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Fitzgerald PJ. Affective disorders and the loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential: Serotonin and beyond. Neurosci Lett 2024; 827:137734. [PMID: 38499279 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Identifying additional noninvasive biomarkers for affective disorders, such as unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), could aid in the diagnosis and treatment of these prevalent and debilitating neuropsychiatric conditions. One such candidate biomarker is the loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP), an event-related potential that measures responsiveness of the auditory cortex to different intensities of sound. The LDAEP has been associated with MDD and BD, including therapeutic response to particular classes of antidepressant drugs, while also correlating with several other neuropsychiatric disorders. It has been suggested that increased values of the LDAEP indicate low central serotonergic neurotransmission, further implicating this EEG measure in depression. Here, we briefly review the literature on the LDAEP in affective disorders, including its association with serotonergic signaling, as well as with that of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine. We summarize key findings on the LDAEP and the genetics of these neurotransmitters, as well as prediction of response to particular classes of antidepressants in MDD, including SSRIs versus noradrenergic agents. The possible relationship between this EEG measure and suicidality is addressed. We also briefly analyze acute pharmacologic studies of serotonin and/or dopamine precursor depletion and the LDAEP. In conclusion, the existing literature suggests that serotonin and norepinephrine may modulate the LDAEP in an opposing manner, and that this event-related marker may be of use in predicting response to chronic treatment with particular pharmacologic agents in the context of affective disorders, such as MDD and BD, including in the presence of suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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2
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De Keyser K, De Letter M, Santens P, Talsma D, Botteldooren D, Bockstael A. Neurophysiological investigation of auditory intensity dependence in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:345-356. [PMID: 33515333 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence for auditory dysfunctions in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Moreover, a possible relationship has been suggested between altered auditory intensity processing and the hypophonic speech characteristics in PD. Nonetheless, further insight into the neurophysiological correlates of auditory intensity processing in patients with PD is needed primarily. In the present study, high-density EEG recordings were used to investigate intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials (IDAEPs) in 14 patients with PD and 14 age- and gender-matched healthy control participants (HCs). Patients with PD were evaluated in both the on- and off-medication states. HCs were also evaluated twice. Significantly increased IDAEP of the N1/P2 was demonstrated in patients with PD evaluated in the on-medication state compared to HCs. Distinctive results were found for the N1 and P2 component. Regarding the N1 component, no differences in latency or amplitude were shown between patients with PD and HCs regardless of the medication state. In contrast, increased P2 amplitude was demonstrated in patients with PD evaluated in the on-medication state compared to the off-medication state and HCs. In addition to a dopaminergic deficiency, deficits in serotonergic neurotransmission in PD were shown based on increased IDAEP. Due to specific alterations of the N1-P2 complex, the current results suggest deficiencies in early-attentive inhibitory processing of auditory input in PD. This interpretation is consistent with the involvement of the basal ganglia and the role of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in auditory gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim De Keyser
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miet De Letter
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Santens
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Durk Talsma
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dick Botteldooren
- Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Acoustics Research Group, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bockstael
- Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Acoustics Research Group, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Pillai RLI, Bartlett EA, Ananth MR, Zhu C, Yang J, Hajcak G, Parsey RV, DeLorenzo C. Examining the underpinnings of loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials with positron emission tomography. Neuroimage 2020; 213:116733. [PMID: 32169543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEP) has long been considered to reflect central basal serotonin transmission. However, the relationship between LDAEP and individual serotonin receptors and transporters has not been fully explored in humans and may involve other neurotransmitter systems. To examine LDAEP's relationship with the serotonin system, we performed PET using serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) imaging via [11C]CUMI-101 and serotonin transporter (5-HTT) imaging via [11C]DASB on a mixed sample of healthy controls (n = 4: 4 females, 0 males), patients with unipolar (MDD, n = 11: 4 females, 7 males) and bipolar depression (BD, n = 8: 4 females, 4 males). On these same participants, we also performed electroencephalography (EEG) within a week of PET scanning, using 1000 Hz tones of varying intensity to evoke LDAEP. We then evaluated the relationship between LDAEP and 5-HT1A or 5-HTT binding in both the raphe (5-HT1A)/midbrain (5-HTT) areas and in the temporal cortex. We found that LDAEP was significantly correlated with 5-HT1A positively and with 5-HTT negatively in the temporal cortex (p < 0.05), but not correlated with either in midbrain or raphe. In males only, exploratory analysis showed multiple regions in which LDAEP significantly correlated with 5-HT1A throughout the brain; we did not find this with 5-HTT. This multimodal study partially validates preclinical models of a serotonergic influence on LDAEP. Replication in larger samples is necessary to further clarify our understanding of the role of serotonin in perception of auditory tones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth A Bartlett
