, SLC6A3, SNAP-25, and HTR1B in the etiology of ADHD.
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17
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Coghill D, Banaschewski T. The genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2009; 9:1547-65. [PMID: 19831843 DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that almost certainly represents the common outcome of multiple causal pathways and it is now generally accepted that genetic factors make a significant contribution to these pathways. Behavioral studies suggest a heritability of approximately 0.76. While molecular genetic approaches have identified a range of potential candidate genes, it is now clear that the genetics of ADHD are characterized by a number of genes each of which makes a small but significant contribution to the overall risk. Several genome-wide linkage studies have been conducted and, although there are considerable differences in findings between studies, several regions have been supported across several studies (bin 16.4, 5p13, 11q22-25, 17p11). The contribution of several candidate genes has been supported by meta-analyses (DRD4, DRD5, DAT1, HTR1B and SNAP25). Genome-wide association scans are starting to appear but have not yet had sufficient power to produce conclusive results. Gene-environment interactions, which are as yet relatively understudied, are likely to be of importance in fully understanding the role of genes in ADHD and will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Coghill
- Centre for Neuroscience, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Dundee, Centre for Child Health, 19 Dudhope Terrace, Dundee, DD3 6HH, UK.
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18
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Abstract
The search for genes influencing the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has identified a number of associated genes within, or influencing, the dopamine neurotransmitter system. The focus on this system as the site of genetic susceptibility was prompted by information from animal models, particularly transgenics, as well as the mechanism of action of the psychostimulants, the primary pharmacological treatment for ADHD. Thus far, genes in the dopamine system reported as associated with ADHD, by at least one study, include the dopamine transporter, the dopamine receptors D1, D4 and D5, as well as genes encoding proteins that control the synthesis, degradation and release of dopamine. For some of these genes, replication across studies provides evidence supporting the relationship; however, for others, the data is far from conclusive and further work is needed. The quick progress in the genetic findings was initially surprising given the complexity of the phenotype and the relatively small sample sizes used in the initial studies. However, the high heritability of ADHD, as indicated by twin studies, may have contributed to the success. The genes studied so far are estimated to contribute only weakly or moderately to the risk for the development of ADHD. This may be because these genes, in fact, make only a small contribution. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the genetic information across the gene. This will lead to underestimates of risk if the polymorphism(s) tested is/are not the functional change(s) actually contributing to the genetic susceptibility and if linkage disequilibrium between tested marker(s) and causal variant(s) is weak, or if there is substantial allelic heterogeneity. While the studies thus far are very promising, virtually nothing is known on precisely how genetic variation in these genes actually contributes to risk; thus, functional studies are now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy L Barr
- Room MP14-302, Genetics & Development Division, The Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Virginia L Misener
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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Abstract
Results of behavioral genetic and molecular genetic studies have converged to suggest that both genetic and nongenetic factors contribute to the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Family, twin, and adoption studies provide compelling evidence that genes play a strong role in mediating susceptibility to ADHD. In contrast to a handful of genome-wide scans conducted thus far, many candidate gene studies of ADHD have produced substantial evidence implicating several genes in the etiology of the disorder. Yet, even these associations are small and consistent with the idea that the genetic vulnerability to ADHD is mediated by many genes of small effects. These small effects emphasize the need for future candidate gene studies to implement strategies that will provide enough statistical power to detect such small effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mick
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Warren 705, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114-2622, USA
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20
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Allelic variants of SNAP25 in a family-based sample of ADHD. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008; 115:317-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Brookes K, Xu X, Chen W, Zhou K, Neale B, Lowe N, Anney R, Aneey R, Franke B, Gill M, Ebstein R, Buitelaar J, Sham P, Campbell D, Knight J, Andreou P, Altink M, Arnold R, Boer F, Buschgens C, Butler L, Christiansen H, Feldman L, Fleischman K, Fliers E, Howe-Forbes R, Goldfarb A, Heise A, Gabriëls I, Korn-Lubetzki I, Johansson L, Marco R, Medad S, Minderaa R, Mulas F, Müller U, Mulligan A, Rabin K, Rommelse N, Sethna V, Sorohan J, Uebel H, Psychogiou L, Weeks A, Barrett R, Craig I, Banaschewski T, Sonuga-Barke E, Eisenberg J, Kuntsi J, Manor I, McGuffin P, Miranda A, Oades RD, Plomin R, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Thompson M, Faraone SV, Asherson P. The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association signals in DRD4, DAT1 and 16 other genes. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:934-53. [PMID: 16894395 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, starting in early childhood and persisting into adulthood in the majority of cases. Family and twin studies have demonstrated the importance of genetic factors and candidate gene association studies have identified several loci that exert small but significant effects on ADHD. To provide further clarification of reported associations and identify novel associated genes, we examined 1,038 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning 51 candidate genes involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter pathways, particularly dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin pathways, in addition to circadian rhythm genes. Analysis used within family tests of association in a sample of 776 DSM-IV ADHD combined type cases ascertained for the International Multi-centre ADHD Gene project. We found nominal significance with one or more SNPs in 18 genes, including the two most replicated findings in the literature: DRD4 and DAT1. Gene-wide tests, adjusted for the number of SNPs analysed in each gene, identified associations with TPH2, ARRB2, SYP, DAT1, ADRB2, HES1, MAOA and PNMT. Further studies will be needed to confirm or refute the observed associations and their generalisability to other samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brookes
- MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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