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Dopamine Receptor Expression and the Pathogenesis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a Scoping Review of the Literature. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-022-00253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Machida K, Barry E, Mulligan A, Gill M, Robertson IH, Lewis FC, Green B, Kelly SP, Bellgrove MA, Johnson KA. Which Measures From a Sustained Attention Task Best Predict ADHD Group Membership? J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1471-1482. [PMID: 35253511 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221081266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Difficulty with sustaining attention to a task is a hallmark of ADHD. It would be useful to know which measures of sustained attention best predict a diagnosis of ADHD. Participants were 129 children with a diagnosis of ADHD and 129 matched controls who completed the fixed Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). The number of commission and omission errors, standard deviation of response time (SDRT), tau, fast and slow frequency variability, d-prime, and mu were able to successfully classify children with and without ADHD. The mean response time, criterion, and sigma were not able to classify participants. The best classifiers were d-prime (0.75 Area Under the Receiver Operated Characteristic), tau (.74), SDRT (0.74), omission errors (0.72), commission errors (0.71), and SFAUS (0.70). This list of the best classifier measures derived from the SART may prove useful for the planning of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Benita Green
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Knott R, Johnson BP, Tiego J, Mellahn O, Finlay A, Kallady K, Kouspos M, Mohanakumar Sindhu VP, Hawi Z, Arnatkeviciute A, Chau T, Maron D, Mercieca EC, Furley K, Harris K, Williams K, Ure A, Fornito A, Gray K, Coghill D, Nicholson A, Phung D, Loth E, Mason L, Murphy D, Buitelaar J, Bellgrove MA. The Monash Autism-ADHD genetics and neurodevelopment (MAGNET) project design and methodologies: a dimensional approach to understanding neurobiological and genetic aetiology. Mol Autism 2021; 12:55. [PMID: 34353377 PMCID: PMC8340366 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ASD and ADHD are prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders that frequently co-occur and have strong evidence for a degree of shared genetic aetiology. Behavioural and neurocognitive heterogeneity in ASD and ADHD has hampered attempts to map the underlying genetics and neurobiology, predict intervention response, and improve diagnostic accuracy. Moving away from categorical conceptualisations of psychopathology to a dimensional approach is anticipated to facilitate discovery of data-driven clusters and enhance our understanding of the neurobiological and genetic aetiology of these conditions. The Monash Autism-ADHD genetics and neurodevelopment (MAGNET) project is one of the first large-scale, family-based studies to take a truly transdiagnostic approach to ASD and ADHD. Using a comprehensive phenotyping protocol capturing dimensional traits central to ASD and ADHD, the MAGNET project aims to identify data-driven clusters across ADHD-ASD spectra using deep phenotyping of symptoms and behaviours; investigate the degree of familiality for different dimensional ASD-ADHD phenotypes and clusters; and map the neurocognitive, brain imaging, and genetic correlates of these data-driven symptom-based clusters. Methods The MAGNET project will recruit 1,200 families with children who are either typically developing, or who display elevated ASD, ADHD, or ASD-ADHD traits, in addition to affected and unaffected biological siblings of probands, and parents. All children will be comprehensively phenotyped for behavioural symptoms, comorbidities, neurocognitive and neuroimaging traits and genetics. Conclusion The MAGNET project will be the first large-scale family study to take a transdiagnostic approach to ASD-ADHD, utilising deep phenotyping across behavioural, neurocognitive, brain imaging and genetic measures. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13229-021-00457-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Knott
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Beth P Johnson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Olivia Mellahn
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Amy Finlay
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kathryn Kallady
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Maria Kouspos
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Vishnu Priya Mohanakumar Sindhu
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ziarih Hawi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Aurina Arnatkeviciute
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Tracey Chau
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Dalia Maron
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Emily-Clare Mercieca
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kirsten Furley
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Katrina Harris
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Developmental Paediatrics, Monash Children's Hospital, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Katrina Williams
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Developmental Paediatrics, Monash Children's Hospital, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Alexandra Ure
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Mental Health, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Neurodevelopment and Disability Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kylie Gray
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal, and Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - David Coghill
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Mental Health, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Neurodevelopment and Disability Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ann Nicholson
- Faculty of Information and Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Dinh Phung
- Faculty of Information and Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Eva Loth
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Luke Mason
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Henry Welcome Building, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Declan Murphy
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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Thomson P, Johnson KA, Malpas CB, Efron D, Sciberras E, Silk TJ. Head Motion During MRI Predicted by out-of-Scanner Sustained Attention Performance in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:1429-1440. [PMID: 32189534 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720911988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To characterize head movements in children with ADHD using an ex-Gaussian distribution and examine associations with out-of-scanner sustained attention. Method: Fifty-six children with ADHD and 61 controls aged 9 to 11 years completed the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In-scanner head motion was calculated using ex-Gaussian estimates for mu, sigma, and tau in delta variation signal and framewise displacement. Sustained attention was evaluated through omission errors and tau in response time on the SART. Results: Mediation analysis revealed that out-of-scanner attention lapses (omissions during the SART) mediated the relationship between ADHD diagnosis and in-scanner head motion (tau in delta variation signal), indirect effect: B = 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [0.07, 3.15], accounting for 29% of the association. Conclusion: Findings suggest a critical link between trait-level sustained attention and infrequent large head movements during scanning (tau in head motion) and highlight fundamental challenges in measuring the neural basis of sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Thomson
- The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Charles B Malpas
- The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daryl Efron
- The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Sciberras
- The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy J Silk
- The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Johnson KA, White M, Wong PS, Murrihy C. Aspects of attention and inhibitory control are associated with on-task classroom behaviour and behavioural assessments, by both teachers and parents, in children with high and low symptoms of ADHD. Child Neuropsychol 2019; 26:219-241. [PMID: 31290357 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2019.1639654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is often weak association between performance on cognitive tasks and the behavioural symptoms of ADHD. One possible reason is the use of rating scales rather than direct observations of behaviours. This exploratory study used well established measures of attention and response inhibition with both direct observation and behavioural rating scales to examine these associations. Twenty-two children (mean age 9.6 years) identified by their teachers as displaying high levels of ADHD symptoms, and 22 matched controls (mean age 9.8 years), completed the Fixed and Random Sustained Attention to Response Tasks (SART). Their on-task classroom behaviour was assessed using the ASEBA Direct Observation Form (DOF). ADHD symptoms were also assessed using the Conners 3 Short Form and the SWAN. Children with high symptoms of ADHD performed the SARTs with more errors of commission and were more variable with their responding, and spent less time on-task in the classroom than controls. Performance on the Fixed SART was not associated with on-task classroom behaviour; in contrast three Random SART measures, commission and omission errors, moment-to-moment variability, were negatively associated with on-task classroom behaviour. There were strong associations between the commission error counts on both SARTs and the Teacher SWAN scores, and one of the Parent SWAN scores. The Teacher SWAN scores were associated with on-task classroom behaviour; the Parent SWAN scores were not. These findings provide preliminary evidence of an association between cognitive measures of inhibitory control and some measures of inattention, and both observed behaviour and the ADHD behavioural symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Johnson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Maximilian White
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Poh Sum Wong
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cherée Murrihy