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States
| | - Mala R Ananth
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, United States
| | - Chencan Zhu
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, United States
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, United States
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Psychology, Florida State University, United States
| | - Ramin V Parsey
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, United States
| | - Christine DeLorenzo
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, United States
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4
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Viganò A, Toscano M, Puledda F, Di Piero V. Treating Chronic Migraine With Neuromodulation: The Role of Neurophysiological Abnormalities and Maladaptive Plasticity. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:32. [PMID: 30804782 PMCID: PMC6370938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic migraine (CM) is the most disabling form of migraine, because pharmacological treatments have low efficacy and cumbersome side effects. New evidence has shown that migraine is primarily a disorder of brain plasticity and migraine chronification depends on a maladaptive process favoring the development of a brain state of hyperexcitability. Due to the ability to induce plastic changes in the brain, researchers started to look at Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) as a possible therapeutic option in migraine field. On one side, NIBS techniques induce changes of neural plasticity that outlast the period of the stimulation (a fundamental prerequisite of a prophylactic migraine treatment, concurrently they allow targeting neurophysiological abnormalities that contribute to the transition from episodic to CM. The action may thus influence not only the cortex but also brainstem and diencephalic structures. Plus, NIBS is not burdened by serious medication side effects and drug–drug interactions. Although the majority of the studies reported somewhat beneficial effects in migraine patients, no standard intervention has been defined. This may be due to methodological differences regarding the used techniques (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation), the brain regions chosen as targets, and the stimulation types (e.g., the use of inhibitory and excitatory stimulations on the basis of opposite rationales), and an intrinsic variability of stimulation effect. Hence, it is difficult to draw a conclusion on the real effect of neuromodulation in migraine. In this article, we first will review the definition and mechanisms of brain plasticity, some neurophysiological hallmarks of migraine, and migraine chronification-related (dys)plasticity. Secondly, we will review available results from therapeutic and physiological studies using neuromodulation in CM. Lastly we will discuss the results obtained in these preventive trials in the light of a possible effect on brain plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Viganò
- Headache Research Centre and Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Molecular and Cellular Networks Lab, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Toscano
- Headache Research Centre and Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Puledda
- Headache Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vittorio Di Piero
- Headache Research Centre and Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain - UCADH, Pavia, Italy
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Teichert T. Loudness- and time-dependence of auditory evoked potentials is blunted by the NMDA channel blocker MK-801. Psychiatry Res 2017. [PMID: 28645081 PMCID: PMC5723527 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amplitudes of auditory evoked potentials (AEP) increase with the intensity/loudness of sounds (loudness-dependence of AEP, LDAEP), and the time between adjacent sounds (time-dependence of AEP, TDAEP). Both, blunted LDAEP and blunted TDAEP are markers of altered auditory function in schizophrenia (SZ). However, while blunted LDAEP has been attributed to altered serotonergic function, blunted TDAEP has been linked to altered NMDA receptor function. Despite phenomenological similarities of the two effects, no common pharmacological underpinnings have been identified. To test whether LDAEP and TDAEP are both affected by NMDA receptor blockade, two rhesus macaques passively listened to auditory clicks of 5 different intensities presented with stimulus-onset asynchronies ranging between 0.2 and 6.4s. 8 AEP components were analyzed, including the N85, the presumed human N1 homolog. LDAEP and TDAEP were estimated as the slopes of AEP amplitude with intensity and the logarithm of stimulus-onset asynchrony, respectively. On different days, AEPs were collected after systemic injection of MK-801 or vehicle. Both TDAEP and LDAEP of the N85 were blunted by the NMDA blocker MK-801 and recapitulate the SZ phenotype. In summary, LDAEP and TDAEP share important pharmacological commonalities that may help identify a common pharmacological intervention to normalize both electrophysiological phenotypes in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Teichert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Moeller FG, Steinberg JL, Swann AC. Trait impulsivity and increased pre-attentional sensitivity to intense stimuli in bipolar disorder and controls. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 60:73-80. [PMID: 25455512 PMCID: PMC9067584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity and sensation seeking are stimulus-oriented traits. Because they differ in degree of intention and planning, they may have distinct neurophysiological mechanisms. Impulsivity is prominent in bipolar disorder, and may be related to pre-attentional information filtering and stimulus-orientation. We investigated specificity of relationships between impulsivity and sensitivity to stimulus intensity in bipolar disorder and controls, using intensity-sensitivity of auditory evoked potentials. Seventy-six subjects (37 healthy controls, 39 with bipolar disorder) were administered an intensity-sensitivity paradigm. Additional measures included Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and Eysenck Impulsivity and Venturesomeness scores. State-dependent rapid-response impulsivity was measured using the Immediate Memory Task. Intensity-sensitivities of the auditory evoked P1N1, N1P2, P1, N1, and P2 potentials were assessed as the slope of amplitude relative to loudness. Analyses used general linear models (GLM) with impulsivity-related measures as dependent variables and age, gender, education, and diagnosis as dependent variables. BIS-11 total, motor, and attentional impulsivity scores correlated positively with pre-attentional N1 and P1N1 intensity-sensitivity slopes in bipolar disorder, but not in controls. BIS-11 nonplanning and Eysenck Venturesomeness scores did not correlate with intensity-sensitivity. Intensity-sensitivity slopes did not correlate with rapid-response impulsivity. Correlations between N1 or P1N1 slopes and BIS-11 scores in bipolar disorder were not affected by age, education, WAIS, treatment, symptoms, or gender. Trait impulsivity in bipolar disorder may be related to poorly modulated stimulus-driven late pre-attentional responses to stimuli, potentially resulting in exaggerated responses to intense stimuli even before conscious awareness. Components of trait impulsivity are physiologically heterogenous relative to intensity-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Lijffijt
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM350, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Scott D Lane
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - F Gerard Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Joel L Steinberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Alan C Swann
- Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, 2002 E. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM350, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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7
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Theodoridou A, Heekeren K, Dvorsky D, Metzler S, Franscini M, Haker H, Kawohl W, Rüsch N, Walitza S, Rössler W. Early Recognition of High Risk of Bipolar Disorder and Psychosis: An Overview of the ZInEP "Early Recognition" Study. Front Public Health 2014; 2:166. [PMID: 25325050 PMCID: PMC4181243 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of persons with first signs of emerging psychosis is regarded as a promising strategy to reduce the burden of the disease. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in early detection of psychosis and bipolar disorders, with a clear need for sufficient sample sizes in prospective research. The underlying brain network disturbances in individuals at risk or with a prodrome are complex and yet not well known. This paper provides the rationale and design of a prospective longitudinal study focused on at-risk states of psychosis and bipolar disorder. The study is carried out within the context of the Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health services (Zürcher Impulsprogramm zur Nachhaltigen Entwicklung der Psychiatrie). Persons at risk for psychosis or bipolar disorder between 13 and 35 years of age are examined by using a multi-level-approach (psychopathology, neuropsychology, genetics, electrophysiology, sociophysiology, magnetic resonance imaging, near-infrared spectroscopy). The included adolescents and young adults have four follow-ups at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. This approach provides data for a better understanding of the relevant mechanisms involved in the onset of psychosis and bipolar disorder, which can serve as targets for future interventions. But for daily clinical practice a practicable “early recognition” approach is required. The results of this study will be useful to identify the strongest predictors and to delineate a prediction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Theodoridou
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Karsten Heekeren
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Diane Dvorsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Metzler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Maurizia Franscini
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Helene Haker
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; Translational Neuromodeling Unit, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Kawohl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Rüsch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Wulf Rössler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; Collegium Helveticum , Zurich , Switzerland