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Pinar A, Hawi Z, Cummins T, Johnson B, Pauper M, Tong J, Tiego J, Finlay A, Klein M, Franke B, Fornito A, Bellgrove MA. Genome-wide association study reveals novel genetic locus associated with intra-individual variability in response time. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:207. [PMID: 30287865 PMCID: PMC6172232 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-individual response time variability (IIRTV) is proposed as a viable endophenotype for many psychiatric disorders, particularly attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we assessed whether IIRTV was associated with common DNA variation genome-wide and whether IIRTV mediated the relationship between any associated loci and self-reported ADHD symptoms. A final data set from 857 Australian young adults (489 females and 368 males; Mage = 22.14 years, SDage = 4.82 years) who completed five response time tasks and self-reported symptoms of ADHD using the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale was used. Principal components analysis (PCA) on these response time measures (standard deviation of reaction times and the intra-individual coefficient of variation) produced two variability factors (labelled response selection and selective attention). To understand the genetic drivers of IIRTV we performed a genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) on these PCA-derived indices of IIRTV. For the selective attention variability factor, we identified one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) attaining genome-wide significance; rs62182100 in the HDAC4 gene located on chromosome 2q37. A bootstrapping mediation analysis demonstrated that the selective attention variability factor mediated the relationship between rs62182100 and self-reported ADHD symptoms. Our findings provide the first evidence of a genome-wide significant SNP association with IIRTV and support the potential utility of IIRTV as a valid endophenotype for ADHD symptoms. However, limitations of this study suggest that these observations should be interpreted with caution until replication samples become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Pinar
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ziarih Hawi
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tarrant Cummins
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Beth Johnson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Pauper
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janette Tong
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Finlay
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Fornito
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Trejo S, Matute E, de Lourdes Ramírez-Dueñas M, Mendizabal-Ruiz AP, Chamorro Y, Morales JA. "Like parent, like child": Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-like characteristics in parents of ADHD cases. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:676-684. [PMID: 30338900 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) endophenotype in non-affected parents of adolescents with a history of ADHD, based on the relationship between performance on a sustained attention test (continuous performance task, or CPT) and polymorphisms of the DRD4 gene. In a sample of 25 non-affected parents of adolescents with ADHD history obtained from a longitudinal study of a nonclinical population, and 25 non-affected parents of adolescents with no ADHD history, four groups were evaluated with respect to the presence or absence of the long allele polymorphism of the DRD4 gene (i.e., over seven repeats). Comparisons of CPT performance among the four study groups included the number of commission errors, the number of omission errors, mean reaction time on correct responses (MRT), and reaction time (RT) variability (mean standard deviation of RT in each block [SDRT, as variability], and the sigma and tau components of the ex-Gaussian approach). The group of non-affected parents of adolescents with ADHD history and at least one long allele of the DRD4 gene showed greater RT variability (measured by SDRT), which is best explained by the greater frequency of abnormally slow responses (measured by tau). An association between the presence of the long allele of the DRD4 gene polymorphism and ADHD-like failure in CPT performance was evident in the non-affected parents of adolescents with ADHD in childhood. These findings suggest that certain traits of CPT performance could be considered an ADHD endophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Trejo
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicología y Neurolingüística, Instituto de Neurociencias CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Esmeralda Matute
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicología y Neurolingüística, Instituto de Neurociencias CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - María de Lourdes Ramírez-Dueñas
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicología y Neurolingüística, Instituto de Neurociencias CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Adriana P Mendizabal-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicología y Neurolingüística, Instituto de Neurociencias CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Departamento de Farmacobiología y Departamento de Ciencias Computacionales, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Yaira Chamorro
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicología y Neurolingüística, Instituto de Neurociencias CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José A Morales
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicología y Neurolingüística, Instituto de Neurociencias CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Departamento de Farmacobiología y Departamento de Ciencias Computacionales, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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8
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Liu L, Cheng J, Su Y, Ji N, Gao Q, Li H, Yang L, Sun L, Qian Q, Wang Y. Deficiency of Sustained Attention in ADHD and Its Potential Genetic Contributor MAOA. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:878-885. [PMID: 25784069 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715574832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the genetic contributors to ADHD sustained attention deficit among noradrenergic genes responsible for the synthesis (dopamine-β-hydroxylase gene, DBH), transport (norepinephrine transporter gene, NET1), reception (alpha-2A adrenergic receptor gene, ADRA2A), and metabolism (monoamine oxidase A gene, MAOA) of noradrenalin (NE). METHOD A total of 456 children with ADHD and 108 normal controls were included in a digit cancellation test (DCT). DNA was collected from 242 participants and genotyped for 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of noradrenergic genes. RESULTS Compared with normal controls, children with ADHD showed a lower total score and higher mean error rate in the DCT, indicating poorer sustained attention function. Analysis of covariance showed an association between MAOA genotypes and ADHD performance in DCT, with poorer performance in risk allele carriers. No association was found for other noradrenergic genes. CONCLUSION Children with ADHD presented with a sustained attention deficit compared with normal controls. The sustained attention deficit of children with ADHD may be associated with genetic variant of MAOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yi Su
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ji
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Qian Gao
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Haimei Li
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
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9
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Pekcanlar Akay A, Eresen Yazıcıoğlu Ç, Alşen Güney S, Özek Erkuran H, Kızıldağ S, Baykara B, Özyurt G, Yıldırımcan Kadıçeşme Ş, Miral S, İnal Emiroğlu N. Allele frequencies of dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) and Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism are associated with methylphenidate response in adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a case control preliminary study. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2017.1418134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Pekcanlar Akay
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Sevay Alşen Güney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Handan Özek Erkuran
- Deparment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Psychiatry Specialist, Dr. Behçet Uz Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sefa Kızıldağ
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burak Baykara
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gonca Özyurt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Katip Çelebi University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Süha Miral
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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10
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McLoughlin G, Palmer J, Makeig S, Bigdely-Shamlo N, Banaschewski T, Laucht M, Brandeis D. EEG Source Imaging Indices of Cognitive Control Show Associations with Dopamine System Genes. Brain Topogr 2017; 31:392-406. [PMID: 29222686 PMCID: PMC5889775 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive or executive control is a critical mental ability, an important marker of mental illness, and among the most heritable of neurocognitive traits. Two candidate genes, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and DRD4, which both have a roles in the regulation of cortical dopamine, have been consistently associated with cognitive control. Here, we predicted that individuals with the COMT Met/Met allele would show improved response execution and inhibition as indexed by event-related potentials in a Go/NoGo task, while individuals with the DRD4 7-repeat allele would show impaired brain activity. We used independent component analysis (ICA) to separate brain source processes contributing to high-density EEG scalp signals recorded during the task. As expected, individuals with the DRD4 7-repeat polymorphism had reduced parietal P3 source and scalp responses to response (Go) compared to those without the 7-repeat. Contrary to our expectation, the COMT homozygous Met allele was associated with a smaller frontal P3 source and scalp response to response-inhibition (NoGo) stimuli, suggesting that while more dopamine in frontal cortical areas has advantages in some tasks, it may also compromise response inhibition function. An interaction effect emerged for P3 source responses to Go stimuli. These were reduced in those with both the 7-repeat DRD4 allele and either the COMT Val/Val or the Met/Met homozygous polymorphisms but not in those with the heterozygous Val/Met polymorphism. This epistatic interaction between DRD4 and COMT replicates findings that too little or too much dopamine impairs cognitive control. The anatomic and functional separated maximally independent cortical EEG sources proved more informative than scalp channel measures for genetic studies of brain function and thus better elucidate the complex mechanisms in psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- G McLoughlin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO80, London, UK.