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Jaworska N, Blondeau C, Tessier P, Norris S, Fusee W, Blier P, Knott V. Response prediction to antidepressants using scalp and source-localized loudness dependence of auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) slopes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 44:100-7. [PMID: 23360662 PMCID: PMC3654010 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The loudness-dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) slope may be inversely related to serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission. Thus, steep LDAEPs tend to predict a positive response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, which augment 5-HT. However, LDAEPs also predict outcome to antidepressants indirectly altering 5-HT (e.g. bupropion). Hence, the LDAEP's predicative specificity and sensitivity to antidepressant response/outcome remains elusive. Scalp N1, P2 and N1/P2 LDAEP slopes and standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA)-localized N1 and P2 LDAEP slopes were assessed in depressed individuals (N=51) at baseline, 1 and 12 weeks post-treatment with one of three antidepressant regimens [escitalopram (ESC)+bupropion (BUP), ESC or BUP]. Clinical response was greatest with ESC+BUP at week 1. Treatment responders had steep N1 sLORETA-LDAEP baseline slopes while non-responders had shallow ones. P2 sLORETA-LDAEP slope increases at 1 week existed in responders; decreases were noted in non-responders. Exploratory analyses indicated that more BUP and ESC responders versus non-responders had steep baseline N1 sLORETA-LDAEP slopes. Additionally, slight decreases in scalp P2 LDAEP by week 1 existed for ESC treatment, while slope increases existed with ESC+BUP treatment. Only baseline N1 sLORETA-LDAEP discriminated treatment responders/non-responders. This work confirms that certain LDAEP measures are associated with treatment outcome and appear to be differentially modulated with varying antidepressant drug regimens, though this should be confirmed using larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Jaworska
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Claude Blondeau
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pierre Tessier
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sandhaya Norris
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy Fusee
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pierre Blier
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
,Departments of Psychiatry & Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa
| | - Verner Knott
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
,Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
,Departments of Psychiatry & Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa
,Department of Psychology/Behavioural Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Jaworska N, Blier P, Fusee W, Knott V. Scalp- and sLORETA-derived loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEPs) in unmedicated depressed males and females and healthy controls. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123:1769-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Hitz K, Heekeren K, Obermann C, Huber T, Juckel G, Kawohl W. Examination of the effect of acute levodopa administration on the loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEP) in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:389-96. [PMID: 22119935 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) is considered a noninvasive in vivo marker of central serotonergic functioning in humans. Nevertheless, results of genetic association studies point towards a modulation of this biomarker by dopaminergic neurotransmission. OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of dopaminergic modulation on the LDAEP using L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (levodopa)/benserazide (Madopar®) as a challenge agent in healthy volunteers. METHODS A double-blind placebo-controlled challenge design was chosen. Forty-two healthy participants (21 females and 21 males) underwent two LDAEP measurements, following a baseline LDAEP measurement either placebo or levodopa (levodopa 200 mg/benserazide 50 mg) were given orally. Changes in the amplitude and dipole source activity of the N1/P2 intensities (60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 dB) were analyzed. RESULTS The participants of neither the levodopa nor the placebo group showed any significant LDAEP alterations compared to the baseline measurement. The test-retest reliability (Cronbachs Alpha) between baseline and intervention was 0.966 in the verum group and 0.759 in the placebo group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The administration of levodopa showed no effect on the LDAEP. These findings are in line with other trials using dopamine receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hitz
- Department of General Social Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Fitzgerald PJ. Whose side are you on: does serotonin preferentially activate the right hemisphere and norepinephrine the left? Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:250-4. [PMID: 22647616 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) innervate both the left and right hemispheres of the brain, but whether they affect lateralization of function is unknown. This paper concisely examines evidence that these two neurotransmitters differentially affect the two hemispheres, and puts forth the novel hypothesis 5-HT preferentially activates the right hemisphere (RH) and NE the left hemisphere (LH). The principal lines of evidence comprise studies of: (1) 5-HT and NE level measurement, (2) receptor binding, (3) functional brain imaging, (4) dichotic listening, and (5) electroencephalography and evoked potentials. In assessing these 5 lines, emphasis is placed on studies of pharmaceutical drugs that affect the 5-HT and NE systems. While all of the data do not support the hypothesis, they are generally consistent with it, or a variant of the hypothesis that there is a bias toward 5-HT preferentially activating a majority of brain areas or functions in the RH, and NE a majority of LH areas or functions. If this hypothesis, or a variant of it, is correct, it may be relevant to understanding the physiological basis of neuropsychiatric disorders that could involve dysfunction in brain monoaminergic systems, as well as understanding potential lateralization of the effects of drugs that act on these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Fitzgerald
- The Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, 338 Krieger Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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12
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Neural coding of sound intensity and loudness in the human auditory system. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2012; 13:369-79. [PMID: 22354617 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-012-0315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual differences in loudness sensation of 45 young normal-hearing participants were employed to investigate how and at what stage of the auditory pathway perceived loudness, the perceptual correlate of sound intensity, is transformed into neural activation. Loudness sensation was assessed by categorical loudness scaling, a psychoacoustical scaling procedure, whereas neural activation in the auditory cortex, inferior colliculi, and medial geniculate bodies was investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We observed an almost linear increase of perceived loudness and percent signal change from baseline (PSC) in all examined stages of the upper auditory pathway. Across individuals, the slope of the underlying growth function for perceived loudness was significantly correlated with the slope of the growth function for the PSC in the auditory cortex, but not in subcortical structures. In conclusion, the fMRI correlate of neural activity in the auditory cortex as measured by the blood oxygen level-dependent effect appears to be more a linear reflection of subjective loudness sensation rather than a display of physical sound pressure level, as measured using a sound-level meter.
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Simmons JG, Nathan PJ, Berger G, Allen NB. Chronic modulation of serotonergic neurotransmission with sertraline attenuates the loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential in healthy participants. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 217:101-10. [PMID: 21465243 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) has been reported to be an effective non-invasive measure of central serotonergic neurotransmission. However, acute manipulations of the serotonergic system in humans and animals have yielded inconsistent findings. OBJECTIVES In this study, we examined the chronic effect of serotonergic manipulation using the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, sertraline, on the LDAEP. In addition, we examined the influence of 5-HTTLPR genotype and individual differences in plasma drug concentrations on the LDAEP. METHODS The study utilised a double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-group design in which 40 (24 female) healthy adults (M age = 22.0 years, SE = 0.7) were tested following placebo or sertraline for an average of 24 days. The LDAEP was assessed 6 h post-final dose, and changes in the slope of amplitude of the N1/P2 across intensities (60, 70, 80, 90, 100 dB) were examined at Cz. RESULTS The sertraline group had a significantly smaller LDAEP than the placebo group [F(1,38) = 5.97, p = 0.02]. Drug plasma levels did not correlate with the LDAEP in the sertraline group, and there was no influence of 5-HTTLPR genotype. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that chronically modulating serotonin neurotransmission alters the LDAEP in healthy adults, consistent with extant literature indicating a moderating role of serotonin on this neurophysiological biomarker. The findings from this study together with previous studies suggest that the LDAEP may be a more sensitive marker of long-term or chronic rather than acute changes in the serotonin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian G Simmons
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Locked Bag 10, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Hagenmuller F, Hitz K, Darvas F, Kawohl W. Determination of the loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials: single-electrode estimation versus dipole source analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol 2011; 26:147-54. [PMID: 21455973 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEP) has been described as a measure of central serotonergic activity. Single-electrode estimation and dipole source analysis (DSA) are the most utilized methods for the estimation of LDAEP. To date, it is assumed that both methods are equally reliable. Nevertheless, according to our knowledge, the advantage of either method has not yet been shown directly. The aim of our study was to compare single-electrode estimation and dipole source analysis in the determination of the LDAEP. METHODS Tones of five different intensities were presented binaurally to 10 healthy volunteers. Amplitudes of N1/P2 and LDAEP were determined at the central electrode site referenced to average and to linked mastoids and with DSA in the left and the right hemispheres. Scores were normalized (z-scores), compared, and correlated. RESULTS Contrary to our expectations, we found a significant difference between scores obtained with single-electrode estimation and with DSA. CONCLUSION The difference may be caused by confounding activation of a frontal source in the single-electrode method. The single-electrode approach cannot be equated with DSA in the determination of the LDAEP. This should be considered when comparing the results of different LDAEP studies using only one of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Hagenmuller