| | - J Palmer
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S Makeig
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - N Bigdely-Shamlo
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - D Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Dockree PM, Barnes JJ, Matthews N, Dean AJ, Abe R, Nandam LS, Kelly SP, Bellgrove MA, O'Connell RG. The Effects of Methylphenidate on the Neural Signatures of Sustained Attention. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:687-694. [PMID: 28599833 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is well established that methylphenidate (MPH) enhances sustained attention, the neural mechanisms underpinning this improvement remain unclear. We examined how MPH influenced known electrophysiological precursors of lapsing attention over different time scales. METHODS We measured the impact of MPH, compared with placebo, on behavioral and electrocortical markers while healthy adults (n = 40) performed a continuous monitoring paradigm designed to elicit attentional lapses. RESULTS MPH led to increased rates of target detection, and electrophysiological analyses were conducted to identify the mechanisms underlying these improvements. Lapses of attention were reliably preceded by progressive increases in alpha activity that emerged over periods of several seconds. MPH led to an overall suppression of alpha activity across the entire task but also diminished the frequency of these maladaptive pretarget increases through a reduction of alpha variability. A drug-related linear increase in the amplitude of the frontal P3 event-related component was also observed in the pretarget timeframe (3 or 4 seconds). Furthermore, during immediate target processing, there was a significant increase in the parietal P3 amplitude with MPH, indicative of enhanced perceptual evidence accumulation underpinning target detection. MPH-related enhancements occurred without significant changes to early visual processing (visual P1 and 25-Hz steady-state visual evoked potential). CONCLUSIONS MPH serves to reduce maladaptive electrophysiological precursors of lapsing attention by acting selectively on top-down endogenous mechanisms that support sustained attention and target detection with no significant effect on bottom-up sensory excitability. These findings offer candidate markers to monitor the therapeutic efficacy of psychostimulants or to predict therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Dockree
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Jessica J Barnes
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Natasha Matthews
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Angela J Dean
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rafael Abe
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L Sanjay Nandam
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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12
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Sustained attention to a predictable, unengaging Go/No-Go task shows ongoing development between 6 and 11 years. Atten Percept Psychophys 2017; 79:1726-1741. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Lewis FC, Reeve RA, Kelly SP, Johnson KA. Evidence of substantial development of inhibitory control and sustained attention between 6 and 8years of age on an unpredictable Go/No-Go task. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 157:66-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Neuropsychological performance measures as intermediate phenotypes for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A multiple mediation analysis. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 29:259-272. [PMID: 27049476 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Genetic influences on dopaminergic neurotransmission have been implicated in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and are theorized to impact cognitive functioning via alterations in frontal-striatal circuitry. Neuropsychological functioning has been proposed to account for the potential associations between dopamine candidate genes and ADHD. However, to date, this mediation hypothesis has not been directly tested. Participants were 498 youth ages 6-17 years (mean M = 10.8 years, SD = 2.4 years, 55.0% male). All youth completed a multistage, multiple-informant assessment procedure to identify ADHD and non-ADHD cases, as well as a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Youth provided a saliva sample for DNA analyses; the 480 base pair variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism of the dopamine active transporter 1 gene (DAT1) and the 120 base pair promoter polymorphism of the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) were genotyped. Multiple mediation analysis revealed significant indirect associations between DAT1 genotype and inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and oppositionality, with specific indirect effects through response inhibition. The results highlight the role of neurocognitive task performance, particularly response inhibition, as a potential intermediate phenotype for ADHD, further elucidating the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and externalizing psychopathology.
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15
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Henríquez-Henríquez M, Villarroel L, Henríquez H, Zamorano F, Rothhammer F, Aboitiz F. Intratask Variability As a Correlate for DRD4 and SLC6A3 Variants: A Pilot Study in ADHD. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:987-96. [PMID: 22930791 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712455844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Behavioral variability may be an ADHD key feature. Currently used ex-Gaussian/Fast Fourier Transform analyses characterize general distribution and oscillatory/rhythmic components of performance but are unable to demonstrate slow cumulative changes over entire tasks. OBJECTIVE To explore how performance of ADHD children and unaffected sibs gradually evolves in relation to genetic variants linked to ADHD. METHOD A total of 40 kids (20 ADHD-discordant sib pairs) between 8 and 13 years resolved a visual Go/NoGo with 10% NoGo probability. Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) at DRD4 and SLC6A3 were identified following standard protocols. Performance changes were assessed by linear/logistic mixed-effect models. RESULTS Models exploring SLC6A3 effects demonstrated less accentuated increments of response time (RT) (p = .046) and cumulative increments in the correct responses to "NoGo" (p = .00027) in 10R/10R participants. Models for DRD4 showed faster decline of correct responses to "Go" (p = .0078) in 2R/7R carriers. CONCLUSION Dynamical analysis of attention/inhibition measures may unravel new correlates to DRD4 and SLC6A3 variants.
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16
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Pappa I, Mileva-Seitz VR, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Tiemeier H, van IJzendoorn MH. The magnificent seven: A quantitative review of dopamine receptor d4 and its association with child behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:175-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Sánchez-Mora C, Richarte V, Garcia-Martínez I, Pagerols M, Corrales M, Bosch R, Vidal R, Viladevall L, Casas M, Cormand B, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribasés M. Dopamine receptor DRD4 gene and stressful life events in persistent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:480-491. [PMID: 26174753 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We performed a case-control association study in persistent ADHD considering eight candidate genes (DRD4, DAT1/SLC6A3, COMT, ADRA2A, CES1, CYP2D6, LPHN3, and OPRM1) and found additional evidence for the involvement of the Dup 120bp and VNTR 48bp functional variants within the dopamine receptor DRD4 gene in the etiology of adult ADHD. We subsequently investigated the interaction of stressful life events with these two DRD4 polymorphisms, and the impact of such events on the severity of ADHD symptomatology. The gene-by-environment analysis revealed an independent effect of stressful experiences on the severity of persistent ADHD, and a gene-by-environment interaction on the inattentive dimension of the disorder, where non carriers of the Dup 120bp (L) - VNTR 48bp (7R) haplotype were more sensitive to environmental adversity than carriers. These results are in agreement with previous works reporting a relationship between DRD4 and the effect of adverse experiences, which may explain the discordant findings in previous genetic studies and strengthen the importance of gene-by-environment interactions on the severity of ADHD. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Institute Vall d'Hebron Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Richarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iris Garcia-Martínez
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Institute Vall d'Hebron Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Pagerols
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Institute Vall d'Hebron Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Corrales
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Vidal
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Casas
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Institute Vall d'Hebron Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bru Cormand
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Institute Vall d'Hebron Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Institute Vall d'Hebron Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
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Chiang HL, Chen YJ, Lo YC, Tseng WYI, Gau SSF. Altered white matter tract property related to impaired focused attention, sustained attention, cognitive impulsivity and vigilance in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2015; 40:325-35. [PMID: 25871496 PMCID: PMC4543095 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.140106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural substrate for clinical symptoms and neuropsychological performance in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has rarely been studied and has yielded inconsistent results. We sought to compare the microstructural property of fibre tracts associated with the prefrontal cortex and its association with ADHD symptoms and a wide range of attention performance in youth with ADHD and healthy controls. METHODS We assessed youths with ADHD and age-, sex-, handedness-, coil- and intelligence-matched controls using the Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CCPT) for attention performance and MRI. The 10 target tracts, including the bilateral frontostriatal tracts (caudate to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex), superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and cingulum bundle were reconstructed using diffusion spectrum imaging tractography. We computed generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) values to indicate tract-specific microstructural property. RESULTS We included 50 youths with ADHD and 50 healthy controls in our study. Youths with ADHD had lower GFA in the left frontostriatal tracts, bilateral SLF and right cingulum bundle and performed worse in the CCPT than controls. Furthermore, alteration of the right SLF GFA was most significantly associated with the clinical symptom of inattention in youths with ADHD. Finally, youths with ADHD had differential association patterns of the 10 fibre tract GFA values with attention performance compared with controls. LIMITATIONS Ten of the youths with ADHD were treated with methylphenidate, which may have long-term effects on microstructural property. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the importance of the SLF, cingulum bundle and frontostriatal tracts for clinical symptoms and attention performance in youths with ADHD and demonstrates the involvement of different fibre tracts in attention performance in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Ling Chiang
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
| | - Yu-Chun Lo
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
| | - Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