- Work Group Clinical Neurophysiology, Research Group Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology, Department of Social and General Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Park YM, Kim DW, Kim S, Im CH, Lee SH. The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) as a predictor of the response to escitalopram in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 213:625-32. [PMID: 21057773 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) has been proposed as a potential biological marker of central serotonergic activity. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the LDAEP can be used to predict the response to escitalopram in patients with GAD. METHOD Twenty-five patients with GAD were recruited. Scores on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were evaluated. To evaluate the LDAEP, the auditory event-related potential was measured before beginning medication. Peak-to-peak N1/P2 amplitudes and current source densities were calculated at five stimulus intensities, and the LDAEP was calculated as the linear-regression slope. The current source densities of the evoked potentials were analyzed by standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). The loudness dependence of the current densities (sLORETA-LDAEP) was also calculated. RESULTS The pretreatment LDAEPs of all patients were positively correlated with the CGI-S response rates at 4 and 8 weeks, and with the HAM-A and BAI response rates at 8 weeks. The sLORETA-LDAEPs were positively correlated with the HAM-A response rates after 8 weeks of treatment. The HAM-A and CGI response rates at 8 weeks were higher in patients with a strong pretreatment LDAEP than in those with a weak LDAEP. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that GAD patients with a favorable response to escitalopram treatment are characterized by a stronger pretreatment LDAEP. Measurement of the LDAEP appears to provide useful clinical information for predicting treatment responses in patients with GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan-Paik Hospital, Inje University, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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Juckel G, Schumacher C, Giegling I, Assion HJ, Mavrogiorgou P, Pogarell O, Mulert C, Hegerl U, Norra C, Rujescu D. Serotonergic functioning as measured by the loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials is related to a haplotype in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:541-6. [PMID: 20004415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The serotonergic system plays an important pathophysiological role in various psychiatric disorders. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in the differentiation and survival of serotonergic neurons. A previous study showed that low serum BDNF levels were associated with strong loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEP) as a reflection of low central serotonergic activity. To evaluate the genetic basis of this relationship, we studied whether the LDAEP is correlated with genetic variants within the BDNF gene. METHODS Ninety five healthy subjects (41 males, 54 females) received electrophysiological recording of LDAEP and blood drawing for BDNF genotyping. Three BDNF markers (including the single nucleotide polymorphism rs6265(Val66Met)) were analyzed. RESULTS Haplotype analysis revealed stronger LDAEP values in carriers of the G(Val)-C-T [rs6265(Val66Met)-rs2030324-rs1491850] haplotype within the BDNF gene in comparison to other haplotype carriers. These findings were demonstrated for the LDAEP of both left and right primary auditory cortices as well as for the vertex electrode (Cz). CONCLUSION Subjects with the BDNF haplotype G(Val)-C-T seem to be characterized by low serotonergic activity as well as possibly by low serum BDNF levels. These findings need replication in independent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University, 44791 Bochum, Germany.
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Röhl M, Uppenkamp S. An auditory fMRI correlate of impulsivity. Psychiatry Res 2010; 181:145-50. [PMID: 20083394 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity and serotonergic neurotransmission have previously been shown to be linked to the intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials. The present study investigates whether impulsivity in normal healthy subjects has a similar influence on the neuronal correlates of the coding of sound intensity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Forty-four participants completed Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). The dependence of fMRI activation on sound intensity was examined using continuous pink noise with varying intensity as acoustic stimuli. Imaging data were analyzed for the volume of activation sensitive to sound intensity. Impulsivity has a significant effect on the volume of activation sensitive to sound intensity. Persons with high impulsivity scores on the TPQ scale show approximately twice the volume of activation when compared with persons with low impulsivity scores. The neuronal correlate of impulsivity as revealed by fMRI gives strong evidence of a link between impulsive behavior and neural activity evoked by auditory stimulation. This link may prove useful for measuring central serotonergic neurotransmission in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Röhl
- Medizinische Physik, Universität Oldenburg, Germany.
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No association between chronic cannabis use and loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials as indicator of central serotonergic neurotransmission. Neurosci Lett 2009; 465:113-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Clinical symptoms of major depression are associated with the intensity dependence of auditory event-related potential components. Psychiatry Res 2009; 169:139-43. [PMID: 19700202 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intensity (loudness) dependent amplitude change (IDAP) of the auditory event-related potential (ERP) has been shown to be associated with the outcome of treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in major depression. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate associations between clinical symptoms of major depression and the IDAP as an indirect indicator of cortical serotonergic function. We assessed 40 in-patients suffering from a major depressive episode (DSM-IV) prior to antidepressant treatment. Psychometric characteristics of depression were assessed by means of psychiatric rating scales (CGI, HDRS, HAMA, STAI and BDI) and evaluated for associations with auditory evoked P1, N1, P2 as well as P1/N1 and N1/P2 peak to peak amplitude slopes. Our data revealed a positive correlation of the intensity dependent N1 amplitude slope with the degree of certain somatic symptoms of depression: loss of appetite and weight, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction. The results of our study might contribute to a more specific clinical basis in the differential indication of serotonergic versus noradrenergic antidepressants.
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Gudlowski Y, Ozgürdal S, Witthaus H, Gallinat J, Hauser M, Winter C, Uhl I, Heinz A, Juckel G. Serotonergic dysfunction in the prodromal, first-episode and chronic course of schizophrenia as assessed by the loudness dependence of auditory evoked activity. Schizophr Res 2009; 109:141-7. [PMID: 19268544 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies revealing evidence of increased serotonergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia has generated substantial interest in the role of serotonin in its pathophysiology. None of these studies, however, have queried whether dysfunctional serotonergic activity might already have been present in subjects of at-risk mental state for schizophrenia before the onset of psychotic symptoms, and whether serotonergic activity further increases during the development of schizophrenia and the chronic course. Although no valid indicator for measuring the activity level of serotonergic neurotransmission has yet been found, a series of evidence from human and animal studies suggests that a weak loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEP) indicates high serotonergic activity and vice versa. We examined the LDAEP (N1/P2 component) in 60 patients with at-risk mental state for schizophrenia who showed characteristic prodromal symptoms, 34 first-episode patients, 28 patients with a chronic course of schizophrenia and 57 healthy controls. Prodromal patients showed significantly weaker LDAEP in comparison to healthy volunteers, but similarly to that in first-episode and chronic patients. None of the covariates such as age, gender, medication, age of onset, or psychopathology had an influence on this finding. In a subsample of prodromal patients, LDAEP values remain the same after retesting 10 months later. These results indicate that serotonergic neurotransmission had already increased before the onset of the full-blown psychosis of schizophrenia and remains enhanced in the further course of the disease. A weak LDAEP may therefore represent a vulnerability marker rather than an expression of illness progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehonala Gudlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, University Medicine of Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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O'Neill BV, Croft RJ, Nathan PJ. The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) as an in vivo biomarker of central serotonergic function in humans: rationale, evaluation and review of findings. Hum Psychopharmacol 2008; 23:355-70. [PMID: 18421800 DOI: 10.1002/hup.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) has been proposed as a valid means of non-invasively assessing in vivo central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) function in humans. The specificity and sensitivity of the LDAEP to changes in 5-HT neurotransmission have recently been explored directly in a number of pharmacological and genetic studies. Subsequently, this review was undertaken in an attempt to critically evaluate the potential role of the LDAEP as a marker of the central 5-HT function. DESIGN Findings from clinical, experimental animal and human studies examining the relationship between the LDAEP and the 5-HT system as well as other neurochemical systems including dopaminergic, glutamatergic and the cholinergic systems were reviewed. RESULTS The majority of evidence for an association between the LDAEP and 5-HT has come from animal studies. Indirect studies in clinical disorders of presumed serotonergic dysfunction have been circumstantial and inconsistent with more recent investigations utilising direct genetic association studies also providing conflicting reports. Pharmacological studies in humans provide overwhelming evidence that the LDAEP is insensitive to acute changes in 5-HT function, with additional evidence outlining sensitivity to other neurotransmitter systems including the glutamatergic system. CONCLUSIONS The available evidence suggests that the LDAEP lacks sensitivity and specificity to acute changes in serotonergic neurotransmission. Overall the findings do not provide strong support for its utility as a marker of central 5-HT function. However the LDAEP shows more promise as a potential predictor of antidepressant treatment response and this predictive ability may provide the basis for future research involving the LDAEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry V O'Neill
- Biological Psychiatry Research Unit, Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
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