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Wetterling F, McCarthy H, Tozzi L, Skokauskas N, O'Doherty JP, Mulligan A, Meaney J, Fagan AJ, Gill M, Frodl T. Impaired reward processing in the human prefrontal cortex distinguishes between persistent and remittent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4648-63. [PMID: 26287509 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children often persist into adulthood and can lead to severe antisocial behavior. However, to-date it remains unclear whether neuro-functional abnormalities cause ADHD, which in turn can then provide a marker of persistent ADHD. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we measured blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal changes in subjects during a reversal learning task in which choice of the correct stimulus led to a probabilistically determined 'monetary' reward or punishment. Participants were diagnosed with ADHD during their childhood (N=32) and were paired with age, gender, and education matched healthy controls (N=32). Reassessment of the ADHD group as adults resulted in a split between either persistent (persisters, N=17) or remitted ADHDs (remitters, N=15). All three groups showed significantly decreased activation in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the left striatum during punished correct responses, however only remitters and controls presented significant psycho-physiological interaction between these fronto-striatal reward and outcome valence networks. Comparing persisters to remitters and controls showed significantly inverted responses to punishment (P<0.05, family-wise error corrected) in left PFC region. Interestingly, the decreased activation shown after punishment was located in different areas of the PFC for remitters compared with controls, suggesting that remitters might have learned compensation strategies to overcome their ADHD symptoms. Thus, fMRI helps understanding the neuro-functional basis of ADHD related behavior differences and differentiates between persistent and remittent ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Wetterling
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, the University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hazel McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, the University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Leonardo Tozzi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, the University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Norbert Skokauskas
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - John P O'Doherty
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Aisling Mulligan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, the University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - James Meaney
- Centre for Advanced Medical Imaging (CAMI), St. James's Hospital/School of Medicine, Trinity College, the University of Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Andrew J Fagan
- Centre for Advanced Medical Imaging (CAMI), St. James's Hospital/School of Medicine, Trinity College, the University of Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Michael Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, the University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College, the University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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20
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Peskin VA, Ordóñez A, Mackin RS, Delucchi K, Monge S, McGough JJ, Chavira DA, Berrocal M, Cheung E, Fournier E, Badner JA, Herrera LD, Mathews CA. Neuropsychological and dimensional behavioral trait profiles in Costa Rican ADHD sib pairs: Potential intermediate phenotypes for genetic studies. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168B:247-57. [PMID: 25832558 PMCID: PMC4437811 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with substantial functional impairment in children and in adults. Many individuals with ADHD have clear neurocognitive deficits, including problems with visual attention, processing speed, and set shifting. ADHD is etiologically complex, and although genetic factors play a role in its development, much of the genetic contribution to ADHD remains unidentified. We conducted clinical and neuropsychological assessments of 294 individuals (269 with ADHD) from 163 families (48 multigenerational families created using genealogical reconstruction, 78 affected sib pair families, and 37 trios) from the Central Valley of Costa Rica (CVCR). We used principal components analysis (PCA) to group neurocognitive and behavioral variables using the subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and 15 neuropsychological measures, and created quantitative traits for heritability analyses. We identified seven cognitive and two behavioral domains. Individuals with ADHD were significantly more impaired than their unaffected siblings on most behavioral and cognitive domains. The verbal IQ domain had the highest heritability (92%), followed by auditory attention (87%), visual processing speed and problem solving (85%), and externalizing symptoms (81%). The quantitative traits identified here have high heritabilities, similar to the reported heritability of ADHD (70-90%), and may represent appropriate alternative phenotypes for genetic studies. The use of multigenerational families from a genetically isolated population may facilitate the identification of ADHD risk genes in the face of phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana A. Peskin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Anna Ordóñez
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R. Scott Mackin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kevin Delucchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Silvia Monge
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital CIMA, San José, Costa Rica
| | - James J. McGough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Denise A. Chavira
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Monica Berrocal
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital CIMA, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Erika Cheung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Judith A. Badner
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Carol A. Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Minkov M, Bond MH. Genetic polymorphisms predict national differences in life history strategy and time orientation. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Tong JHS, Cummins TDR, Johnson BP, McKinley LA, Pickering HE, Fanning P, Stefanac NR, Newman DP, Hawi Z, Bellgrove MA. An association between a dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) haplotype and ADHD symptom measures in nonclinical adults. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168B:89-96. [PMID: 25656223 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous genetic studies have postulated that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) should be regarded as the extreme end of a set of behavioural traits that can be continuously measured in the general population. The current study adopted a quantitative trait approach to examine the relationship between dopamine gene variants and self-reported ADHD symptoms in 517 nonclinical adults. Although genetic associations with variants of both the dopamine transporter (DAT1; SLC6A3) and D4 receptor (DRD4) genes have been reliably reported in children, results in adults are less consistent. We probed two potentially functional variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in the 3'UTR and intron 8 of DAT1, the 10-repeat and 6-repeat alleles of which respectively form a haplotype (10/6 DAT1 haplotype) that is associated with childhood ADHD. We also genotyped the exon 3 VNTR of DRD4, the 7-repeat allele of which is also an established risk factor for childhood ADHD. Permutation analysis showed an influence of the 10/6 DAT1 haplotype on both CAARS-G and CAARS-H (DSM-IV ADHD Symptoms Total and ADHD Index respectively), such that ADHD symptom scores increased with each additional copy of the 10/6 DAT1 haplotype. This result survived corrections for multiple comparisons both at the level of genotype and phenotype. A nominal association with CAARS-G was also found for the 7-repeat allele of the DRD4 VNTR however this did not survive multiple comparison correction. Our results provide further support for the influence of variation in the 10/6 DAT1 haplotype and individual differences in ADHD symptoms in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette H S Tong
- Monash University, School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Hawi Z, Cummins TDR, Tong J, Johnson B, Lau R, Samarrai W, Bellgrove MA. The molecular genetic architecture of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:289-97. [PMID: 25600112 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood behavioral condition which affects 2-10% of school age children worldwide. Although the underlying molecular mechanism for the disorder is poorly understood, familial, twin and adoption studies suggest a strong genetic component. Here we provide a state-of-the-art review of the molecular genetics of ADHD incorporating evidence from candidate gene and linkage designs, as well as genome-wide association (GWA) studies of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and rare copy number variations (CNVs). Bioinformatic methods such as functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein network analysis are used to highlight biological processes of likely relevance to the aetiology of ADHD. Candidate gene associations of minor effect size have been replicated across a number of genes including SLC6A3, DRD5, DRD4, SLC6A4, LPHN3, SNAP-25, HTR1B, NOS1 and GIT1. Although case-control SNP-GWAS have had limited success in identifying common genetic variants for ADHD that surpass critical significance thresholds, quantitative trait designs suggest promising associations with Cadherin13 and glucose-fructose oxidoreductase domain 1 genes. Further, CNVs mapped to glutamate receptor genes (GRM1, GRM5, GRM7 and GRM8) have been implicated in the aetiology of the disorder and overlap with bioinformatic predictions based on ADHD GWAS SNP data regarding enriched pathways. Although increases in sample size across multi-center cohorts will likely yield important new results, we advocate that this must occur in parallel with a shift away from categorical case-control approaches that view ADHD as a unitary construct, towards dimensional approaches that incorporate endophenotypes and statistical classification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Hawi
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - T D R Cummins
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J Tong
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B Johnson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R Lau
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - W Samarrai
- New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - M A Bellgrove
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Gehricke JG, Swanson J, Duong S, Nguyen J, Wigal T, Fallon J, Caburian C, Muftuler LT, Moyzis R. Increased brain activity to unpleasant stimuli in individuals with the 7R allele of the DRD4 gene. Psychiatry Res 2015; 231:58-63. [PMID: 25481571 PMCID: PMC4272659 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine functional brain activity in response to unpleasant images in individuals with the 7-repeat (7R) allele compared to individuals with the 4-repeat (4R) allele of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene (VNTR in exon 3). Based on the response ready hypothesis, individuals with the DRD4-4R/7R genotype were expected to show greater functional brain activity in response to unpleasant compared to neutral stimuli in specific regions of the frontal, temporal, parietal and limbic lobes, which form the networks involved in attentional, emotional, and preparatory responses. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging activity was studied in 26 young adults (13 with the DRD4-4R/7R genotype and 13 with the DRD4-4R/4R genotype). Participants were asked to look at and subjectively rate unpleasant and neutral images. Results showed increased brain activity in response to unpleasant images compared to neutral images in the right temporal lobe in participants with the DRD4-4R/7R genotype versus participants with the DRD4-4R/4R genotype. The increase in right temporal lobe activity in individuals with DRD4-4R/7R suggests greater involvement in processing negative emotional stimuli. Intriguingly, no differences were found between the two genotypes in the subjective ratings of the images. The findings corroborate the response ready hypothesis, which suggests that individuals with the 7R allele are more responsive to negative emotional stimuli compared to individuals with the 4R allele of the DRD4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-G. Gehricke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine,
Irvine CA, USA,The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental
Disorders, Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA,Corresponding author: University of California,
Irvine, The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2500 Red
Hill Avenue, Ste. 100, Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA. Tel.: + 1 949-267-0484.
(J.-G. Gehricke)
| | - James Swanson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine,
Irvine CA, USA
| | - Sophie Duong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine,
Irvine CA, USA
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental
Disorders, Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA
| | - Timothy Wigal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine,
Irvine CA, USA
| | - James Fallon
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of
California, Irvine, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Cyrus Caburian
- The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental
Disorders, Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA
| | - L. Tugan Muftuler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert Moyzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Medicine and
Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine
CA, USA
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Johnson KA, Healy E, Dooley B, Kelly SP, McNicholas F. Children born with very low birth weight show difficulties with sustained attention but not response inhibition. Child Neuropsychol 2014; 21:629-47. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2014.964193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cummins TDR, Jacoby O, Hawi Z, Nandam LS, Byrne MAV, Kim BN, Wagner J, Chambers CD, Bellgrove MA. Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor gene variants are associated with increased intra-individual variability in response time. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:1031-6. [PMID: 24166412 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intra-individual variability in response time has been proposed as an important endophenotype for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we asked whether intra-individual variability is predicted by common variation in catecholamine genes and whether it mediates the relationship between these gene variants and self-reported ADHD symptoms. A total of 402 non-clinical Australian adults of European descent completed a battery of five cognitive tasks and the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale. Exclusion criteria included the presence of major psychiatric or neurologic illnesses and substance dependency. A total of 21 subjects were excluded due to incomplete data or poor quality cognitive or genotyping data. The final sample comprised 381 subjects (201 males; mean age=21.2 years, s.d.=5.1 years). Principal components analysis on variability measures yielded two factors (response selection variability vs selective attention variability). Association of these factors with catecholamine gene variants was tested using single-step linear regressions, with multiple comparisons controlled using permutation analysis. The response selection variability factor was associated with two ADRA2A single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs1800544, rs602618), p corrected=0.004, 0.012, respectively, whereas the selective attention variability factor was associated with a TH SNP (rs3842727), p corrected=0.024. A bootstrapping analysis indicated that the response selection variability factor mediated the relationship between the ADRA2A SNP rs1800544 and self-reported ADHD symptoms. Thus this study finds evidence that DNA variation in the ADRA2A gene may be causally related to ADHD-like behaviors, in part through its influence on intra-individual variability. Evidence was also found for a novel association between a TH gene variant and intra-individual variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D R Cummins
- 1] School of Psychology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia [2] Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - O Jacoby
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Z Hawi
- 1] School of Psychology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia [2] Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - L S Nandam
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia [2] Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M A V Byrne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - B-N Kim
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia [2] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Wagner
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - C D Chambers
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - M A Bellgrove
- 1] School of Psychology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia [2] Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia [3] School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Mulligan RC, Kristjansson SD, Reiersen AM, Parra AS, Anokhin AP. Neural correlates of inhibitory control and functional genetic variation in the dopamine D4 receptor gene. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62:306-18. [PMID: 25107677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) has been implicated in psychiatric disorders in which deficits of self-regulation are a prominent feature (e.g., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders) and in dopamine D4 receptor insensitivity within prefrontal regions of the brain. Our hypothesis was that carriers of 7-repeats in the Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) of DRD4 (7R+) would recruit prefrontal brain regions involved in successful inhibitory control to a lesser degree than non-carriers (7R-) and demonstrate less inhibitory control as confirmed by observation of locally reduced blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) % signal change and lower accuracy while performing "No-Go" trials of a Go/No-Go task. METHODS Participants (age=18, n=62, 33 females) were recruited from the general population of the St. Louis, Missouri region. Participants provided a blood or saliva sample for genotyping, completed drug and alcohol-related questionnaires and IQ testing, and performed a Go/No-Go task inside of a 3T fMRI scanner. RESULTS Go/No-Go task performance did not significantly differ between 7R+ and 7R- groups. Contrast of brain activity during correct "No-Go" trials with a non-target letter baseline revealed significant BOLD activation in a network of brain regions previously implicated in inhibitory control including bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal, inferior frontal, middle frontal, medial prefrontal, subcortical, parietal/temporal, and occipital/cerebellar brain regions. Mean BOLD % signal change during "No-Go" trials was significantly modulated by DRD4 genotype, with 7R+ showing a lower hemodynamic response than 7R- in right anterior prefrontal cortex/inferior frontal gyrus, left premotor cortex, and right occipital/cerebellar areas. Follow-up analyses suggested that 7-repeat status accounted for approximately 5-6% of the variance in the BOLD response during "No-Go" trials. DISCUSSION The DRD4 7-repeat allele may alter dopaminergic function in brain regions involved in inhibitory control. When individuals must inhibit a prepotent motor response, presence of this allele may account for 5-6% of the variance in BOLD signal in brain regions critically associated with inhibitory control, but its influence may be associated with a greater effect on brain than on behavior in 18-year-olds from the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Mulligan
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Sean D Kristjansson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Pason Systems Corporation, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Angela M Reiersen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andres S Parra
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrey P Anokhin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Albrecht B, Brandeis D, Uebel-von Sandersleben H, Valko L, Heinrich H, Xu X, Drechsler R, Heise A, Kuntsi J, Müller UC, Asherson P, Steinhausen HC, Rothenberger A, Banaschewski T. Genetics of preparation and response control in ADHD: the role of DRD4 and DAT1. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:914-23. [PMID: 24521003 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulties with performance and brain activity related to attentional orienting (Cue-P3), cognitive or response preparation (Cue-CNV) and inhibitory response control (Nogo-P3) during tasks tapping executive functions are familial in ADHD and may represent endophenotypes. The aim of this study was to clarify the impact of dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene polymorphisms on these processes in ADHD and control children. METHODS Behavioural and electrophysiological parameters from cued continuous performance tests with low and high attentional load were assessed in boys with ADHD combined type (N = 94) and controls without family history of ADHD (N = 31). Both groups were split for the presence of at least one DRD4 7-repeat allele and the DAT1 10-6 haplotype. RESULTS Children with ADHD showed diminished performance and lower Cue-P3, CNV and Nogo-P3 amplitudes. Children with DRD4 7R showed similar performance problems and lower Cue-P3 and CNV, but Nogo-P3 was not reduced. Children with the DAT1 10-6 haplotype had no difficulties with performance or Cue-P3 and CNV, but contrary to expectations increased Nogo-P3. There were no Genotype by ADHD interactions. CONCLUSIONS This study detected specific effects of DRD4 7R on performance and brain activity related to attentional orienting and response preparation, while DAT1 10-6 was associated with elevated brain activity related to inhibitory response control, which potentially compensates increased impulsivity. As these genotype effects were additive to the impact of ADHD, the current results indicate that DRD4 and DAT1 polymorphisms are functionally relevant risk factors for ADHD and presumably other disorders sharing these endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Albrecht
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Adamo N, Di Martino A, Esu L, Petkova E, Johnson K, Kelly S, Castellanos FX, Zuddas A. Increased response-time variability across different cognitive tasks in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2014; 18:434-46. [PMID: 22508759 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712439419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased response-time (RT) fluctuations below 0.2 Hz have been reported as characteristic of ADHD in some but not all studies, possibly due to methodological differences. Accordingly, We contrasted two tasks and two analytical approaches in the same sample of children with ADHD. METHOD Fifty-two children with ADHD and 49 typically developing children completed an Eriksen Flanker Task and a fixed-sequence version of the sustained attention to response task. RT fluctuations with two different frequency analyses were examined. RESULTS Robust ADHD-related increases of slow RT fluctuations within all frequencies were found in both tasks. Tasks were significantly correlated in both groups for frequencies above 0.07 Hz. RT fluctuations across all frequencies were greatest in children with ADHD with abnormally elevated omissions. CONCLUSION We observed significantly increased fluctuations of RT in children with ADHD across two different tasks and methods supporting the hypothesis that slow frequency RT fluctuations reflect neurophysiological processes underlying ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Adamo
- Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Child Study Center, NY, USA
| | | | - Lidia Esu
- Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eva Petkova
- Division of Biostatistics, NYU Child Study Center, New York, USA Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Katherine Johnson
- Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, NY, USA
| | - Francisco Xavier Castellanos
- Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Child Study Center, NY, USA Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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Berry D, McCartney K, Petrill S, Deater-Deckard K, Blair C. Gene-environment interaction between DRD4 7-repeat VNTR and early child-care experiences predicts self-regulation abilities in prekindergarten. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 56:373-91. [PMID: 23460366 PMCID: PMC8183459 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intervention studies indicate that children's early child-care experiences can be leveraged to foster their development of effective self-regulation skills. It is less clear whether typical child-care experiences play a similar role. In addition, evidence suggests that children with a common variant of the DRD4 gene (48-bp VNTR, 7-repeat) may be more sensitive to their experiences than those without this variant. Using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we considered the degree to which children's early child-care experiences-quantity, quality, and type-were associated with their attention and self-regulation abilities in prekindergarten, and, in particular, whether these relations were conditional on DRD4 genotype. G × E interactions were evident across multiple neuropsychological and observational measures of children's attention and self-regulation abilities. Across most outcome measures, DRD4 7+ children spending fewer hours in child care showed more effective attention/self-regulation abilities. For those without a copy of the DRD4 7-repeat allele, such associations were typically null. The results for child-care quality and type indicated no interactions with genotype; the main-effect associations were somewhat inconsistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Berry
- Department of Educational Psychology & Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
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31
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Potential contribution of dopaminergic gene variants in ADHD core traits and co-morbidity: a study on eastern Indian probands. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:549-64. [PMID: 24585059 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Association of dopaminergic genes, mainly receptors and transporters, with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been investigated throughout the world due to the importance of dopamine (DA) in various physiological functions including attention, cognition and motor activity, traits. However, till date, etiology of ADHD remains unknown. We explored association of functional variants in the DA receptor 2 (rs1799732 and rs6278), receptor 4 (exon 3 VNTR and rs914655), and transporter (rs28363170 and rs3836790) with hyperactivity, cognitive deficit, and co-morbid disorders in eastern Indian probands. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-IV was followed for recruitment of nuclear families with ADHD probands (N = 160) and ethnically matched controls (N = 160). Cognitive deficit and hyperactive traits were measured using Conner's parents/teachers rating scale. Peripheral blood was collected after obtaining informed written consent and used for genomic DNA isolation. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-based methods followed by population- as well as family-based statistical analyses. Association between genotypes and cognitive/hyperactivity traits and co-morbidities was analyzed by the Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) software. Case-control analysis showed statistically significant difference for rs6278 and rs28363170 (P = 0.004 and 1.332e-007 respectively) while family-based analysis exhibited preferential paternal transmission of rs28363170 '9R' allele (P = 0.04). MDR analyses revealed independent effects of rs1799732, rs6278, rs914655, and rs3836790 in ADHD. Significant independent effects of different sites on cognitive/hyperactivity traits and co-morbid disorders were also noticed. It can be summarized from the present investigation that these gene variants may influence cognitive/hyperactive traits, thereby affecting the disease etiology and associated co-morbid features.
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Adamo N, Huo L, Adelsberg S, Petkova E, Castellanos FX, Di Martino A. Response time intra-subject variability: commonalities between children with autism spectrum disorders and children with ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 23:69-79. [PMID: 23716135 PMCID: PMC3883913 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-013-0428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the common co-occurrence of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the underlying mechanisms are under-explored. A potential candidate for investigation is response time intra-subject variability (RT-ISV), a hypothesized marker of attentional lapses. Direct comparisons of RT-ISV in ASD versus ADHD are limited and contradictory. We aimed to examine whether distinct fluctuations in RT-ISV characterize children with ASD and with ADHD relative to typically developing children (TDC). We applied both a priori-based and data-driven strategies to RT performance of 46 children with ASD, 46 with ADHD, and 36 TDC (aged 7-11.9 years). Specifically, we contrasted groups relative to the amplitude of four preselected frequency bands as well as to 400 frequency bins from 0.006 to 0.345 Hz. In secondary analyses, we divided the ASD group into children with and without substantial ADHD symptoms (ASD(+) and ASD(-), respectively). Regardless of the strategy employed, RT-ISV fluctuations at frequencies between 0.20 and 0.345 Hz distinguished children with ADHD, but not children with ASD, from TDC. Children with ASD(+) and those with ADHD shared elevated amplitudes of RT-ISV fluctuations in frequencies between 0.18 and 0.345 Hz relative to TDC. In contrast, the ASD(-) subgroup did not differ from TDC in RT-ISV frequency fluctuations. RT-ISV fluctuations in frequencies 0.18-0.345 Hz (i.e., periods between 3 and 5 s) are associated with ADHD symptoms regardless of categorical diagnosis and may represent a biomarker. These results suggest that children with ADHD and those with ASD(+) share common underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of RT-ISV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Adamo
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cōwen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, One Park Avenue, 8th floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lan Huo
- Division of Biostatistics, NYU Child Study Center, New York, USA
| | - Samantha Adelsberg
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cōwen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, One Park Avenue, 8th floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eva Petkova
- Division of Biostatistics, NYU Child Study Center, New York, USA; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - F. Xavier Castellanos
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cōwen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, One Park Avenue, 8th floor, New York, NY 10016, USA; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Di Martino
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cōwen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, NYU Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, One Park Avenue, 8th floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Hocking DR, Thomas D, Menant JC, Porter MA, Smith S, Lord SR, Cornish KM. The interplay between executive control and motor functioning in Williams syndrome. Dev Sci 2013; 16:428-42. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren R. Hocking
- Monash Child and Adult Development Lab; School of Psychology and Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine; Monash University; Australia
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Monash Child and Adult Development Lab; School of Psychology and Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine; Monash University; Australia
| | - Jasmine C. Menant
- Neuroscience Research Australia; University of New South Wales; Australia
| | | | - Stuart Smith
- Neuroscience Research Australia; University of New South Wales; Australia
| | - Stephen R. Lord
- Neuroscience Research Australia; University of New South Wales; Australia
| | - Kim M. Cornish
- Monash Child and Adult Development Lab; School of Psychology and Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine; Monash University; Australia
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Gilsbach S, Neufang S, Scherag S, Vloet TD, Fink GR, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K. Effects of the DRD4 genotype on neural networks associated with executive functions in children and adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2012; 2:417-27. [PMID: 22727763 PMCID: PMC7005761 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants within the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) are among the strongest and most consistently replicated molecular genetic findings in attentional functioning as well as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Functionally, the 7-repeat allele of the DRD4-48 base pair repeat gene leads to a sub-sensitive postsynaptic D4 receptor, which is expressed at a particularly high density in the frontal lobes. We used fMRI to investigate the influence of the 7-repeat allele on BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependency) responses in 26 healthy children and adolescents while they performed a combined stimulus-response Incompatibility Task (IC) and a Time Discrimination Task (TT). 7-repeat non-carriers exhibited increased neural activation of the left middle and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in the IC and greater cerebellar activation in the TT. Furthermore, the 7-repeat non-carriers exhibited a stronger coupling in haemodynamic responses between left IFG and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during the IC and between cerebellar activation and brain regions that have high DRD4 density, including the IFG and the ACC during the TT. Our results indicate that the 7-repeat allele influences both regional brain activation patterns as well as connectivity patterns between neural networks of incompatibility and temporal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gilsbach
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.
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Wu J, Xiao H, Sun H, Zou L, Zhu LQ. Role of dopamine receptors in ADHD: a systematic meta-analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 45:605-20. [PMID: 22610946 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dopaminergic system plays a pivotal role in the central nervous system via its five diverse receptors (D1-D5). Dysfunction of dopaminergic system is implicated in many neuropsychological diseases, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common mental disorder that prevalent in childhood. Understanding the relationship of five different dopamine (DA) receptors with ADHD will help us to elucidate different roles of these receptors and to develop therapeutic approaches of ADHD. This review summarized the ongoing research of DA receptor genes in ADHD pathogenesis and gathered the past published data with meta-analysis and revealed the high risk of DRD5, DRD2, and DRD4 polymorphisms in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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36
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Lee TW, Yu YWY, Hong CJ, Tsai SJ, Wu HC, Chen TJ. The influence of dopamine receptor d4 polymorphism on resting EEG in healthy young females. Open Neuroimag J 2012; 6:19-25. [PMID: 22448208 PMCID: PMC3308261 DOI: 10.2174/1874440001206010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymorphism of variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) in dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene exon III has been linked to various neuro-psychiatric conditions with disinhibition/impulsivity as one of the core features. This study examined the modulatory effects of long-allele variant of DRD4 VNTR on the regional neural activity as well as inter-regional neural interactions in a young female population. Blood sample and resting state eyes-closed EEG signals were collected in 233 healthy females, stratified into two groups by polymerase chain reaction: long-allele carriers (>4- repeat) and non-carriers (<=4-repeat/<=4-repeat). The values of mean power of 18 electrodes and mutual information of 38 channel pairs across theta, alpha, and beta frequencies were analyzed. Our connectivity analysis was based on information theory, which combined Morlet wavelet transform and mutual information calculation. Between-group differences of regional power and connectivity strength were quantified by independent t-test, while between-group differences in global trends were examined by non-parametric analyses. We noticed that DRD4 VNTR long-allele was associated with decreased global connectivity strength (from non-parametric analysis), especially over bi-frontal, biparietal and right fronto-parietal and right fronto-temporal connections (from independent t-tests). The between-group differences in regional power were not robust. Our findings fit with the networks of response inhibition, providing evidence bridging DRD4 long-allele and disinhibition/impulsivity in neuropsychiatric disorders. We suggest future DRD4 studies of imaging genetics incorporate connectivity analysis to unveil its impact on cerebral network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Wen Lee
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
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37
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Sweitzer MM, Halder I, Flory JD, Craig AE, Gianaros PJ, Ferrell RE, Manuck SB. Polymorphic variation in the dopamine D4 receptor predicts delay discounting as a function of childhood socioeconomic status: evidence for differential susceptibility. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012; 8:499-508. [PMID: 22345368 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inconsistent or null findings among studies associating behaviors on the externalizing spectrum--addictions, impulsivity, risk-taking, novelty-seeking traits--with presence of the 7-repeat allele of a common length polymorphism in the gene encoding the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) may stem from individuals' variable exposures to prominent environmental moderators (gene × environment interaction). Here, we report that relative preference for immediate, smaller rewards over larger rewards delayed in time (delay discounting), a behavioral endophenotype of impulsive decision-making, varied by interaction of DRD4 genotype with childhood socioeconomic status (SES) among 546 mid-life community volunteers. Independent of age, sex, adulthood SES and IQ, participants who were both raised in families of distinctly low SES (low parental education and occupational grade) and carried the DRD4 7-repeat allele discounted future rewards more steeply than like-reared counterparts of alternate DRD4 genotype. In the absence of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage, however, participants carrying the 7-repeat allele discounted future rewards less steeply. This bidirectional association of DRD4 genotype with temporal discounting, conditioned by participants' early life circumstances, accords with a recently proposed developmental model of gene × environment interaction ('differential susceptibility') that posits genetically modulated sensitivity to both adverse and salubrious environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M Sweitzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Kebir O, Joober R. Neuropsychological endophenotypes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review of genetic association studies. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 261:583-94. [PMID: 21409419 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-011-0207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a relatively large body of research has been published up to now, it may be informative to explore whether the use of endophenotypes has produced consistent findings in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We reviewed the results of genetic studies investigating associations between putative susceptibility genes for ADHD and neuropsychological traits relevant for this disorder. A PubMed database search identified 47 studies. Most of them (n = 36) examined a single candidate gene, while seven studies examined two or three genes and only four studies examined 10 genes or more. The most investigated genes were DRD4, DAT1, COMT, MAOA, and DBH. Regarding DRD4, association of high reaction time variability with the 7-R allele absence appears to be the most consistent result. Speed of processing, set shifting, and cognitive impulsiveness were less frequently investigated, but seem to be altered in the 7-R allele carriers. Regarding DAT1, majority of studies reported negative results indicating that this gene may have a modulating effect rather than direct influence on cognitive functioning. The other genes were investigated in fewer studies, and the reported findings need to be replicated. The principal methodological issues that could represent confounding factors and may explain conflicting results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Kebir
- INSERM, U894, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Barnes JJM, Dean AJ, Nandam LS, O'Connell RG, Bellgrove MA. The molecular genetics of executive function: role of monoamine system genes. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:e127-43. [PMID: 21397212 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Executive control processes, such as sustained attention, response inhibition, and error monitoring, allow humans to guide behavior in appropriate, flexible, and adaptive ways. The consequences of executive dysfunction for humans can be dramatic, as exemplified by the large range of both neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders in which such deficits negatively affect outcome and quality of life. Much evidence suggests that many clinical disorders marked by executive deficits are highly heritable and that individual differences in quantitative measures of executive function are strongly driven by genetic differences. Accordingly, intense research effort has recently been directed toward mapping the genetic architecture of executive control processes in both clinical (e.g., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) and nonclinical populations. Here we review the extant literature on the molecular genetic correlates of three exemplar but dissociable executive functions: sustained attention, response inhibition, and error processing. Our review focuses on monoaminergic gene variants given the strong body of evidence from cognitive neuroscience and pharmacology implicating dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin as neuromodulators of executive function. Associations between DNA variants of the dopamine beta hydroxylase gene and measures of sustained attention accord well with cognitive-neuroanatomical models of sustained attention. Equally, functional variants of the dopamine D2 receptor gene are reliably associated with performance monitoring, error processing, and reinforcement learning. Emerging evidence suggests that variants of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) show promise for explaining significant variance in individual differences in both behavioral and neural measures of inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J M Barnes
- Queensland Brain Institute and School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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40
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fMRI activation during response inhibition and error processing: The role of the DAT1 gene in typically developing adolescents and those diagnosed with ADHD. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:1641-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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41
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Psychopathological aspects of dopaminergic gene polymorphisms in adolescence and young adulthood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:1665-86. [PMID: 21527290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine hypotheses of several psychiatric disorders are based upon the clinical benefits of drugs affecting dopamine transporter or receptors, and have prompted intensive candidate gene research within the dopaminergic system during the last two decades. The aim of this review is to survey the most important findings concerning dopaminergic gene polymorphisms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette syndrome (TS), obsessive compulsive disorder, and substance abuse. Also, genetic findings of related phenotypes, such as inattention, impulsivity, aggressive behavior, and novelty seeking personality trait are presented, because recent studies have applied quantitative trait measures using questionnaires, symptom scales, or other objective endophenotypes. Unfortunately, genetic variants with minor effects are problematic to detect in these complex inheritance disorders, often leading to contradictory results. The most consistent association findings relate to ADHD and the dopamine transporter and the dopamine D4 receptor genes. Meta-analyses also support the association between substance abuse and the D2 receptor gene. The dopamine catabolizing enzyme genes, such as monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genes, have been linked to aggressive behaviors.
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Kuntsi J, Klein C. Intraindividual variability in ADHD and its implications for research of causal links. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 9:67-91. [PMID: 21769722 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Intraindividual variability (IIV) - reflecting short-term (within-session), within-person fluctuations in behavioral performance - and, specifically, reaction time (RT) variability, is strongly linked with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) both at the phenotypic and genetic levels. Phenotypic case-control comparisons show a consistent and robust association between ADHD and RT variability across a broad range of cognitive tasks, samples, and age ranges (from childhood to adulthood). The association does not appear to be a nonspecific effect mediated by lower general cognitive ability. The finding from quantitative genetic studies of the shared genetic etiology between ADHD and RT variability is similarly robust, replicating across tasks, samples, and definitions of ADHD. Molecular genetic studies have produced intriguing initial findings: increasing sample sizes and replications across datasets remain priorities for future efforts. While the field has come a long way from considering increased RT variability in ADHD as the "noise" or "error" that we need to reduce in our data, the investigation of the causal pathways is only beginning. The neural basis of IIV is being investigated, with initial data pointing to a crucial role of fronto-striatal systems in controlling behavioral consistency. Several theories have been put forward to account for the observed IIV in ADHD, including accounts of arousal regulation, temporal processing and the "default-mode network." For the wider implications of the IIV phenomenon to be fully realized, we need to learn further about the underlying processes, their developmental context, and about shared and unique causal pathways across disorders where high RT variability is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Kuntsi
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK,
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Corvin A, Donohoe G, Hargreaves A, Gallagher L, Gill M. The cognitive genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 12:579-613. [PMID: 22367920 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Classification in psychiatry is heavily dependent on clinical symptoms and illness course. This ignores the critical role that cognitive problems play in neuropsychiatric disorders affecting different domains across the lifespan, from ADHD and autism to schizophrenia and Alzheimers disease. At this point, it is unclear whether cognitive mechanisms are specific to disorders, whether multiple processes can contribute to the same disorder, or whether aberrant neural processing can result in many different phenotypic outcomes. Understanding this would allow us to better grasp normal as well as pathological brain function. This could inform diagnostics based on understanding of neurophysiological processes and the consequent development of new therapeutics. Genetics, and the development of genomic research, offers real opportunities to understand the molecular mechanisms relevant to cognition. This chapter defines and describes the main cognitive phenotypes, which are investigated in psychiatric disorders. We review evidence for their heritability and early progress in the field using cytogenetic, linkage and candidate gene-based research methodologies. With high-throughput genomics it is now possible to explore novel common and rare risk variants for psychiatric disorders and their role in cognitive function at a genome-wide level. We review the results of early genomic studies and discuss the novel insights that they are starting to provide. Finally, we review the analysis of whole-genome DNA sequence data and the challenges that this will bring for cognitive genomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,
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44
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Diamond A. Biological and social influences on cognitive control processes dependent on prefrontal cortex. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2011; 189:319-39. [PMID: 21489397 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53884-0.00032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control functions ("executive functions" [EFs] such as attentional control, self-regulation, working memory, and inhibition) that depend on prefrontal cortex (PFC) are critical for success in school and in life. Many children begin school lacking needed EF skills. Disturbances in EFs occur in many mental health disorders, such as ADHD and depression. This chapter addresses modulation of EFs by biology (genes and neurochemistry) and the environment (including school programs) with implications for clinical disorders and for education. Unusual properties of the prefrontal dopamine system contribute to PFC's vulnerability to environmental and genetic variations that have little effect elsewhere. EFs depend on a late-maturing brain region (PFC), yet they can be improved even in infants and preschoolers, without specialists or fancy equipment. Research shows that activities often squeezed out of school curricula (play, physical education, and the arts) rather than detracting from academic achievement help improve EFs and enhance academic outcomes. Such practices may also head off problems before they lead to diagnoses of EF impairments, including ADHD. Many issues are not simply education issues or health issues; they are both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Diamond
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia and Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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45
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Durston S. Imaging genetics in ADHD. Neuroimage 2010; 53:832-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Szekely A, Balota DA, Duchek JM, Nemoda Z, Vereczkei A, Sasvari-Szekely M. Genetic factors of reaction time performance: DRD4 7-repeat allele associated with slower responses. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2010; 10:129-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Smith TF. Meta-analysis of the heterogeneity in association of DRD4 7-repeat allele and AD/HD: stronger association with AD/HD combined type. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1189-99. [PMID: 20468072 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine whether association studies between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and the dopamine receptor 4 gene 7-repeat (DRD4 7R) allele vary systematically based on study characteristics. A total of 27 empirical studies with 28 distinct samples using either case-control or family-based association analyses were included. Consistent with previous meta-analytic work [Gizer et al. (2009), Hum Genet 126:51-90], the DRD4 7R allele was associated with AD/HD across studies (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.16-1.53, z = 4.04, P = 0.00005) and there was significant systematic variability among studies (Q = 54.24; P = 0.001; I(2) = 50.22). To account for the variability among studies, sample and study level covariates were examined. No differences in overall effect size emerged between family-based and case-control studies. However, the risk allele frequency in the control population accounted for a significant portion of the variance in overall effect size within case-control studies. In addition, evidence for the association between the DRD4 7R allele and distinct AD/HD subtypes emerged across family-based and case-control studies. The proportion of AD/HD, combined type individuals within the AD/HD sample was associated with a significant increase in the magnitude of association between the DRD4 7R allele and AD/HD. Conversely, an increase in the proportion of AD/HD, predominantly inattentive type individuals within the AD/HD sample was associated with a decrease in study effect size. Implications regarding AD/HD etiological and phenotypic heterogeneity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor F Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1100 W. Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA.
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Banaschewski T, Becker K, Scherag S, Franke B, Coghill D. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an overview. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010; 19:237-57. [PMID: 20145962 PMCID: PMC2839490 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-010-0090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As heritability is high in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), genetic factors must play a significant role in the development and course of this disorder. In recent years a large number of studies on different candidate genes for ADHD have been published, most have focused on genes involved in the dopaminergic neurotransmission system, such as DRD4, DRD5, DAT1/SLC6A3, DBH, DDC. Genes associated with the noradrenergic (such as NET1/SLC6A2, ADRA2A, ADRA2C) and serotonergic systems (such as 5-HTT/SLC6A4, HTR1B, HTR2A, TPH2) have also received considerable interest. Additional candidate genes related to neurotransmission and neuronal plasticity that have been studied less intensively include SNAP25, CHRNA4, NMDA, BDNF, NGF, NTF3, NTF4/5, GDNF. This review article provides an overview of these candidate gene studies, and summarizes findings from recently published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS is a relatively new tool that enables the identification of new ADHD genes in a hypothesis-free manner. Although these latter studies could be improved and need to be replicated they are starting to implicate processes like neuronal migration and cell adhesion and cell division as potentially important in the aetiology of ADHD and have suggested several new directions for future ADHD genetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
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49
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Hannan AJ. Tandem repeat polymorphisms: modulators of disease susceptibility and candidates for ‘missing heritability’. Trends Genet 2010; 26:59-65. [PMID: 20036436 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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50
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Hegerl U, Himmerich H, Engmann B, Hensch T. Mania and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: common symptomatology, common pathophysiology and common treatment? Curr Opin Psychiatry 2010; 23:1-7. [PMID: 19770771 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0b013e328331f694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mania show broad symptom overlap, and high comorbidity exists between ADHD and bipolar disorder. This raises the question concerning common neurobiological pathomechanisms and concerning common treatments. RECENT FINDINGS On genetic, biochemical, electrophysiological, brain morphological and neuropsychological levels, the commonalities of ADHD and mania and the commonalities between ADHD and bipolar disorder (independent of manic state) are outlined. An intriguing finding is that both ADHD and mania are characterized by an unstable wakefulness regulation assessed by EEG measures of vigilance, by ratings of sleepiness and by deficits in sustained attention tasks. In both mania and ADHD, this unstable wakefulness regulation is supposed to be a central pathogenetic factor leading to attention deficits and inducing the hyperactive, impulsive and sensation-seeking behavior as an autoregulatory attempt to stabilize wakefulness by increasing external stimulation. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that psychostimulants do not have a high risk of triggering or aggravating mania, but might even be a treatment option in acute mania. SUMMARY ADHD and mania share many symptoms and several pathogenetic aspects. The common belief that stimulants are contraindicated in mania has been challenged, and controlled trials to study the possible antimanic effects of vigilance-stabilizing drugs such as stimulants are justified and necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hegerl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, Leipzig, Germany.
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